BDwbU

fviZe‡l© †gvMj kvm‡bi cÖwZôv: evei I ûgvqyb

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†lvj kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K fviZe‡l©i AivRK ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei G‡`‡k
†gvMj kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb gvÎ Pvi eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cy‡iv mg‡qB wZwb hy× weMÖ‡n e¨¯Í
wQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb eskai‡`i Rb¨ GKwU mymsMwVZ ivR¨ †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡ib wb| G Kvi‡Y ûgvqyb wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY Kivi ciB wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nb| w`wjøi wmsnvmb Zuvi nvZ-Qvov n‡q hvq| Z‡e `xN© c‡bi eQi ci
ûgvqyb w`wjøi wmsnvmb cybiæ×v‡i mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb|
eve‡ii fviZel© Avµg‡Yi cÖv°v‡j G‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj, wKfv‡e evei G‡`‡k †gvMj mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôv K‡ib, Zuvi cyÎ ûgvqy‡bi kvmb †Kgb wQj Zv G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-1.1 †gvMj weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j fvi‡Zi Ae¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †gvMj weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ZrKvjxb fviZe‡l©i †K›`ªxq kw³i `ye©jZvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †gvMj weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j G‡`kxq ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iv‡R¨i ivRb¨e‡M©i AšÍ؇© ›Øi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv ÿz`ª ivR¨, Beªvwng †jv`x, ivRcyZ, †gvMj

ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K ivR¨R‡qi †bkvq †ewi‡qwQ‡jb evei| 1414 mv‡j Kveyj AwaKv‡ii ci evei fviZ
weR‡qi cwiKíbv K‡ib| 1519 mv‡j fviZ Awfhv‡bi cwiKíbv P~ovšÍ nq| Gmgq fvi‡Zi kvmb
ÿgZvq wQ‡jb †jv`x myjZvbiv| fvi‡Zi c‡_ †QvU LvU Av‡iv K‡qKwU Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z K‡qKwU eQi
†K‡U hvq| eve‡ii Avµg‡Yi c~‡e© fvi‡Zi †kl myjZvb wQ‡jb Beªvwng †jv`x (1517-25 wLª.)| w`wjø I
Av‡kcv‡ki AÂj¸‡jvi Dci Zuvi AwaKvi wQj| Beªvwng †jv`x Lye `ÿ kvmK wQ‡jb bv| mvgšÍ ivRv I cÖv‡`wkK
kvmbKZ©v‡`i A‡b‡KB Zuvi wbqš¿‡Y wQj bv| ZvQvov fviZe‡l©i wn›`y ivRb¨eM© I ivRcyZ‡`i m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c civwRZ
Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb w`wjøi myjZvbMY| d‡j ZzNjK es‡ki kvm‡bi (1320-1413) †k‡li w`‡K w`wjøi †K›`ªxq kw³
`ye©j n‡q c‡o| G Kvi‡Y Dcgnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i EÌvb N‡U| fvi‡Z my`~i `wÿ‡Y
evngbx I weRqbMi ivR¨, DËi fvi‡Z Kvk¥xi I †RŠbcyi ivR¨, c~e©v‡j evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨v Ges cwð‡g
cvÄve, gvje I ¸Riv‡U ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Gme ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iv‡R¨i ivRvMY wQ‡jb D”PvKv•ÿx I
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

¯^vaxbZv wcÖq| G‡`i mv‡_ we‡iv‡ai d‡j w`wjøi †K›`ªxq kw³ `ye©j I msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o| fvi‡Zi †K›`ªxq
kw³i `ye©jZvi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i evei G‡`‡k †gvMj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| eve‡ii fviZ weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j
cvÄv‡e †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb| w`wjøi myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`x †`ŠjZ Lv‡bi ¯^vaxb kvm‡bi
we‡ivwaZv Kivq Df‡qi g‡a¨ `viæY kÎæZv †`Lv †`q| myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`xi LvjvZ fvB Avjg Lvb †jv`x
we‡`ªvnx †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`xi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q loh‡š¿ wjß nb| wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v `wiqv Lvb I †`ŠjZ Lv‡bi mv‡_
†hvM`vb K‡ib| Zuviv w`wjøi †jv`x kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi Rb¨ Kvey‡j Ae¯’vbiZ evei‡K fviZ Avµg‡Yi Avgš¿Y
Rvbvb|
w`wjøi †jv`x mvgªv‡R¨i evB‡i K‡qKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQj gvje| gvje ivR¨wU wQj
ivRcyZbv I ey‡›`jL‡Ði ga¨eZ©x A‡j Aew¯’Z| wd‡ivR ZzNj‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1351-1388 wLª.) gvje
¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i| 16 kZ‡K gvj‡ei myjZvb wØZxq gyn¤§` kvn‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z K‡i Zuvi ivRcyZ mvgšÍiv ÿgZv
`Lj K‡i †bq| mvgwiK w`K †_‡K gvj‡ei Ae¯’vb wQj Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G Qvov ¸Riv‡UI GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj|
G ivR¨wU wQj mg„×kvjx| ¸Riv‡Ui e›`i †_‡K eû cY¨ cwðg Gwkqvq ißvwb n‡Zv| G Rb¨ cZz©wMR ewYKiv
¸Riv‡Ui DcK‚‡j AvwacZ¨ ¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i| ¸Riv‡Ui myjZvb †kl ch©šÍ cZz©wMR‡`i `gb Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
ivRcyZbvq A‡bK¸‡jv ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj| w`wjøi myjZv‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Gme ivR¨ kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V| GB
ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gevi wQj me©v‡cÿv kw³kvjx| msMÖvg wmsn ev ivbv msMÖvg wmsn wQ‡jb †gev‡ii kvmbKZ©v| wZwb
ivRcyZ‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb| ga¨cÖ‡`k ch©šÍ Zuvi cÖfve cÖwZcwË we¯Í…Z wQj| Beªvwng †jv`xi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M msMÖvg
wmsn w`wjø AwaKv‡ii B”Qv †cvlY K‡ib|
`wÿY fvi‡Zi weRqbMi iv‡R¨i ivRv K…ò‡`e Lye D”Pvwfjvlx wQ‡jb| `vwÿYv‡Z¨ wbR cÖfzZ¡ ¯’vc‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY
Ki‡j evngbx iv‡R¨i mv‡_ Zuvi msNvZ ïiæ nq| Ab¨w`‡K DËi fvi‡Z Kvk¥xi iv‡R¨I ZLb †Mvj‡hvMc~Y© Ae¯’v
weivRgvb wQj| c~e© fvi‡Zi evsjvq myjZvb û‡mb kv‡ni cyÎ bymiZ kvn ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb| Zuvi ivR¨ mxgvbv wenvi
ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj|
fviZel© GKwU wekvj †`k| G‡`‡k †K›`ªxq kw³i `ye©jZv ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi g~j KviY| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ eve‡ii
Rb¨ my‡hvM G‡b †`q| fviZe‡l©i ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î Ggb Aw¯’iZvi my‡hvM wb‡q wZwb P~ovšÍ AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
AvµgY K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xMY ga¨hy‡Mi fvi‡Zi GKwU gvbwPÎ AsKb Ki‡e Ges G‡Z ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
wkÿv_©xi KvR
ivR¨¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wewfbœ i‡O wPwÎZ Ki‡e

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eve‡ii fviZel© Avµg‡Yi cÖv°v‡j G‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv weivRgvb wQj| ZLb w`wjø I cvk¦©eZx© A‡ji
kvmK wQ‡jb Beªvwng †jv`x| wZwb A‡bKUv `ye©j kvmK wQ‡jb| d‡j AgvZ¨eM© I cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vM‡Yi Dci
Zvi wbqš¿Y Kg wQj| †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ivR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Gme
iv‡R¨i g‡a¨ cvÄv‡ei †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x myjZv‡bi Pig we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges Beªvwng †jv`x‡K wmsnvmbPz¨Z
Kivi Rb¨ evei‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| Ggb msKUc~Y© ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi my‡hvM wb‡q evei fviZ AvµgY K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| eve‡ii fviZ weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j w`wjøi myjZvb wQ‡jb †K?
K) Beªvwng †jv`x L) †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x
M) Avjg Lvb †jv`x N) `wiqv Lvb

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 2
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2| †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x †Kvb iv‡R¨i kvmK wQ‡jb?

K) Kvk¥xi L) gvje
M) cvÄve N) evsjv
3| †gevi-Gi kvmbKZv© wQ‡jb †K?
K) ivRv K…ò †`e L) ivbv msMÖvg wmsn
M) †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x N) `wiqv Lvb
4| eve‡ii fviZel© weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j evsjvi kvmbKZv© wQ‡jb †K?
K) û‡mb kvn L) bymirkvn
M) wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kvn N) AvjvDwÏb gvngy` kvn
5| evei‡K fviZ Avµg‡Yi Avgš¿Y RvbvbÑ
i. †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x
ii. Avjg Lvb †jv`x
iii. `wiqv Lvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
KvgvjDwÏb wQ‡jb enigcy‡ii Rwg`vi| Zvi Rwg`vix wQj mg„×kvjx| GLvbKvi e›`i †_‡K eû cY¨ cvk¦©eZx©
f~L‡Ð ißvwb n‡Zv| GUv †`‡L iZbcyi iv‡R¨i ewYKiv enigcy‡ii DcK~‡j Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ ¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i|
enigcy‡ii Rwg`vi †kl ch©šÍ D³ e¨emvqx‡`i `gb Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
K. †Kvb †`‡ki Awaevmx‡`i cZz©wMR ejv nq? 1
L. †gvMj weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki NUbvi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kvb †`‡ki ewYK‡`i AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡i mv`„k¨ cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. ÔD³ ewYKiv †kl ch©šÍ fviZel© †_‡K weZvwoZ nq|Õ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 3
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

cvV-1.2 eve‡ii fviZ Rq I †gvMj mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 eve‡ii evj¨Rxeb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eve‡ii fviZ R‡qi j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ Awfhv‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwbc_ hy‡× eve‡ii Rqjv‡fi KviY I djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fviZe‡l© †gvMj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv I my`„p Ki‡Z AviI †h mKj hy‡× AeZxY© n‡Z n‡qwQj Zvi eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 ev`kvn eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv evei, cvwbc_, Lvbyqv, ZzjNygv

RwniDÏxb gyn¤§` evei fviZe‡l© †gvMj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wcZvi w`K †_‡K evei wQ‡jb weL¨vZ
ZzwK© ˆZgyi js-Gi Aa¯Íb cÂg cyiæl Ges gv‡qi w`K †_‡K Zuvi c~e©cyiæl wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †gv½j †bZv
†Pw½m Lvb| Dcgnv‡`‡k eve‡ii cÖwZwôZ ivResk †gvMj esk bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q †gv½j‡`i mv‡_ Zuvi m¤úK©
_vKvi Kvi‡YB| evei 1483 wLª÷v‡ã ga¨ Gwkqvi dviMvbvq Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Igi wgR©v dviMbvi
kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci evei evi eQi eq‡m dviMvbvi AwacwZ nb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ c~e©cyiæl
ˆZgy‡ii ivRavbx mgiL›` GKvwaK cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g `Lj K‡ib| wKš‘ AwP‡iB eve‡ii wbKU AvZ¥xq cwiRb,
ivRb¨eM© Ges DR‡eK †bZv mvBevwb Lv‡bi weiæ×vPvi‡Yi d‡j dviMvbv I mgiL›` Zuvi nvZ Qvov n‡q hvq| wZwb
ivR¨ nviv n‡q fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y †ei nb| Gfv‡eB GK mgq wn›`yKzk ce©Z AwZµg K‡ib wZwb| 1504 wLª÷v‡ã DR‡eK
kvm‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv evei Kveyj Rq K‡ib| Kveyj weR‡qi ciI evei wcZ…wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi I
iÿvq e¨_© n‡q fviZe‡l©i w`‡K `„wó wbeÜ K‡ib|
eve‡ii fviZ Awfhvb
eve‡ii fviZ Awfhvb AvKw¯§K †Kv‡bv NUbv bq| HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡Z ga¨ Gwkqvq eve‡ii †h fvM¨ wech©q
N‡UwQj Zv †_‡K Ny‡i `uvov‡bvi Rb¨B wZwb fviZ Awfhv‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jb| G QvovI †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e
wn›`y¯Ív‡bi Ae¯’vb wQj Kvey‡ji cv‡kB| Ab¨w`‡K fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv Ges fviZxq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
kvm‡Ki Avgš¿Y evei‡K fviZ Avµg‡Y Drmvn hywM‡qwQj| w`wjøi kvmK Beªvwng †jv`xi weiæ‡× cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i
c~‡e©I evei K‡qKwU Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Gme Awfhvb‡K cÖv_wgK Awfhvb ejv n‡q _v‡K| 1519 †_‡K
1520 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ evei fvi‡Z wZbwU Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Gme Awfhv‡b wZwb wmÜzb` AwZµg K‡i AwZ
mn‡RB e‡RŠi `yM©, fxiv, Kzke I †Pbve b`xi AeevwnKv AÂj `Lj K‡ib| 1524 wLª÷v‡ã cvÄv‡ei kvmbKZ©v
†`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x I K‡qKRb AvdMvb AgvZ¨ we‡kl K‡i Avjg Lv‡bi Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡j evei Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbxmn
cvÄv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges jv‡nvi, w`cvjcyi I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| G weR‡qi ci evei cvÄve‡K
K‡qKfv‡M fvM K‡ib Ges †`ŠjZ Lv‡bi cyÎ w`jIqvi Lvb, Beªvwng †jv`xi PvPv Avjg Lvb Ges †gvMj
Avgxi‡`i‡K cÖkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ w`‡q Kvey‡j wd‡i hvb| eve‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †`ŠjZ Lvb cvÄve cybiæ×vi K‡ib
Ges Avjg Lvb I w`jIqvi Lvb‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| Avjg Lvb eva¨ n‡q Kvey‡j Avkªq †bb Ges eve‡ii mvnvh¨
cÖv_©bv K‡ib| d‡j 1525 wLª÷v‡ã evei cvÄve Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| wZwb mn‡R cvÄve Rq K‡ib Ges w`wjøi
w`‡K GwM‡q hvb| Beªvwng †jv`x evei‡K cvwbc_ cÖvšÍ‡i 1526 wLª÷v‡ã euvav †`b| GB weL¨vZ cvwbc_ cÖvšÍ‡ii
hy‡× Beªvnxg †jv`x civwRZ n‡j cÖv_wgKfv‡e eve‡ii fviZ weRq m¤úbœ nq|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 4
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy×, 1526 wLª÷vã

evei ey‡SwQ‡jb cvwbc‡_i cÖvšÍ‡ii hy‡× Rq jvf Ki‡j Zuvi w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b emvi c_ mnR n‡q hv‡e| ZvB wZwb
w`wjøi wbKUeZx© cvwbc_ cÖvšÍ‡i w`wjøi †jv`x es‡ki †kl myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`xi mv‡_ hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡ib| ZvwiLwU
wQj 1526 wLª÷v‡ã 12 GwcÖj| eve‡ii AvZ¥Rxebx ZzhyK-B-eveix †_‡K Rvbv hvq, G mg‡q Zuvi mv‡_ evi nvRvi
ˆmb¨ wQj| ZvQvov cvÄve R‡qi ci wKQy msL¨K AwZwi³ ˆmb¨I Zuvi mv‡_ †hvM`vb K‡i| Zuvi ˆR¨ôcyÎ ûgvqybI
Zuvi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| Aciw`‡K Beªvwng †jv`xi ˆmb¨ msL¨v wQj GK jÿ| cvwbc_ cÖvšÍ‡i evei wfbœ iKg
hy× †KŠkj MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖwZiÿv wn‡m‡e cwiLv Lbb K‡ib| Avi fviZe‡l© cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Kvgvb I
†Mvj›`vR evwnbx e¨envi K‡ib| †kl ch©šÍ hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x civwRZ I wbnZ nb|
hy‡× eve‡ii mvd‡j¨i KviY
cÖ_g cvwbc‡_i hy‡× eve‡ii weR‡qi g~j KviY¸‡jv wb¤œiæc:
1. eve‡ii ˆmb¨ Beªvwng †jv`xi ˆmb¨ A‡cÿv AwaK myk„•Lj I mywkwÿZ wQj|
2. Beªvwng †jv`xi A¯¿k¯¿ A‡cÿv eve‡ii A¯¿k¯¿ wQj AwaK DbœZgv‡bi|
3. evei wQ‡jb GKRb `ÿ †mbvbvqK| wZwb Beªvwng †jv`xi wekvj evwnbxi weiæ‡× `ÿZvi mv‡_ Ges DbœZ hy×
†KŠkj MÖnY K‡i Rq jvf K‡ib| ZvQvov hy× cwiPvjbvq Beªvwng †jv`x A‡cÿv evei AwaK AwfÁ wQ‡jb|
4. Beªvwng †jv`xi AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi lohš¿ Zuv‡K †hgb `ye©j I kw³nxb K‡i †d‡jwQj wecixZ w`‡K GB cwiw¯’wZ
evei‡K hy‡× AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj|
5. evei cÖ_g fviZe‡l© hy× †ÿ‡Î Av‡Mœqv¯¿ Kvgvb e¨envi K‡ib| Zuvi †Mvj›`vR evwnbx myk„•Lj I `ÿ wQj|
6. evei DR‡eMx I ZzKx©‡`i wbKU †_‡K bZzb iY‡KŠkj wk‡LwQ‡jb| G †KŠkj‡K ejv nZ ÔZzjNygvÕ hy×ixwZ| G
ixwZ †gvZv‡eK wZwb hy‡× cwiLv Lbb, ˆmb¨‡`i gv‡S ey¨n iPbv, Av‡Mœqv¯¿ e¨envi I Ak¦v‡ivnx Øviv AvµgY
cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i djvdj
cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| G hy‡× eve‡ii weR‡qi d‡j fvi‡Zi ZzKx© AvdMvb
`xN© kvm‡bi (1203-1526 wLª.) Aemvb N‡U| G hy‡×i d‡j evei w`wjø I AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡i †jv`x mvgªv‡R¨i
cZb NwU‡q †gvMj es‡ki wfwË cÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡ib| cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i dj wn‡m‡e fvi‡Zi cÖfzZ¡ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c bv
n‡jI AvswkKfv‡e eve‡ii nv‡Z P‡j hvq| cvwbc‡_i hy‡× weRqx nIqvi ci evei †gvMj evwnbxi A½ wnmv‡e
fviZe‡l© †Mvj›`vR evwnbx cÖeZ©b K‡ib| G hy‡× eve‡ii mvgwiK †kªôZ¡ wbtm‡›`‡n cÖgvwYZ nq| ivkeªæK
DBwjqvgm e‡j‡Qb †h, Òcvwbc‡_i Rq Øviv mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc N‡U; ZLbI AvdMvb DcRvwZmg~‡ni
we‡ivwaZv wQj cÖavb evavÓ| cvwbc‡_i hy× R‡qi ci evei w`wjø I AvMÖvq eû abiZœ n¯ÍMZ K‡ib Ges G m¤ú`
weZiY K‡i wZwb mn‡hvMx‡`i mg_©b Av`vq K‡ib| ZvQvov cvwbc‡_i R‡qi ci evei fviZe‡l© ¯’vqxfv‡e ivRZ¡
cÖwZôvi m¼í MÖnY K‡ib| G hy‡× R‡qi d‡j DËi fvi‡Zi we¯ÍxY© AÂj eve‡ii AwaKv‡i Av‡m| eû AvdMvb
m`©vi Zuvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
myZivs ejv hvq cvwbc‡_i GB hy‡×i djvd‡ji ga¨ w`‡q fviZe‡l© `xN©¯’vqx †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i m~Pbv ce© ïiæ
n‡jv|
Lvbyqvi hy×, 1527 wLª÷vã
fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ kw³i g‡a¨ ivRcyZ kw³ wQj Ab¨Zg| ivRcyZvbvi †gev‡ii AwacwZ wQ‡jb ivbv msMÖvg wmsn|
msMÖvg wmsn Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb †h evei Zuvi c~e©cyiæ‡li b¨vq w`wjø jyU K‡i ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i hv‡eb| ZLb wZwb Beªvwng
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Ki‡eb| wKš‘ cvwbc‡_i hy‡× Rq jv‡fi ci eve‡ii fviZe‡l© ¯’vqxfv‡e mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôvi msK‡íi K_v †R‡b
msMÖvg wmsn GKwU kw³kvjx ivRcyZ ˆmb¨ evwnbx MVb K‡ib| wewfbœ iv‡R¨i †bZ…eM©, AvRgxi, gviIqvo, Av¤^i I
Pv‡›`ixi ivRcyZMY Ges †gIqv‡Ui nvmvb Lvb Zuvi `‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| cÖwZc‡ÿi hy× cÖ¯‘wZ †`‡L eve‡ii

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 5
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

ˆmb¨MY AvZswKZ n‡q c‡o Ges hy× bv K‡i Kvey‡j wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ D`MÖxe n‡q D‡V| †mbv`‡ji g‡bvej e„w×i
Rb¨ evei `yÕwU KvR K‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri cvbcvÎ †f‡½ †d‡jb Ges Zuvi †mvbvi I iƒcvi cvbcvθ‡jv weZiY K‡i
†`b| evei ˆmb¨‡`i‡K DÏxß K‡i gvbwmK kw³ evwo‡q †`b| Gfv‡e wZwb ivRcyZ‡`i †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨
AvMÖvi cwð‡g Lvbyqvi cÖvšÍ‡i ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek K‡ib|
1527 wLª÷v‡ãi 17 gvP© Lvbyqvi cÖvšÍ‡i ivbv msMÖvg wmsn Ges eve‡ii g‡a¨ Zzgyj hy× msNwUZ nq| cÖvq 10 N›Uvi
hy‡× ivRcyZ evwnbx AmvaviY weµg †`Lv‡jI eve‡ii iY‡KŠkj †kl ch©šÍ ivRcyZ‡`i‡K civ¯Í Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
evei G hy‡×I ZzjNygv hy× ixwZ Ges Av‡Mœqv‡¯¿i e¨env‡ii Øviv ivRcyZ kw³‡K aŸsm K‡ib| msMÖvg wmsn AvnZ
Ae¯’vq hyׇÿÎ Z¨vM K‡ib| wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ Zuvi mn‡hvMxiv Zuv‡K wel cÖ‡qv‡M nZ¨v K‡i|
Lvbyqvi hy‡×i ¸iæZ¡
Lvbyqvi hy‡×i ¸iæZ¡ my`~icÖmvix| Lvbyqvi hy‡× civwRZ nIqvi ci msMÖvg wms‡ni fvi‡Z ivRcyZ cÖvavb¨ ¯’vc‡bi
¯^cœ wPiZ‡i webó n‡q hvq| kw³kvjx †gvMj‡`i AMÖhvÎv cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Avi †Kv‡bv kw³ iBj bv| ivRcyZ
kw³ cZ‡bi d‡j AvdMvbivI wb‡¯ÍR n‡q c‡o| KviY ivRcyZ‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q †RvU Movi m¤¢vebvI wejxb
n‡q hvq| G hy‡× R‡qi d‡j fvi‡Z †gvMj kw³i wfwË `„p nq Ges evei Kveyj †_‡K w`wjø‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi
K‡ib| AZtci wZwb mn‡R gvj‡ei †gw`bx ivq‡K civ¯Í K‡ib| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK Lvbyqvi hyׇK e·v‡ii
hy‡×i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| KviY fvi‡Z e„wUk kw³i cÖvavb¨ ¯’vc‡b e·vi †hgb GKwU wb®úwËKvix hy×, fvi‡Z
†gvMj kw³i DÌv‡b Lvbyqvi hy×I wQj Z`iƒc|
djvdj
1. Lvbyqvi hy‡×i d‡j fviZe‡l© †gvMj kw³ my`„p wfwËi Dci mycÖwZwôZ nq|
2. eve‡ii fviZel© AvµgYKvjxb mg‡q G‡`‡k `yBwU civµgkvjx kw³ wQj| Zuviv n‡jv AvdMvb I ivRcyZ|
cici `yÕwU hy‡× weR‡qi d‡j Dfq kw³ webó nq| d‡j fviZe‡l© †gvMj kw³i DÌv‡bi c_ Ly‡j hvq|
3. Lvbyqvi cÖvšÍ‡i Rqjv‡fi ci †gvMj‡`i †K›`ªxq ivRavbx Kveyj †_‡K w`wjø‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
4. Lvbyqvi hy‡× Rqjv‡fi ci evei Ab¨vb¨ ivRcyZ‡`i‡K civwRZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
†MvMivi hy×, 1529 wLª÷vã
fviZe‡l©i `yÕwU e„nr kw³ Beªvwng †jv`x I ivbv msMÖvg wmsn eve‡ii wbKU civwRZ n‡jI c~e© fvi‡Zi AvdMvbMY
Zuv‡K g‡b cÖv‡Y MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| evsjvi myjZvb bymiZ kv‡ni Avkª‡q AvdMvb m`©viMY cybivq kw³ mÂq
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wenv‡ii †ki Lvb, †RŠbcy‡ii gyn¤§` †jv`x Ges bymir kvn GK‡hv‡M w`wjø Avµg‡Yi cwiKíbv
K‡ib| eve‡ii evwnbx `ªæZ K‡bŠR, evivYmx, Gjvnvev` `Lj K‡i wenvi mxgv‡šÍ †MvMiv b`xi Zx‡i DcbxZ n‡j
gyn¤§` †jv`x I †ki Lvb evav †`b| wKš‘ mywkwÿZ †gvMj evwnbxi wbKU AvdMvb evwnbx civwRZ nq| 1529
wLª÷v‡ã gvngy` †jv`x evsjvi myjZvb bvwmiæwÏb bymiZ kv‡ni kiYvcbœ nb| wKš‘ eve‡ii m‡½ bymiZ kv‡ni GK
mwÜ nq| Gi d‡j evsjvi myjZvb †gvMj AvdMvb hy‡× wbi‡cÿ _vKvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b| wewbg‡q evei bymiZ
kv‡ni ivR¨ mxgv †g‡b †bb Ges Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡ÿc bv Kivi A½xKvi K‡ib| G hy‡× weR‡qi gva¨‡g
fviZe‡l© eve‡ii weRq Awfhvb mgvß nq| evei Avgy`wiqv †_‡K †MvMiv Ges wngvjq †_‡K †Mvqvwjqi ch©šÍ
we¯ÍxY© f‚fv‡Mi AwacwZ nb| Gfv‡e fviZe‡l© †gvMj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1530 wLª÷v‡ã Rwni DwÏb evei
AvMÖvq B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|
eve‡ii PwiÎ
ZzK©x fvlvq ÔeveiÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔwmsnÕ| eve‡ii PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj I `„pZvi Rb¨ Zuvi G bvgKiY h_v_© e‡j A‡b‡K
AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ga¨ Gwkqvi `yB cÖavb we‡RZv ˆZgyi js I †Pw½m Lv‡bi i³ Zuvi †`‡n cÖengvb wQj|
eve‡ii Pwi‡Î Dfq †bZvi wKQy wKQy ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| wZwb wQ‡jb ga¨ Gwkqvi GKRb hvhvei
†hv×v| †hv×v RvwZmyjf ¯^fve wb‡q mgiL›`, AvdMvwb¯Ívb I fviZe‡l© fvM¨v‡š^lY K‡ib| ga¨ Gwkqvi Rb¨ Zuvi

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 6
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

fvjevmv wQj AvšÍwiK| ga¨ Gwkqvi †jvK‡`i ¯^fve Abyhvqx evei hyׇK Rxe‡bi GK ¯^vfvweK ag© wn‡m‡e g‡b
Ki‡Zb|
Rq ev civR‡q wZwb wQ‡jb AwePwjZ| hy‡×i cÖ‡qvR‡b Pig wbôziZv †`Lv‡jI wZwb ¯^fve-wbôzi wQ‡jb bv| hy‡×i
g‡a¨I wZwb D`¨vb iPbv I KweZv iPbvi K_v fve‡Zb| e¯‘Z eve‡ii ü`q wQj †Kvgj| wZwb Zuvi cwiev‡ii
†jvKRb‡`i‡K AZ¨šÍ fvjevm‡Zb| wZwb wQ‡jb mvnmx, D”PvKv•ÿx I AvZ¥wek¦vmx, wec‡` wZwb ˆah© nviv‡Zb bv|
Zxÿè eyw× w`‡q wZwb kÎæc‡ÿi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Zb| m½xZ, Kve¨, mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Mfxi AbyivM wQj|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z evei wQ‡jb divwm exi †b‡cvwjq‡bi g‡Zv AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Ges ˆah©kxj|
HwZnvwmK Ck¦ix cÖmv` e‡jb, Ò†hv×v, kvmK I cwÐZ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e evei ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb AvKl©Yxq I e¨w³Z¡
m¤úbœ bicwZ wQ‡jb|Ó evei wQ‡jb Kómwnòz| ivR¨nviv n‡q wZwb eû wewb`ª iRbx AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb| ZeyI
wZwb n‡Zv`¨g nb wb| m‡e©vcwi wZwb wQ‡jb †¯œnermj wcZv|
kvmK wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡
fviZe‡l© †gvMj mvgªv‡R¨i ¯’cwZ wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb hw` †gvMj kw³‡K fviZgyLx bv
Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j ga¨ Gwkqvq nqZ DR‡eM RvwZi mv‡_ msN‡l© Zviv aŸsm n‡q †hZ| wZwb DËi fvi‡Zi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
ivR¨ aŸsm K‡i GKK mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb ivRcyZ Ges AvdMvb kw³‡K `ye©j K‡i w`‡q cieZx©Kv‡j
AvKe‡ii mvgªvR¨ Movi KvR mnR K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Ôev`kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY Ges wmsnvm‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †NvlYv
K‡ib| eve‡ii mvgªvR¨ cwð‡g Kveyj †_‡K c~‡e© wenvi Ges Dˇi wngvjq †_‡K `wÿ‡Y Pv‡›`ix ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj|
wZwb gvÎ Pvi eQi (1526-1530 wLª.) ivRZ¡ K‡ib| GZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ kvmb KvVv‡gvi †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| Z‡e wZwb ev`kvn I mvgªv‡R¨i cÖkvmwbK `ßi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iÿvi Rb¨
GKRb cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v, w`Iqvb (ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v), wkK`vi I †Kv‡Zvqvj ev
bMiva¨ÿ wbhy³ K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb mvgšÍ I RvqMxi`vi‡`i ÿgZv A‡bKvs‡k Le© K‡ib|
wkí I mvwnZ¨vbyivMx wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡
evei ïay GKRb kvmK I †hv×vB wQ‡jb bv, wkí I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZI Zuvi cÖMvp AbyivM wQj| Zuvi iwPZ ZzhyK-B-
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Ges cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ cvKv b`©gv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|
evei civwRZ AvdMvb I ivRcyZ‡`i cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i wewbg‡q ˆgÎx bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| evei wQ‡jb ga¨hy‡Mi
GKRb AvKl©Yxq Ges e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ bicwZ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR eve‡ii K…wZZ¡ wb‡q GKwU wbeÜ wjLyb

mvivsk
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei fviZe‡l© †gvMj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| evei wcZ…ivR¨ dviMvbv nvwi‡q A‡bK PovB
DrivB AwZµg K‡i Kvey‡ji wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| Kveyj †_‡K evei fviZe‡l© AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges
fviZe‡l©i ZrKvjxb ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv Zuv‡K G‡`k weR‡q DrmvwnZ K‡i| eve‡ii G‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZx© AÂj
Avµg‡Yi cÖv_wgK mvdj¨ Ges cieZx©Kv‡j cvwbc_, Lvbyqv I †MvMivi hy‡×i weR‡qi ga¨w`‡q G‡`‡k †gvMj
kvmb cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 7
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

1| mgªvU evei †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

K) ZvmL›` L) dviMvbv
M) †evLviv N) mgiL›`
2| KZ wLª÷v‡ã cvwb c‡_i cÖ_g hy× msNwUZ nq?
K) 1524 L) 1525
M) 1526 N) 1527
3| †jv`x es‡ki †kl myjZvb †K?
K) Beªvwng †jv`x L) evnjyj †jv`x
M) †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x N) wmKv›`vi †jv`x
4| KZ wLª÷v‡ã evei g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
K) 1526 L) 1527
M) 1529 N) 1530
5| cvwb c‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× eve‡ii mvd‡j¨i KviYÑ
i. eve‡ii ˆmb¨ myk„sLj I mywkwÿZ wQj
ii. eve‡ii A¯¿-k¯¿ AwaK DbœZgv‡bi wQj
iii. G hy‡× evei Kvgvb e¨envi K‡ib
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Rvd‡ii wcZv P›`ªØxc bvgK bMi iv‡óªi ivRv wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci Aí eq‡mB Rvdi‡K iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY
Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ AwP‡iB Zvi wbKUvZ¥xq cwiRb, mfvm`, Avgxi Igiv‡`i weiæ×vPvi‡Yi d‡j Zvi ivR¨ nvZ Qvov
n‡q hvq| A‡bK evi †Póv K‡iI ivR¨ cybiæ×v‡i e¨_© n‡q cvk¦eZx© iv‡R¨i Af¨šÍixY `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zv `Lj
K‡i kw³kvjx ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
K. ZzhyK-B-eveix MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? 1
L. ÔfviZ el© ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iv‡R¨ wef³ wQjÕÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rvd‡ii ivR¨ cÖwZôvi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯‡Í Ki †Kvb kvm‡Ki mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. D³ kvm‡Ki mgi †KŠkj we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 8
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.3 ûgvqy‡bi kvmbKvj ( 1530-1540 wLª. I 1555-1556 wLª.)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i ûgvqyb †hme euvavi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQ‡jb Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ †kikv‡ni msN‡l©i KviY I djvdj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evnv`yi kv‡ni mv‡_ ûgvqy‡bi msN‡l©i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ûgvqy‡bi wech©‡qi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ûgvqy‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv ûgvqyb, †kiLvb, †kikvn, wejMÖv‡gi hy×

g„Zz¨i c~‡e© m¤ªvU evei cyÎ ûgvqyb‡K Zuvi DËivwaKvix wbe©vPb K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB 1530 wLª÷v‡ã Rwni
DwÏb gyn¤§` evei g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j ûgvqyb w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| ev`kvn ûgvqy‡bi
kvmbvgj‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_g ch©vq 1530-40 wLª÷vã Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q 1555-1556 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ|
gvSLv‡b 15 eQi wZwb cvi‡m¨ cÖevm Rxebhvcb K‡ib|
ûgvqy‡bi ivRKxq ÿgZv MÖn‡Yi mg‡q Zuvi mvgªv‡R¨i ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v wQj Aw¯’wZkxj I wec`msKzj| c~e©w`‡K
AvdMvbMY Ges cwð‡g ¸Riv‡Ui kvmK evnv`yi kvn †gvMj cÖfz‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `vwo‡qwQj| ûgvqy‡bi Avcb
fvB‡qivI bvbv ai‡Yi msKU ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi fwMœcwZ gyn¤§` Rvgvb wgR©v Ges PvPv‡Zv fvB gyn¤§` myjZvb
wgR©viI w`wjøi wmsnvm‡bi cÖwZ `„wó wQj| wewfbœ RvwZi mswgkª‡Y MwVZ †gvMj ˆmb¨evwnbx wKQzUv wek„•Lj n‡q
c‡iwQj| Ggb `ye©j Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Y e¨_© n‡j ûgvqyb w`wjøi wmsnvmbPz¨Z nb|
ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ evnv`yi kv‡ni msNl©
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ ûgvqyb KvwjÄi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| Z‡e wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v gvngy` †jv`x
we‡`ªvn Ki‡j wZwb Ae‡iva DwV‡q †d‡jb Ges wenvi AvµgY K‡i gvngy` †jv`x‡K civ¯Í K‡ib| ûgvqyb G
weR‡qi ci AvdMvb †bZv †ki Lvb my‡ii Pzbvi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| †kiLvb ûgvqy‡bi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡j wZwb
(ûgvqyb) AvMÖvq wd‡i Av‡mb| wKQy w`‡bi g‡a¨ c~e©v‡j †ki Lvb Ges ¸Riv‡U evnv`yi kvn Zuv‡`i wbR wbR kw³
e„w× K‡i| G msev‡` ev`kvn kswKZ n‡q c~e©v‡ji cwie‡Z© ¸Riv‡U evnv`yi kv‡ni weiæ‡× hy× hvÎv K‡ib|
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D”Pvwfjvlx Ges ûgvqy‡bi cÖwZ kÎæfvevcbœ| AvdMvb we‡`ªvnx‡`i Avkªq`vb Ges mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i wZwb ûgvqy‡bi
weivMfvRb nb| ZvQvov gvje, iY_‡¤¢vi, ivRcyZbv I wP‡Zvi weR‡qi cwiKíbv Ki‡j Zuvi mv‡_ ûgvqy‡bi msNl©
Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| ûgvqyb we‡`ªvnx Avgxi‡`i‡K †diZ †P‡q evnv`yi kv‡ni mv‡_ Av‡cvm gxgvsmvi †Póv K‡ib|
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cybiæ×vi K‡ib| G mg‡q c~e©v‡j †ki Lvb cÖfvekvjx n‡q DV‡j evnv`yi kv‡ni we‡`ªvn `gb mgªv‡Ui c‡ÿ Avi
m¤¢e nq wb|
ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ †ki Lv‡bi msNvZ
†ki Lvb wQ‡jb fviZe‡l©i c~e©v‡j wenvi cÖ‡`‡ki AvdMvb †bZv| †ki Lvb ev`kvn eve‡ii RxeÏkv‡ZB wenv‡ii
AšÍM©Z mvmviv‡gi mvgšÍ kvmK wQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb Pzbvi `y‡M©i AwacwZ ZvR Lv‡bi weaev cZœx jv`

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 9
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

gvwjKv‡K we‡q K‡i Pzbvi `y‡M©i AwacwZ nb| 1531 wLª÷v‡ã ev`kvn ûgvqyb Pzbvi `yM© Ae‡iva Ki‡j †ki Lvb
Zuvi mv‡_ mwÜ K‡ib Ges ev`kv‡ni cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i wbR‡K iÿv K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v
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exi †hv×v †kiLvb GB mw¤§wjZ evwnbx‡K myivRM‡oi hy‡× †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡ib| Gfv‡e wZwb wenv‡ii
AwacwZ nb| AZtci †kiLvb evsjvi cÖwZ `„wó †`b| wZwb Dch©ycwi `yÕevi evsjv AvµgY K‡i ivRavbx †MŠ‡oi
ØvicÖv‡šÍ †cŠu‡QwQ‡jb|
ev`kvn ûgvqyb c~e©v‡j †kiLv‡bi ÿgZv e„wׇZ wKQzUv wPwšÍZ nb Ges Zuv‡K `gb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1537 wLª÷v‡ã
m‰m‡b¨ evsjv Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| evsjvi c‡_ ûgvqyb Pzbvi `yM© AvµgY K‡i AwaKvi K‡i †bb| Pzbvi `yM© Rq
K‡i ûgvqyb `xN© Qq gvm evsjvq AwZevwnZ K‡ib| G my‡hv‡M †ki Lvb evbvim I †RŠbcyi AwaKvi K‡ib|
myPZzi †kiLvb ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ m¤§yL mg‡i AeZxY© bv n‡q Zuvi wcQz avIqv K‡ib| wZwb wenvi I †RŠbcy‡i †gvMj
AwaK…Z AÂj `ªæZ AwaKvi K‡i K‡bŠR ch©šÍ AMÖmi nb| †ki Lvb w`wjøi mv‡_ evsjvi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v wew”Qbœ
K‡i †`b| d‡j ûgvqyb AvZswKZ n‡q c‡ob Ges Kvj wej¤^ bv K‡i m‰m‡b¨ AvMÖvi w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib| c‡_ M½v
b`xi Zx‡i †PŠmv bvgK ¯’v‡b †kiLvb Zuvi MwZ‡iva K‡ib| GB `ytmg‡q ûgvqyb Zuvi fvB‡`i wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv
K‡i e¨_© nb| Ae‡k‡l wZwb gywó‡gq ˆmb¨ wb‡q †kiLv‡bi mv‡_ hy× ïiæ K‡ib| G hy‡× 1539 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb
civwRZ nb| ûgvqy‡bi ˆmb¨ evwnbx AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ M½v b`x‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡o Ges G‡Z A‡b‡Ki mwjj mgvwa
N‡U| ûgvqyb †Kv‡bv iK‡g M½v cvi n‡q cÖvY euvPvb Ges AvMÖvq †cuŠ‡Qb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h wZwb hLb M½vq wbgw¾Z
nIqvi Dcµg nb ZLb wbRvg bv‡g GK wfw¯ÍIqvjv Zuv‡K cÖv‡Y iÿv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi cÖvYiÿvKvix‡K wecyj
m¤§v‡b f‚wlZ K‡ib Ges GKw`‡bi Rb¨ w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b emvb| GB hy× R‡qi d‡j evsjv, wenvi, †RŠbcyi,
K‡bŠR †kiLv‡bi n¯ÍMZ nq| Zuvi kw³ I gh©v`v e„w× cvIqvi d‡j wZwb 1539 wLª÷v‡ã. Ô†kikvnÕ Dcvwa aviY
K‡i ivRKxq gh©v`vq wb‡R‡K f‚wlZ K‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri bv‡g Lyrevn cvV I gy`ªv Bmy¨i e¨e¯’v K‡ib|
wejMÖv‡gi hy× (1540 wLª.)
†PŠmvi hy‡×i civR‡qi Møvwb Ges e¨_©Zvi †e`bv mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i ûgvqyb cybivq fvB‡`i wbKU ˆmb¨ mvnvh¨
cÖv_©bv K‡ib| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ wZwb cvb wb| ZvB wZwb gvÎ Pwjøk nvRvi ˆm‡b¨i GK evwnbx wb‡q †kikvn‡K
evav †`qvi Rb¨ K‡bŠ‡Ri c‡_ AMÖmi nb| Aci c‡ÿ †kikv‡ni ˆmb¨ msL¨v wQj c‡bi nvRvi| wZwb G ˆmb¨
wb‡q 1540 wLª÷v‡ãi 17 †g K‡bŠ‡Ri A`~‡i wejMÖv‡g ûgvqy‡bi gy‡LvgyLx nb| Df‡qi g‡a¨ Zzgyj hy× msNwUZ
nq| wejMÖv‡gi hy‡× ûgvqyb cybivq †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ n‡q AvMÖvi c‡_ cjvqb K‡ib| †kikvn `ªæZ w`wjø, AvMÖv
AwaKvi K‡i wb‡j ûgvqyb cvi‡m¨i w`‡K cjvqb K‡ib| G hy‡× civR‡qi d‡j fvi‡Z mvgwqKfv‡e †gvMj
mvgªv‡R¨i Aemvb N‡U Ges †kikv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvb mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|
†kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY
†kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi fvM¨ wech©‡qi KviY wn‡m‡e wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv hvq:
1. †kikv‡ni ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zv I mvgwiK `ÿZv- †kikvn wQ‡jb †KŠkjx I `~i`k©x kvmK| wZwb ûgvqyb‡K
†MŠo Rq Ki‡Z my‡hvM w`‡q †KŠk‡j wb‡Ri mvgwiK kw³ e„w×i KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K ûgvqy‡bi
`~i`wk©Zvi Afve wQj| Pzbvi Ges c‡i †MŠ‡o Ah_v Kvj‡ÿcY Zuvi A`~i`wk©Zv cÖgvY K‡i|
2. eve‡ii mvgªv‡R¨i mvsMVwbK `ye©jZv- evei †h mvgªvR¨ I kvmb e¨e¯’v †i‡L hvb Zv GZ `ye©j, KvVv‡gvnxb I
f½yi wQj †h ûgvqy‡bi c‡ÿ Zv iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| evei ivR‡Kvl k~b¨ †i‡L hvb Ges wZwb myôz ivR¯^
e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib wb|
3. †mbvevwnbxi mvsMVwbK ˆewkó¨- †kikv‡ni †mbvevwnbx hy× wbcyY ˆmb¨ Øviv myMwVZ wQj| wKš‘ ûgvqyb‡K AZ¨šÍ
ZvovZvwo ˆmb¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡qwQj e‡j wZwb ˆmb¨ evwnbx‡K myMwVZ Kivi mgq I my‡hvM cvb wb|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 10
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4. ûgvqy‡bi PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv- ûgvqyb wQ‡jb `ye©j wP‡Ëi AwaKvix| wZwb Zuvi fvB‡`i cÖwZ †KvgjZv †`wL‡q c‡i
AbyZvc Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| HwZnvwmK †jbcyj e‡j‡Qb †h ûgvqy‡bi Pwi‡Î `„p cÖwZÁv, †R` I Aa¨emv‡qi
Afve wQj| wZwb †Kv‡bv wel‡q AvswkK mdjZvi ci Av‡gv` cÖ‡gv‡` Ah_v mgq e¨q Ki‡Zb|
5. ûgvqy‡bi fvB‡`i we‡ivwaZv- ûgvqy‡bi wZb fvB Kvgivb, wn›`vj Ges AvkKvix wec‡`i mg‡q ûgvqyb‡K
†Kv‡bviƒc mvnvh¨ K‡ib wb| d‡j GKv ûgvqy‡bi c‡ÿ w`wjøi wmsnvmb iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq wb|
6. AvdMvb‡`i wbi¼zk mg_©b- †kikv‡ni cÖwZ AvdMvb‡`i c~Y© mg_©b wQj| Ab¨w`‡K ûgvqyb Zuvi AvcbR‡bi
mg_©b †_‡KI ewÂZ n‡qwQ‡jb| d‡j ûgvqyb wmsnvmbPz¨Z nb Ges fvi‡Zi fvM¨vKv‡k ayg‡KZzi g‡Zv
†kikv‡ni Avwef©ve N‡U|
ûgvqy‡bi †`k-†`kvšÍ‡i ågY
†kikv‡ni wbKU civwRZ n‡q ûgvqyb eû `ytL `y`©kvi ga¨w`‡q Avkª‡qi mÜv‡b †`k-†`kvšÍ‡i Ny‡i †eov‡Z
jvM‡jb| †hvacy‡i Avkªq jv‡f e¨_© n‡q wZwb Agi‡Kv‡U ivbv cÖmv‡`i Avkªq cÖv_©x nb| ivbv cÖmv` Zv‡K Avkªq
†`b Ges wmÜz I LvÆv cybiæ×v‡i mnvqZvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b| Agi‡Kv‡U _vKv Ae¯’vq ûgvqy‡bi ¯¿x nvwg`v evbyi M‡f©
cyÎ AvKe‡ii Rb¥ nq| ivbv cÖmv‡`i mv‡_ ûgvqy‡bi gZ we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j wZwb ûgvqyb‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ
Ávcb K‡ib| ûgvqyb Avkª‡qi Avkvq Kv›`vnv‡i fvB AvkKvixi ¯§iYvcbœ nb| wKš‘ AvkKvix m¤§Z bv nIqvq wZwb
wkï cyÎ AvKei‡K Kv›`vnv‡i †i‡L cvim¨ Awfgy‡L iIbv nb| 1542 wLª÷v‡ã cvi‡m¨ †cuŠQ‡j mgªvU kvn Zvgmc
ûgvqyb‡K AvšÍwiK Af¨_©bv Rvbvb| cvim¨ mgªv‡Ui mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z GK Pzw³ Abymv‡i ûgvqyb‡K †evLviv, Kveyj,
Kv›`vnvi I Zuvi fvi‡Z †gvMj ivR¨ cybiæ×v‡i †mbvevwnbx I A_© w`‡q mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZkÖæwZ †`qv nq| wewbg‡q
ûgvqyb kvn Zvgmc‡K Kv›`vnvi wdwi‡q w`‡Z Ges wkqv ag©gZ MÖnY Ki‡Z ivRx nb|

ûgvqy‡bi ivR¨ cybiæ×vi

cvim¨ mgªv‡Ui mnvqZvq ûgvqyb Zuvi fvB‡`i civwRZ K‡i Kveyj I Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡ib| Kv›`vnvi †_‡K
wkïcyÎ AvKei‡K D×vi Kiv nq| 1554 wLª÷v‡ã wek¦vmx †mbvcwZ ˆeivgLv‡bi mnvqZvq wn›`y¯Ívb cybiæ×v‡i
AMÖmi nb| 1555 wLª÷v‡ã wmKv›`i k~i‡K civwRZ K‡i cvÄve `Lj K‡ib| w`wjø I AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡i wZwb
†gvMj kvmb cybcÖwZôv K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb †ewk w`b ivR¨ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 1556 wLª÷v‡ãi 24 Rvbyqvwi
ûgvqyb w`wjø‡Z Zuvi cvVvMv‡ii wmuwo n‡Z c‡o wM‡q AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib|

ûgvqy‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

ûgvqyb kvšÍ ¯^fve, `qvjy I evrmj¨ cÖeY wQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡a¨ ggZ¡‡evaI wQj Acwimxg| mwnòzZv I ÿgvkxjZvi
g‡Zv `yj©f ¸YI Zuvi g‡a¨ wQj| wZwb wQ‡jb wkwÿZ, gvwR©Z I wkóvPvi m¤úbœ| GQvovI Zuvi g‡a¨ mgi`ÿZv I
mvnwmKZviI Afve wQj bv| Z‡e Zuvi g‡a¨ wePÿYZv I ivR‰bwZK `yi`wk©Zvi Afve wQj| be cÖwZwôZ mvgªvR¨
iÿv Kivi Ges AvdMvb‡`i we‡ivwaZv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i mvgªv‡R¨i msnwZ weavb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `yi`wk©Zv,
KzU‡KŠkj I ˆah©¨ Zuvi wQj bv| HwZnvwmK †jbcyj Gi g‡Z, ûgvqy‡bi PwiÎ wQj AvKl©Yxq, wKš‘ cÖfvekvjx bq|
e¨w³ Rxe‡b nqZ g‡bvig m½x I wek¦vmx eÜz wQ‡jb wKš‘ mgªvU wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb m¤ú~Y© e¨_©|
wkÿv_©xMY m¤ªvU ûgvqy‡bi †`k-†`kvšÍ‡ii Dci gvbwPÎmn GKwU iPbv ˆZwi
wkÿv_©xi KvR
Ki‡eb|

mvivsk
mgªvU eve‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ ûgvqyb w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| ûgvqyb AvdMvb‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl
K‡i †kiLv‡bi mv‡_ hy‡× civwRZ n‡q w`wjøi wmsnvmb nvivb| cieZ©xKv‡j `xN© c‡bi eQi ci 1555 wLª÷v‡ã
wZwb w`wjøi wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi Ki‡jI weR‡qi mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 1556 wLª÷v‡ãi 26 Rvbyqvwi wZwb

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 11
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

cvVvMv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K c‡o g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 12
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ûgvqb KZ wLª÷v‡ã w`wjøi wmsnvmb e‡mb?
K) 1525 L) 1530
M) 1535 N) 1540
2| ûgvqyb cÖevm Rxebhvcb K‡ibÑ
K) 15 eQi L) 16 eQi
M) 18 eQi N) 20 eQi
3| ûgvqy‡bi kvmbvg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj?
K) gywk©`vev` L) †MŠo
M) XvKv N) j²bveZx
4| ûgvqy‡bi kvmbvg‡j ¸Riv‡Ui kvmK wQ‡jb †K?
K) gvngy` kvn L) evnv`yi kvn
M) Rvgvj Lvb N) †kiLvb
DÏxcKwU c‡o 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Kwei DwÏb wQ‡jb †RvZ`vi| cÖwZc‡ÿi nv‡Z Rwg Rgv me nvwi‡q `xN©w`b wZwb GLv‡b ILv‡b Ny‡i †eovb|
Ae‡k‡l eÜz‡`i mnvqZvq †RvZ`vix D×vi n‡jI nVvr g„Zz¨eiY Kivq †ewk w`b †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
5| DÏxc‡Ki Kwei Dwχbi mv‡_ †Kvb †gvMj kvm‡Ki mv`„k¨ Ly‡u R cvIqv hvq?
K) evei L) ûgvqyb
M) AvKei N) Rvnv½xi
6| D³ kvmK Avkªq wb‡qwQ‡jbÑ
i. Agi‡Kv‡U
ii. Kv›`vnv‡i
iii. cvi‡m¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
K GKwU iv‡óªi m¤ªvU wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci Aí eq‡mB Zv‡K iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ AwP‡iB
Zvi wbKUvZ¥xq cwiRb, mfvm`, Avgxi Igiv‡`i weiæ×vPvi‡Yi d‡j Zvi ivR¨ nvZ Qvov n‡q hvq| A‡bK evi
†Póv K‡iI ivR¨ cybiæ×v‡i e¨_© n‡q cvk¦eZx© iv‡R¨i Af¨šÍixY `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zv `Lj K‡i kw³kvjx ivR¨
cÖwZôv K‡ib|
K. m¤ªvU ûgvqyb †K wQ‡jb? 1
L. wejMÖv‡gi hy× †Kb nq? 2
M. ûgvqyb‡K †Kb G‡`k †_‡K †m †`k cvwj‡q †eov‡Z nq? 3
N. ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zv I †kikv‡ni mvd‡j¨i KviY Kx? 4
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1 t 1| K 2| M 3| L 4| L 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.2 t 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| N 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.3 t 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| L 5| L 6| L

BDwbU 1 c„ôv 13