Chapter 1 PDF

2016-2017 mv‡ji wewfbœ †ev‡W©i Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
Aa¨vq 1: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ

(Information and Communication Technology: World and Bangladesh Perspective)
cÖkœ bs-1:
Rvgvb `wÿY †Kvwiqv‡Z WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKzix wb‡q Av‡m| †mLv‡b †m cÖ_g GK gvm GKwU we‡kl
K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k Mvwo Pvjbvi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i| GB cwi‡ekB †m wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi bvbv †K․kj iß
K‡i| Rvgvb Zvi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk AviI GKwU cÖwZôv‡bI †WUv Gw›Uªi KvR †bq| Zvi cvVv‡bv A‡_©B MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z
Zvi Aa©cvKv NiwU AvR †`vZjv `vjv‡b cwiYZ nq| (XvKv †evW©-2016)
K. K…wÎg eyw×gËv Kx? 1
L. mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K Rvgv‡bi cÖevm Rxe‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³wUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Rvgv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³i f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
1 b¤î cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi
- gvby‡li wPšÍvfvebv¸‡jv‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi ev Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³wbf©i h‡š¿i gva¨‡giæc †Ìqvi
eë¯’v‡KArtificial Intellegence ev K…wÎg eyw×gËv ejv nq|
1 b¤î cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi
- mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ej‡Z AbjvB‡b G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi cÖwµqv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g `yi-`yiv‡šÍ e‡m wewfbœ mvgvwRK mvB‡U eÜzZ¡ ‣Zwi Kivi cvkvcvwk Qwe I wfwWI ‡kqvi Kiv
hvq| mvgvwRK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g c„w_exi †h‡Kvb cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vbiZ wcÖqRb ev eÜz-evÜ‡ei mv‡_ gyû‡Z©i g‡a¨ Z_¨
Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| GB mKj gva¨g¸wj‡Z gvbyl ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZI cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU †hgb- †dmeyK, UzBUvi, gvB‡¯úm, BDwUDe,AiKzU BZ¨vw`|
1 b¤î cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi
- DÏxc‡K Rvgv‡bi cÖevm Rxe‡b †h cÖhyw³wUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q fvPz ©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv
†mB cÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnK RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv
D‡`¨MKvix †hvMvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv e‡j| DÏxc‡K Rvgv‡bi cÖevm Rxe‡b K…wÎg
cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq Mvwo
Pvjv‡bvi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| d‡j Rvgvb †Kvb cÖKvi kvixwiK SzuwK ev wec` QvovB iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi ev¯Íe
AwfÁZv †c‡q‡Q|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g †hv‡Kvb `„k¨ †`Lv I kÖeYvbyf~wZ Kiv hvq| nv‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³ †Møvfm Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq
†Kvb KgvÛ ev wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq Ges m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq `„‡kï AeZviYv Ges †Kvb wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb
K‡i eënviKvix‡K Abyf‡ei GK Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q hvq|
1 b¤î cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi
- DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Rvgv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³i f~wgKv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q Rvgvb evsjv‡`k ‡_‡K `wÿY †Kvwiqv‡Z hvq WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi wb‡q|
m¤ú~Y© GKwU bZzb †`‡k wM‡q bZzb cwi‡e‡k Af¨¯Í nIqv Ges †mB †`‡ki iv¯ÍvNvU I wbqgKvbyb GK gv‡mi g‡a¨
AvqË Kiv wQj Rvgv‡bi c‡ÿ G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| wKš‘ Rvgvb GB Am¤¢e‡KB m¤¢e K‡i‡Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi
cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨| Gi d‡j K…wÎgfv‡e ûeû ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ m„wó K‡i wbivc‡` cÖvK WªvBwfsmn AviI bvbv ev¯ÍegyLx
cÖwkÿY h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
Ab¨w`‡K Rvgvb Zvi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk AviI GKwU cÖwZôv‡bI †WUv Gw›Uªi KvR K‡i AwZwi³ A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z
mÿg nq| Avevi †`k †_‡K m`~i we‡`‡k †_‡KI Rvgvb AvaywbK Z_¨ cÖhyw³i B‡jKUªwbK †gBj myweavi Kvi‡Y
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k Zvi wbR evwo‡Z wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z cvi‡Q Ges B‡jKUªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi myweavi
Kvi‡Y Zvi cwievi‡K wbqwgZ I wbivc‡` ZvrÿwYKfv‡e UvKv cvVv‡Z cvi‡Q| Gi djkÖæwZ‡ZB Rvgv‡bi evev gv
AvR Zv‡ì Aa©cvKv NiwU‡K cvKv `vjv‡b iæcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
myZivs, Dchy³ Av‡jvPbvq ejv hvqÑ Rvgv‡bi AvR hv wKQz AR©b Zv †Kej Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kvi‡YB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
1
cÖkœ bs-2:
Wv: dvwinv kn‡ii Kg©¯’‡j Ae¯’vb K‡iI cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡ji bvMwiK‡ì wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k
Acv‡ik‡bi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| (P”MÖvg †evW©-2016)
K. n¨vwKs Kx? 1
L. Òhš¿ ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡iÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. Wv: dvwinv Kxfv‡e wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Wv: dvwinvi cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ cÖhyw³wU cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Kx cÖfve ivL‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4

- B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i A‡bï Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g ev I‡qemvB‡U A‣eafv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i cy‡iv wbqš¿‡Y ‡bqv‡K
n¨vwKs e‡j| †h e¨w³ ev hviv GB KvRwU K‡i Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq n¨vKvi|
- hš¿‡K wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡j Zv ¯^qswµqfv‡e cvjb K‡i|
¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR Kivi Ab¨Zg hš¿ n‡”Q †iveU| ‡iveU n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj hvwš¿K eë¯’v| hv
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z GK ai‡bi ¯^qswµq ev Avav-¯^qswµq hš¿ ev hš¿gvbe hv
gvby‡li g‡Zv A‡bK `ytmva¨ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl †hgb ¯^qswµq fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i wVK Z`ªæc †iveU Abyiƒc
wKQzUv AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j ¯^qswµq hš¿ ejv nq|

- DÏxc‡K Wvt dvwinv †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv †f․‡MvwjK wfbœ `yi‡Z¡ Ae¯’vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK Øviv ¯^v¯’¨‡mev
cÖ`vb Kiv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb e‡j| eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ kn‡i bv †h‡q MÖv‡g e‡mB we‡klÁ
Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| KviY Z_¨ cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg AÂ‡ji †ivMxiv BDwbqb Z_¨
I †mev †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs eënvi K‡i ¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ß‡ii Wv³v‡ii wbKU n‡Z †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †ivMxiv wewfbœ myweav †c‡q _v‡Kb, †hgb- ¯^í e¨‡q DbœZ wPwKrmv, we‡`‡k
bv wM‡qI we‡`wk Wv³v‡ii civgk© I wPwKrmv MÖnY BZ¨vw`|
DÏxc‡K Wvt dvwinv †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡ji bvMwiK‡ì wPwKrmv †mev w`‡Z cvi‡Qb| GQvov
ïay †gvevBj †dvb eënvi K‡iI ¯^v¯’¨ †mev †c‡Z cv‡i|

- DÏxc‡K Wvt dvwinv eëüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv †mB cÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnK RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq
wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨MKvix †hvMvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv e‡j|
DÏxc‡K Wvt dvwinv K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k nvZ, gv_v I †Pv‡L wKQz we‡kl hš¿ c‡i ev¯Í‡e bq wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i
gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq Wv³vwii wewfbœ `„k¨vewji gva¨‡g Acv‡ikb cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖv_wgK ce© †kl K‡i‡Q| d‡j Wvt
dvwinv †Kvb cÖKvi kvixwiK SzuwK ev wec` Qvovq Wv³vwii wewfbœ RwUj welq m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe AwfÁZv cv‡”Qb hv
ev¯Í‡e Acv‡ikb Kivi †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ MyiæZ¡c~Y©| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb `„k¨ †`Lv I †kvbv hvq| nv‡Zi
mv‡_ mshy³ †Møvfm Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvb KgvÛ ev wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq Ges m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq `„‡kï AeZviYv Ges †Kvb
wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb K‡i eënviKvix‡K Abyf‡ei GK Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q hvq| ZvB cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b
fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU Gi cÖfve `ªæZ e„w× cv‡”Q| †hgb- fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU †Mgm •Zwi, Kvi Pvjbv cÖwkÿY, wegvb Pvjbv
cÖwkÿY, wÎ-gvwÎK MÖvwd· •Zwi, bMi cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` RwUj Kv‡R eënvi ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
2
cÖkœ bs-3:
Wv: nv‡Zg kj¨ wPwKrmvq cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Pxb Mgb K‡ib| fwZ© nIqvi mgq Zvi GKwU Av½y‡ji Qvc †bIqv nq Ges
Zv‡K GKwU cwiPqcÎ †`qv nq| cÖwkÿYK‡ÿ XzKvi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖwZevi ìRvq ivLv GKwU h‡š¿ G Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡qB
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ab¨vb¨ cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì gZ Zv‡K nvZ, gv_v I †Pv‡L wKQz we‡kl hš¿ civ‡bv nq|
wZwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbU‡i wewfbœ `„k¨vewji gva¨‡g cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖv_wgK ce© †kl K‡ib| (ewi.†ev.-2016)
K. †ivewUK&m Kx? 1
L. n¨vwKs •bwZKZv we‡ivax Kg©KvÐ- e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ìRvq †Kvb cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Wvt nv‡Z‡gi cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ cÖhyw³i f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4

- †ivewU· n‡jv cÖ‡K․kj weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b †ive‡Ui bKkv ev wWRvBb, MVb, cwiPvjb cÖwµqv, KvR I
cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv Kiv nq|

- n¨vwKs‡qi gva¨‡g mvBevi Aciva msMwVZ nq|
n¨vwKs n‡jv GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi Aciva| n¨vwKsKvix‡ì n¨vKvi ejv nq|
n¨vKviiv †cÖvMÖvwgs I †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g A‡bï Kw¤úDUv‡i mywbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ A‣eafv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i| n¨vwKs-Gi
gva¨‡g A‡bï Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi ÿwZmvab, †WUv Pzwi, †WUv weK…wZmn bvbv ai‡bi
Acivag~jK Kg©KvÛ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡K n¨vwKs GKwU Acivag~jK KvR weavq Avewk¨Kfv‡e GwU ‣bwZKZv
we‡ivax|

- DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ìRvq ev‡qv‡gwUª· Gi AšÍM©Z wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i ‡`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i
Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv³ Kiv nq| DÏxc‡K Wvt nv‡Zg cÖwkÿYK‡ÿ XzKvi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖwZevi ìRvq
ivLv GKwU h‡š¿ H Av½y‡ji Pvc w`‡qB wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡”Q| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Av½y‡ji Qvc AwØZxq weavq
ìRvq Avm‡j eûj eëüZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm eëüZ n‡q‡Q, hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qvc BbcyU wn‡m‡e
MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© †_‡K iwÿZ Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| A_v©r ìRv †Lvjvi Rb¨ GLv‡b
Wvt nv‡Z‡gi Av½y‡ji Qvc ¯‥¨vb K‡i we‡kølY ev †gjv‡bvi ci cÖwkÿY K‡ÿ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvIqv hv‡”Q| myZivs,
ìRvq eëüZ cÖhyw³wU Aek¨B ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³|

- Wvt nv‡Z‡gi cÖwkÿ‡Y †h cÖhyw³wU eëüZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq, wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv cÖ`vbKvix weÁvbwbf©i KvíwbK cwi‡ek n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev¯Í‡ei
b¨vq AwfÁZv AR©‡bi Abyf~wZ m„wói Rb¨ G‡ÿ‡Î gv_vq, †Pv‡L, kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b bvbv hš¿cvwZ cwiavb ev
mshy³ Ki‡Z nq- †h¸‡jv eënviKvixi kvixwiK Abyf~wZ, D‡ËRbv cÖf„wZ wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡K K…wÎgfv‡e •Zwi
ev¯Íe RM‡Zi AwfÁZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb Acv‡ikb ev kj¨ wPwKrmvi c~‡e© ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq KvíwbK
cwi‡e‡k Acv‡ikb ev kj¨ wPwKrmv Pvwj‡q AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv hvq|
DÏxcK Abymv‡i Wvt nv‡Zg kj¨ wPwKrmvq cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Px‡b †kÖwYK‡ÿ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e
•Zwi ev¯Íe cwi‡e‡k kj¨ wPwKrmv cÖwkÿ‡Yi AwfÁZv jvf K‡i nv‡ZKj‡g kj¨ wPwKrmvq mdjfv‡e cvi`wk©Zv
AR©‡b mÿg n‡eb|
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU cÖwkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z mÿg| †Kej kj¨ wPwKrmv bq,
Mvwo ev †cøb Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿYmn we‡klZ †h ai‡bi cÖwkÿ‡Y wewfbœ ev¯Íe I wec`¾bK cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_
Awf‡hvwRZ n‡Z nq, †m¸‡jv SzuwKgy³ Dcv‡q m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU me©`vB m‡e©vËg GKwU cÖhyw³
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3
cÖkœ bs-4:
AvBwmwU wbf©i Ávb I cÖhyw³ gvbyl‡K bvbv wel‡q mg„w×i c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡”Q| nvmvb ICT wel‡q covïbv K‡i Rvb‡Z
cvij †Kv‡bv cÖKvi A‡¯¿vcPvi Qvov GK •kj¨ wPwKrmv c×wZ| ciewZ©‡Z nvmvb AvBwmwU wbf©i Rxe‣ewPÎ¨ m„wói cÖhyw³
wel‡q Ávb jvf K‡i LyeB Avbw›`Z n‡jv| (Kywgjøv †evW©-2016)
K. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
L. e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. nvmvb Gi wPwKrmv c×wZ kbv³ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K †h cÖhyw³ nvmv‡bi Ávb jv‡f Avb›` w`j †mB cÖhyw³ K…wl m¤ú` Dbœq‡b wK ai‡bi f~wgKv iv‡L gZvgZ `vI| 4

- b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b b¨v‡bvwgUvi †¯‥‡j GKwU e¯‘‡K wbcyYfv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq A_©vr
Gi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, aŸsm ev m„wó Kiv hvq|
- e¨w³ mbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·|
ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb I AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K
AwØZxqfv‡e •ewkó¨ mbv³ Ges we‡kølY Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwUª·‡K e¨w³ mbv³iY Ges †Kvb
wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Yi †K․kj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr gvby‡li wKQz A½-cÖZ¨½ ev ¯^fve, ¸Yv¸Y
eënvi K‡i gvbyl‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ eënvi K‡i|
- DÏxc‡K nvmv‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡”Q µv‡qvmvR©vix|
µv‡qvmvR©vix n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ hv AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges
†ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vix‡Z A¯^vfvweK wUmy¨ aŸsm Ki‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm ev AvM©b M¨vm
n‡Z Drcvw`Z Pig VvÛv evwn¨K Z¡‡Ki Pvgovi wPwKrmvq eëüZ nq|
mvaviYZ wUDgv‡ii †ÿ‡Î200 †_‡K 300 ‡mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv eënvi Kiv Ges K¨vÝvi Gi †ÿ‡Î 400 †_‡K 500
†mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vixi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ c„_K c„_K fv‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB
A·vBW, AvM©b Ges mgwš^Zfv‡e WvB-wg_vBj B_vi I †cÖv‡cb Gi wgkÖY eënvi Kiv nq|
ZvB, A‡¯¿vcPvi Qvov µv‡qvmvR©vix cÖ‡qvM K‡i Af¨šÍixY wKQz ‡ivM †hgb- hK…Z K¨vÝvi, e„° K¨vÝvi, cÖ‡÷U
K¨vÝvi, dzmdzm K¨vÝvi, gy‡Li K¨vÝvi, cvBjm BZ¨vw` wPwKrmv Kiv hvq|
DÏxcK Abymv‡i †h‡nZz nvmvb A‡¯¿vcPvi QvovB †Kv‡bv kj¨ wPwKrmvi wel‡q ÁvbvR©b K‡i‡Q ZvB nvmv‡bi wPwKrmv
c×wZ wbtm‡›`‡n µv‡qvmvR©vix|
- nvmvb AvBwmwU wbf©i Rxe‣ewPÎ¨ m„wói cÖhyw³ wel‡q Ávb jvf K‡i LyeB Avbw›`Z nq| myZivs GB cÖhyw³wU
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis- Gi g~j M‡elYv K…wl‡K wN‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨ Genetically modified crops Drcbœ Kiv nq
hv D”Pdjbkxj, DbœZ Rv‡Zi, cÖK…wZ mnbkxj, †ivMRxevYy †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
Gi gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡ì Dci M‡elYv K‡i bZzb DbœZ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢`, mvi, Lv`¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| Gi d‡j K…wl‡Z wecøe
mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| K…wl‡Z Genetically modified crops Drcv`‡bi †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³wU K…wl m¤ú`
Dbœq‡b †h f~wgKv¸‡jv ivL‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ ûgwK †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i †hgb: AwZwi³ kxZ mn¨ Kiv, †cvKv gvKo Øviv AvµvšÍ
bv nIqv, fvBivm I dvsMvj Øviv AvµvšÍ bv nIqv BZ¨vw` mÿgZv m¤úbœ DbœZ exR Drcv`bmn gvwUi jeYv³Zv
mn¨ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q DbœZ dmj wbwðZ Kiv|
2. ÿwZKi e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K aŸsm Kivi gva¨‡g DbœZ K…wl cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv|
3. k‡lï MyYMZ gvb e„w× Kiv, AwaK djbkxj km¨ Drcv`b Kiv|
4. Liv, e„wó mnbkxj I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZvm¤úbœ ¯^í †m‡Pi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ggb k‡mï RvZ D™¢veb Kiv|
Dc‡iv³ me¸‡jv Kvh©µgB DbœZ K…wl m¤ú`‡K wbwðZ K‡i weavq K…wl m¤ú` Dbœq‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i
e¨vcK f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
4
cÖkœ bs-5:
wjRv GBPGmwm cixÿvi Kvi‡Y C‡ì kwcs‡qi Rb¨ gv‡K©‡U †h‡Z cv‡iwb Z‡e †m Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZvq evmvq e‡mB
hveZxq †KbvKvUv m¤úbœ K‡i| wjRvi eo fvB wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi QvÎ| †m †`L‡jv Zvi eo fvB Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †nj‡gU,
Møvfm BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wewfbœ RwUj welqmg~n Abyave‡bi †Póv Ki‡Q| (w`bv.†evW©-2016)
K. ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kx? 1
L. Òµv‡qvmvR©vwii gva¨‡g i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb m¤¢eÓ- eywS‡q †jL| 2
M. wjRvi †KbvKvUvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
N. wjRvi fvB‡qi Kvh©µ‡gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki| 4
- ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ ‡hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i
Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv³ Kiv nq|
- µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z AZxe kxZj ev eid RgvU ZvcgvÎvq gvbe kix‡ii †Kv‡bv As‡ki †ivMvµvšÍ †Kvl
ev wUmy¨mg~n‡K aŸsm Kivi gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki wewfbœ K¨vÝvi mn Av‡iv bvbvb RwUj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
G‡ÿ‡Î µv‡qv‡cÖve w`‡q AvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡Z Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ev AvM©b M¨vm Ab¨vb¨ µv‡qvRwbK G‡R‡›U c„_K c„_K
fv‡e cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q 410 ZvcgvÎv m„wó Kiv nq| d‡j AvµvšÍ wUmy¨ R‡g eid L‡Û cwiYZ n‡j G‡Z i³ I
Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q wM‡q wUmy¨wU ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| AZtci cybivq H ¯’v‡b µv‡qv‡cÖv‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wnwjqvg M¨vm
cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ZvcgvÎv‡K 200 †_‡K 300 ch©šÍ DwV‡q wUmy¨wU‡K Mwj‡q aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwii me‡P‡q eo
‣ewkó¨ ev myweav nj G‡Z kj¨ wPwKrmv cÖ‡qvRb Ggb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv †M‡jI wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z kj¨ wPwKrmvi
gZ KvUv-‡Quov Kiv Z_v A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| GRb¨B µv‡qvmvR©vwii gva¨‡g i³cvZnxb Avcv‡ikb
m¤¢e|
- wjRvi †KbvKvUvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv AbjvB‡b eëmv-evwYR¨ hv B-Kgvm© bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
B-Kgvm© ev B‡jKUªwbK Kgvm© n‡”Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ eëmvwqK Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, we‡µZv I †µZvi g‡a¨
m¤úK© iÿYv‡eÿY, cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b, gv‡K©wUs, weµq, †Wwjfvwi, mvwf©wms Ges g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai Ab-jvBb
cÖwµqv‡K eySvq| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK cÖwZôvb wewfbœ I‡qemvB‡U c‡Yï weÁvcb w`‡q eëmvi cwiwa wek¦e¨vwc Qwo‡q
w`‡”Q| †µZvMY †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU, B-‡gBj, GmGgGm, GgGgGm BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g c‡Yï AW©vi w`‡”Q Ges
AbjvBb e¨vswKs ev †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g c‡Yï g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Q| GQvov wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g
†µZv mivmwi Zv‡ì cY¨ cQ›` Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| d‡j N‡i e‡mB ‡µZvMY Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i
†h‡Kvb cÖvšÍ †_‡K †h‡Kvb cY¨ Lye Kg mg‡q AW©vi w`‡Z cvi‡Q|
- DÏxc‡K wjRvi eo fvB‡qi Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †nj‡gU, Møvfm BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi ev¯Íe wewfbœ
RwUj welqmg~n Abyave‡bi †Póvi Kvh©µgwU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq, wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv
cÖ`vbKvix weÁvbwbf©i KvíwbK cwi‡ek n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq AwfÁZv AR©‡bi Abyf~wZ m„wói Rb¨
G‡ÿ‡Î gv_vq, †Pv‡L, kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b bvbv hš¿cvwZ cwiavb ev mshy³ Ki‡Z nq- †h¸‡jv eënviKvixi
kvixwiK Abyf~wZ, D‡ËRbv cÖf„wZ wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡K K…wÎgfv‡e •Zwi ev¯Íe RM‡Zi AwfÁZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Gi
gva¨‡g †Kvb Acv‡ikb ev kj¨ wPwKrmvi c~‡e© ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq KvíwbK cwi‡e‡k Acv‡ikb ev kj¨ wPwKrmv Pvjv‡bv ev
wPwKrmvwe`¨vi †h‡Kvb welq nv‡ZKj‡g cÖwkÿY, we‡kl K‡i †hLv‡b gvby‡li Rxeb, A½ cÖf…wZ mivmwi mswkøó,
†mme wel‡q SzuwKnxb Dcv‡q AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv hvq|
DÏxcK Abymv‡i wjRvi eo fvB Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †nj‡gU, Møvfm BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv
nv‡ZKj‡g cÖZ¨ÿ A_P K…wÎg ev¯ÍeZvq ‡evSvi †Póv Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi RwUj welq¸‡jvi
nv‡ZKj‡g ÁvbvR©b K‡i wjRvi eo fvB wPwKrmvweÁv‡b mdjfv‡e cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡b mÿg n‡e|
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ wjRvi eo fv‡Bi Kg©KvÐ h‡_ô ‡h․w³K, mgq‡cv‡hvMx Ges weÁvbm¤§Z e‡j g‡b Kwi
Avwg|
5
cÖkœ bs-6:
wg: ÒKÓ GKRb eë¯’vcK| wZwb †h Awd‡m PvKzwi K‡ib †mLv‡b Kg©Pvixi msL¨v K‡qK nvRvi| Awd‡mi Kg©Pvix‡ì
nvwRiv †bIqvi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZv wb‡jb| wZwb Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡jb, †hLv‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc eënvi
Kiv nq| wZwb ch©vqµ‡g Kg©Pvix‡ì K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i Mvwo Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡bi eë¯’v
wb‡q‡Qb| (h‡kvi †evW©-2016)
K. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Ò†Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mevÓ- eywS‡q wjL| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wg: ÒKÓ Gi cÖhyw³ wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î KZUzKz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡e? †Zvgvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^c‡ÿ
hyw³mn we‡kølY Ki| 4
- b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b b¨v‡bvwgUvi †¯‥‡j GKwU e¯‘‡K wbcyYfv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq A_©vr
Gi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, aŸsm ev m„wó Kiv hvq|
- ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi cÖhyw³ hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl GK †`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i wfbœ †Kvb †f․MwjK `yi‡Z¡
Ae¯’vbiZ we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmv †mev wb‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwi‡Kiv †gvevBj
†dv‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cv‡”Q|
A_©vr †Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mev hvi mvnv‡h¨ DbœZ wPwKrmvi Rb¨ we‡`‡k bv wM‡qI we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii civgk©
†bIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg AÂ‡ji †ivMxiv BDwbqb Z_¨ I †mev †K‡›`ªi
gva¨‡g wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs eënvi K‡i ¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ß‡ii wbKU n‡Z †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
- DÏxc‡K Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv †mB cÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK
wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnK RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨MKvix †hvMvb wbf©i
Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv e‡j| DÏxc‡K Kg©PvixMY K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb
K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| d‡j
Kg©Pvixiv †Kvb cÖKvi kvixwiK SzuwK ev wec` QvovB iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv cv‡”Q|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv `„k¨ †`Lv I ‡kvbv hvq| nv‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³ Møvfm Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvb KgvÛ
ev wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq Ges m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq `„‡kï AeZviYv Ges †Kvb wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb K‡i
eënviKvix‡K Abyf‡ei GK Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q hvq|
- DÏxc‡K wg: ÔKÕ Gi eëüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª· Ges fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i ‡`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K
AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv³ Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU cwi‡ek, ‡hLv‡b
eënviKvix H cwi‡e‡k gMœ n‡q ev¯Í‡ei AbyKi‡Y m„ó `„k¨ Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z, †mB mv‡_ ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq kÖeYvbyf~wZ Ges
•`wnK I gvbwmK fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbv, Abyf~wZ cÖf…wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î Dfq cÖhyw³i e¨vcK Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi Ni I Kg©¯’‡j †h †Kvb
AhvwPZ e¨w³ whwb ev hviv Zvi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡Z cv‡i Ggb Kv‡iv cÖ‡ek †iva Ki‡e| d‡j wbivcËvi Rb¨
ev‡qv‡gwUª· GKwU PgrKvi cÖhyw³| Ab¨w`‡K WªvBwfs, mvgwiK cÖwkÿY ev †h‡Kvb cÖwkÿY †hLv‡b wec‡ì SzuwK
i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei AbyKi‡Y GKwU Kíev¯Íe cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i wbLuyZ fv‡e
cÖwkÿY MÖnY Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î kvixwiK †Kvb ÿwZ ev Rxebbv‡ki †Kvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| d‡j GwU gvby‡li
Rxe‡bi wbivcËvq e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| myZivs Avgvi g‡Z wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ `y‡UvB e¨vcK
f~wgKv ivL‡Z mÿg|
6
cÖkœ bs-7:
bvCg GKw`b Zvi M‡elK gvgvi Awd‡m wM‡q †`L‡Z †cj †h, Awd‡mi Kg©KZ©vMY g~j ìRvi wba©vwiZ RvqMvq e„×v½yj ivL‡ZB
ìRv Ly‡j hv‡”Q| †m AviI †`L‡Z †cj †h Zvi gvgv M‡elYv K‡ÿi we‡kl ¯’v‡b wKQzÿY ZvKv‡ZB ìRv Ly‡j †Mj| bvCg Zvi
gvgvi Kv‡Q †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij †h, wZwb wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Qb|
K) B-Kgvm© Kx? 1
L) wb¤œZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M) wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡b bvC‡gi gvgvi eëüZ cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
N) DÏxc‡K ìRv †Lvjvi cÖhyw³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU eûj eëüZ we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
- B‡jKUªwbK Kgvm©‡K ms‡ÿ‡c B-Kgvm© ejv nq| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ ev †mev wecYb,
weµq, mieivn eëmv msµvšÍ †jb‡`b KvR KivB n‡”Q B-Kgvm©|
- wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmvi c×wZ n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z AZxe kxZj ev eid RgvU ZvcgvÎvq gvbe kix‡ii †Kv‡bv As‡ki †ivMvµvšÍ †Kvl
ev wUmy¨mg~n‡K aŸsm Kivi gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki wewfbœ K¨vÝvi mn Av‡iv bvbvb RwUj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
G‡ÿ‡Î µv‡qv‡cÖve w`‡q AvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡Z Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ev AvM©b Ab¨vb¨ µv‡qvRwbK G‡R‡›U c„_K c„_K fv‡e
cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q 410 ZvcgvÎv m„wó Kiv nq| d‡j AvµvšÍ wUmy¨ R‡g eid L‡Û cwiYZ n‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb
mieivn eÜ n‡q wM‡q wUmy¨wU ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| AZtci cybivq H ¯’v‡b µv‡qv‡cÖv‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wnwjqvg M¨vm cÖ‡ek
Kwi‡q ZvcgvÎv‡K 200 †_‡K 300 ch©šÍ DwV‡q wUmy¨wU‡K Mwj‡q aŸsm Kiv nq|

wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡b bvC‡gi gvgvi eëüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb cÖ‡K․kj| †h c×wZi
gva¨‡g gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wR‡bv‡gi g‡a¨ bZzb wRb †hvM K‡i ev †Kv‡bv wRb AcmviY K‡i ev
cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i wRb †ewk eënvi Dc‡hvMx Kiv nq| †mB c×wZ‡K wRb cÖ‡K․kj ev †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
ejv nq| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv Rxe ev DbœZgv‡bi Lv`¨ (avb, gUi, wkg, U‡g‡Uv) †_‡K GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
†K․kj‡K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| wRb cÖhyw³i g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kv‡bv we‡kl wRb‡K †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi DNA Aby
†_‡K c„_K K‡i Ab¨ GKwU bZzb wR‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| ZvB DÏxc‡Ki bvC‡gi gvgv DbœZ Rv‡Zi
wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Qb|
- DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ g~j ìRv Ges M‡elYv K‡ÿi ìRv †Lvjvi Rb¨ Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡jI
G‡ì g‡a¨ c×wZMZ I AvPiwYK ‣ewkó¨ kbv³Ki‡Y cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ ‡hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï (†hgb wd½vi wcÖ›U,
†Pv‡Lvi †iwUbv Ges AvBwim, KÚ¯î, nv‡Zi gvc, wWGbG, †Pnviv BZ¨vw`) Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e
mbv³ Kiv nq| Av½y‡ji Qvc I AvBwim ev †iwUbv n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª‡·i Dcv`vb, hv Øviv e¨w³‡K kbv³ Kiv hvq|
DÏxc‡K bvC‡gi gvgvi Awd‡mi g~j ìRv ‡Lvjvi Rb¨ Kg©KZ©vMY‡K Av½y‡ji Qvc eënvi Ki‡Z n‡”Q| Avevi
M‡elYv K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© gvgv‡K wKQzÿY wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ZvwK‡q _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q| g~j ìRvi ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³‡Z
wd½vi wcÖ‡›Ui gva¨‡g Ges M‡elYv K‡ÿ ìRvq AvBwim ev †iwUbv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek cÖwµqv m¤úbœ
nq| wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ eûj eëüZ nq KviY wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ Zyjbvg~jK fv‡e AvBwim ev †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb †_‡K
A‡bK mvkÖqx eënvi evÜe| mvaviYZ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U ev A½y‡ji Qvc cÖhyw³wU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb Kg©Pvix‡K mwVK fv‡e wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e| G c×wZ‡Z wd½vi
wcÖ›U AcwUK¨vj ¯‥¨vbv‡ii gva¨‡g A½y‡ji Qv‡ci B‡gR †bIqv nq| BbcyUK…Z A½y‡ji Qv‡ci we‡kl wKQz GKK
‣ewkó¨‡K wdëvi Kiv nq Ges Gbwµ‡ÞW ev‡qv‡gwUªK Kx wn‡m‡e msiÿY Kiv nq| d‡j wd½vi wcÖ›U bKj Kiv
A‡bKvs‡k m¤¢e bq hv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|
myZivs Dfq †ÿ‡Î ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e ev‡qv‡gwUª· †WUv MÖnYKvix wWfvBmØ‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwUi
`vg m¯Ív, mnRjf¨ I eënvi mnR| myZivs Av½y‡ji Qvc MÖnYKvix cÖwµqvwU eûjfv‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
7
cÖkœ bs-8:
Avgvi eÜz Wvt Gbvg d«v‡Ý †M‡Q †Uªwbs G| fvBev‡i †m ejj d«v‡Ýi me Kv‡R wWwRUvj wm‡÷g eëüZ nq| †mLv‡b †Uªwbs
†m›Uv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jv‡M mycvifvBRv‡ii Av½y‡ji Qvc Ges Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jv‡M †PvL| Avwg ejjvg
Ò‡ek gRvB †ZvÓ †m AviI ejj ÒMZKvj ¯’vbxq we‡bv`b cv‡K© wM‡q gv_vq †nj‡gU I †Pv‡L we‡kl Pkgv w`‡q Puv‡`
åg‡Yi Abyf‚wZ Abyfe K‡iwQ|Ó (wm‡jU †evW©-2016)
K. µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? 1
L. Ò¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡biÓÑe¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Puv‡` åg‡Yi cÖhyw³wU eY©bv K‡iv| 3
N. DÏxc‡K †Uªwbs †m›Uvi I Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i eëüZ cÖhyw³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Avgv‡ì †`‡k eûj eëüZÑ
we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4

- µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK
Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|

- ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e eøyUz_ eënvi Kiv nq| Gi `yiZ¡ mvaviYZ 10 wgUvi †_‡K 100 wgUvi
ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| eøyUz_ n‡”Q ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i †fZi †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eûj cÖPwjZ Iq¨vi‡jm cÖhyw³| GwU
Zviwenxb cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqvi †bUIqvK© ‡cÖv‡UvKj †hLv‡b DuPz gv‡bi wbivcËv eRvq _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj †dvb,
j¨vcUc, U¨ve, wcwWG Ges evmvevwoi we‡bv`‡bi A‡bK wWfvB‡m eøyUz_ cÖhyw³wU eëüZ n‡”Q|

- DÏxc‡K Puv‡` åg‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv †mB cÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK
wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnK RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨MKvix †hvMvb wbf©i
Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv e‡j| DÏxc‡K Wvt Gbvg K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i
ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq Puv‡` åg‡Yi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| d‡j Wvt
Gbvg †Kvb cÖKvi kvixwiK SzuwK ev wec` QvovB cv‡K© e‡m Puv‡` åg‡Yi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv cv‡”Q|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv `„k¨ †`Lv I ‡kvbv hvq| nv‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³ Møvfm& Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvb KgvÛ
ev wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq Ges m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq `„‡kï AeZviYv Ges †Kvb wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb K‡i
eënviKvix‡K Abyf‡ei GK Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q hvq|

- DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †Uªwbs †m›Uvi I Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨
c×wZMZ I AvPiwYK ‣ewkó¨ kbv³Ki‡Y cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ ‡hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i
†`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï (†hgb wd½vi wcÖ›U, †Pv‡Li †iwUbv Ges AvBwim, KÚ¯î, nv‡Zi gvc,
wWGbG, †Pnviv BZ¨vw`) Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e mbv³ Kiv nq| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †Uªwbs †m›Uv‡i
cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ eëüZ c×wZ n‡jv wd½vi wcÖ›U Ges Avcv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ eëüZ c×wZ n‡jv AvBwim
ev †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb| evsjv‡`‡k wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ eûj eëüZ nq KviY wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ Zyjbvg~jK fv‡e AvBwim
ev †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb †_‡K A‡bK mvkÖqx eënvi evÜe| mvaviYZ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U ev A½y‡ji
Qvc cÖhyw³wU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb Kg©Pvix‡K mwVK fv‡e wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e|
G c×wZ‡Z wd½vi wcÖ›U AcwUK¨vj ¯‥¨vbv‡ii gva¨‡g A½y‡ji Qv‡ci B‡gR †bIqv nq| BbcyUK…Z A½y‡ji Qv‡ci
we‡kl wKQz GKK ‣ewkó¨‡K wdëvi Kiv nq Ges Gbwµ‡ÞW ev‡qv‡gwUªK Kx wn‡m‡e msiÿY Kiv nq|
wd½vi wcÖ‡›Ui B‡gR‡K msiÿY bv K‡i msL¨vi wmwiR‡K ‡fwiwd‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| wd½vi wcÖ›U
wm‡÷‡gi A¨vjMwi`g GB evBbvwi †KvW‡K B‡g‡R cybtiæcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j wd½vi wcÖ›U bKj Kiv
A‡bKvs‡k m¤¢e bq hv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| A_vr bvbvwea myweav _vKvi Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡k wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ eûj fv‡e eëüZ|
8
cÖkœ bs-9:
wfbK¬z bv‡g Rvcv‡bi GK cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i K…wÎg M„nKg©x •Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi bvg †Ìqv n‡q‡Q wnKvwi|
GB M„nKg©x‡K †`Lv hv‡e n‡jvMÖvwd c`©vq| wnKvwi Zvi M„nKZ©v‡K Nyg †_‡K RvMv‡bv, ¸Wgwb©s ejv, Awd‡mi Kv‡Ri
duv‡K duv‡K wewfbœ evZ©v cvVv‡bvi KvRI Ki‡e| ivwd m`¨ covkybv †kl K‡i †emiKvwi e¨vs‡Ki Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e
†hvM`vb K‡i‡Q| †h‡nZz †m evmvq GKv _v‡K ZvB gv‡S gv‡S Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z †`wi nq| †mRb¨ †m GKwU wnKvwi
†Kbvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb| †h‡nZz wnKvwii `vg †ewk ZvB evmv †_‡K Pzwi bv nq †mRb¨ evmvi wbivcËvi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi wPšÍv
Ki‡jb hv‡Z cwiwPZ e¨w³iv wbw`©ó evU‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡q evmvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hwÌ wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zvi
Awd‡mi UvKvi f‡ë cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvB‡µv‡dv‡b K_v e‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e| (XvKv †evW©-17)
K. µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? 1
L. AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z eëüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K ivwdi evmv I Awd‡m wbivcËv eë¯’v †K․k‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx- we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi
gZvgZ `vI| 4

- µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK
Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|

- AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYv cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡”Q cvigvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zix Kivi Rb¨ avZe I e¯‘‡K myw bcyYfv‡e
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|
A_©vr b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ b¨v‡bvwgUvi †¯‥‡j ÿz`ª ÿy`ª Dcv`vb w`‡q Kvw•LZ †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K GZUvB ÿz`ª K‡i •Zwi
Kiv hvq †h, Gi †_‡K Avi ÿz`ª Kiv m¤¢e bq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i eënvi wPwKrmv weÁvb, B‡jKUªwb·kw³ Drcv`bmg~n
eû †ÿ‡Î •ecøweK cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i|

- DÏxc‡K wnKvwi •Zix‡Z K…wÎg e„w×gËvi AšÍM©Z †iv‡evwU· cªhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K…wÎg eyw×gËv n‡jv gvby‡li wPšÍvfvebv¸‡jv‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi ev Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ wbf©i h‡š¿i g‡a¨ iƒc
†Ìqvi eë¯’v|
wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z eëüZ †iv‡evwU· n‡jv cÖhyw³i GKwU kvLv †hwU †iveUmg~‡ni wWRvBb, wbg©vY, Kvh©µg I cÖ‡qvM
wb‡q KvR K‡i| cvkvcvwk GwU †iveUmg~‡ni wbqš¿Y, †mÝvwi wdWe¨vK Ges Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY Gi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi
wm‡÷g¸‡jvi Rb¨ I KvR K‡i| GB †ivewU· cÖhyw³ A‡Uv‡g‡UW †gwkb¸‡jvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i hv wec`¾bK
cwi‡ek ev Drcv`b cÖwµqvmg~n gvby‡li ¯’vb `Lj K‡i wKsev gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ, AvPiY BZ¨vwì mv‡_ wgj _v‡K|

- DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ivwd mv‡n‡ei evmvi wbivcËv eë¯’v †K․kj n‡”Q ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi AšÍM©Z wd½vi wcÖ›U wiWvi
Ges Awd‡m wbivcËv eë¯’v ‡K․kj n‡jv f‡qm wiKMwbkb, ivwd mv‡n‡ei eëüZ wbivcËv eë¯’vi g‡a¨
ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi AšÍM©Z wd½viwcÖ›U wiWvi †K․kjwU f‡qm wiKMwbkb †K․k‡ji †P‡q AwaK Dc‡hvMx|
KviY ¯‥¨vbv‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci B-‡gj †bIqvi ci Zv Kw¤úDUv‡i wd½viwcÖ‡›Ui B‡gR wn‡m‡e
msiÿY bv K‡i msL¨vi wmwiR (evBbvwi †KvW) †K A¨vjMwi`‡g evBbvwi †KvW‡K B‡gR G cyYtiƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| ZvB †KD wd½viwcÖ›U‡K bKj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
GQvov †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e mbv³Ki‡Y eëüZ wbivc` ev‡qvg¨vwUª· cÖhyw³i †ek K‡qK cÖKvi c×wZ
Z_v wd½viwcÖ›U, wWGbG, AvBwim I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vwbs, †dBm weKMwbkb f‡qm I wmM‡bPvi, wiKMwbkb BZ¨vw`
c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³wUB Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi Zzjbvq `v‡g m¯Ív, eënvi mnR, kZfvM
wek¦vm‡hvM¨, ZvB ivwdi wbivcËv eë¯’vi †K․k‡ji g‡a¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³wUB †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
9
cÖkœ bs-10:
Avwmd Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbvi my‡hvM cvq| wKš‘ Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z hvIqv m¤¢e
nqwb| AZtci evsjv‡`‡k e‡mB AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Kij| Avwmd covïbvi duv‡K duv‡K
AbjvB‡b KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©b K‡i| d‡j Zvi cvwievwiK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nq| Zvi eÜz gwbi bZzb Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv Pvl
K‡i Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nq| (w`bvRcyi †evW©-2017)
K. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
L. wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. Avwm‡di wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avwmd I gwbi Gi Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4

- b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv cvigvbyweK ev AvbweK †¯‥‡j AwZ ÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|

- wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq Amy¯’ wUmyï RxevYy µv‡qvmvR©vixi Øviv gva¨‡g aŸsm Kiv nq| G c×wZi GKwU we‡kl myweav n‡jv
Kvw•LZ j‡ÿ¨ †c․uPvi Rb¨ G cÖwµqv evi evi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| ÿ‡Zi †ÿ‡Î 20 †_‡K 30 wWMÖx †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv
djcÖm~ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ K¨vÝvi †KvlKjv aŸs‡mi Rb¨ mvaviYZ 40 †_‡K 50 wWMÖx †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZi Kvi‡Y Lye miæ †µv‡qv myuP eënv‡ii gva¨‡g eid cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ
myPviæiæ‡c wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡q IVvi RwUjZv †`Lv †Ìqvi m¤¢vebv G‡Kev‡i Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e|

- wek¦MÖv‡gi AšÍM©Z B-jvwb©s Gi gva¨‡g Awd‡mi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWMÖx AR©b m¤ê n‡q‡Q| †Møvevj wf‡jR wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î
G‡b w`‡q‡Q •ecøweK cwieZ©b| ZvQvov Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i c„w_exi `~i `~iv‡šÍ e‡m wkÿv_©xiv B-
jvB‡eªix, fvP©yqvj K¨v¤úvm BZ¨vw` eënv‡ii gva¨‡g DcK…Z n‡”Q|
Avwmd AbjvB‡b wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †Kvm© G AskMÖnY K‡i AbjvB‡bB D³ †Kvm©wUi cixÿv w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq †µwWU
AR©b K‡i‡Q| KviY GLb A‡bK wek¦we`¨vjq Zv‡ì cÖkc œ Î AbjvB‡b cÖKvk K‡i Ges cixÿvi ci DËi cÎ
g~j¨vqb K‡iB AbjvB‡b djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| d‡j bvbv †`‡ki wkÿv_©xiv D³ †Kv‡m© AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
A_©vr Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y Avwmd AbjvB‡b wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWMÖx AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|

- DÏxc‡K Avwm‡di Avw_©K ¯^”QjZvi KviY n‡”Q AvDU‡mvwm©s Ges gwb‡ii Avw_©K ¯^”QjZvi KviY n‡”Q DNA
cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b Kiv| wb‡¤œ we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i A‡bK DbœZ †`k Zv‡ì wewfbœ KvR I‡qemvB‡U †`q hv‡Z Ab¨ †KD †mB KvR Kv‡i Rgv w`‡Z
cv‡i| mvaviY `wi`ª †`‡ki bvMwiKiv †mB KvR N‡i e‡m K‡i Zv AbjvB‡b Rgv †`q Ges wewbg‡q •e‡`wkK A_©
AR©b K‡i hv †`k I RvwZi A‡bK eo DcKvi K‡i| D³ KvR‡K AvDU‡mvwm©s e‡j| Avwmd D³ AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi
KvR Ki‡Q| d‡j Zvi cvwievwiK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K gwb‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q DbœZ Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv Pvl Kivi Kvi‡Y| eZ©gvb DNA cÖhyw³i
AšÍM©Z wRb‡K †Kv‡bv Rxe‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ev †Kvl n‡Z mwi‡q D³ RxewUi •ewk‡óï eskMwZ e`‡j bZzb DbœZ
Rv‡Zi e¯‘ m„wó Kiv n‡”Q| (G‡KB †R‡bwUK BbwÄwbqvwis e‡j) hv mviv eQiB Pvl Kiv hvq| gwb‡ii DbœZ Rv‡Zi
U‡g‡Uv GB DNA cÖhyw³i dj| GKB cwigvY RvqMvq DbœZ djbkxj Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b Kivq gwb‡ii
DcvR©b A‡bKvs‡k †e‡o‡Q|
A_©vr, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y Avwmd I gwb‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q|
10
cÖkœ bs-11:
W. Rvwgj GKRb K…wl M‡elK| Zvi Avwe®‥…Z exR Pvl K‡i GKRb K…lK c~‡e©i dm‡ji †P‡q AwaK dmj N‡i Zzjj|
W. Rvwgj GKw`b Zvi eÜz wPwKrm‡Ki wbKU Mv‡ji AvuwPj Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ †M‡jb| eÜz Zv‡K ¯^í mg‡q-20C
ZvcgvÎvq i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb Ki‡jb| wZwb ZrÿYvr evwo wd‡i G‡jb| (ewikvj †evW©-2017)
K. †ivewUKm Kx? 1
L. e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. W. Rvwg‡ji M‡elYvq †Kvb ai‡bi cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. W. Rvwg‡ji eÜzi wPwKrmv c×wZi †h․w³KZv we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4

- †ivewU·: †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb, KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv
nq|

- e¨w³ mbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³ n‡”Q ev‡qvg¨vwUª·| ev‡qvg¨vwUª· n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi †K․kj ev cÖhyw³ hvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li
kvixwiK KvVv‡gv, AvPvi-AvPiY, •ewkó¨, ¸Yv¸Y, e¨w³Ë¡ cÖf…wZ Øviv wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv hvq|
ev‡qv‡gwUª· wm‡÷g e¨w³ mbv³Ki‡Y †hme ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv eëüZ nq Zv n‡j gyLgÛj, nv‡Zi Av½yj, nv‡Zi
†iLv, †iwUbv I AvBwim, ¯^vÿi wkiv Ges KÉ¯î|

- DÏxc‡K W. Rvwg‡ji M‡elYvi †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis n‡jv ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g wW.Gb.G Gi †cÖvwU‡bi cybivq mgš^q K‡i bZzb •ewk‡óï
Rxe •Zixi cÖwµqv|
eZ©gv‡b DNA cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¯‘i AšÍM©Z wRb‡K †Kv‡bv Rxe‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ev †Kvl n‡Z mwi‡q D³
RxewUi •ewk‡óï eskMwZ e`‡j bZzb DbœZ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ m„wó Kiv n‡”Q| Gi d‡j K…wl‡Z wecøe mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| bZzb
Dw™¢`, Lv`¨ m„wói d‡j c„w_ex‡Z Lv`¨ NUwZ msKzwPZ Kiv n‡”Q Ges Aí Lv‡`¨ AwaK cywó ¸Yv¸Y cvIqv m¤¢e
n‡”Q|
d‡j K…wl †ÿ‡Î DbœZ djbkxj Rv‡Zi Pviv Drcv`b K‡i hv‡”Q Ges GKRb K…lK †mB Pviv Pvl K‡i c~‡e©i Zzjbvq
AwaK dmj N‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡Q|

- DÏxc‡Ki W. Rvwg‡ji Mv‡ji AvuwPj Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ Zvi eÜzi eëüZ wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡”Q µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ hv AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges
†ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jvi aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z A¯^vfvweK wUmy¨ aŸsm K‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm ev AvM©b M¨vm
n‡Z Drcvw`Z VvÛv evwn¨K Z¡‡Ki Pvgovi wPwKrmvq eëüZ nq|
mvaviYZ wUDgv‡ii †ÿ‡Î 20 ‡_‡K 30 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv eënvi Kiv nq Ges K¨vÝvi Gi †ÿ‡Î 40 †_‡K
50 wWMÖx †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwii †ÿ‡Î mvaviY c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b
WvB A·vBW Gi Zzlvi, AM©b Ges mgwš^Zfv‡e WvB-wg_vBj B_vi I †cÖv‡cb Gi wgkÖY eënvi Kiv nq hv Z¡‡Ki
Rb¨ LyeB mnvqK|
myZivs DÏxc‡K W. Rwg‡ji Mv‡ji AvuwPj Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ Zvi eÜzi µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ †h․w³K e‡j
Avwg g‡b Kwi|
11
cÖkœ bs-12:
DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
wg. ‘Y’ Zvi evevi j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki mgq GKwU we‡kl †mÝ‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi d‡j ìRv Ly‡j †Mj| wfZ‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i †`Lj cÖ_g K‡ÿ •Re Z_¨‡K mvwR‡q ¸wQ‡q Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g •Zwi msµvšÍ M‡elYv Ges wØZxq K‡ÿ
wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG (DNA) •Zwi msµvšÍ M‡elYv Kiv nq| (ivRkvnx †evW©-2017)
K. b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
L. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK- eywS‡q †jL| 2
M. j¨ve‡iUwii ìRvq eëüZ cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
N. j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †h cÖhyw³ wb‡q M‡elYv nq Zv‡ì Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4

- b¨v‡bv‡UKbjwR nj cvigvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZ ÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R
jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|
- Z_¨ n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wjwLZ, AwWI, wfRyq¨vj ev AwWI wfRyq¨vj evZ©v hvi mvnv‡h¨ GKRb gvbyl ¯’vb, e¯‘, welq,
Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡i| GKB fv‡e †hvM‡hvM n‡”Q Giƒc evZ© v, e¯‘ ev Ab¨ welq ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Dcvq
hvi Rb¨ GKwU gva¨g A_©‡evaK evZ©v, †cÖiK Ges MÖvnK cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³ n‡”Q †mB Dcvq ev eë¯’v hvi
mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R Ges míZg mg‡q Z_¨ cÖK…qvKiY msiÿY, weZiY Ges Av`vb-cÖ`vb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| Z_¨
cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ n‡”Q AvaywbK weÁvb wfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi GKwU mgwš^Z eë¯’v| ZvB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ (IT) Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) A‡bKUv mgv_©K wn‡m‡e me©ÎB eëüZ n‡”Q|

- j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ìRvq eëüZ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³i AšÍM©Z †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb cÖhyw³| AvBwim kbv³KiY
c×wZ‡Z ‡Pv‡Li Zvivi iwOb Ask‡K cixÿv Kiv nq Ges †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb c×wZ‡Z †Pv‡Li gwb‡Z i‡³i †jqv‡ii
cwigvY cwigvc K‡i gvbyl‡K kbv³ Kiv nq|
GB c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv RvqMvq A¨vKvD›U †Lvjvi mgq GKwU B‡gR msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z H RvqMvq †Kv‡bv
mgq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z PvB‡j K¨v‡givi mvg‡b ùvov‡j Qwe Zz‡j m‡½ m‡½ kbv³ Kivi KvRUvI n‡q hvq| G‡Z mgq
jv‡M gvÎ K‡qK †m‡KÛ| eZ©©gv‡b e¨vsK, cywj‡ki KvRKg© Ges wewfbœ wbivcËvg~jK eë¯’v MÖn‡YI G cÖhyw³
eënvi n‡”Q|

- DÏxc‡K j¨ve‡iUwii cÖ_g K‡ÿ M‡elYvi welqwU n‡”Q ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· Ges wØZxq K‡ÿ M‡elYviZ welq n‡”Q
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
ev‡qvBbdig¨vwUª· n‡jv weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv hv ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv GbvjvBwmm Kvivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³,
Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges MvwYwZK Ávb‡K eënvi K‡i| ev‡qvBbdig¨vwUª· Gi g~ j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q •RweK c×wZ
m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv jvf Kiv| A_©vr •RweK c×wZ wel‡q g~jZ wnmve wbKvk K‡i aviYv AR©b Kivi †Póv Kiv|
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis n‡”Q †h c×wZi gva¨‡g gvby‡li bZzb wRb †hvM K‡i ev †Kv‡bv wRb AcmviY K‡i cwieZ©b
I cwiea©b K‡i wRb †ewk eënvi Dc‡hvMx Kiv nq| Rx‡ei †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vbiZ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
g‡a¨ †PB‡bi g‡Zv †cuPv‡bv wKQz e¯‘ _v‡K hv‡K (DNA) e‡j| GB DNA A‡bK As‡k wef³ Ges Gi GKwU
wbw`©ó Ask‡K wRb e‡j| †R‡bwUK BbwÄwbqvwis G eskMwZ msµvšÍ wel‡q AvnwiZ Ávb‡K gvby‡li g½‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq|
12
cÖkœ bs-13:
Av`bvb Rvgx Zvi gvgvi Kv‡Q (E)16, (7)8msL¨v `ywUi †hvMdj Rvb‡Z PvBj| gvgv Av`bvb Rvgx‡K †hvMdj †`Lvj Ges ejj
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii mg¯Í MvwYwZK Kg©KvÐ †hgb- †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM nq GKwU gvÎ Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g, ZvQvov †hv‡Mi
†ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi mvwK©UI eëüZ nq| (ivRkvnx †evW©-2017)
K. †Uwj‡gwWwmb Kx? 1
L. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e¨qeûj †Kb? (2q Aa¨vq) 2
M. gvgv †h Acv‡ik‡bi Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb Zvi mvnv‡h¨ DÏxc‡Ki msL¨v `ywU we‡qvM Ki| (3q Aa¨vq) 3
N. gvgvi ejv mvwK©U w`‡q D³ msL¨v `ywUi †hv‡Mi cÖwµqv †`LvI| (3q Aa¨vq) 4
- Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †f․MwjK wfbœ `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK, †ivM wbY©q †K›`ª,
we‡klvwqZ †bUIqvK© BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡mev †Ìqv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb e‡j|
- wmb‡µbvm †WUv eë¯’v hv †cÖiK †÷k‡b cÖ_‡g †WUv‡K †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvBm msiÿY K‡i †bq| AZtci †WUvi
K¨v‡i±vi mg~n‡K eøK AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| †cÖi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU cÖv_wgK msiÿ‡Yi
wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB GwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e e¨qeûj|
DÏxc‡K msL¨v `yBwUi `kwgK iƒc n‡”Q-
∴(E)16 = (14)10Ges
(7)8 = (7)10
8 weU †iwR÷v‡i (14)10Gi evBbvwi = 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
8 weU †iwR÷v‡i (7)10Gi evBbvwi = 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓
11111000
+1
(-7)10 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
(14)10 = 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
-(7)10 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
. .
(+7)10 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
GLv‡b K¨vwiweU 1| A_©vr K¨vwiweU we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| wPý& weU 0, ZvB djvdj abvZ¥K|
(+7)10 = (00000111)2
- gvgvi ejv mvwK©U n‡”Q A¨vWvi| wb‡P A¨vWvi w`‡q msL¨v `yBwUi †hv‡Mi cÖwµqv†`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
cÖ_g msL¨v (E)16 = (1110)2
wØZxq msL¨v (7)16 = (111)2
msL¨v `yBwUi †hvM cÖwµqv n‡e c¨vivjvj evBbvwi A¨vWvi cÖwµqvq| A_©vr
A4 A3 A2 A 1
+ B4 B3 B2 B1
C4 S4 S3 S2 S1
GLb cÖ_g msL¨v (E)16 = (1110)2 Gi weU¸‡jv‡K h_vµ‡g A1, A2, A3, A4I wØZxq msL¨vi (7)8 = (0111)2
Gi weU¸‡jv‡K B1, B2, B3, B4awi| Zvn‡j wb‡¤œ A¨vWvi Gi gva¨‡g †hv‡Mi cÖwµqvwU n‡e -
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
← F/A ← F/A ← F/A ← H/A
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 0 1 0 1
∴ (1110+0111)2 = (10101)2
13
cÖkœ bs-14:
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x MYfeb †_‡K wfwWIi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Z…Zxq mgy`ªe›ì wn‡m‡e cUzqvLvjxi Kjvcvovq Aew¯’Z
cvqive›ì D‡Øvab K‡ib| Aciw`‡K †`‡ki wkÿvgš¿x mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvb‡K B‡jKUªwbK Dcv‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì Dcw¯’wZ
wbwðZKi‡Yi K_v ejvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ABC K‡j‡Ri cwiPvjbv cwil` wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ †dBm-wiKMwbkb c×wZ Pvjy
Kivi K_v fve‡Q| hwÌ eZ©gv‡b wkÿK‡ì Rb¨ AvOz‡ji Qvc c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q| (Kzwgjøv †evW©-2017)
K) B-Kgvm© Kx? 1
L) ÔkxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq wPwKrmv †Ìqv m¤¢eÕ- e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M) DÏxc‡K mgyèª ›ì D‡Øva‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ cÖhyw³wUi myweav¸‡jv Kx Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N) DÏxc‡K Kg mg‡q Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwUi cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv K‡j‡Ri Rb¨ †ewk hyw³hy³ n‡e?
we‡kølY Ki| 4

- B-Kgvm©: B‡jKUªwbK Kgvm©‡K ms‡ÿ‡c B-Kgvm© ejv nq| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z B›Uvi‡bU
gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †jb‡`b‡K B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) e‡j|

- kxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq wPwKrmv †Ìqv m¤¢e; wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|
wb¤œZvcgvÎvq Amy¯’ wUmyï RxevYy µv‡qvmvR©vix wPwKrmvq aŸsm Kiv nq| G c×wZi GKwU we‡kl myweav n‡jv
Kvw•LZ j‡ÿ¨ †c․uQvi Rb¨ G cÖwµqv evievi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| ÿ‡Zi †ÿ‡Î 20 †_‡K 30 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv
djcÖm~ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ K¨vÝvi †KvlKjv aŸs‡mi Rb¨ mvaviYZ 40 †_‡K 50 †mw›Uª‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
eZ©gv‡b cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZi Kvi‡Y Lye miæ myP eënv‡ii gva¨‡g eid cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ myPviæiƒ‡c wbqwš¿Y Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q DVvi RwUjZv †`Lv †Ìqvi m¤¢vebv G‡Kev‡i ewm‡q Avbv m¤¢e|

- DÏxc‡Ki mgy`ª e›ì D‡™¢va‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs n‡jv GK mvwi
B›Uvi A¨vKwUf †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³¸‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Ae¯’vb n‡Z wbiwew”Qbœ wØgyLx AwWI Ges wfwWI
m¤úªPvi Gi gva¨‡g GK‡Î †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi my‡hvM †`q|
wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi myweav n‡”Q:
1. GKB RvqMvq bv G‡m wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi GK`j gvbyl mfvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ `j GK RvqMvq bv G‡m G mfvq AskMÖnb K‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wmØvšÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
3. wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡K mfvq Ask MÖnY Kiv hvq e‡j hvZvqv‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv d‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgq AcPq nq
bv|
4. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝswU †iKW© K‡i ivLv hvq| d‡j, †h †Kvb mgq Zv Avevi †`Lv hvq|

- DÏxc‡K Kgmg‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Av½y‡ji Qvc c×wZi cÖvavb¨ †`qv †ekx hyw³ hy³|
gyLgÛ‡j •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i wkÿv_©x‡ì Dcw¯’wZ wbY©q Kivi mgq Av‡jvi cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î RwUjZv
†`Lv †`q| ZvQvov Pz‡ji ÷vBj, `vwo †Mvd cwieZ©b, †gKAvc eënvi, Mnbv eënvi Gi Kvi‡Y gyLgÛj
kbv³KiY Kv‡R eëüZnq, wd½vi wcÖ›U c×wZ‡Z eëüZ wWfvB‡mi `vg Kg ZvB GB c×wZ eënvi Gi LiP
Zzjbvg~jK Kg Ges mdjZvi nvi m‡e©v”P|
A_©vr K‡jR KZ©„c‡ÿi Av½yj Gi Qvc c×wZi Dci cÖvavb¨ †`qv DwPZ e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|
14
cÖkœ bs-15:
wbe©vPb Kwgkb b¨vkbvj AvBwW KvW© •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖvßeq¯‥ bvMwiK‡ì gyLgÛ‡ji Qwe, AvOz‡ji Qvc Ges wmM‡bPvi msMÖn
K‡i GKwU PgrKvi WvUv‡eR •Zwi K‡i‡Q| B`vwbs evsjv‡`k cvm‡cvU© Awdm wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi AbygwZ wb‡q D³ WvUv‡e‡Ri
mvnv‡h¨ †gwkb wi‡Wej cvm‡cvU© •Zwi K‡i‡Q| wKQz Amr e¨w³ bKj cvm‡cvU© •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ D³ WvUv‡eR n¨vK Kivi †Póv
K‡i| (P”MÖvg †evW©-2017)
K) wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Kx? 1
L) Òwe‡kl cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wbivc‡` WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢eÓÑeywS‡q †jL| 2
M) wbe©vPb Kwgkb WvUv‡eR •Zwi‡Z †h cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQj Zv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡iv| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki wKQz e¨w³i e¨_© †Póvi •bwZKZvi w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
- KwgDwb‡Kkb cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f․MwjK Ae¯’v‡b AwWI Ges wfwWI Gi hyMcr DfgyLx ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi
cÖwµqv‡K wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs e‡j|
- fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i AvRKvj WªvBwfs †kLv‡bv n‡”Q| ¯^í g~‡jï gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ nIqvq
wewfbœ ai‡bi fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU WªvBwfs wmgy¨‡jUi Dbœqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi wmgy¨‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡bi Rb¨
PvjK‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b em‡Z nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gvD‡›UW wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó
hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixb Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki iv¯Ívq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| Gi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K GKwU †nW Uª¨vwKs
wm‡÷g| d‡j eënviKvix hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixb I evwn¨K As‡ki 360 wWMÖx `k©b jvf K‡ib Ges Kw¤úDUvi m„ó cwi‡e‡k
gMœ †_‡K WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY jvf K‡ib| AZGe, cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wbivc‡` cÖvK WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e|
- wbe©vPb Kwgkb †WUv‡eR ‣Zix‡Z ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wb‡qwQj| wb‡P DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv gvcv Ges we‡kølY Kivi weÁvb I cÖhyw³| wbe©vPb Kwgkb b¨vkbvj AvBwW KvW©
•Zwi Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv-
K) Av½y‡ji Qvc: eZ©gv‡b Av½y‡ji Qvc wb‡q wbivcËv eë¯’v GKwU RbwcÖq ev‡qv‡gwUªK wm‡÷g| G c×wZ‡Z wd½viwcÖ›U
AcwUK¨vj ¯‥¨vbv‡ii gva¨‡g Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci B‡gR †bIqv nq| BbcyUK…Z B‡g‡Ri A_©vr Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci we‡kl wKQz
GKK •ewkó¨‡K wd½vi Kiv nq Ges Avbwµ‡ÞW ev‡qv‡gwUªK wK (Key) wn‡m‡e msiÿY Kiv nq| wd½viwcÖ‡›Ui B‡gR‡K
msiÿY bv K‡i msL¨vi wmwiR (evBbvwi †KvW) †K †fwiwd‡ekb Gi Rb¨ msiÿY Kiv nq|
L) gyLgÛ‡ji Qwe:
gvby‡li †Pnvivi wfbœ wKQz •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| GKR‡bi †Pnvivi mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi †Pnviv wgj †bB| †dBm wiKMwYkb
c×wZ‡Z gyL ev †Pnvivi •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i mbv³ Kiv nq| `yB †Pv‡Li ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡, bv‡Ki •`N©¨ ev e¨vm; †Pvqv‡ji
†K․wYK gvc BZ¨vw` cwigv‡ci †Kvb e¨w³‡K mbv³ Kiv hvq|
M) wmM‡bPvi †fwiwd‡Kkb:
G c×wZ‡Z eënviKvixi nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi‡K cixÿv K‡i mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î we‡kl ai‡bi Kjg Ges c¨vW
eënvi K‡i ¯^vÿi Gi AvKvi, †jLvi MwZ, mgq Ges Kj‡gi Pvc‡K cixÿv Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi †P‡q
LiP Kg| e¨vsK exgv Ges Ab¨vb¨ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi †P‡q LiP Kg| e¨vsK exgv Ges Ab¨vb¨ cªwZôv‡b ¯^vÿi
kbv³KiY Gi Kv‡R G c×wZ eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
- DÏxc‡K wKQz e¨w³i e¨_© †Póvi •bwZKZvi w`K¸‡jv wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva n‡jv mywbw`©ó wKQz •bwZK aviYv| hv gvbyl wb‡Ri †fZi aviY K‡i Ges G¸‡jv mvs¯‥…wZK cwigÛ‡ji Øviv AwZgvÎvq
cÖfvweZ nq| 1992 mv‡j Kw¤úDUvi Gw_Km BbwówUDU Kw¤úDUvi Gw_Km Gi wel‡q `kwU wb‡`©kbv •Zwi K‡i| GB `kwU wb‡`©kbv n‡jvt
1. A‡bï ÿwZ Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi bv Kiv|
2. A‡bï Kv‡Ri e¨vNvZ m„wói Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³‡K eënvi bv Kiv|
3. A‡bï Kw¤úDUvi Gi †WUvi Dci bRi`vwi bv Kiv|
4. Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wg_¨v Z_¨ iUv‡bvi Kv‡R m¤ú„³ bv Kiv|
5. ‡hme mdUIq¨vi Gi Rb¨ Zzwg A_© cÖ`vb K‡ivwb, †m¸‡jv eënvi Kwc bv Kiv|
6. AbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K A‡bï Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© eënvi bv Kiv|
7. A‡bï eyw×`xß ev M‡elYvjä djvdj‡K wb‡Ri gvwjKvbv e‡j `vwe bv Kiv|
8. ‡cÖvMÖvg †jLvi c~‡e© mgv‡Ri Dci Zv Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡e †mUv wPšÍv Kiv|
9. ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii mgq mnKg©x ev Ab¨ eënviKvixi cÖwZ kÖ×v I †m․Rb¨Zv cÖ`k©b Kiv|
15
cÖkœ bs-16:
Rbve wknve GKRb •egvwbK| wZwb Kw¤úDUvi †gjv †_‡K 1 †UivevB‡Ui GKwU nvWwW¯‥ wKb‡jb| GwUi AvKvi †ek
†QvU †`‡L wZwb AevK n‡jb| cÖhyw³i AMÖhvÎvq wewfbœ wWfvB‡mi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Yi
eë¯’v‡ZI cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| GLb mwZ¨Kv‡ii wegvb eënvi bv K‡i Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k wegvb cwiPvjbv
cÖwkÿY †Ìqv nq| (h‡kvi †evW©-2017)
K. wek¦MÖvg Kx? 1
L. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii •bwZKZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K †QvU AvKv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥i aviYÿgZv e„w×‡Z †h cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| 3
N. wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ eZ©gvb cÖhyw³wU bMi cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î eënvi Kiv hvq| e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

- ‡Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek¦MÖvg n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek †hLv‡b cÖw_exi mKj gvbylB GKwU GKK mgv‡R emevm K‡i
Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g G‡K Aci‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

- ‣bwZKZv n‡”Q gvby‡li KvR Kg©, AvPvi-eënvi Gi †mB g~jbxwZ hvi Dci wfwË K‡i gvbyl GKwU Kv‡Ri fv‡jv ev
g‡›ì w`K wePvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i eënvi mgv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
Gi d‡j Kw¤úDUvi I mvBevi Aciva, †MvcbxqZv, e¨w³ ¯^vZ›`ª¨Zv ev AvB‡WbwUwU, PvKzix, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kg©cwi‡ek
BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î •bwZKZvi welqwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q|

- DÏxc‡K †QvU AvKv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥i aviYÿgZv e„w×‡Z b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡”Q|
b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ n‡jv cvigvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zix Kivi Rb¨ avZe I e¯‘‡K mywbcYfv‡e Kv‡R
jvMv‡bvi weÁvb| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ `yBwU c×wZ‡Z eëüZ nq GKwU n‡”Q ÒeUg AvcÓ Ges Ab¨wU n‡”Q ÒUc WvDbÓ|
eUg Avc c×wZ b¨v‡bv wWfvBm Ges DcKiY¸wj AvbweK ¯^xK…wZi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i AvYweK Dcv`vb Øviv
•Zix nq Ges Bnviv ivmvqwbKfv‡e GKxf‚Z nq| GB c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ª ÿz`ª AvKv‡ii †QvU wRwbm w`‡q eo †Kv‡bv
wRwbm •Zix Kiv nq| Uc-WvDb c×wZ‡Z GKwU b¨v‡bv DcKiY cigvYy ¯Í‡ii wbqš¿Y QvovB e„nr mË¡v n‡Z MwVZ
nq| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †Ìqv nq b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ eënv‡i
wPwKrmvweÁvb, B‡jKUªwb·, kw³ Drcv`bmn eû †g‡kbvwi †hgbt nvW©wW¯‥ Gi †g‡gvwi cwimi evov‡bv Ges
nvW©wW‡¯‥i AvKvi †QvU Kivi Kv‡R b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

- DÏxc‡K wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ eZ©gvb cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU|
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv †mB cÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnK RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe
bq| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨MKvix †hvMvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv e‡j|
G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g bMi cwiKíbvi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv hvq| GB cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k ev¯Í‡e bq wÎgvwÎK
MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g bM‡ii mdj Kvh©µg †hgb- †g․wjK myweav, B›Uvi‡bU myweav, eR©¨ AcmviY, wbivc` cvwb,
hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ UªvwdK wmMb¨vj, Riæwi wPwKrmv †mev, B›Uvi‡bU e¨vswKs, wewfbœ bvMwiK †mev BZ¨vw`‡Z AwfÁZv
AR©b Kiv hvq| d‡j †h‡Kv‡bv gvbyl †Kv‡bv cÖKvi kvixwiK SuywK ev wec` Qovq DbœZ bMi •Zwi AwfÁZv cv‡”Q|
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv `„k¨ †`Lv I †kvbv hvq| nv‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³ †Møvem Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq `„‡kï
AeZviYv Ges †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb K‡i eënviKvix‡K Abyf‡ei GK Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q hvq|
16
cÖkœ bs-17:
RwqZv †P․ayix cixÿv msµvšÍ cÖ‡R± †ccvi •Zwii †ÿ‡Î B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnvqZv wb‡q _v‡K| †m wbqg †g‡b cÖwZwU Z‡_ï
Drm D‡jøL K‡i| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ n‡Z †m Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Q hv w`‡q AYyi MVb †`Lv m¤¢e|
Z‡e RqšÍ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wewfbœ dvB‡ji mdUKwc msMÖn K‡i †Kv‡bviƒc K…ZÁZv Ávcb QvovB wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk
K‡i| (wm‡jU †evW©-2017)
K. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Kx? 1
L. ev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡iI Kíbv‡K Quy‡q †`Lv m¤¢e- e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wUi e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZvi wePv‡i RwqZv †P․ayix I Rq‡šÍi AvPiY g~j¨vqb Ki| 4

- GwU Ggb cÖhyw³ ev dwjZ MwYZ, Z_¨weÁvb, cwimsL¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, K…wÎg eyw×gËv, imvqb Ges •Re
imvqb eënvi Ki‡j RxeweÁv‡bi mgvavb Kiv hvq|

- ev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Kíbv‡K Qz‡q †`Lv m¤¢e| D³ cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU njcÖhyw³ hv wÎgvwÎK wek¦ m„wó K‡i Ges hvi `„k¨gvbZv evnb RxešÍ| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘
ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`ªMKvix †hvMvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU ev Abyfe ev¯Íe e‡j| GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g K…wÎg
cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i ev¯Í‡e bq wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`v©q †hgb Mvwo
Pvjv‡bv AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv hvq| wVK †Zgb kvixwiK SuywK ev wec` Qvovq iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv
cvIqv hvq|
- RwqZv †P․ayix Abyi MVb m¤ú‡K© †h cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ eënvi|
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis n‡jv ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR gva¨‡g wW.Gb.G Gi †cÖvwU‡bi cbivq mgš^q K‡i bZzb •ewk‡óï
Rxeb •Zixi cÖwµqv|
eZ©gv‡b DNA cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¯‘i AšÍM©Z wRb‡K †Kv‡bv Rxe‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ev †Kvl n‡Z mwi‡q D³
RxewUi •ewk‡óï eskMwZ e`‡j bZzb Rv‡Zi e¯‘ m„wó Kiv n‡”Q| GB DNA ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ÿz`ª GK‡Kvlx Avevw`
Rxe Z_v e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K gvbe‡`‡n, Dw™¢`‡Kvl †_‡K cÖvYx‡`‡n Ges cÖvYx‡Kvl †_‡K Dw™¢`‡`‡n ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e
n‡”Q|

- Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZvi wePv‡i RwqZv †P․ayix I Rq‡šÍi AvPiY wb‡P g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv:
‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva n‡jv mywbw`©ó wKQz •bwZK aviYv, hv gvbyl wb‡Ri wfZi aviY K‡i Ges G¸‡jv Kv‡iv mvs¯‥…wZK
cwigÛ‡ji Øviv AwZgvÎvq cÖfvweZ nq| RwqZv †P․ayix Abyi MVb m¤ú‡K© B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
cixÿv msµvšÍ cÖ‡R± †ccvi •Zwi K‡i| wZwb Zvi cÖ‡R± †ccvi wewfbœ Z‡_ï Drm D‡jøL K‡i •bwZKZvi cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb hv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z •bwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai g‡a¨ Av‡Q| Aciw`‡K RqšÍ A‡bï †jLv Kwc K‡i
wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| hv †cøwRqvwiRg bv‡g cwiwPwZ| GwU GKwU A‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ| ZvB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i •bwZKZvi wePvi G RwqZv †P․ayix mwVK wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡jI Rq‡šÍi AvPiY m¤ú~Y© •bwZKZv we‡ivax|
17
eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv
1| †KvbwU wWGbG-Gi bZzb wmKz‡qÝ •Zwii cÖhyw³? Av‡iKw`b wZwb wØZxq Av‡iKwU cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i
K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L) ev‡qv‡gwUª· bx‡ji mv‡_ gv‡qi K_v I †`Lvi eë¯’v K‡i
M) ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· w`‡jb?
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: 9| DÏxc‡K wek¦MÖv‡gi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Bw½Z †Ìqv
W. wmivR GKRb K…wlweÁvbx| †m GLb GKwU n‡q‡Q?
D”Pdjbkxj †cu‡c D™¢veb Kij hvi cÖwZwUi IRb K) wkÿv L) †hvMv‡hvM
cÖvq 15 †KwR| M) wPwKrmv N) Awdm
2| W. wmivR Gi eëüZ cÖhyw³wUi bvg Kx? 10| DÏxc‡K bx‡ji eëüZ cÖhyw³‡Z-
K) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm L) ev‡qv‡gwUª· i. we‡kl mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb
M) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ii. ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev cvIqv hv‡e
3| DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K W. wmiv‡Ri jÿ n‡jvÑ iii. evm¯’v‡bi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡e
i. cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k Drcv`b wbwðZ Kiv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †ivM-cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× Kiv K) i I ii L) i I iii
iii. Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evov‡bv M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 11| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z Kx ai‡bi B‡gR •Zwi nq?
K) i I ii L) i I iii K) GK-gvwÎK L) wØ-gvwÎK
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii M) wÎ-gvwÎK N) eûgvwÎK
4| wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z RxeweÁv‡bi mv‡_ †WUv‡eR, 12| ‡KvbwU ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUK‡mi •ewkó¨?
A¨vjMwi`g, cwimsL¨vb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mgš^q K) ¯^í‡WUv msiÿY
n‡q‡Q? L) •RweK †WUvi mgvnvi
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) †ivewU· M) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi eënvi
M) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N) ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) cÖhyw³ wbf©i wbivcËv
5| n¨vKvi ejv nq Kv‡ì‡K? 13| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b-
K) hviv cY¨ evRviRvZ K‡i i. N‡i e‡mB KvR cvIqv hvq
L) hviv msev`cÎ evRviRvZ K‡i ii. B›Uvi‡bU myweav †bIqv hvq
M) hviv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i A‣eafv‡e iii. wewfbœ I‡qe myweav cvIqv hvq
cÖ‡ek K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N) hviv B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i K) i I ii L) i I iii
6| wek¦MÖv‡gi Kvi‡YÑ M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
K) ev¯Íe mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM n«vm cvq 14| b¨v‡bvwgUvi KZ wgUvi?
L) mnbkxjZv n«vm cvq K) 10-6 L) 10-9
M) cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM n«vm cvq M) 10-12 N) 10-15
N) mnvbyf‚wZ I mngwg©Zv n«vm cvq 15| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z KZ gvwÎK RMZ •Zwi nq?
7| Lv`¨RvZ `ª‡eï c¨v‡KwRs I cÖ‡jc •Zwi‡Z eëüZ K) GKgvwÎK L) wØgvwÎK
cÖhyw³Ñ M) wÎgvwÎK N) PZzg©vwÎK
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm 16| B-Kgvm© Gi AšÍf©y³ bq-
M) ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR K) wecYb L) mieivn
8| †KvbwU †ive‡Ui eënvi? M) †jb‡`b N) cÖPvi
K) RwUj mvR©vix wPwKrmvq 17| †ivewU·-Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨-
L) e¨w³i ¯^vÿi kbv³Ki‡Y i. nvW©Iq¨vi
M) bZzb Rv‡Zi exR Drcv`‡b ii. AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ
N) †Uwbm e‡ji AvK…wZ •Zwi‡Z iii. bZzb M‡elYv cwiPvjbv
■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ïf mv‡ne Gi †QvU fvB bxj BDGb wgk‡b †M‡jb|
K) i I ii L) i I iii
GKw`b GKwU cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i ïf Zvi Amy¯’ gv
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
Gi mv‡_ bx‡ji K_v ejvi eë¯’v Ki‡jb|
18
18| b¨v‡bv Ae‡R± •Zwi Kiv nq †Kv_v †_‡K? ii. Kvh©Kix
K) gwjKyjvi K‡¤úv‡b›U †_‡K iii. mg‡qvc‡hvMx
L) jvR©vi Gw›UwU n‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M) mvBwbs-Gi gva¨‡g K. i I ii L. i I iii
N) †cÖvMÖvwgs Øviv M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
19| Îv‡qvmvR©vwi eëüZ nq- 25| †cøwRqvwiRg †Kvb Aciv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ?
K) cøvw÷K mvR©vwi‡Z L) nv‡U©i evBcv‡m K) A‡bï †jLv Pzwi L) mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm
M) †Pv‡Li †jÝ cÖwZ¯’vc‡b N)wjevi K¨vÝv‡i M) KwcivBU jsNb N) AvB‡Ww›UwU Pzwi
20| †gvevBj wmg µ‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³ MÖvnK‡K mnvqZv 26| wek¦MÖvg aviYvwUi cÖe³v †K?
K‡i? K) †Wwg‡qb eªWwiK L) gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis M) Rb g¨vKvw_© N) A¨v‡›Uvwbb AviwPDW
M) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR N) µv‡qvmvR©vwi 27| wek¦MÖvg aviYvi mv‡_ †Kvb welqwU we‡klfv‡e
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤ú„³?
`vI: K) MÖv‡gi mv‡_ kn‡ii mnR †hvMv‡hvM
†jvKgvb mv‡ne M‡elYv K‡i bvbvb cÖRvwZi dj I L) B›Uvi‡bU myweavi e¨vcK cÖmvi
dzj djv‡bvi Rb¨ bZzb cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib; G‡Z M) wek¦e¨vcx MÖvg‡K bM‡i cwieZ©b
wZwb AvKv‡i eo Ges AvKl©Yxq dj I dzj Drcv`b N) wkÿvi Aeva my‡hvM myweavi we¯Ívi
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jb| ♦ DÏxcKwU c‡o 28 I 29 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
21| DÏxc‡K †jvKgvb mv‡n‡ei M‡elYvi mnvqK cÖhyw³ †mvbvi evsjv bvgK cÖwZôvbwU `xN© 15 eQi hveZ
†KvbwU? M‡elYv K‡i GKwU bZzb Rv‡Zi av‡bi D™¢veb
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR K‡i‡Q hv eb¨vi cvwb‡Z Wz‡e _vKvi ciI bó nq bv|
M) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwU wb‡R‡ì Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv I
22| †jvKgvb mv‡n‡ei mvdj¨- Kgx© eë¯’vcbvi AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡Q|
i. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NU‡e 28| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q-
ii. †`‡k cÖPzi dj I dzj Drcv`b n‡e i. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
iii.†`kxq cÖRvwZ wejywßi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q ii. ev‡qv‡gwUª·
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUK
K. i I ii L. i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii K. i I ii L. i I iii
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 23 I 24 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
`vI: 29| DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwUi we`¨gvb eë¯’vq-
gBb mv‡ne GKwU miKvwi `ß‡i PvKzwi K‡ib| wZwb i. bZzb M‡elYvi †ÿÎ •Zwi n‡e
miKvwi wb‡`©kbv I Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ii. Rxe‣ewPÎ¨ m„wói c_ myMg Ki‡e
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡ib Ges wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs
iii. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZv wewNœZ n‡e
eënvi K‡i Riæwi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
23| DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³ `vßwiK Kvh©µg e¨ZxZ Avi †h
K. i I ii L. i I iii
†ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq Zv n‡jv-
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
i. wkÿv †ÿ‡Î
30| AvDU‡mvwms Kx?
ii. †Mv‡q›`v bRi`vix‡Z
K) wbw`©ó kÖg NÈvq KvR Kiv
iii. mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM L) B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK KvR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M) we‡kl eªvDwRs myweav
K. i I ii L. i I iii N) wek¦e¨vcx †bUIqvK© eë¯’v
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 31| †KvbwU µv‡qvmvR©vwii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?
24| gBb mv‡n‡ei Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ eënvi †Kvb ai‡bi K) dvwR jwRK L) we‡kl ai‡bi Møvfm
Kg©KvÐ? M) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N) †bwf‡Mkb
i. BwZevPK
19
32| †Kvb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ 40| GK b¨v‡bvwgUvi mgvb KZ wgUvi?
Kiv hvq? K) 103 L) 106
K) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR L) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis M) 109 N) 1012
M) ev‡qv‡gwUª· N) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· 41| mvaviYfv‡e fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek n‡jv-
33| K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖavbZ †Kv_vq eëüZ nq? K) GKgvwÎK L) wØ-gvwÎK
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· M) wÎ-gvwÎK N) PZzg©vwÎK
M) †iv‡evwU· N) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR 42| †Kvb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³
34| wek¦MÖvg ej‡Z †evSvqÑ Kiv hvq?
i. wi‡qj UvBg †mev wewbgq K) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR L) ev‡qv‡gwUª·
ii. Z_¨ I we‡bv`‡bi mnRjf¨Zv M) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwK·
iii. we‡k¦i MÖvgmg~‡ni AvšÍtm¤úK© 43| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwi‡Oi gva¨‡g -
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. Rx‡ei bZzb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq
K) i I ii L) i I iii ii. ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii iii. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 35 I 36 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Wv. gywbi wkÿvbwek‡ì Kw¤úDUvi wbqwgZ K) i I ii L) i I iii
cwi‡e‡ki gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e ev¯Í‡ei AbyKi‡Y M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
mvR©vix cÖwkÿY †`b hv‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc SzuwK bv _v‡K| 44| wek¦MÖv‡gi †giæ`Û †KvbwU?
GKRb hK…Z K¨vÝv‡ii †ivMx Zvi Kv‡Q G‡j wZwb K) nvW©Iq¨vi L) mdUIq¨vi
Zv‡KÑ1200C ZvcgvÎvi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv †`b| M) Kv‡bKwUwfwU N) †WUv
35| cÖwkÿ‡Y eëüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡”QÑ 45| AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek
K) µv‡qvmvR©vix K‡i Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv‡K wK e‡j?
L) AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ K) mdUIq¨vi cvB‡imx L) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjRx
M) fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU M) †cøwRqvwiRg N) n¨vwKs
N) ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis 46| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z -
36| eëüZ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡ZÑ i. wUDgvi wUmyï ZvcgvÎv n«vm e„w× Kiv nq
i. wPwKrmv e¨q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg ii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Ab¨vb¨ µv‡qvRwbZ G‡R›U
ii. Acv‡ik‡bi aKj mn¨ Ki‡Z nq bv eënv&i Kiv nq
iii. Av‡kcv‡ki †Kv‡li ÿwZ nq bv iii. AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
37| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi gva¨‡gÑ ♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 47 I 48 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
i. Rx‡ei bZzb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq Pvi eÜz PviwU wfbœ wfbœ †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e
ii. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb •Zwi Kiv hvq Kg©iZ| G‡ì Awd‡mi cÖ‡ek c‡_ KvD‡K nv‡Zi
iii. Lye mn‡R e¨w³ kbv³ Kiv hvq AvOzj ev KvD‡K m¤ú~Y© nvZ GKwU h‡š¿i Ici †i‡L
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Awd‡m XzK‡Z nq| KvD‡K GKwU K¨v‡givi mvg‡b
K) i I ii L) i I iii †PvL w¯’i K‡i ùvov‡Z nq wKsev m¤ú~Y© gyLgÛjB
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii K¨v‡givi mvg‡b K‡qK gyn~Z© ivL‡Z nq| G‡ì
38| wek¦MÖv‡gi aviYvwU me©cÖ_g cÖeZ©b K‡ib- cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `vex n‡”Q, Awd‡mi Dcw¯’wZ I wbivcËv
K) gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb L) gvK© RyKvievM© wbwðZKi‡Y ¯^ ¯^ Awd‡m eëüZ c×wZ AwaK
M) wej †MUm N) wUg evb©vm wj Kvh©Ki|
39| †iv‡evwU· Kx? 47| DÏxc‡K Awd‡mi cÖ‡ek c‡_ ‡Kvb cÖhyw³ eënvi
K) †iveU weÁvb L) †ive‡Ui wµqvbxwZ Kiv n‡q‡Q?
M) wk‡í eëüZ †iveU K) fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU L) ev‡qv‡gwUª·
N) †iveU •Zwi‡Z eëüZ fvlv M) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· N) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR
20
48| DÏxc‡K eëüZ cÖhyw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wbf©yjfv‡e 55| wkÿK wgRvb †Kvb ‣ewk‡óï cÖ‡qvM Øviv j¨v‡e
Kg©KZ©v‡ì `vex cyi‡Y †KvbwU me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb?
Kvh©Ki? K) Av½y‡ji Qvc L) gy‡Li Mob
K) wdsMvi wcÖ›U L) n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª M) KÉ¯î N) †iwUbv
M) AvBwik I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb N) †dBm wiKMwbkb 56| QvÎiv ev¯Íe ¯^v` cvIqvi mgq †`L‡Z †cj-
49| b¨v‡bv eySvq †KvbwU? i. wØ-gvwÎK `„k¨
K) 10-6 L) 10-9 ii. wÎ-gvwÎK `„k¨
M) 10-12 N) 10-15 iii. K…wÎg RxešÍ `„k¨
50| b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR w`‡q •ZwiK…Z hš¿ n‡Z cv‡i- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. Kw¤úDUvi K) i I ii L) i I iii
ii. µv‡qv‡cÖve M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
iii. ‡iveU 57| e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ cÖhyw³
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †KvbwU?
K) i I ii L) i I iii K) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· L) ev‡qv‡gwUª·
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii M) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N) †iv‡evwU·
51| gvby‡li `ytmva¨ Kv‡Ri cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? 58| †iveU eëüZ nq-
K) †ivewU· L) fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU i. evmvevwo‡Z M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R
M) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N) K…wÎg eyw×gËv ii. cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 52 I 53 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi iii. Lwbi Af¨šÍixY Kv‡R
`vI: wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ÔKÕ wkÿv_©x K‡jR covïbv K‡i| Z‡_ï Drm D‡jøL K) i I ii L) i I iii
K‡i covïbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
mnvqZvq Uvg©‡ccvi •Zwi K‡i| wKš‘ ÔLÕ wkÿv_©x ♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 59 I 60 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†Kv‡bv AbygwZ QvovB jvB‡eªixi Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K `vI:
dvBj Kwc K‡i †bq| GgbwK B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß BRRI KZ©„K D™¢vweZ wewfbœ D”Pdjbkxj avb
Z‡_ï †Kv‡bviƒc K…ZÁZv QvovB wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk Avwe®‥v‡ii d‡j evsjv‡`k GLb Pvj ißvbxKviK
K‡i| †`k wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q|
52| DÏxc‡Ki ÔLÕ wkÿv_©xi Kg©KvÐ †KvbwU?
59| DÏxc‡K BRRI KZ©„K eëüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
K) ¯ú¨vwgs L) n¨vwKs
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
M) w¯œwKs N) ¯úywds M) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
53| DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ÒKÓ wkÿv_©xi Kg©KvÐ-
60| DÏxc‡Ki Kg©Kv‡Ð-
i. KwcivBU AvBb gvbv i. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb n‡e
ii. †Uj‡bU
ii. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î weiƒc cÖfve co‡e
iii. Kw¤úDUvi Gw_Km AbymiY
iii. Rxe‣ewP‡Îi D™¢e n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) iI iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
54| Lv`¨Rvj `ª‡eï gvb mwVK ivLvi Rb¨ c¨v‡K‡Ui 61| GK b¨v‡bvwgUvi mgvb-
wfZi cÖ‡jc Kivi cÖhyw³ wK?
K) 10-7 wgUvi L) 10-8 wgUvi
K) †ivewU· L) ev‡qv‡gwUª·
M) 10-9 wgUvi N) 10-10 wgUvi
M) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· N) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR 62| wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRxq Dcv`vb n‡jv-
♦ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 55 Ges 56 bs cÖ‡kœi
i. Kv‡bKwUwfwU ii. ‡WUv
DËi `vI:
iii. mÿgZv
ICT wkÿK wgRvb m¨vi QvÎ‡ì wb‡q j¨v‡e ìRvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
w`‡K ZvKv‡ZB ìRv Ly‡j †Mj| Zvici QvÎ‡ì
gv_vq †nj‡gU cwi‡q Av‡jv wbwf‡q wb‡q †Mj mgy`ª
•mK‡Z †hLv‡b Zviv •mK‡Zi ev¯Íe ¯^v` †cj|
21
63| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z eëüZ hš¿cvwZ n‡jv-
i. µv‡qv‡cÖve
ii. ‡¯úª wWfvBm
iii. A¨vKPz‡qUi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
64| wRb dvBwÛs M‡elYvq wK eëüZ nq?
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) ev‡qv Bbdi‡gwU·
M) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N) b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwR
65| ‡KvbwU AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi gv‡K©U †cøm?
K) UzBUvi L) gvB‡¯úm
M) I‡W· N) wWN
66| Kw¤úDUvi Bw_Km-Gi wb‡`©kbv KqwU?
K) 8 L) 10
M) 12 N) 14
67| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM‡K Kx ejv
nq?
K) B-Kgvm© L) AvDU‡mvwm©s
M) B-weR‡bm N) B-Mf‡b©m
68| †Kvb c×wZ‡Z Actuator eëüZ nq?
K) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis L) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR
M) †ivewU· N) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
69| Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ †KvbwU?
K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi L) fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU
M) B›Uvi‡bU N) wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs
70| D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³ eëüZ
nq?
K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· L) fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU
M) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR N) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
71| †KvbwU fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z eëüZ nq?
K) wµgvwÎK wmgy‡jkb L) wØgvwÎK wmgy‡jkb
M) n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª N) ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv
72| K…wÎg eyw×gËvq cÖavbZ eëüZ nq †KvbwU?
K) PYTHON L) HTML
M) COBOL N) PROLOG
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2016-2017 mv‡ji wewfbœ †ev‡W©i Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

Aa¨vq 1: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ

2 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

2 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

2 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

3 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

3 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

3 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

3 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

7 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

10 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

10 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

10 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

10 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

11 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

11 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

11 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

11 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

12 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

12 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

12 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

14 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

14 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

14 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

14 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

16 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

16 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

16 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (M) Gi DËi

16 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

17 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (K) Gi DËi

17 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (L) Gi DËi

17 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi (N) Gi DËi

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