Cövpxb Fvi Zi MVG VR : Evsjv 'K DB Y Wek We' VJQ

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi mvgªvR¨
cÖvPxb fvi‡Z mvgªv‡Rï weKvk N‡U wLª÷c~e© PZz_© kZ‡K| †gŠh© mvgªvR¨B fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g
me©fviZxq mvgªvR¨| Avw` †KŠg mgvR iƒcvšÍwiZ nq mvgªv‡R¨| †gŠh© mgªvUiv eû-wef³ fviZ‡K
HKë× K‡i GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| G es‡ki `yRb mgªvUÑ P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© I A‡kvK -
wek¦e¨vcx L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ivR¨ weRq, myk„´Lj kvmbeë¯’v cÖwZôv Ges ag© cÖPv‡ii †¶‡Î
†gŠh© mgªvUMY AZzjbxq mvd‡jï cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb|
Gici wLªw÷q cÖ_g kZ‡K KzlvY mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e N‡UwQj| KzlvY‡ì †kªô mgªvU wQ‡jb KwY®‹|
wLªw÷q PZz_© kZ‡K M‡o D‡VwQj ¸ß mvgªvR¨| ¸ß es‡ki `yRb mgªvU mgy`ª¸ß I wØZxq P›`ª¸ß Ñ
wewfbœ †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| ¸ß mvgªvR¨ `xN©Kvj ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| myôz kvmb, wkí,
mvwnZ¨, ag©, ivóª I mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †¶‡Î ¸ßhy‡M GK Af‚Zc~e© DrKl© j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ¸ßhyM‡K
h_v_©B cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ¯^Y©hyM ejv hvq|
lô kZvãxi †kl fv‡M cyl¨f‚wZ es‡ki AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Z| G es‡ki †kªô
mgªvU wQ‡jb nl©ea©b| Zuvi K…wZZ¡I we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
GB mvgªvR¨mg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv †_‡K wLª÷c~e© PZz_© kZK †_‡K wLªªw÷q mßg kZK ch©šÍ mgqKv‡j
fviZxq BwZnv‡mi g~javivi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ NU‡e|
DËi fviZxq mvgªvR¨mg~‡ni NvZ-cÖwZNvZ evsjvi f‚fv‡MI Abyf‚Z n‡qwQj| evsjvi BwZnv‡m ¸ß
kvmb wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| ¸ß-c~e© hy‡M evsjvi wbR¯^ Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Zgb GKUv weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvqwb|
Z‡e ¸ß kvmbvax‡b evsjvi BwZnvm GB weKv‡ki wPý enb K‡i| Aóg cv‡V G wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¸‡ßvËi hy‡M mßg kZvãx‡Z evsjvi mgªvU kkv‡¼i ivRZ¡Kvj evsjvi ¯^Kxq mËvi weKvk NUv‡Z
m¶g n‡qwQj| evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bicwZ kkv‡¼i BwZnvm Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q beg
cv‡V|
DËi fviZxq BwZnv‡mi †cÖ¶vc‡U evsjvi BwZnvm GB BDwb‡Ui cÖwZcv`¨ welq|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

• cvV-1. †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e I P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©
• cvV-2. gnvgwZ A‡kvKcvV-4. evsjvi BwZnv‡mi Drm t cÖvPxb I myjZvwb hyM|
• cvV-3. KzlvY mvgªvR¨ t KwY®‹
• cvV-4. ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv I cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß
• cvV-5. mgy`ª¸ß
• cvV-6. wØZxq P›`ª¸ß
• cvV-7. ¸ßhy‡Mi †MŠie
• cvV-8. evsjvq ¸ß kvmb
• cvV-9. kkv¼
• cvV-10. nl©ea©b|
BwZnvm c„ôv 77
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 1
†gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e I P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï D™¢‡ei weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i Rxebx I ivR¨ weRq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
wLª÷c~e© 323 A‡ã e¨vwej‡b Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zz¨ NU‡j Zuvi AwaK…Z fviZxq AÂ‡j wMÖK‡ì g‡a¨
AvZ¼, AwbðqZv Ges we‡iva †`Lv †`q| G mg‡q gM‡a b›èskxq mgªvU abb›` ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb|
wZwb †gv‡UI RbwcÖq wQ‡jb bv| G Ae¯’vq P›`ª¸ß ‡gŠh© gM‡ai wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib Ges DËi
cwðg fviZ †_‡K wMÖK‡ì weZvwoZ K‡i fvi‡Z GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©
cÖwZwôZ mvgªvR¨ BwZnv‡m †gŠh© mvgªvR¨ bv‡g weL¨vZ|W. ivavKzgy` gy‡Lvcva¨vq †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï
cÖwZôv‡K cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GK Abb¨ NUbviƒ‡c eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
†gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i eskcwiPq m¤ú©‡K HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ i‡q‡Q|
wn›`y mvwnwZ¨K Dcv`v‡bi mv¶¨vbymv‡i wZwb wQ‡jb b›` es‡kv™¢~Z| Zuvi gv‡qi bvg wQj g~iv Ges
wZwb wQ‡jb GK b›` ivRvi cZœx ev Dc-cZœx| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h gvZv g~ivi bvgvbymv‡i Zvui
cÖwZwôZ es‡ki bvg nq †gŠh©| wKšÍz ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgvbymv‡i g~ivi cyÎ n‡e Ô†gŠ‡iq', †gŠh©
bq| ga¨hyMxq wkjvwjwc‡Z †gŠh©‡ì ¶wÎq e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †eŠ× †jLK‡ì gZvbymv‡i,
†gŠh©iv wQ‡jb ¶wÎq| †MŠZg ey‡×i Avg‡j Zuviv wcàwjeb bvgK cÖRvZvwš¿K iv‡Rï kvmK wQ‡jb|
gy`ªviv¶m bvgK bvU‡K P›`ª¸ß‡K Ôe„lj' ejv n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib †h wZwb k~`ª
wQ‡jb| Z‡e g‡b ivLv ìKvi †h Ôe„lj' kãwU ïay k~`ª‡KB †evSvq bv| G kãwUi Ab¨ `ywU A_© n‡”Q
ivR-†kªô Ges RvwZPy¨Z| wn›`y ag©vej¤^x n‡qI P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wMÖK Kb¨v‡K we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †kl
Rxe‡b ˆRb ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| GRb¨ RvwZPy¨Z wnmv‡e Zvu‡K Ôe„lj' ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
wekvj mvgªvR¨ Ges myk„´Lj kvmbeë¯’v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wZwb ivR-†kªó wnmv‡eI Ôe„lj' iƒ‡c AvL¨vwqZ
n‡Z cv‡ib| ˆRb wKse`šÍx Abymv‡i P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wQ‡jb gq~i-†cvlK GK MÖvg-cÖav‡bi †`ŠwnÎ|
†eŠ× Drm¸‡jv †gŠh©‡ì ¶wÎq e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gnves‡k Zuv‡K †gŠh© bv‡gi ¶wÎq es‡ki mšÍvb
e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wè¨ve`v‡bI we›`ymvi I A‡kvK‡K ¶wÎqiƒ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gnvcwiwbe©vY m~‡Î †gŠh©‡ì wcàwje‡bi kvmK‡Mvôxiƒ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøwLZ Drm¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ †eŠ× Drm¸‡jv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb Ges G Kvi‡Y cwÛZiv g‡b K‡ib †h, †gŠh©iv ¶wÎq wQ‡jb|
†MŠZg ey‡×i Avg‡j †gŠh©iv wQ‡jb wcàwje‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx| cieZ©xKv‡j wcàwjeb gMa mvgªv‡Rï
AšÍfy©³ nq| wLª÷c~e© 4_© kZ‡K †gŠh©iv `y`©kvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o| †eŠ× wKse`šÍx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h
P›`ª¸‡ßi wcZvi g„Zzï ci Zvui gvZv AšÍ:mËv Ae¯’vq gM‡ai ivRavbx cvUwjcy‡Î Avkªq MÖnY
K‡ib| †mLv‡b P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i Rb¥ nq| GK ivLvj P›`ª¸ß‡K †cvl¨cyÎ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Zuv‡K
wbKUeZ©x GK MÖv‡g wb‡q hvq| wKse`šÍx Abymv‡i evj¨Kv‡j wZwb †Mv-cvjK I wkKvix‡ì gv‡S eo
n‡q I‡Vb| †mLvb †_‡K †KŠwUj¨ bv‡g Z¶kxjvi GK eªvþY cwÛZ Zuv‡K Z¶kxjvq wb‡q wM‡q
ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK wk¶v `vb K‡ib| cøyUvK© I Rvw÷‡bi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq ‡h
BDwbU--- c„ôv 78

Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq P›`ª¸ß gM‡ai AZ¨vPvix b›ìvRv abb›`‡K DrLvZ Kivi
Rb¨ Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡Z cvÄv‡e Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wkwe‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvui G‡nb
AvPiY‡K Wt ivq‡PŠayix ivYv msMÖvg wms‡ni evei‡K fviZ Avµg‡Yi Avgš¿‡Yi m‡½ Zzjbv
K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jKRvÛvi P›`ª¸†ßi AvnŸv‡b mvov bv w`‡q eis Zuvi g„Zz¨`‡Ûi Av‡`k w`‡j P›`ª¸ß
cvÄve †_‡K cvwj‡q Av‡mb| ZLb †_‡KB P›`ª¸ß fviZ †_‡K wMÖK I b›`‡ì DrLvZ Kivi †Póv
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
fviZ †_‡K wMÖK-weZvob I b›`-mvgªv‡Rï aŸsm mva‡b P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© Z¶kxjvi eªvþY cwÛZ
†KŠwU‡jï mvnv‡h¨ †c‡qwQ‡jb| Avw_©K mvnv‡hï Avkvq †KŠwUj¨ cvUwjcy‡Î G‡m b›ìvRvi Kv‡Q
AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j wZwbI b›`‡ì cÖwZ ¶zä wQ‡jb| P›`ª¸ß cÖ_‡g b›ès‡ki D‡”Q` mvab
K‡iwQ‡jb A_ev wMÖK‡ì weZvwoZ K‡iwQ‡jb †m wel‡q cwÛZ‡ì g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ i‡q‡Q| wMÖK
HwZnvwmK Rvw÷‡bi eY©bv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h P›`ª¸ß cÖ_‡g cvUwjcyÎ `Lj K‡ib Ges c‡i wMÖK‡ì
weZvwoZ K‡ib| Wt ivq‡PŠayix Ges wfb‡m›U w¯§_ G gZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib| HwZnvwmK ivavKzgy`
gy‡Lvcva¨vq Aek¨ g‡b K‡ib †h P›`ª¸ß cÖ_‡g cvÄv‡e wMÖK‡ì civwRZ Kivi ci gMa-ivR
abb›`‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡ib| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© cÖ_‡g cvUwjcyÎ AwaKvi K‡ib Ges c‡i wMÖK‡ì
weZvwoZ K‡ib, G gZB AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi ZvwiL m¤ú‡K© cwÛZ‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` Av‡Q| wMÖK Drm †_‡K Rvbv
hvq †h, 326 A_ev 325 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wZwb cvÄv‡e Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii m‡½ †`Lv K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e
ZL‡bv wZwb ivRv nbwb| †eŠ× mvwnZ¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq ‡h †MŠZg ey‡×i wbe©vYjv‡fi 162 eQi c‡i
P›`ª¸ß wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb| K¨v›U‡bi w`bcwÄ Abymv‡i ey‡×i g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj 487 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| Gi
162 eQ‡ii c‡ii mvjwU nq(487-162)=325 wLª÷c~e©vã Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zzï ciB P›`ª¸ß ivRv
n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j mevB g‡b K‡ib| Kv‡RB 325 wLª÷v‡ã P›`ª¸ß wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb G K_v
A‡b‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Ab¨w`‡K `xcesk ‡_‡K Rvbv hvq †h †MŠZg ey‡×i g„Zzï 218 eQi ci
A‡kv‡Ki Awf‡lK n‡qwQj (487-218)= 269 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| Gi Pvi eQi Av‡MB wZwb wmsnvm‡b
e‡mwQ‡jb 273 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| cyiv‡Yi mv¶¨vbyhvqx P›`ª¸ß Ges we›`ymvi h_vµ‡g 24 I 25 eQi
ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| Kv‡RB P›`ª¸ß wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb (273+49)=322 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| G ZvwiL
AwaKvsk AvaywbK cwÛZ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|
gM‡ai wmsnvmb `Lj I wMÖK‡ì weZvo‡Y mgKvjxb cwiw¯’wZ P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i mnvqK n‡qwQj|
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zzï ciciB fvi‡Z Zuvi AwaK…Z AÂ‡j wMÖK Mfb©i‡ì g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Ø›`¡ ïiy n‡j
†mLv‡b wek„´Ljvi m„wó nq| wmÜzi Mfb©i m‡½ msN‡l© cvÄv‡ei Mfb©i wc_b wbnZ nb| Gi wKQyw`b
c‡i Z¶kxjvq †KŠwU‡jï †bZ…‡Z¡ wMÖK-we‡ivax we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| G mgq AvZZvqxi nv‡Z cyiy
wbnZ n‡j ¯’vbxq Awaevmxiv †¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| G Ae¯’vq P›`ª¸‡ßi c‡¶ †m AÂj †_‡K wMÖK‡ì
weZvwoZ Kiv mnR n‡qwQj| wØZxqZ: gM‡ai ivRv abb›` wQ‡jb AZ¨vPvix| RbMY Zuvi AZ¨vPv‡i
AwZô n‡q cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Db¥yL n‡q D‡VwQj| P›`ª¸ß G cwiw¯’wZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q b›`‡ì
civwRZ K‡i wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| Z…ZxqZ: G wek„´Lj cwiw¯’wZ‡Z P›`ª¸ß wb‡R‡K †`k‡cÖwgK
wnmv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| GKw`‡K we‡`kx kvm‡bi Aemvb Ges Ab¨w`‡K AZ¨vPvix kvm‡Ki D‡”Q` Dfq
j‡¶¨B wZwb RbM‡Yi mvnvh¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
cvUwjcyÎ `L‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ cÖ_g `ywU mivmwi AvµgY e¨_© nq| Gi ci P›`ª¸ß †KŠwU‡jï
mvnv‡h¨ gMa mvgªv‡Rï mxgvšÍ GjvKv †_‡K Awfhvb ïiy K‡ib Ges ivRavbx cvUwjcyÎ AwaKvi
Ki‡Z m¶g nb| b›` †mbvcwZ f`ªkvj wecyj msL¨K ˆmb¨ wb‡q P›`ª¸ß‡K evav w`‡q civwRZ nb|
cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvmb `L‡ji ci P›`ª¸ß Zvui ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q DËi-cwðg fviZ †_‡K wMÖK‡ìI
weZvwoZ K‡ib|
BwZnvm c„ôv 79
Gm Gm GBP Gj
P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wQ‡jb GKRb weRqx exi| ¶gZv jv‡fi ci wZwb fvi‡Zi GK wekvj Ask Ry‡o Zvui
mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| cøyU©vK e‡j‡Qb †h, P›`ª¸ß Qqj¶ ˆmb¨ wb‡q cÖvq mgMÖ fviZ `Lj
K‡iwQ‡jb| Rvw÷bI e‡j‡Qb †h, P›`ª¸ß wQ‡jb Ôfvi‡Zi gvwjK'| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© `vw¶YvZ¨ I cwðg
fvi‡Zi †mŠivóªI Rq K‡iwQ‡jb|
P›`ªª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i `vw¶YvZ¨ weRq wb‡q cwÛZ‡ì g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ i‡q‡Q| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h
P›`ª¸ß bq, `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb Zvui †Q‡j we›`ymvi| wfb‡m›U w¯§_ G g‡Zi cÖe³v| wZwb
e‡j‡Qb †h mvaviY Ae¯’v †_‡K wmsnvmb `Lj, wMÖK‡ì weZvob, cwðg fviZ Rq, †mjyKvm‡K
civwRZ Kiv- GZ wKQy Kivi ci P›`ª¸‡ßi c‡¶ my`~i `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| we›`ymvi
`vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb G g‡Zi mg_©‡b wZwb we›`ymvi †lvjwU iv‡Rï ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb-
Zvibv‡_i G e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz AwaKvsk cwÛZB w¯§‡_i G gZ MÖnY K‡ib wb| we›`ymvi
`vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jbÑ G K_v Zvuiv ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zvu‡ì g‡Z, we›`ymv‡ii c‡¶ `vw¶YvZ¨
Rq Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| †Kv‡bv Dr‡mB we›`ymv‡ii `vw¶YvZ¨ Awfhv‡bi we›`ygvÎ Bw½Z †bB| ZvQvov
we›`ymvi †hv×vmyjf †Kv‡bv ¸‡YiI AwaKvix wQ‡jb bv| Zvui ivRZ¡Kv‡j Z¶kxjvq we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j
wZwb wb‡R we‡`ªvn `gb Ki‡Z bv wM‡q Zvui †Q‡j A‡kvK‡K †mLv‡b cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| †h ivRv wb‡Ri
iv‡Rï GK AÂ‡j we‡`ªvn `gb Ki‡Z hvbwb, wZwb ce©ZvKxY© `yM©g `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb G K_v
†g‡b †bIqv Kómva¨| Zv Qvov wMÖK †jLK‡ì weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, we›`ymvi Wzgyi I wgwó g`
cQ›` Ki‡Zb Ges ìev‡i e‡m cwÛZ e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ `vk©wbK ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z fv‡jvevm‡Zb|
G †nb Pwi‡Îi we›`ymvi `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq Ki‡eb GUv fvev hvqbv|
W. ivq‡PŠayix g‡b K‡ib †h, †gŠh©‡ì `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRbB wQjbv| wZwb e‡j‡Qb
†h, `vw¶YvZ¨ wQj b›`‡ì mvgªvR¨fz³| Kv‡RB b›` ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡i cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvmb
`Lj Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ b›` mvgªv‡Rï Ask wnmv‡e ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB `vw¶YvZ¨ †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfy©³
n‡q hvq| G g‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ wZwb †Mv`veix b`xi Zx‡i bI-b›`-†`niv bv‡g GKwU kn‡ii Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G kn‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ †_‡K wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, `vw¶Yv‡Zï GKUv weivU AÂj
b›` mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfy©³ wQj| cÖvPxb Zvwgj mvwn‡ZÏ b›`‡ì wecyj ab-m¤ú‡ì D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
Z‡e `vw¶YvZ¨ wKQyKv‡ji Rb¨ b›`‡ì AwaKv‡i _vK‡jI GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h b›`‡ì kvmbKv‡j
ev Zuv‡ì cZ‡bi ci †m GjvKv ¯^vaxb n‡q hvq| G Kvi‡YB †gŠh©‡ì Rb¨ bZzb K‡i `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| W. K…ò¯^vgx Av‡q½vi e‡j‡Qb †h, GKRb cÖvPxb Zvwgj MÖš’Kvi †gŠh©‡ì
wZ‡b‡fjx †Rjv ch©šÍ AMÖmi nIqvi K_v evievi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e P›`ª¸‡ßi bvg D‡jøL bv K‡i
wZwb G ivRv‡K Ô†gŠh©fu~B‡dvo' e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G †_‡K g‡b Kiv hvq †h, mvaviY Ae¯’v †_‡K
wmsnvm‡b DbœxZ cÖ_g †gŠh©mgªvU P›`ª¸ß‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
gnxï‡i cÖvß wKQy wkjvwjwc‡Z DËi gnxï‡i P›`ª¸‡ßi kvm‡bi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| GKwU
wkjvwjwc‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wkKvicyi Zvjy‡Ki AšÍM©Z bvMiLÛ P›`ª¸‡ßi kvmbvax‡b wQj|
gy`ªviv¶‡mI P›`ª¸‡ßi `vw¶YvZ¨ AwaKv‡ii Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| Kv‡RB cøyUvK© I Rvw÷‡bi eY©bv,
Zvwgj mvwnZ¨ Ges gnxï‡i cÖvß wkjvwjwci mv¶¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡j g‡b nq †h, P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©B
`vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb|
ˆRb Kvwnbx¸‡jv‡ZI `vw¶Yv‡Zï m‡½ P›`ª¸†ßi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡jøL Av‡Q| G cÖm‡½ nwi‡l‡Yi
e„nr-K_v, †Kvl iZœvb‡›ì f`ªevû-PwiZ Ges ivRvejxK_vi D‡jøL Kiv hvq| H me MÖ‡š’ ejv n‡q‡Q
†h, P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡i GK`j ˆRb wf¶zi m‡½ f`ªevûi †bZ…‡Z¡ `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ P‡j hvb
Ges ˆRb wewag‡Z Abvnv‡i gnxï‡ii kªveY‡ejv‡Mvjvq †`nZ¨vM K‡ib| mewKQy we‡ePbv K‡i
AvaywbK cwÛZiv g‡b K‡ib †h, P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©B `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb|
BDwbU--- c„ôv 80

P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© †h cwðg fviZI Rq K‡iwQ‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv m‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB| cwðg
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we¯Í„wZ N‡U| †mjyKvm wQ‡jb Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii GKRb †mbvcwZ| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zzï ci
g¨vwmWbxq mvgªvR¨ wef³ n‡q co‡j †mjyKvm cÖ_‡g e¨vwejb I c‡i wmwiqv `Lj K‡ib| Gici
wZwb fvi‡Z Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wewRZ AÂj¸‡jv `Lj Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wMÖK
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D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨ †h wMÖK †jLK‡ì weei‡Y †mjyKv‡mi m‡½ P›`ª¸ß †mjyKv‡mi †gŠ‡h©i
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Awfhv‡b †mjyKvm mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Ges †m Kvi‡YB wZwb P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i m‡½ eÜzZ¡ I
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w¯§_ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| wKšÍz W. ivq‡PŠayix g‡b K‡ib †h RvgvZv‡K †hŠZzK wnmv‡eB †mjyKvm P›`ª¸ß
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cwð‡gi Gme GjvKv †h †gŠh© mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj Zv A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc Øviv cÖgvwYZ| eÜz‡Z¡i G
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†gŠh©‡ì G K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© cieZ©xKv‡jI Ae¨vnZ wQj|
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GK `viyY `ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡j P›`ª¸ß wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡i `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ P‡j hvb| g‡b nq G mgqB wZwb
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†`nZ¨vM K‡ib| `xN© 24 eQi ivR‡Z¡i ci wZwb 298 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡iwQ‡jb|
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Zuvi cÖwZwôZ wekvj mvgªvR¨ myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZwb GKwU myweb¨¯Í kvmbeë¯’vI cÖwZôv
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A_©kv¯¿, wMÖK ivóª`~Z †gMvw¯’wb‡mi weeiY Ges A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwç‡jv G cÖm‡½ me‡P‡q
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|ZvQvov gnv¶Îc iy`ª`vg‡bi RybvMo cÖ¯Íiwjwc I wKQy mvwnwZ¨K iPbv †_‡KI Zvui
kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© wKQy Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i cÖavbgš¿x †KŠwUj¨ iwPZ A_©kv¯¿ P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú©‡K Rvbvi Rb¨
GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm| Gi iPwqZv Ges iPbvKvj m¤ú‡K© cwÛZ‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` _vK‡jI GUv †h
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cÖvq 6000 †køvK i‡q‡Q| 1905 mv‡j Avwe®‹…Z G MÖš’wU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1909 mv‡j| A_©kv¯¿
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Ges miKvwi cÖkvmwbK hš¿ I Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú©‡K
Rvbvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wØZxq Drm n‡”Q wMÖK ivóª`~Z †gMvw¯’wb‡mi iwPZ BwÛKv| g~j MÖš’wU cvIqv bv
†M‡jI ÷ª¨v‡ev, A¨vwiqvb, wWIWivm-Gi gZ cieZ©xKv‡ji †jLK‡ì D×…wZ †_‡K BwÛKvi welqe¯Íy
D×vi Kiv m¤¢e| †kvqvb‡eK G¸‡jv msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges g¨vKwµÛj Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev` cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxbKv‡j †gMvw¯’wb‡mi BwÛKv‡K wbf©i‡hvM¨ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv, †hgbwU K‡i‡Qb
A¨vwiqvb| wZwb †gMvw¯’wbm‡K wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨w³iƒ‡c AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz ÷ªv‡ev †gMvw¯’wb‡mi
BwZnvm c„ôv 81
Gm Gm GBP Gj
ci¯úi we‡ivax e³†e¨ wb`viyY wei³ n‡q Zvu‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wcøwbi †Pv‡LI
wZwb wbf©i‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ nbwb| we‡`kx ch©UK‡ì wKQy mnRvZ ÎywU _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi BwÛKv GKwU
¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drmiƒ‡c we‡ewPZ| A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB BwÛKvi weeiY A_©kv¯¿ Øviv mgw_©Z| A‡kvK P›`ª¸ß
†gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’vq wKQy wKQy cwieZ©b Ki‡jI g~j KvVv‡gv †gvUvgyywU Av‡Mi gZB wQj e‡j g‡b
nq| †m wn‡m‡e A‡kv‡Ki wjwcgvjv P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
Drmiƒ‡c we‡ewPZ|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’v †K›`ªxq I cÖ‡`wkK - GB `y fv‡M wef³ wQj| †K›`ªxq kvmbeë¯’vq
wZbwU Ask wQj h_vÑ ivRv, AgvZ¨ I mwPe Ges gš¿xcwil`|
ivRv wQ‡jb iv‡Rï m‡e©v”P ¶gZvkxj e¨w³| †gŠh© ivRviv wb‡R‡ì Ô†èZv‡ì wcÖq' iƒ‡c AwfwnZ
Ki‡Zb| wekvj mvgªv‡Rï m¤ú‡ì gvwjKvbv Ges wekvj †mbvevwnbxi Ici KZ©„Z¡ wQj Zuvi ¶gZvi
Drm| mxgvnxb ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡jI ivRv‡K wKQy cÖvPxb wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z nZ| ivRv
cÖRv‡ì Zuvi mšÍvb e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| cÖRvi g½j mvabB wQj Zuvi KZ©©e¨| ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi †¶‡Î
¶gZvi wKQyUv we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi eë¯’v wQj Ges ivRavbx‡Z Ges cÖ‡`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z
K‡qKRb gš¿x _vK‡Zb hv‡ì m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i ivRv Zuvi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mvgwiK,
wePvi welqK, AvBb cÖYqb Ges wbe©vnx ¶gZv wQj| †mbvcwZi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wZwb hy×-
cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡Zb| hy‡×i mgq wZwb hy×‡¶‡ÎI Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb| wePviKvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨
wZwb ìev‡i em‡Zb| ÷ªv‡ev e‡j‡Qb †h cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wZwb e¨w³MZ Avivg- Av‡qk Z¨vM K‡i
mvivw`bB ìev‡i wePvi Kv‡R KvUv‡Zb| ìev‡i wePvi Kv‡R em‡j †KŠwUj¨ ivRv‡K wePvicÖv_x©‡K
A‡c¶gvb bv ivL‡Z ev A‡bï Ici `vwqZ¡ bv w`‡Z mveavb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| KviY, G‡Z Rbg‡b
Am‡šÍvl I kÎyZvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i hv ivRvi wec` †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i|
ivRvi AvBb cÖYq‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h †KŠwUj¨ Zuvi A_©kv‡¯¿ ivRv‡K Ôag©cÖeZ©K' ev
AvBb cÖ‡YZv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z ÔivR-kvmb' ev ivRKxq Abykvmb wQj AvB‡bi Drm|
A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc‡Z DrKxY© ivRKxq Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv n‡”Q ivRKxq Abykvm‡bi cÖK…ó `„óvšÍ| AvBb
cÖYq‡b wZwb ÔcyivY-cÖK…wZ' A_©vr cyivZb ixwZ-bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Zb| cÖnix wb‡qvM, iv‡Rï Avq-
e¨‡qi wnmve cix¶v,gš¿x, cy‡ivwnZ I ZË¡veavqK wb‡qvM,gš¿x cwil‡ì m‡½ Av‡jvPbv, ¸ßPi‡ì
gva¨‡g iv‡Rï wewfbœ AÂ‡ji Z_¨ msMÖn Ges we‡`kx `~Z‡ì Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡bv BZ¨vw` wQj ivRvi
wbe©vnx `vwq‡Z¡i AšÍfy©³| ivR¨kvm‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv ivRv wb‡RB wVK Ki‡Zb| †m †gvZv‡eK wZwb
RbMY I Kg©©KZ©v‡ì wb‡`©k cvVv‡Zb| ¸ßPi‡ì gva¨‡g ivRv `~ieZ©x GjvKvi Kg©KZ©v‡ì wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Zb|
†KŠwUj¨ e‡j‡Qb †h GK PvKvq Mvox P‡jbv - A_©vr ivRvi GKvi c‡¶ myôyfv‡e ivR¨kvmb Kiv m¤¢e
bq| GRb¨ Zuvi mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb| †KŠwU‡jï D‡j- wLZ mwPe ev AgvZ¨‡KB †gMvw¯’wbm mßg
RvwZ wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv ivRv‡K wewfbœ wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡ì msL¨v Kg
n‡jI ¸i“Z¡ wQj A‡bK|
mwPe ev AgvZ¨‡ì g‡a¨ hviv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQ‡jb Zv‡ì ejv n‡Zv Ôgwš¿Y' ev Ôgnvgš¿x'|
A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc‡Z D‡jøwLZ gnvgvÎMYB m¤¢eZ P›`ª¸‡ßi Avg‡j Ôgwš¿Y' ev Ôgnvgš¿x'bv‡g
AwfwnZ n‡Zb| Zuv‡ì evwl©K †eZb wQj 48000cvY (†iŠc¨gy`ªv)| kvmb m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv eë¯’v
MÖnY Kivi Av‡M ivRv wZb-PviRb gwš¿‡Yi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| Riywi Ae¯’vq gš¿x cwil‡ì
m‡½ gwš¿YMY‡KI WvKv n‡Zv| gwš¿Yiv ivRvi m‡½ hy×‡¶‡Î †h‡Zb Ges ˆmb¨‡ì Drmvn w`‡Zb|
hyeivR‡ì Ic‡iI Zuv‡ì wKQyUv wbqš¿Y wQj| †KŠwUjÏ Ggwb GKRb gwš¿Y wQ‡jb| gwš¿Y‡ì
msL¨v wQj GKvwaK|
BDwbU--- c„ôv 82

gwš¿YMY QvovI gš¿xcwil` bv‡g GKwU Dc‡`óv cwil` wQj| †gŠh© kvmb eë¯’vq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask
wnmv‡e GB cwil‡ì Ae¯’vb A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc †_‡K cÖgvwYZ| gwš¿Y‡ì Zzjbvq gš¿xcwil‡ì
m`m¨‡ì ¯’vb wQj wb‡P| GB cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì evwl©K †eZb wQj gvÎ 12000 cvY| Riywi
cwiw¯’wZ Ges kvmb msµvšÍ RwUj Kv‡Ri mgq ivRv GB cwil‡ì civgk© wb‡Zb| gwš¿cwil‡ì
gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv ivRvi c‡¶ eva¨Zvg~jK wQjbv| Z‡e †KŠwU‡jï gZ ¶gZvkvjx gš¿xi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
M„nxZ wm×všÍ‡K Ae‡njv KivI ivRvi c‡¶ mnR wQjbv| gš¿xcwil` kvmbKv‡R ivRv‡K mvnvh¨
Ki‡Zb| cÖ‡`kcvj, DcivR¨cvj, †Kvlva¨¶, †mbvcwZ,wePviK cÖf…wZ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qv‡Mi
†¶‡Î gš¿xcwil‡ì ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv _vK‡Zv| we‡`kx ivóª`~Z‡ì Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡bvi mgqI Zuviv
ivRvi m‡½ ìev‡i Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb|
gwš¿Y I gš¿xcwil‡ì m`m¨MY QvovI Z…Zxq GK †kªYxi AgvZ¨ kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi DuPy
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Dc‡`óv| ivR‡`ªv‡ni Aciv‡aI Zuv‡K g„Zz¨`Û †Ìqv †h‡Zv bv| cy‡ivwn‡Zi c‡i ¯’vb wQj
hyeiv‡Ri| wZwb Kvh©-wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi AšÍM©Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wefv‡Mi fvicÖvß wQ‡jb, A_ev
mvaviYfv‡e kvmbKv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ †_‡K ivR‰bwZK wk¶vjvf Ki‡Zb Zv ¯úó bq| †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb
†mbvevwnbxi fvicÖvß Kg©KZ©v Z‡e wZwb †mbv-cÖavb bv hy×gš¿x wQ‡jb Zv ejv KwVb| ivRvi e¨w³MZ
wbivcËvi `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡Zb cÖwZnvi|
wewfbœ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb Aa¨¶MY| G‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb bMiva¨¶ (bMi),
ejva¨¶ (†mbvwefvM), myZva¨¶ (K…wl), m~Îva¨¶ (eqb), ïéva¨¶ (ïé) BZ¨vw`|
†gMvw¯’wb‡mi eY©bv †_‡K P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i mvgwiK evwnbxi msMVb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|Zuvi
†mbvevwnbx‡Z c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, i_v‡ivnx I nw¯Í Av‡ivnx ˆmb¨ wQj|GQvov Zuvi GKwU †bŠ-
evwnbxI wQj| wÎkRb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU cwil‡ì Ici b¨¯Í wQj mvgwiK wefvM cwiPvjbvi
`vwqZ¡|GB cwil` Avevi cuvPRb m`m¨ wb‡q QqwU †ev‡W© wef³ wQj| cÖwZwU †evW© GKwU wbw`©ó
wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ wQj h_v: c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, hy×-i_, nw¯Íevwnbx, Lv`¨ mieivn I
cwienY Ges †bŠ-evwnbx|
ivRavbx cvUwjcy‡Îi cwiPvjbvi fvi wQj mvgwiK cwil‡ì gZ GKwU bMi cwil‡ì Ici| GB
cwilÌ cÖwZ †ev‡W© cvuP Rb m`m¨ wb‡q QqwU †ev‡W© wef³ wQj| cÖwZwU †evW© GKwU wbw`©ó wefv‡Mi
`vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ wQj h_v, wk‡ívrcv`b, we‡`kx bvMwiK, Rb¥ -g„Zz¨,LyPiv eëmvq,IRb I gvc,
wkíRvZ `ªe¨ wewµ, Ges wewfbœ `ª‡eï wewµZ g~‡jï GK-`kgvsk Ki wnmv‡e Av`vq| †gMvw¯’wbm
P›`ª¸‡ßi kvmbvg‡j ïaygvÎ cvUwjcyÎ bM‡ii cwiPvjbv-eë¯’vi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| Zvui mvgªv‡Rï
Ab¨vb¨ cÖavb bMi Z¶kxjv, D¾wqbx BZ¨vw`‡ZI Abyiƒc †cŠimsMVb wQj e‡j g‡b Kiv fyj
n‡ebv|
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wQj| kn‡i wePvi Ki‡Zb gnvgvÎMY Ges MÖvgvÂ‡j wePvi Ki‡Zb ivRyKMY| wMÖK †jLK‡ì
weei‡Y we‡`kx‡ì Rb¨ c„_K wePvi‡Ki K_v cvIqv hvq| A_©kv‡¯¿ ag©xq-†Ìqvwb Av`vjZ‡K
Ôag©w¯’i' Ges †dŠR`vwi Av`vjZ‡K ÔK›UK‡kvab' AvL¨v †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †gMvw¯’wbm Ges †KŠwUj¨
`yRbB †dŠR`vwi AvB‡bi we‡kl K‡VviZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Rwigvbv wQj mvaviY Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í|
eo ai‡bi Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í wQj A½‡”Q` I wki‡”Q`| Acivaxi KvQ †_‡K ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Av`v‡qi Rb¨
BwZnvm c„ôv 83
Gm Gm GBP Gj
wewfbœ ai‡bi AZ¨vPvi Kiv n‡Zv| `Ûwewai K‡VviZvi Kvi‡Y †`‡k msNwUZ Aciv‡ai msL¨v wQj
Kg| wMÖK †jLKiv e‡j‡Qb †h Pywii NUbv wQj weij| wekvj mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ GjvKvi msev`,
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kvh©Kjvc Ges cÖRv‡ì g‡bvfve Rvbvi Rb¨ eû ¸ßPi wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv| ÷ª¨v‡evi
gZvbymv‡i me‡P‡q wek¦¯Í e¨w³‡ìB ¸ßPi wnmv‡e wb‡qvM Kiv nZ| A_©kv‡¯¿ ¸ßPi‡ì ms¯’v: Ges
mÂviv GB `yB †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| hviv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b _vKZ Zuviv ms¯’v: bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ M„nx, eëmvqx Ges mbœ¨vmxiv AšÍfy©³ wQj| GK ¯’vb †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍ‡i mÂiYiZ‡ì ejv nZ
mÂviv: G `‡j _vK‡Zv wf¶zKx mvcy‡o,cwieªvwRKv, MwYKv Ges bZ©Kx| ÷ª¨v‡ev Ges †KŠwUj¨,
`yR‡bi eY©bv‡ZB ¸ßPi e„wË‡Z eû msL¨K gwnjv wb‡qv‡Mi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
mvgªv‡Rï Av‡qi cÖavb Drm wQj f‚wg-Ki| MÖvgvÂ‡j mvaviYZ `yai‡bi Ki wQj- fvM Ges ewj|
Rwg‡Z Drcbœ dm‡ji GK Ask ivRv‡K w`‡Z n‡Zv hv fvM bv‡g cwiwPZ| mvaviYZ Gi cwigvY
wQj GK-lôvsk| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b GUv GK-PZz_©vs‡k DbœxZ ev GK Aógvs‡k n«vm Kiv n‡Zv| ewj wQj
AwZwi³ Ki| Rwg Rwic Ges †mP-eë¯’v ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ Kg©Pvix wbhy³ Kiv n‡Zv| knivÂ‡j
ivR¯^-Av‡qi cÖavb Drm wQj Rb¥-g„Zz¨ Ki,Rwigvbv, wewµZ `ª‡eï Ici Ki BZ¨vw`| MwYKv,
cvbkvjv, Ryqvi AvÇv BZ¨vw` †_‡KI iv‡Rï Avq n‡Zv|
wekvj mvgªv‡Rï mvgwiK I †emvgwiK e¨qI wQj wekvj| wekvj ˆmbëvwnbxi Rb¨ eû A_© e¨q
n‡Zv| †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi e¨qI wQj weivU| ivRKxq KviLvbvq wb‡qvwRZ KvwiMi‡ì miKvwi
†KvlvMvi †_‡K †eZb †Ìqv n‡Zv|R½j cwi®‹vi I eb¨cÖvYx nZ¨vi Rb¨ cïcjK I wkKvix‡ì
fvZv †Ìqv n‡Zv|eªvþY I kªgYiv ivR‡Kvl †_‡K A_©jvf Ki‡Zb|Rj‡mP,c_NvU
wbg©vY,wekªvgvMvi I nvmcvZvj ¯’vcb BZ¨vw` RbwnZKi Kv‡RI cÖPyi A_© e¨q Kiv n‡Zv| wkí‡mŠa
wbg©vb Ges msi¶Y, ag©cÖPvi BZ¨vw` Kv‡RI A_©e¨q Kiv n‡Zv| Mixe `y:Lx‡K mvnvh¨ `vb Ges
`ywf©¶RwbZ `y`©kv †gvP‡bI miKvwi A_© e¨q Kiv n‡Zv|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i mvgªv‡Rï AvqZb wQj wekvj| ivRavbx cvUwjcyÎ †_‡K myôyfv‡e kvmb Kiv m¤¢e
wQjbv| ZvB wZwb Zvui mvgªv‡R¨‡K K‡qKwU cÖ‡`‡k fvM K‡iwQ‡jb| ivRv kvmb Ki‡Zb †K‡›`ª Avi
Zvui wcÖq e¨w³ cÖ‡`kcvj wnmv‡e cÖ‡`k kvmb Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mg‡q †gŠh© mvgªvR¨ KqwU cÖ‡`‡k wef³
wQj Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvqbv| A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc‡Z DËivc_, AešÍxi_, `w¶Yvc_, Kwj½ Ges
cÖvP¨- GB cvuPwU cÖ‡`‡ki D‡jøL †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jvi ivRavbx wQj h_vµ‡g Z¶kxjv, D¾wqbx,
myeY©wMwi, †Zvmvjx Ges cvUwjcyÎ| Kwj½ Aek¨ wewRZ n‡qwQj A‡kv‡Ki Avg‡j evwK PviwU cÖ‡`‡k
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i Avg‡j Zvui mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| `~ieZ©x cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ
ivRKzgvi‡ì cÖ‡`kcvj wnmv‡e wb‡qvM Ki n‡Zv| †KŠwU‡jï A_©kv¯¿ n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h ÔKzgvi'
DcvwaKvix G me cÖ‡`kcv‡ji evwl©K †eZb wQj 12000 cvY| mvgªv‡Rï †K›`ª¯’‡j Aew¯’Z cÖvP¨
cÖ‡`kwU wQj mgªv‡Ui cÖZ¨¶ kvmbvaxb| GB cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKv‡R Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb
cvUwjcyÎ, †KŠkv¤^x BZ¨vwì gZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kni¸‡jv‡Z gnvgvÎ wb‡qvM K‡ib|
cÖ‡`k¸‡jv KZ¸‡jv Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| Rbc‡ì kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb mgvnÎ©x| Rbc‡ì GK-
PZz_©vs‡ki kvmbfvi wQj ¯’vwbK bvgK Kg©Pvixi Ici b¨¯Í| cÖ‡`wóª bvgK GK †kªYxi Kg©Pvix wQj
mgvnÎx©i åvg¨gvY mnKvix| cvuP †_‡K `kwU MÖv‡gi kvmbfvi wQj †Mvc bvgK Kg©Pvixi Ici b¨¯Í|
cÖwZ MÖv‡gi Awaevmxiv MÖvwgK DcvwaKvix GKRb Kg©Pvix‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Zb hvi Ici MÖv‡gi
kvmbfvi b¨¯Í wQj|
ˆRb Kvwnbx Abymv‡i ivR‡Z¡i †klfv‡M DËi fvi‡Z `ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡j P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wmsnvmb Z¨vM
K‡ib Ges ˆRb mbœ¨vmx f`ªevû‡K AbymiY K‡i gnxï‡i P‡j hvb| gnxï‡ii AšÍ©MZ kªveY‡ej‡Mvjvq
298 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã ˆRb wewa Abymv‡i Abvnv‡i P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© cÖvYZ¨vM K‡ib|
BDwbU--- c„ôv 84

mvims‡¶c
wLª÷c~e© 323 A‡ã e¨vwej‡b Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zz¨ n‡j fvi‡Z Zuvi AwaK…Z AÂ‡j wMÖK
Mfb©i‡ì g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Ø›`¡ ïiy nq| G mg‡q gM‡a b›èskxq mgªvU abb›` ivRZ¡
K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi AZ¨vPv‡i AwZó n‡q RbMY Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Db¥yL n‡q D‡VwQj| GB
wek„´Lj cwiw¯’wZi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© cÖ_‡g abb›`‡K civwRZ K‡i gM‡ai
wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY K‡ib| AZ:ci wZwb wMÖK‡ì weZvwoZ K‡i fvi‡Z GK wekvj mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôv K‡ib| G Kv‡R wZwb Z¶kxjvi eªvþY cwÛZ †KŠwU‡jï mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ mvgªvR¨B BwZnv‡m †gŠh© mvgªvR¨ bv‡g weL¨vZ| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© ïay
`¶ †hv×v I wekvj mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZvB wQ‡jb bv, wZwb GKRb mdj cÖkvmKI wQ‡jb|
Aaxb¯Í mvgªvR¨‡K myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZwb GKwU myweb¨¯Í kvmbeë¯’vI cÖeZ©b K‡ib, hv
†K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkKÑ GB `yfv‡M wef³ wQj| mvgªv‡Rï m‡e©v”P ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡jI
ivRv‡K wKQy cÖvPxb wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡Zv| ˆRb Kvwnbx Abymv‡i ivR‡Z¡i †klfv‡M DËi
fvi‡Z `ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡j P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡ib Ges ˆRb mbœ¨vmx f`ªevûi †bZ…‡Z¡
GK`j ˆRb wf¶zi mv‡_ gnxï‡i P‡j hvb|298 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã kªveY‡ej‡Mvjvq ˆRb wewa
Abymv‡i Abvnv‡i wZwb cÖvYZ¨vM K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe¨©w³K cÖk:œ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †gŠh© es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jbÑ
(K) mgy`ª¸ß (L) †mjyKvm
(M) P›`ª¸ß (N) †KŠwUj¨|
2| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© wQ‡jbÑ
(K) ¶wÎq (L) k~`ª
(M) †eŠ× (N) eªvþY|
3| †gŠh©‡ì g‡a¨ `vw¶YvZ¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jbÑ
(K) cyl¨¸ß (L) P›`ª¸ß
(M) A‡kvK (N) we›`ymvi
4| my`k©b n«` Lbb K‡iwQ‡jbÑ
(K) A‡kvK (L) cyl¨¸ß
(M) we›`ymvi (N) iy`ª`vgb|
5| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© gviv hvbÑ

(K) cvÄv‡e (L) wenv‡i
(M) Kwj‡½ (N) gnxï‡i|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| †gŠh© es‡ki cÖwZôvZv cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß wKfv‡e ¶gZvq Av‡ivnY K‡ib?
2| P›`ª¸‡ßi †gŠ‡h©i mv‡_ †mjyKv‡mi eÜyZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© eY©bv Kiyb|
3| †KŠwUj¨ m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
BwZnvm c„ôv 85
Gm Gm GBP Gj
4| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i cÖv‡`wkK kvmbeë¯’v eY©bv Kiyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i esk cwiPqmn ivR¨weR‡qi weeiY w`b|
2| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i kvmbeë¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol-II, The Age of Imperial
Unity.
2| nx‡i›`ª bv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, 1g LÛ|
3| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, 1g LÛ|
4| V.A. Smith, The Oxford History of India.
5| R.K. Mookherji, Candragupta Maurya and His Times.
cvV - 2
BDwbU--- c„ôv 86

gnvgwZ A‡kvK
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ
• A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• A‡kv‡Ki a‡g©i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
P›`ª¸‡ßi ci Zuvi cyÎ we›`ymvi wmsnvm‡bi e‡mb| wZwb cÖvq 25 eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci g„ZzëiY
Ki‡j Zuvi cyÎ A‡kvK wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi 4 eQi ci Zuvi Awf‡lK
Abyôvb nq| GB wej‡¤î Kvi‡Y A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h wmsnvmb wb‡q Zuvi fvB‡ì m‡½ Zuvi we‡iva
P‡jwQj| Z‡e †Kvb Dr‡m Gi mg_©b cvIqv hvq bv| wmsnwj BwZe„Ë `xcesk n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h
†MŠZg ey‡×i †`nZ¨v‡Mi 214 eQi c‡i A‡kvK wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb Ges wmsnvm‡b emvi 4 eQi
ci Zuvi Awf‡lK n‡qwQj| mvaviYfv‡e †MŠZg ey‡×i †`nZ¨v‡Mi ZvwiL 487 wLª÷c~e©vã e‡j g‡b
Kiv nq| Kv‡RB A‡kvK (487-214) 273 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi Awf‡lK
n‡qwQj 269 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i A‡kvK Zuvi c~e©myix‡ì gZB Ô‡èbg wcq' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
wb‡R‡K Ô‡èbg wcq wcq `mx' iƒ‡c cwiPq w`‡Zb| A‡kvK bvgwU mvwn‡Z¨ Ges gvÎ `ywU
wkjvwjwc‡Z cvIqv hvq| A‡kvK ivRcÖvmv‡ì AvenvIqvq gvbyl n‡qwQ‡jb Ges ¯^fveZB
hyeivRmyjf Av‡gv`cÖ‡gv`, g„Mqv, hy×weMÖn BZ¨vw` fv‡jvevm‡Zb| wcZvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j A‡kvK cÖ_g
Rxe‡b D¾wqbxi kvmbKZ©vi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| c‡i Z¶kxjvq we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j we›`ymvi Zuv‡K
†mLv‡b cvVvb| we‡`ªvn `g‡bi ci wZwb Z¶kxjvi kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvi g„Zzï ci 273
wLª÷cye©v‡ã wZwb cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g 13 eQi A‡kvK c~e©myix †gŠh©‡ì fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi I fvi‡Zi evB‡i we‡`kx
kw³i m‡½ eÜz‡Z¡i mbvZb bxwZ AbymiY K‡ib| ivR‡Z¡i Î‡qv`k eQ‡i A‡kvK Kwj½ AvµgY I
Rq K‡ib| GUvB wQj Zuvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| Dwol¨v I MÄvg †Rjvi wKQy Ask
wb‡q Kwj½ ivR¨ MwVZ wQj| A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc‡Z Zuvi Kwj½ Avµg‡Yi KviY cvIqv hvqbv|
wewfbœ cwÛZ wewfbœfv‡e G Avµg‡Yi KviY e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| W. ivq‡PŠayix g‡b K‡ib
†h, Kwj½ b›` mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfy©³ _vK‡jI b›`‡ì cZ‡bi ci Kwj½ ¯^vaxb n‡q hvq| wcøwbi eY©bv
†_‡K †`Lv hvq †h P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i ivRZ¡Kv‡jB Kwj½ wQj ¯^vaxb ivR¨| Kv‡RB mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi
bxwZ AbymiY K‡i A‡kvK Kwj½ AvµgY I Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| wZeŸZxq weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h
Rjc_ ev ¯’jc‡_ `w¶Y fvi‡Z hvIqvi c‡_ Kwj½ wQj evav¯îƒc| Kv‡RB Kwj½ Rq Kiv
A‡kv‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡owQj| Aa¨vcK †ivwgjv _vcvi GUv‡KB Kwj½ Avµg‡Yi g~j KviY
e‡j g‡b K‡ib| ZvQvov Kwj½ wQj ZLb GK kw³kvjx ivR¨| wcøwbi weeiY Abyhvqx P›`ª¸‡ßi
Avg‡j Kwj‡½i 60 nvRvi c`vwZK, 12 nvRvi Ak¦v‡ivnx I 7 kZ iYnw¯Í wQj| A‡kv‡Ki Avg‡j G
mvgwiK kw³ wbwðZfv‡eB Av‡iv e„w× †c‡qwQj| G iKg GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi aŸsmmvab
A‡kv‡Ki Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡owQj| W. fvÛviKv‡ii g‡Z, we›`ymv‡ii Avg‡j Kwj½ `w¶‡Yi
†Pvj I cvÛ¨ ivRv‡ì m‡½ †RvU †e‡a Zuvi weiy‡× evav w`‡qwQj| A‡kvK †`‡Lb †h gM‡ai Aaxb¯’
A¯¿, DË‡i Kwj½ I `w¶‡Y †Pvj I cvÛ¨‡ì Øviv †ewóZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| G Kvi‡YB wZwb Kwj½
BwZnvm c„ôv 87
Gm Gm GBP Gj
AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvQvov evwYwR¨K ¯^v_©I A‡kvK‡K Kwj½ R‡q DØy× K‡iwQj| gM‡ai evwYR¨
ZLb Zvgªwjß e›`‡ii gva¨‡g e‡½vcmvM‡ii c‡_ eªþ‡`k, mygvÎv Ges Rvfv ch©šÍ Pj‡Zv| Kwj½
wQj gM‡ai GB mvgyw`ªK evwY‡Rï cÖwZØ›`¡x| Kv‡RB Kwj½‡K †gŠh© mvgªvR¨fy³ Ki‡Z A‡kvK
Drmvnx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb|
Kwj½ weR‡qi ci GUv †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq| G hy‡× 11/2 j¶ †jvK e›`x, 1
j¶ †jvK wbnZ Ges eû msL¨K †jvK AvnZ nq|G hy‡× ïay Kwj‡½i ˆmbïvB wbnZ nqwb|
Kwj‡½i mvaviY AwaevmxivI AvnZ-wbnZ n‡qwQj|bZzb G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq †Zvmvjx Ges
GKRb ivRKzgvi‡K Gi kvmbfvi †Ìqv nq|bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK bxwZ †NvlYv K‡i A‡kvK
gnvgvÎ‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ `ywU Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡ib|G Aa¨v‡`k `ywU‡ZB mgªvU †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb †h Òme
gvbylB Avgvi mšÍvbÓ|
W. ivq‡PŠayixi g‡Z, Kwj½ weRq wQj ÒgMa I fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GK hyMvšÍKvix NUbv| wew¤^mvi
A½ivR¨ Rq K‡i gM‡ai ivR¨Rq I we¯Ív‡ii †h m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb Kwj½ weRq Zuvi mgvwß m~Pbv
K‡i| GUv GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i- †h hyM wQj kvwšÍ, mvgvwRK cÖMwZ, ag©cÖPvi Ges GKB mv‡_
ivR‰bwZK ¯’weiZv Ges m¤¢eZ mvgwiK AKvh©KvwiZvi hLb Abykxj‡bi Afv‡e gM‡ai mvgwiK
†ZRw¯^Zv Aejyß n‡q hvq| mvgwiK weRq ev w`wM¦R‡qi hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U, a¤§weRq ev Ava¨vwZ¥K
weR‡qi hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|Ó
Kwj½hy× A‡kv‡Ki gb I kvmbbxwZi Ic‡iI Mfxi cÖfve †d‡j| G hy‡×i ci A‡kvK †eŠ×ag©
MÖnY K‡ib| †eŠ× MÖš’g‡Z wZwb Dçß bvgK GK †eŠ× wf¶zi Kv‡Q `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib| A‡kv‡Ki
g‡bi cwieZ©b Zuvi ag©g‡Zi cwieZ©‡bB mxgve× _v‡Kwb-†gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï Af¨šÍixY I ê‡`wkK
bxwZ‡ZI cÖfve †d‡jwQj|
A‡kvK Zuvi mxgvšÍeZ©x ivR¨¸‡jv‡K Avk¦vm w`‡qwQ‡jb †h wZwb fwel¨‡Z Avi hy× Ki‡eb bv| ag©
weRq A_©vr †mŠnv`©¨, gvbeZv I åvZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g Ac‡ii cÖxwZ AR©bB †kªô weRq| mvgwiK weRq‡K
cÖK…Z weRq e‡j g‡b bv K‡i ag© weRq‡KB cÖK…Z weRq e‡j g‡bcÖv‡Y wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| †gŠh©
mgªvU‡ì wPivPwiZ w`wM¦Rq bxwZ wZwb cwiZ¨vM K‡ib| Zuvi cyÎ, cÖ‡cŠÎ †KDB fwel¨‡Z Avi hy×
Ki‡e bv e‡jI wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb fvi‡Zi Af¨šÍ‡i Ges we‡`‡k Zuvi ag©bxwZ cÖPv‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ †jvK cvVvb| wZwb Zuvi ˆgÎx bxwZ Øviv fvi‡Zi †Kij, †Pvj, cvÛ¨, mZ¨cyÎ, †KijcyÎ
cÖf…wZ Zvwgj ivR¨¸‡jvi †mŠnv`©¨ jv‡f mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi evB‡i wZwb wmwiqv, wgki,
g¨vwm‡Wvwbqv, Bwcivm, wmsnj cÖf…wZ iv‡Rï ivRv‡ìI cÖxwZ I kª×v AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
A‡kvK ivR-KZ©‡eï GK bZzb Av`k© cÖPvi K‡ib| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h me gvbylB Zuvi mšÍvb|
Zv‡ì RvMwZK I cvi‡jŠwKK myL wbwðZ KivB wQj Zuvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨|
cÖRv‡ì RvMwZK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb kvmbeë¯’vi wKQy wKQy ms¯‹vi mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| †`‡k kvwšÍ,
k„´Ljv, mywePvi BZ¨vwì Ae¯’v †`Lvi Rb¨ wZwb ÔivRyK', ÔmyZ' cÖf…wZ Kg©Pvix‡ì wZb I cuvP eQi
ci ci ivR¨ cwiµgvq cvVv‡Zb| A‡kvK AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mKj‡K mgvb we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| wZwb
mK‡ji Rb¨ mg-Aciv‡ai Rb¨ mg-cwigvY kvw¯Íi weavb K‡i Ôeënvi-mgZv' Ges Ô`Û-mgZv'
bxwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
gvbyl I cïi Rb¨ wZwb wPwKrmvjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| cw_K‡ì myweavi Rb¨ wZwb iv¯Ívi cv‡k Qvqvevb
MvQ †ivcb I K‚c Lbb K‡iwQ‡jb| ivRKg©Pvixiv hv‡Z KZ©‡e¨ Ae‡njv bv K‡i †mw`‡KI Zuvi Zx¶è
`„wó wQj| wZwb ag©gnvgvÎ bv‡gi GK †kªYxi Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡ib hv‡ì KvR wQj cªRv‡ì
BDwbU--- c„ôv 88

Ava¨vwZ¥K I cvi‡jŠwKK g½j mvab Kiv| wZwb wewfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ åvZ…fve I mwnòzZv e„w×i
†Póv K‡ib| wb‡R †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x n‡jI wZwb eªvþY, kªgY, ˆRb I AvRxweK m¤úª`vq‡K bvbv iKg
`v‡b m¤§vwbZ Ki‡Zb|
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i Avg‡jB fviZe‡l©i GK wekvj GjvKvq †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZ N‡UwQj| A‡kvK
Kwj½ Rq Ki‡j Zvi Av‡iv we¯Í„wZ N‡U| †`kx-we‡`kx †jLK‡ì weeiY Ges A‡kv‡Ki
wkjvwjwç‡jvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K Zuvi mvgªv‡Rï mxgvbv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| Kwj‡½i †avwj‡Z
Ges A‡Ü«i †RŠMo MÖv‡g A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q| DËi-c~‡e© jyw¤^bx I wbMøxf ¯Í¤¢wjwc †_‡K
†evSv hvq †h, †bcv‡ji ZivB AÂj wQj A‡kv‡Ki iv‡Rï DËi-c~e© mxgv| †ìv`yb †Rjvi Kvjmx
MÖv‡g A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc-cÖvwß wngvjq AÂ‡j Zuvi ivR¨-mxgv wb‡`©k K‡i| cvwK¯Ív‡bi nvRviv
†Rjvi gvb‡miv MÖv‡g Ges †c‡kvqvi †Rjvi kvnevR Miwn MÖv‡g cÖvß wkjvwjwc †_‡K Zuvi iv‡Rï
DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| wMÖKm~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï DËi-
cwðg mxgvšÍ wn›`yKzk ce©Z ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Rvjvjvev‡` Ges MvÜv‡ii Z¶kxjvq
A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q| G †_‡K P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© †h †mjyKv‡mi KvQ †_‡K Kveyj, Kv›`vnvi,
wnivU I †ejywP¯Ívb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi mg_©b cvIqv hvq| Kvwk¥i †h A‡kv‡Ki mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfz©³
wQj Zv wnD‡qb mvs Gi weeiY I Kj&n‡Yi ivRZiw½bx †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
RybvM‡o cÖvß A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc Kvw_qvIqv‡o †gŠh© cÖfz‡Z¡i mv¶ënb K‡i| gnviv‡óªi †mvcviv‡Z
A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q hv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, Zuvi mvgªvR¨ Avie mvMi ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj|
GB GjvKv †h †gŠh© mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj Zv Aek¨ cieZ©xKv‡ji kK gnv¶Îc iy`ª`vg‡bi RybvMo
wkjvwjwc †_‡KI Rvbv hvq|
`w¶‡Y AÜ« cÖ‡`‡ki Giv¸wo‡Z Ges gnxï‡ii wPZj`ªyM †Rjvq A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q| G
†_‡K ejv hvq †h, `w¶‡Y A‡kv‡Ki mvgªvR¨ H `ywU GjvKv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj|
evsjvi gnv¯’vbM‡o eªvþx ni‡d †jLv wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q| wnD‡qb mvs Zvgªwjß e›`‡i I
KY©mye‡Y© A‡kvK wbwg©Z ¯Íz‡ci K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G †_‡K ¯^fveZB evsjv †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï AšÍf©y³
wQj e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq| Z‡e Kvgiƒc †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï AšÍf©y³ wQj bv e‡jB g‡b Kiv hvq|
wkjvwjwc, ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b I wewfbœ †jLK I cwieªvRK‡ì eY©bvi wfwË‡Z ejv hvq †h, c~‡e© Kvgiƒc
Ges `w¶‡Y K‡qKwU Zvwgj ivR¨ Qvov †MvUv fviZe‡l©i Ici A‡kv‡Ki kvmb KZ…©Z¡ wQj| fvi‡Zi
evB‡i AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wKQy Ask Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj|
e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b mgªvU A‡kvK wQ‡jb †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x| Kj&n‡Yi ivRZiw½bx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, cÖ_g
Rxe‡b A‡kvK wQ‡jb wk‡ei DcvmK| wKšÍz Kwj½ hy‡×i fqvenZv Zuvi g‡b cwieZ©b Av‡b Ges wZwb
Dçß bv‡g GK †eŠ× wf¶zi Kv‡Q †eŠ× a‡g© `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib| A‡kvK †h †eŠ× ag© MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi A‡bK cÖgvY i‡q‡Q| Zuvi wjwcgvjv I Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K Gi mg_©b cvIqv hvq|
1g AcÖavb cÖ¯Íiwjwc‡Z wZwb †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖwZ Zuvi Avmw³i wewfbœ ch©vq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gvw¯‹ I
iƒcbv_ wjwc‡Z wb‡R‡K wZwb †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| 1g AcÖavb cÖ¯Íiwjwc‡Z D‡jøL
Av‡Q †h, wZwb `yeQ‡ii †ewk mgq hver DcvmK n‡q‡Qb| wKšÍz GK eQi wZwb a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i †Zgb
D`¨g cÖKvk K‡ibwb| wKšÍz ms‡Ni m‡½ RwoZ nIqvi ci †_‡K cÖvq †ò eQi a‡i wZwb h‡_ó
D`¨‡gi m‡½ ag©cvjb Ki‡Qb| G msN †h †eŠ× msN G wel‡q m‡›`n †bB|
BwZnvm c„ôv 89
Gm Gm GBP Gj
fviK wjwc‡Z Zuv‡K †eŠ× ms‡Ni Ici KZ©„‡Z¡i my‡i K_v ej‡Z †`Lv hvq| †mLv‡b wZwb †eŠ×
ag©vej¤^x wf¶z I mvaviY DcvmK‡ì Rb¨ ag©MÖ‡š’i we‡kl wKQy Ask cvV Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb|
G wjwc‡Z wZwb †eŠ× wÎ‡Z¡ (ey×, ag©, msN) Zuvi wek¦v‡mi K_v †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|
mvibv_, †KŠkv¤^x Ges muvPxi AcÖavb ¯Í¤¢wjwc‡Z Zuv‡K ag©i¶‡Ki f‚wgKvq †`Lv hvq| G me wjwc‡Z
wZwb gnvgvÎ‡ì we‡f` m„wóKvix wf¶z ev wf¶zbx‡ì msN †_‡K ewn®‹v‡ii wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|
Aóg cÖ¯Íiwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb wenvi hvÎv‡K ag©hvÎvq cwiYZ K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ_‡g wZwb
ey×Mqv cwi`k©b K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb ey‡×i Rb¥ I Rxe‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Zx_©¯’vb¸‡jv ågY
K‡ib| iywg›`x ¯Í¤¢wjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Awf‡l‡Ki weskwZZg eQ‡i wZwb GLv‡b G‡m cÖv_©bv
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges G ¯’vb †MŠZgey‡×i Rb¥¯’vb nIqvq GLv‡b cv_‡ii †Ìqvj I ¯Í¤¢ wbg©vY K‡i
w`‡qwQ‡jb| G ¯Í¤¢wjwc †_‡K Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h †MŠZg ey‡×i Rb¥f‚wg nIqvi Kvi‡Y wZwb jyw¤^bx
MÖv‡gi Awaevmx‡ì me iKg ag©xq Ki †_‡K gyw³ `vb K‡ib Ges f‚wg-ivR¯^ GK-Aógvs‡k n«vm
K‡ib|
†eŠ× ms‡Ni msnwZ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ A‡kvK †eŠ× m‡¤§jb ev m½xwZ AvnŸvb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi
ivR‡Z¡i mß`k eQ‡i cvUwjcy‡Î G m‡¤§jb n‡qwQj| †eŠ×‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` `~i Ges †MŠZg ey‡×i
wk¶vejxi msKjb Kiv wQj G m‡¤§j‡bi D‡Ïk¨| †gvMwjcyË G m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| G
m‡¤§j‡bi wm×všÍ¸‡jv mvibv_ ¯Í¤¢wjwc‡Z DrKxY© Kiv nq|
A‡kv‡Ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wjwc‡Z nvwZi cÖwZK…wZ ev M‡RvËg K_vwU DrKxY© †`Lv hvq| †eŠ×
wKse`šÍx Abymv‡i †MŠZg ey× R‡b¥i Av‡M nvwZi AvKv‡i Zuvi gv‡qi M‡f© wQ‡jb| G †_‡K g‡b nq
†h A‡kvK Zuvi G wjwç‡jv ey‡×i D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb|
Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b A‡kvK †eŠ× wQ‡jb|
A‡kvK wb‡R †eŠ× n‡jI Zuvi cÖPvwiZ ag©g‡Zi cÖK…wZ wb‡q cwÛZ‡ì g‡a¨ weZK© i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv cwÛZ g‡b K‡ib †h A‡kv‡Ki cÖPvwiZ ag© wQj †eŠ× ag©| Avevi A‡b‡KB GUv‡K †eŠ× ag©
e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv|
A‡kv‡Ki cÖPvwiZ ag©gZ‡K wd¬U †eŠ× ag© e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zuvi g‡Z GUv wQj ÔivRag©'- A_©vr
ivRv‡ì cvjbxq AvPiYwewa| wKšÍz GUv wVK e‡j g‡b nq bv| ivRv ev ivRK©Pvix‡ì cvjbxq
AvPiYwewa GUv wQj bv- GUv wQj mr Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ me©mvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvwiZ wKQy wbqg|
g¨vKdvB‡ji g‡Z GUv †eŠ× ag© wQj bv, GUv wQj mij avwg©KZv hv A‡kvK Zuvi cÖRv mvaviY‡K
Abykxjb Ki‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb| W. ivavKzgy` gy‡Lvcva¨vqI e‡j‡Qb †h, †mKv‡j †`‡k cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv
ag© wnmv‡e G‡K wPwýZ Kiv DwPr bq; wbwðZfv‡eB GUv †eŠ× ag© wQj bv| W. wfb‡m›U w¯§_I
Abyiƒc aviYv †cvlY K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z A‡kv‡Ki a‡g© †Zgb †Kvb ¯^vZš¿¨m~PK êwkó¨ wQj bv| Zuvi
a‡g©i bxwZgvjv fviZxq cÖvq me a‡g©B wQj|
W. ivavKzgy` gy‡Lvcva¨vq Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb †h A‡kv‡Ki cÖPvwiZ ag© †eŠ×ag© wQj bv KviY G‡Z †eŠ×
a‡g©i g~j wk¶vejxi †Kvb D‡jøL †bB; G‡Z Pvi Avh©-mZ¨, Kvh©-KviY m¤úK©, Aóvw½K gvM© ev wbe©vY
ZË¡ Abycw¯’Z|
A‡kv‡Ki a‡g© ïay ˆbwZK ZË¡B i‡q‡Q Ggb bq, G‡Z G¸‡jv Abykxj‡bi cš’vI eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†eŠ×‡ì gZ A‡kv‡Ki a‡g©i j¶ wbe©vY wQjbv| Øv`k cÖ¯Íiwjwc †_‡K g‡b nq †h A‡kv‡Ki ag©
†Kvb wbw`©ó ag© bq| GUv wQj KZK¸‡jv ˆbwZK Abykvmb- hv‡K mKj a‡g©i mviK_v ev wbh©vm ejv
BDwbU--- c„ôv 90

P‡j| wim †Wwf‡Wi g‡Z A‡kv‡Ki ag© cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Kvb wbw`©ó ag©gZ bq- GwU mnR, mij I
mrRxeb hvcb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU bxwZgvjv|
A‡kv‡Ki a‡g© †èZv I ¯^‡M©i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| wZwb wb‡R‡K †èZv‡ì wcÖqiƒ‡c AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
A_P †eŠ× a‡g© †èZv ev ¯^‡M©i †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB|
wW.wW. †Kvkv¤^x g‡b K‡ib †h, mgv‡R wewfbœ †kªYxi msNvZ `~i Kiv wQj A‡kv‡Ki GB a‡g©i j¶|
G hy‡M K…wl I evwY‡Rï e¨vcK we¯Ívi N‡UwQj hvi d‡j M„ncwZ, †kªôx I ewYK †kªYxi D™¢e
n‡qwQj| cÖPwjZ mgvR eë¯’v GB cwieZ©b‡K †iva Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB †kªYx-msNvZ Gov‡Z
A‡kvK Zuvi ag©cÖPvi K‡i iv‡óªi msnwZ i¶v Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb|
Aa¨vcK †ivwgjv _vcvi e‡j‡Qb †h, †gŠh© kvmbeë¯’v wQj †NviZi †K›`ª-cÖeY| Zuvi wekvj mvgªvR¨
GB †K›`ª-cÖeYZvi weiy‡× †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡iva Govevi Rb¨B A‡kvK Zuvi ag© cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi
cÖPvwiZ ag© wQj eënv‡ivc‡hvMx I myweavRbK| RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l Zuvi mKj cÖRvi Kv‡QB
GUv wQj GKUv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bxwZgvjv Ges Gi Øviv wZwb Zuvi cÖRv‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨ cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ‡jb|
A‡kv‡Ki ag© wQj mve©Rbxb| Zuvi cÖPvwiZ ag© AvbyôvwbK †eŠ×a‡g©i †P‡q AwaKZi D`vi I
gvbeag©x wQj| Kv‡RB RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l GUv wQj mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨|
Z`vbxšÍb cÖPwjZ A‡bK ag© ev †eŠ× a‡g©i m‡½ A‡kv‡Ki cÖPvwiZ a‡g©i †ek wKQy mv`„k¨ wQj| Z‡e
†eŠ×a‡g©i g~jbxwZi m‡½ cv_©K¨ _vKvq cwÛZiv g‡b K‡ib †h, A‡kv‡Ki cÖPvwiZ ag© †eŠ×ag© wQj
bv|
A‡kvK Zuvi a‡g©i wk¶vejx cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi a‡g©i evYx mviv
mvgªvR¨ Ry‡o ¯Í¤¢ I cÖ¯ÍiMv‡Î DrKxY© K‡ib| Zuvi cÖPvwiZ a‡g©i g~j welq wQj ¸iyRb‡ì cÖwZ kª×v,
Rx‡e `qv, mZëvw`Zv BZ¨vw`|
A‡kvK Zuvi ag©cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ ag©gnvgvÎ bv‡g GK we‡kl †kªYxi ivRKg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡ib| wewfbœ
m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úªxwZ e„w×, ivRKxq `vb I RbwnZKi KvR cwiPvjbv Ges A‡kv‡Ki a‡g©i
wk¶vejx cÖPvi KivB wQj ag©gnvgvÎ‡ì KvR|wZwb myZ, ivRyK cÖf…wZ Kg©Pvix‡ì RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q
Zuvi a‡g©i evYx cÖPv‡ii wb‡`©k `vb K‡ib|
A‡kvK wb‡RI Zuvi ag© cÖPv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ågY K‡ib| e¨w³MZfv‡e ag©cÖPvi Kivi d‡j
cÖRv‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi ag© mn‡RB cÖmvi jvf K‡i|
wZwb A‡bK RbwnZKi KvR K‡ib| wZwb iv¯Ív wbg©vY, iv¯Ívi cv‡k Qvqvevb e„¶‡ivcb Ges ag©kvjv
¯’vcb K‡ib| 7g ¯Í¤¢wjwc‡Z wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h wZwb ag©gvÎ wb‡qvM I ag©¯Í¤¢ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| ag©¯Í¤¢
Øviv m¤¢eZ wZwb G me RbwnZKi KvR‡KB eywS‡qwQ‡jb|
A‡kv‡Ki ag©cÖPvi ïaygvÎ fvi‡ZB mxgve× _v‡Kwb| fvi‡Zi evB‡iI Zuvi cÖPviKiv wewfbœ †`‡k
Zuvi a‡g©i evYx cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| Î‡qv`k wjwc‡Z A‡kvK e‡j‡Qb †h, Zuvi a‡g©i evYx cuvPwU wMÖK
kvwmZ ivR¨ h_v wmwiqv, wgki, KvB‡ibx, g¨vwmWb Ges Bwciv‡m we¯Ívi jvf K‡iwQj| ag© cÖPv‡ii
D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb Zuvi Kb¨v msNwgÎv I cyÎ (gZvšÍ‡i åvZv) g‡n›`ª‡K wmsn‡j cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| wmsnjx
BwZe„Ë †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, A‡kvK eªþ‡`k I mygvÎvqI ag© cÖPviK cvwV‡qwQ‡jb|
BwZnvm c„ôv 91
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cÖvq 40 eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci 232 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã A‡kvK gyZzëiY K‡ib| wZeŸZxq Kvwnbx Abymv‡i
mgªvU A‡kvK Z¶kxjvq †`nZ¨vM K‡ib| Z‡e G Kvwnbxi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© A‡bK cwÛZB m‡›`n
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
mvims‡¶c
P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i †cŠÎ Ges wew¤^mv‡ii cyÎ A‡kvK 273 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi Pvi eQi ci Zuvi Awf‡lK AbywôZ nq| wZwb Zuvi c~e©myix‡ì mvgªvR¨
m¤úªmviYbxwZ AbymiY K‡ib Ges ivR‡Z¡i Î‡qv`k eQ‡i Kwj½ AvµgY K‡i Rq K‡ib|
Kwj½ hy‡× cÖPyi gvbyl nZvnZ nq| hy‡×i fqvenZv A‡kv‡Ki gb I kvmbbxwZi Ici Mfxi
cÖfve †d‡j| G hy‡×i ci wZwb †eŠ×ag© MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb †gŠh© mgªvU‡ì wPivPwiZ wØwM¦Rq
bxwZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i †NvlYv K‡ib Zuvi cyÎ, cÖ‡cŠÎ †KDB fwel¨‡Z Avi hy× Ki‡e bv| mvgwiK
weR‡qi cwie‡Z© ag© weRq A_©vr †mŠnv`©¨, gvbeZv I åvZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g Ac‡ii cÖxwZ AR©b‡KB
cÖK…Z weRq e‡j wZwb g‡bcÖv‡Y MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib me gvbylB Zuvi mšÍvb| Zv‡ì
RvMwZK I cvi‡jŠwKK myL wbwðZ KivB wQj Zuvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| wZwb A‡bK RbwnZKi
KvR K‡ib| †eŠ× a‡g©i g~jbxwZi m‡½ cv_©‡Kï ìyb cwÛZiv g‡b K‡ib †h, A‡kv‡Ki
cÖPvwiZ ag© †eŠ× ag© wQj bv| Zuvi cÖPvwiZ a‡g©i g~j welq wQj ¸iyRb‡ì cÖwZ kª×v, Rx‡e
`qv, mZëvw`Zv BZ¨vw`| fvi‡Zi Af¨šÍ‡i Ges evB‡i Zuvi ag©bxwZ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wZwb †jvK
cvVvb| GB mve©Rbxb ag© Z_v ˆgÎx bxwZ A‡b‡K mv`‡i MÖnY K‡ib| cÖvq 40 eQi ivR‡Z¡i
ci 232 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã gnvgwZ A‡kvK g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. A‡kv‡Ki Awf‡lK Abyôvb nq Zuvi wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi-
(K) cuvP (L) Pvi
(M) AvU (N) Qq eQi ci|
2. cÖ_g Rxe‡b A‡kvK wQ‡jb-
(K) Kwj½ (L) D¾wqbx
(M) †mŠivóª (N) gnxï‡ii kvmbKZ©v|
3. A‡kvK Rq K‡ib-
(K) †mŠivóª (L) gnxïi
(M) Kwj½ (N) wmÜz
4. A‡kvK g„ZzëiY K‡ib-
(K) 232 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã (L) 242 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã
(M) 238 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã (N) 218 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| A‡kvK m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
2| cÖRv‡ì RvMwZK I cvi‡jŠwKK g½j mva‡b A‡kvK wK wK eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb?
BDwbU--- c„ôv 92

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| A‡kv‡Ki Rxebx I K…wZZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2| Kwj½ hy‡×i KviY I djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3| A‡kvK wK †eŠ× wQ‡jb? Zuvi cÖPvwiZ ag© wK †eŠ×ag© wQj?
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
Unity.
2| D.R. Bhandarkar, Asoka.
3| R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychowdhury, K.K. Datta, An Advanced History of India.
4| AwbjP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi BwZnvm|
5| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv|
BwZnvm c„ôv 93
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 3
KzlvY mvgªvR¨ : KwY®‹
D‡Ïk¨
• KzlvY‡ì BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• KzlvY RvwZi cwiPq I Avw` evm¯’vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• KwY‡®‹i mgqKvj wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• KwY‡®‹i ivR¨R‡qi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• KwY‡®‹i kvmbeë¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• KzlvY hy‡Mi wkí, mvwnZ¨ I a‡g©i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
†h mKj we‡`kx RvwZ fviZe‡l© mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Zv‡ì g‡a¨ KzlvYiv we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m KzlvY esk GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj|
Ab¨vb¨ we‡`kx RvwZi Zzjbvq KzlvY‡ì BwZnv‡mi Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY †ewk| mvwnwZ¨K I cÖZœZvwË¡K
Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡¶‡Î LyeB mnvqK| KzlvY es‡ki BwZnvm iPbvi Rb¨ Pxbv HwZnvwmK‡ì iPbv
†_‡K eû ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| Pxbv Dr‡m cvIqv Z_¨ I mb, ZvwiL¸‡jv wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges
g~jëvb| Pxbv MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvb-Kz iwPZ cÖ_g nvb es‡ki BwZnvm, d¨vb-B iwPZ cieZ©x nvb
es‡ki BwZnvm, gv-†Zvqvb wjb iwPZ wek¦‡Kvl Ges my-gv-wK‡qb msKwjZ wm-wP (HwZnvwmK `wjj)
we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| KzlvY ivRv‡ì cÖ_g w`‡Ki BwZnvm, KzlvY‡ì Avw`cwiPq, fvi‡Z KzlvY
mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi BZ¨vw` wel‡q Pxbv Drm¸‡jv‡Z g~jëvb Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K
Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kj&n‡Yi ivRZiw½bx I Ak¦‡Nv‡li ey×PwiZ †_‡K †ek wKQy Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
KzlvY hy‡Mi BwZnvm iPbvi Rb¨ †ek wKQy cÖZœZvwË¡K Dcv`vbI cvIqv hvq| cÖZœZvwË¡K
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †jL ev wjwc we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvÄwZi wjwc, †c‡kvqvi
†cwUKv wjwc, g_yiv wjwc BZ¨vw` cÖavb| G¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ KwY‡®‹i wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi ZvwiL I
iv‡Rï mxgv wba©viY Kiv hvq|
KzlvY es‡ki BwZnvm iPbvq KzlvY gy`ªv¸‡jvI g~jëvb| W. ivq‡PŠayixi g‡Z KzlvY hy‡Mi KvjcwÄ
ˆZwi‡Z KzlvY gy`ªv AZ¨šÍ mnvqK| ZvQvov KzlvY‡ì gy`ªv †_‡K Zuv‡ì ag©xq wek¦vm I †ivgvb
mvgªv‡Rï m‡½ Zuv‡ì m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| KzlvY mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZ m¤ú‡K©I KzlvY gy`ªv
†_‡K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
KzlvY hy‡Mi ¯Ízc, wenvi, cÖvmv`, BZ¨vwì aŸsmve‡kl †_‡K †m hy‡Mi ¯’vcZ¨wkí, ag©xq wek¦vm
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
Pxbv HwZnvwmK my-gv-wK‡qb I cvb-Kzi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, KzlvYiv wQj BD-wP RvwZi GKwU
kvLv| BD-wP RvwZ Avw`‡Z wLª÷c~e© wØZxq kZvãx‡Z cwðg Px‡bi Kvb-my cÖ‡`‡ki evm Ki‡Zv|
wLª÷c~e© wØZxq kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M BD-wPiv wnDs-by (ûY) bv‡g GK DcRvwZ Øviv weZvwoZ n‡q cwðg
w`‡K hvÎv K‡i| G mgq Zuviv †Mvwe giyf‚wgi DË‡i P‡j Av‡m Ges D-myb bv‡g GK DcRvwZ‡K
BDwbU--- c„ôv 94

civwRZ K‡i Av‡iv cwðg w`‡K GwM‡q hvq Ges wki`wiqv b`xi DcZ¨Kvq Dcw¯’Z nq| Zuviv
†mLvb †_‡K kK‡ì weZvwoZ K‡i| wki`wiqv DcZ¨Kvq BD-wPiv †ewkw`b emevm Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
ûY‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡q D-myb DcRvwZ Zuv‡ì GLvb †_‡K Zvwo‡q †`q| BD-wPiv ZLb Av‡iv cwðg
w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q Avgy`wiqv b`xi Zx‡i G‡m †mLvb †_‡KI kK‡ì weZvwoZ K‡i| c‡i Zuviv
e¨vw±ªqv `Lj K‡i †bq|
e¨vw±ªqvq emevmKv‡j BD-wPiv hvhvei Rxeb Z¨vM K‡i Ges cuvPwU kvLvq wef³ n‡q c‡o| G‡ìB
GK kvLv wQj KzlvY| wLª÷c~e© 30 Aã bvMv` KzlvY kvLvi †bZv KzRjv K`wd‡mm BD-wP‡ì cuvPwU
kvLv‡K wb‡Ri Aax‡b HKë× K‡ib| wZwb Kveyj, †c‡kvqvi, Kvwk¥i AwaKvi K‡ib| KzRjv
K`wd‡m‡mi ci Zuvi cyÎ weg K`wd‡mm wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| weg K`wd‡mm Zuvi wcZvi ivR¨ e¨vw±ªqv
mn DËi-cwðg fviZ I Kvwk¥i jvf K‡ib| c‡i wZwb Z¶kxjv I cvÄve `Lj K‡ib| weg
K`wd‡m‡mi gy`ªv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h wZwb Kv›`vnvi I wbgœ wmÜz AÂj AwaKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| weg
K`wd‡m‡mi mvgªvR¨ ga¨ Gwkqvi ZzwK©¯’vb †_‡K wmÜz DcZ¨Kv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj|
Zuvi gy`ªvq Ôg‡nk¦i' bvg Ges wkeg~wZ©, luvo I wÎk~j wPý DrKxY© †`Lv hvq hv †_‡K g‡b Kiv hvq †h,
weg K`wd‡mm ˆke a‡g©i Abyi³ wQ‡jb| Zuvi Avg‡j fvi‡Zi m‡½ Pxb I †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcK
evwYR¨ m¤úK© wQj| KzlvY mvgªvR¨ †_‡K gkjv, †ikg, gwY-gy³v, nvwZi ùvZ, P›`b BZ¨vw` ißvwb
n‡Zv| wewbg‡q †ivg †_‡K Avm‡Zv cÖPyi †mvbv|
wLªw÷q cÖ_g kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© weg K`wd‡mm hy‡× Pxbv †mbvcwZ c¨vb-PvIi Kv‡Q civwRZ nb Ges
Pxb mgªvU‡K evrmwiK Ki`v‡b eva¨ nb|
weg K`wd‡m‡mi gyZzï ci KwY®‹ wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Z‡e A‡bK HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h, KwY®‹
K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì c~‡e©B wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb| weg K`wd‡m‡mi m‡½ KwY‡®‹i m¤úK© wK wQj ZvI
mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| KwY®‹ wQ‡jb KzlvY es†ki †kªô mgªvU| wZwb K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì c‡iB
wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb e‡j AwaKvsk cwÛZ g‡b K‡ib| KwY‡®‹i wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi ZvwiL wb‡qI
wewfbœ HwZnvwmK wewfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
W. wd¬U g‡b K‡ib †h, KwY®‹ 58 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb Ges GKwU m¤^‡Zi cÖPjb
K‡iwQ‡jb hv cieZ©xKv‡j weµg m¤^r bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Zuvi G gZ MÖnY Ki‡j ej‡Z nq †h
KwY®‹ K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì Av‡M ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz cÖZœZvwË¡K mv¶¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, KwY®‹
weg K`wd‡m‡mi c‡i ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| KwY®‹ mvibv_ AwaKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| K`wd‡mm KwY‡®‹i
cieZ©x ivRv n‡j wZwb ïay MvÜvi AÂ‡j mxgve× wQ‡jb †Kb? Z¶kxjvq cÖZœZvwË¡K LbbKv‡h©i
d‡j KwY®‹ †Mvôxi ivRv‡ì gy`ªv gvwUi Ic‡ii ¯Í‡i Ges K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì gy`ªv gvwUi bx‡Pi ¯Í‡i
cvIqv †M‡Q| G †_‡K ejv hvq †h, K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì c‡i KwY®‹ wmsnvm‡bi e‡mwQ‡jb| KwY‡®‹i
gy`ªvq mvmvbxq cÖfveI †`Lv hvq hvi d‡j Zuvi wmsnvmbv‡ivnY‡K 58 wLª÷c~e©vã ch©šÍ wcwQ‡q †Ìqv
hvq bv| KviY, mvmvbxqiv wQ‡jb A‡bK cieZ©xKv‡ji| A¨vjv‡bi g‡Z, KwY‡®‹i ¯^Y©gy`ªv †ivgvb gy`ªv
Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj| myZivs KwY‡®‹i ivRZ¡Kvj‡K †ivg mgªvU wUUvm (77-81 wLª:) Ges UªvRv‡bi
(98-117 wLª:) Av‡M ¯’vb †Ìqv AbywPZ e‡j g‡b nq| wkjvwjwc, gy`ªv Ges wnD‡qb mvs- Gi mv¶¨
†_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, MvÜvi wQj KwY‡®‹i mvgªv‡Rï AšÍf©y³| wKšÍz Pxbv mv¶¨ Abymv‡i wLª÷c~e© cÖ_g
kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© MvÜvi wQj kK kvmbvaxb| K`wd‡mm ivRv‡ì gy`ªvq kK gy`ªvi cÖfve †`Lv hvq|
d‡j g‡b Kiv hvq †h H AÂ‡j kK kvm‡bi c‡iB Zuviv kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb|
gvk©vj, †÷b‡Kv‡bv, w¯§_ cÖgyL cwÛZ g‡b K‡ib †h, KwY®‹ 125-129 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ Zuvi ivRZ¡
ïiy K‡iwQ‡jb| Wt ivq‡PŠayix G g‡Zi weiy‡× `ywU †Rviv‡jv AvcwË Zz‡j‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, myBwenvi
wkjvwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h wbgœwmÜz DcZ¨Kvi wKQy Ask KwY‡®‹i mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfz©³ wQj|
BwZnvm c„ôv 95
Gm Gm GBP Gj
Ab¨w`‡K kK gnv¶Îc iy`ª`vg‡bi RybvMo wkjvwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h wbgœ wmÜz DcZ¨Kv Zuvi
kvmbvaxb wQj| iy`ª`vgb wQ‡jb ¯^vaxb bicwZ| KzlvY‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi AvbyM‡Zï †Kv‡bv D‡jøL †Kv_vI
cvIqv hvq bv| iy`ª`vg‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj (130-150 wLª:) wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq| Kv‡RB KwY‡®‹i
ivRZ¡Kvj wLªw÷q wØZxq kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq `k‡K wba©viY Ki‡‡j GKB AÂ‡j GKB mg‡q `yRb ivRvi
kvmb †`Lv hvq- hv wbwðZfv‡eB Am¤¢e| iy`ª`vg‡bi mgqKvj wbwðZ nIqvq g‡b Kiv hvq †h,
KwY®‹ 125-128 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ wmsnvm‡b e‡mbwb|
wØZxqZ, wewfbœ fviZxq wkjvwjwc‡Z wØZxq K`wd‡m‡mi cieZ©x KzlvY mgªvU‡ì ZvwiL m¤^wjZ bvg
cvIqv †M‡Q †hgb KwY®‹ (1-23), ewm®‹ (20-28), ûwe®‹ (26-60), wØZxq KwY®‹ (41) Ges
evmy‡è (67-98)| GB ZvwiL¸‡jv †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h KwY®‹ GKUv A‡ãi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz
wLªw÷q wØZxq kZvãx‡Z DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z †Kv‡bv Aã cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj e‡j Rvbv hvq bv|
W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi g‡b K‡ib †h, KwY®‹ †h A‡ãi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb †mwU wQj 248-249
wLª÷v‡ãi ˆÎKzUK-KjPywi-†Pw` Aã Ges wZwb H mg‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb| wKšÍz Zuvi GgZI
MÖnY‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ nqwb| KwY‡®‹i wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi cÖvq GKk' eQi c‡i cÖ_g evmy‡`‡ei
ivRZ¡Kvj †kl n‡qwQj| GKvwaK wkjvwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h g_yiv evmy‡`‡ei kvmbvaxb wQj|
ZvQvov mgy`ª¸‡ßi Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h ¸ßes‡ki Av‡M g_yiv bvMes‡ki AwaKvify³
wQj| A_©vr wLªw÷q Z…Zxq kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M G AÂj wQj bvM‡ì kvmbvaxb| Kv‡RB evmy‡`‡ei
ivRZ¡Kvj wLªw÷q PZz_© kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M †kl n‡qwQj GK_v ejv hvq bv| myZivs KwY‡®‹i
ivRZ¡Kvj wLªw÷q Z…Zxq kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M ïiy n‡qwQj GK_vI MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
`xN©Kvj Av‡M dv¸©mb gZ cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb †h, KwY®‹ 78 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡bi e‡mb Ges G
eQiwU‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ Zuvi Aã ev m¤^r Pvjy K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j I‡ìbevM©, Ugmb, W.
ivq †PŠayix, W. wW.wm. miKvi, W. we.Gb. gy‡Lvcva¨vq cÖf…wZ cwÛZ G gZ mg_©b K‡ib|
KwY®‹ 78 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb Ges kKv‡ãi cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb G g‡Zi weiy‡× Aa¨vcK
`y‡eªBj K‡qKwU AvcwË Zz‡jwQ‡jb| wKšÍz W. ivq‡PŠayix hyw³ w`‡q mdjfv‡e †hme AvcwË¸‡jv LÛb
K‡i‡Qb|
`y‡eªBj ej‡Qb †h Avgiv hw` ¯^xKvi Kwi †h cÖ_g K`wd‡mm 50 wLª÷v‡ã ivRZ¡ KiwQ‡jb Ges
KwY®‹ 78 wLª÷v‡ã ivRZ¡ ïiy K‡ib, Z‡e cÖ_g K`wd‡m‡mi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji Aemvb Ges wØZxq
K`wd‡m‡mi mgMÖ ivRZ¡Kv‡ji Rb¨ gvÎ 28 eQi mgq cvIqv hvq hv Zuvi g‡Z LyeB msw¶ß| Z‡e
G mgqKvj Lye msw¶ß g‡b n‡ebv hw` Avgiv g‡b ivwL †h cÖ_g K`wd‡mm 80 eQi eq‡m gviv
wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges d‡j wØZxq K`wd‡mm e„× eq‡m ivRv n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj Lye `xN© nIqv
¯^vfvweK bq| wØZxqZ, `y‡eªBj Z¶kxjvq gvk©vj Avwe®‹…Z 136 m¤^rm‡ii `wj‡ji D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h weµg m¤^‡Zi 136 mvj‡K wLª÷v‡ã iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j ùvovq (136-58) 78
wLª÷vã| Zuvi g‡Z, G `wj‡j †h ivRvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q wZwb wQ‡jb cÖ_g K`wd‡mm, KwY®‹ bb|
GB `wj‡j ivRvi bv‡gv‡jøL bv K‡i †ècyÎ Awfav eënvi Kivq `y‡eªBj g‡b K‡ib †h, GB Awfav
w`‡q KzlvY ivRv cÖ_g K`wd‡mm‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKšÍz W. ivq‡PŠayix e‡j‡Qb †h, †ècyÎ
AwfavwU KwY®‹ †Mvôxi ivRv‡ì êwkó¨ wQj, K`wd‡mm †Mvôxi bq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, †ècyÎ
Awfav cÖ_g K`wd‡mm cª_‡g eënvi K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz G‡Z dv¸©m‡bi gZ LwÛZ nq bv| W.
ivq‡PŠayix †hgb e‡j‡Qb †h, ivRvi e¨w³MZ bv‡gv‡jøL bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y G K_v g‡b Kivi †Kv‡bv
KviY †bB †h cÖ_g KzlvY ivRv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ wZwb ¸ß wkjvwjwc‡Z Kzgvi¸ß Ges
eya¸‡ßi gZ cieZ©x ¸ß mgªvU‡ì ïaygvÎ Ô¸ß b„c' iƒ‡c D‡jøwLZ nIqvi `„óvšÍ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
BDwbU--- c„ôv 96

KwY®‹ cÖewZ©Z GB AãwU cieZ©xKv‡j kKvã bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÛZ GB g‡Zi
we‡ivwaZv K‡i cÖkœ Zz‡jwQ‡jb †h KwY®‹B hw` GB A‡ãi cÖeZ©K n‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e GUv KwY®‹vã ev
KzlvYvã wnmv‡e cwiwPZ bv n‡q ÔkKvã' bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i †Kb? D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h
KwY‡®‹i mgq GB AãwU kKvã bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj bv| cieZ©xKv‡j wLªw÷q cÂg kZvãx †_‡K wewfbœ
wkjvwjwc‡Z GUv‡K kKvã AvL¨v †Ìqv nq| i¨vcmb e‡j‡Qb †h, KwY‡®‹i cÖewZ©Z AãwU cwðg
fvi‡Zi kK ¶Îciv `xN©Kvj a‡i eënvi K‡ib| KzlvY‡ì cZ‡bi c‡iI Zuviv GB AãwUi cÖPjb
Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| kK‡ì Øviv `xN©Kvj eëüZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB GB A‡ãi bvg nq kKvã|
myZivs Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h KwY®‹ 78 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb Ges
wZwbB kKv‡ãi cÖeZ©K|
KwY®‹ wQ‡jb KzlvY es‡ki me©‡kªô mgªvU| KzlvY es‡ki †kªôZ¡ Ges fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m KzlvY es‡ki
¸iyZ¡ Zuvi Kvh©Kjv‡ci ØvivB AwR©Z n‡qwQj|
KwY®‹ DËivwaKvixm~‡Î wØZxq K`wd‡m‡mi wekvj mvgªvR¨ †c‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡RI eû ivR¨Rq
K‡i Gi Av‡iv we¯Í„wZ NwU‡qwQ‡jb| Kj&n‡Yi ivRZiw½bx Ges †eŠ× Kvwnbx-wKse`šÍx †_‡K Rvbv
hvq †h KwY®‹ Kvwk¥i Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvwk¥‡i wZwb eû †mŠa, ¯Ízc BZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
KwY®‹cyi bv‡g GKwU kni cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| kniwU aŸsm n‡q †M‡jI †mLv‡b KwY®‹cyi bv‡g GKwU
MÖvg AvRI Zuvi ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q|
wKse`šÍx Abymv‡i KwY®‹ fvi‡Zi Af¨šÍ‡i nvbv w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges cvUwjcyÎ AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb| †eŠ×
wKse`šÍx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h cvUwjcyÎ AvµgYKv‡j weL¨vZ †eŠ× `vk©wbK Ak¦‡Nvl Zuvi nv‡Z e›`x
nb Ges KwY®‹ Zuv‡K Zuvi ivRavbx‡Z wb‡q Av‡mb|†eŠ× cwÛZ Ak¦‡Nvl †h KwY‡®‹i ivRmfv Aj¼…Z
K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| KwY‡®‹i ivRmfvq Ak¦‡Nv‡li Dcw¯’wZ †_‡K KwY‡®‹i gM‡ai
wKq`sk R‡qi mg_©b cvIqv hvq| gy`ªvi mv¶¨ †_‡KI KwY‡®‹i c~e© fviZ R‡qi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq|
†MviLcyi I MvRxcy‡i KwY‡®‹i eû gy`ªv cvIqv †M‡Q| GB AÂj Zuvi AwaKvify³ bv _vK‡j GLv‡b
KwY‡¼i GZ gy`ªv cvIqv †hZ bv|
KwY®‹ D¾wqbxi kK ¶Îc‡ì weiy‡×I hy× K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb m¤¢eZ kK ¶Îc P¯Íb‡K civwRZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| G hy‡×i d‡j KwY®‹ kK‡ì KvQ †_‡K gvj‡ei wKQy Ask jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Ges kKiv
Zuvi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQj|W. w¯§‡_i g‡Z, KwY®‹ cn¬e‡ì weiy‡× hy‡×I mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
KwY®‹ fvi‡Zi evB‡iI Zuvi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb|KwY®‹ eZ©gvb †mvwf‡qZ ZzwK©¯Ív‡bi wKQy
Ask, h_v KvkMo, BqviL›` Ges †LvUvb Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| †m Avg‡j G ¯’vb¸‡jv Pxb mvgªv‡Rï
AšÍM©Z wQj| wØZxq K`wd‡mm c¨vb-PvIi nv‡Z civwRZ n‡q Pxb mgªvU‡K Ki w`‡Z eva¨
n‡qwQ‡jb| KwY®‹ Pxb mvgªvR¨fy³ G me AÂj `Lj K‡i c~e©myixi Acgv‡bi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡qwQ‡jb|
wZwb Pxb mgªv‡Ui GK Kiìv‡Rï ivRcyÎ‡K cÖwZf‚¯îƒc wbR ivRmfvq wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb| wnD‡qb
mvs Gi weei‡Y Gi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
fvi‡Zi GK wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o KwY®‹ Zuvi mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| c~e© fvi‡Z Zuvi mvgªvR¨
mvibv_, evivYmx, A‡hva¨v I g_yiv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| wkjvwjwc †_‡K GB AÂ‡j KwY‡®‹i AwaKvi
cÖgvwYZ nq| Av‡iv c~e©w`‡K cvUwjcyÎ, cwðg evsjv, GgbwK Dwol¨v ch©šÍ Zuvi ivR¨ we¯Í„Z wQj e‡j
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÛZ g‡b K‡ib| wZwb †eŠ× cwÛZ Ak¦‡Nvl‡K cvUwjcyÎ †_‡K wbR ìev‡i wb‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jb| KzlvY gy`ªv ZgjyK, e¸ov, gywk©`vev` I gvj`vq cvIqv †M‡Q hv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq
†h cwðg I DËi evsjvi wKQy Ask Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| cwðg fvi‡Zi gvje, †mŠivóª cÖf…wZ
AÂ‡ji kK ¶Îciv KwY‡®‹i AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQj| ga¨fviZ KwY‡®‹ mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| GLv‡b
KwY‡®‹i DËivwaKvix ewm‡®‹i wjwc cvIqv †M‡Q| Kvwk¥i †h KwY‡®‹i mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj Zv Kj&n‡Yi
BwZnvm c„ôv 97
Gm Gm GBP Gj
eY©bv †_‡K Rvbv hvq| cvÄve, wmÜz I MvÜvi Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj- †c‡kvqvi wjwc, myBwenvi wjwc
BZ¨vw` ‡_‡K Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| Kv‡RB ejv hvq †h fvi‡Z KwY‡®‹i mvgªvR¨ DËi-cwð‡g
†c‡kvqvi †_‡K c~‡e© cwðg evsjv Ges DË‡i Kvwk¥i †_‡K `w¶‡Y ga¨cÖ‡`k ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| G
Qvov fvi‡Zi evB‡i eZ©gvb †mvwf‡qZ ZzwK©¯Ív‡bi wKQy Ask Ges AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wKQy AskI Zuvi
mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj|
KwY‡®‹i ivRavbx wQj cyiylcyi ev eZ©gvb †c‡kvqvi| GLvb †_‡KB wZwb wewfbœ ivRKg©Pvix‡ì
mvnv‡h¨ Zuvi mvgªvR¨ kvmb Ki‡Zb| KwY®‹ wb‡R‡K Ô‡ècyÎ' e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb hv †_‡K g‡b
Kiv hvq wZwb ivRvi ˆè AwaKv‡i wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡ì A‡bK ¶gZv
Ac©Y K‡iwQ‡jb| kvmbKv‡R Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi GKwU gš¿x cwil` wQj|
KzlvY mgªvUMY cÖvqB Zuv‡ì DËivvwaKvix‡K mn‡hvMx mgªvUiƒ‡c MY¨ Ki‡Zb| DËivwaKvi fvex
mgªvU kvmbKvix mgªv‡Ui RxweZKv‡jB kvmbKv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Zb| G Kvi‡YB KwY®‹ Zuvi A‡ãi
23 eQi ch©šÍ ivRZ¡ Ki‡jI H A‡ãi 20 eQ‡i DrKxY© Zuvi DËivwaKvix ewm‡®‹i wjwc cvIqv hvq|
ewm®‹ mgªvU n‡j ûwe®‹ Zuvi mn‡hvMx mgªv‡Ui `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
KwY®‹ Zuvi wekvj mvgªvR¨‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM K‡i ¶Îc ev gnv¶Îc Dcvwaavix ivRKg©Pvix‡ì
gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv kvmb Ki‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î ¶Îc ev gnv¶ÎcMY n‡Zb eskvbyµwgK|
KwY‡®‹i ivRZ¡Kv‡j DrKxY© wewfbœ wkjvwjwc‡Z Zuvi Aaxb¯’ eû ¶Îc I gnv¶Î‡ci bvg cvIqv
hvq|
KwY‡®‹i GKwU gš¿xcwil` wQj hvi m`m¨MY ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q Zuv‡K civgk© w`‡Zv| gv_i wQ‡jb
KwY‡®‹i cÖavbgš¿x| kvmbeë¯’vq me©wbgœ ¯Íi wQj MÖvwg‡Ki Aax‡b MÖvg| wewfbœ ai‡bi ÔwMì' ev †kªYx
wewfbœ †ckv I ag©xq `vb m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zv| AÆvwjKv wbg©v‡Yi ev ms¯‹v‡ii fvicÖvß
Kg©Pvixi Dcvwa wQj ÔbeKwg©K'|
ivR¨ Rq I mvgªv‡Rï Af¨šÍ‡i kvwšÍ-k„´Ljv i¶vi Rb¨ KwY‡®‹i GK weivU ˆmbëvwnbx wQj|
†mbvevwnbx wQj Ô`Ûbvq‡Ki' Aax‡b| Zuviv cÖ‡`k kvm‡bi e¨vcv‡i cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡ì mvnvh¨
Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ kvmbKv‡R eû KzlvY, kK Ges wMÖK Kg©Pvix wbhy³ wQj|
ïaygvÎ we‡RZv I mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZviƒ‡cB bq, †eŠ×a‡g©i c„ô‡cvlKiƒ‡cI KwY®‹ BwZnv‡m L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡i‡Qb|†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÛ‡Zi g‡Z ivR‡Z¡i ïiy‡ZB KwY®‹ †eŠ× ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, K‡qK eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci cvUwjcyÎ Rq K‡i Ak¦‡Nvl‡K
†c‡kvqv‡i wb‡q Avmvi ci Ak¦‡Nv‡li cÖfv‡e wZwb †eŠ× ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wnD‡qb-mvs Gi
weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h KwY®‹ †c‡kvqv‡i GKwU eûZj ˆPZ¨ I GKwU gV wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GB
ˆPZ¨ cieZ©xKv‡j ˆPwbK I gymjgvb ch©UK‡ì cÖksmv AR©b K‡iwQj| Kv‡Vi ˆZwi ˆPZ¨wU wQj 13
Zj wewkó Ges Gi D”PZv wQj 400 dzU| gVwU wLªw÷q beg kZvãx ch©šÍ GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †eŠ×
wk¶v‡K›`ª wnmv‡e wU‡K wQj|
KwY‡®‹i ivRZ¡Kv‡j †kl ev PZz_© †eŠ× m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj|†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Drm Abymv‡i G
m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj Kvwk¥‡i, Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Drm Abymv‡i GUv n‡qwQj RjÜ‡i|
†eŠ×ag© msµvšÍ cvÛywjwc msMÖn Ges †m¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v I UxKv ˆZwi Kiv Ges †eŠ×a‡g©i Af¨šÍixY
gZ‡f` `~i KivB wQj GB m½xwZi D‡Ïk¨| GB m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib †eŠ× cwÛZ emywgÎ Ges
Ak¦‡Nvl wQ‡jb G m‡¤§j‡bi mn-mfvcwZ| weL¨vZ †eŠ× cwÛZ cvk¦© I Ak¦‡Nvl wÎwcUK m¤úv`bv I
Gi UxKv iPbv K‡ib| ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ GB fvl¨ I UxKv GKwU Zvgªkvm‡b DrKxY© K‡i ¯Íz‡ci
g‡a¨ msi¶Y Kiv nq| Z‡e †mB ¯Íyc ev Zvgªkvmb †Kv‡bvwUB cvIqv hvqwb| KwY‡®‹i Avg‡j †eŠ×
ag©gZ Ôgnvhvb' I Ônxbhvb'-GB `yfv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o| Av‡M ey‡×i †Kv‡bv g~wZ© ev cÖwZK…wZ ˆZwi
BDwbU--- c„ôv 98

Kiv n‡Zv bv Ges hviv cÖZx‡Ki gva¨‡g wbivKvi ey‡×i Dcvmbv Ki‡Zb Zviv nxbhvb iƒ‡c cwiwPZ
wQ‡jb| gnvhvb g‡Z ey‡×i g~wZ© wbg©vY I g~wZ©i gva¨‡g Zuvi Dcvmbv ïiy nq| nxbhvb‡ì g‡Z
†MŠZg ey× wQ‡jb GKRb gvbyl, ms¯‹viK I ag©cÖPviK| gnvhvb gZvej¤^x †eŠ×iv †MŠZg ey×‡K
†èZvi ch©v‡q ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Zuvi g~wZ©c~Rv ïiy K‡i| PZz_© †eŠ× m½xwZ‡Z gnvhvb gZev` M„nxZ
nq| KwY®‹ ïaygvÎ wb‡RB †eŠ× ag© MÖnY K‡i ¶všÍ nbwb| fvi‡Z I fvi‡Zi evB‡i G ag© cÖPv‡ii
Rb¨ wZwb we‡kl cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi cÖ‡Póvq fvi‡Z gnvhvb †eŠ× ag© LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q
D‡VwQj Ges wLªw÷q mßg kZvãx ch©šÍ G RbwcÖqZv ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| wLªw÷q mßg kZvãx‡Z wnD‡qb
mvs fvi‡Z gnvhvb †eŠ× a‡g©i RbwcÖqZv j¶ K‡iwQ‡jb| KwY®‹ I Zuvi DËivwaKvix‡ì cÖ‡Póvq
†eŠ× ag© ZLb ga¨ Gwkqv, Pxb, Rvcvb I †Kvwiqvq we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj|
KwY®‹ †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ †h mwnòz I D`vi wQ‡jb Zv Zuvi wewfbœ ¯^Y© I
Zvgªgy`ªvq wMÖK, wn›`y, †Rv‡ivóªxq cÖf…wZ †è-†èxi g~wZ© †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq| KwY®‹ †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x
nIqvq Zuvi gy`ªvq †MŠZg ey‡×i cÖwZK…wZI †`Lv hvq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h ivR‰bwZK myweavi K_v
we‡ePbv K‡i KwY®‹ cia©g mwnòzZvi bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡iwQ‡jb|
KwY®‹ ïaygvÎ ag©vbyivMx I we‡RZvB wQ‡jb bv| wZwb wk¶v, wkí I mvwn‡ZïI c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|
Zuvi ivRmfvq eû Ávbx¸bx e¨w³i mgv‡ek N‡UwQj| cvk¦©, emywgÎ, Ak¦‡Nvl, bvMvR©yb, PiK cÖgyL eû
gbxlx Zuvi ivRmfv Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| Ak¦‡Nvl wQ‡jb GK eûgyLx cÖwZfv- cwÛZ, Kwe, m½xZ I
kv¯¿we`| wZwb ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Zuvi MÖš’vejx iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| ey×PwiZ n‡”Q Zuvi me‡P‡q weL¨vZ
MÖš’| wZwb m~Îvj¼vi, †gŠš¿vb›` I mvwicyÎcÖKiYI iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| ey×PwiZ MÖ‡š’ Ak¦‡Nvl AZ¨šÍ
mijfv‡e †eŠ× a‡g©i evYx cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| mvwicyÎcyÎcÖKiY GKwU bvUK| m~Îvj¼vi ms¯‹…Z
DcvL¨v‡bi GKwU msKjb| Ak¦‡Nv‡li iPbv cÖvPxb fvi‡Z we‡kl RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj| mßg
kZvãx‡Z fvi‡Z AvMZ ˆPwbK cwieªvRK Br-wms fviZevmx‡K Ak¦‡Nv‡li iPbv evisevi Ave„wË
Ki‡Z †`‡LwQ‡jb| cvk¦© wQ‡jb GK †eŠ× cwÛZ| wZwb KwY‡®‹i Avg‡j AbywôZ PZz_© †eŠ× m½xwZ‡Z
we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| emywgÎ G m½xwZi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb
kv¯¿we`| wZwb Awfag©-cÖKY©-c` iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi Ab¨ GKRb weL¨vZ e¨w³
wQ‡jb bvMvRy©b| wZwb wQ‡jb gnvhvb †eŠ×g‡Zi e¨vL¨vKvix| bvMvRy©b ïaygvÎ `vk©wbKB wQ‡jb bv,
wZwb êÁvwbKI wQ‡jb| wZwb imvqb welqK wewfbœ MÖš’ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| A‡b‡K Zuv‡K gvwU©b
jy_v‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb cÖÁv-cviwgZv-m~Î kv¯¿ iPbv K‡ib| wPwKrmv-weÁv‡b weL¨vZ
PiK wQ‡jb KwY‡®‹i e¨w³MZ wPwKrmK| PiK mswnZvq Ggb eû Dw™¢` I Mv‡Qi wkK‡oi bvg Av‡Q
†h¸‡jv †_‡K Ilya ˆZwi n‡Zv| wewfbœ Dw™¢‡ì wgkªY NwU‡q Ilya ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv hv †_‡K g‡b nq
†h †mKv‡j fviZevmx imvqbwe`¨vi m‡½ cwiwPZ wQj| kj¨we`¨vq `¶ ïkªyZ wQ‡jb KwY‡®‹i
Avg‡ji Ab¨ GKRb weL¨vZ e¨w³| wMÖK ¯’cwZ A¨v‡Rwmjvm KwY‡®‹i ìevi Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb|
ZviB wb‡`©kbvq †c‡kvqv‡ii weL¨vZ ˆPZ¨ wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
KwY®‹ wk‡íiI c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡iwQ‡jb| wk‡íi g‡a¨ ¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h©B wQj cÖavb| Zuvi Avg‡j eû
ˆPZ¨, gw›ì, ¯Í~c I bMi wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| KwY‡®‹i Avg‡j †c‡kvqv‡i weL¨vZ ˆPZ¨wU wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj| wLªw÷q cÂg kZvãx‡Z dv-wn‡qb MvÜvi AwZµg Kivi mgq gy³K‡Ú GB ˆPZ¨wUi cÖksmv
K‡iwQ‡jb| KwY®‹ g_yiv‡Z eû my›ì AÆvwjKv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| g_yivq ¯’vbxq fv¯‹iiv eû †eŠ× I
ˆRb g~wZ© wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| g_yiv‡Z KwY‡®‹i g¯ÍKwenxb g~wZ©I cvIqv †M‡Q| fv¯‹h© wk‡í G Avg‡j
GK bZzb ixwZi m„wó nq| KzlvY mvgªv‡R¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki wkíx I KvwiMi‡ì GK Af‚Zc~e© mgv‡ek
N‡UwQj| we‡kl K‡i DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂ‡ji (MvÜvi) fviZxq KvwiMiiv wMÖK I †ivgvb‡ì
ms¯ú‡k© G‡mwQj| GB mswgkª‡Yi d‡j GK bZzb ai‡bi ˆkwíK ixwZ M‡o I‡V hv MvÜvi wkí ixwZ
bv‡g L¨vZ| GZw`b ch©šÍ ey‡×i Dcvmbv gywZ©i gva¨‡g Kiv n‡Zv bv| G Rb¨ eëüZ nZ ey‡×i
c`wPý, ¯Íyc A_ev †evwa e„‡¶i cÖZxK| wKšÍz GLb ey‡×i g~wZ© wbg©vY ïiy nq Ges †eŠ×‡ì g‡a¨
BwZnvm c„ôv 99
Gm Gm GBP Gj
g~wZ©c~Rv ïiy nq| GB ey× g~wZ© wbg©vY‡K †K›`ª K‡iB MvÜvi wkíixwZ M‡o I‡V| welqe¯Ízi w`K †_‡K
MvÜvi wkí wQj fviZxq, wKšÍz wkíixwZi w`K †_‡K Zv wQj wMÖK cÖfvweZ| d‡j GB ixwZ‡Z wbwg©Z
ey‡×i g~wZ© †`L‡Z A‡bKUv wMÖK †èZv A¨v‡cv‡jvi gZ| MvÜvi wkí m¤ú‡K© ejv nq †h fv¯‹‡ii
ü`q wQj fviZxq, wKšÍz Zvi nvZ `ywU wQj wMÖK|
KwY‡®‹i 1-23 eQi ch©šÍ gy`ªv cvIqv hvq| d‡j g‡b Kiv hvq †h, wZwb 23 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb|
78 wLª÷v‡ã ivRZ¡ ïiy K‡i 23 eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci 101 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| KwY®‹ †h
ïay gvÎ KzlvY es‡ki †kªô mgªvU wQ‡jb ZvB bq, cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kªô mgªvU‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb
Ab¨Zg|
mvims‡¶c
‡h mKj we‡`wk RvwZ fviZe‡l© mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Zv‡ì g‡a¨ KzlvY‡ì bvg we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| KzlvY hy‡Mi BwZnvm iPbvi Rb¨ †ek wKQy mvwnwZ¨K I cÖZœZvwË¡K Drm cvIqv
hvq| KzlvYiv wQj BD-wP RvwZi GKwU kvLv| KzlvY kvLvi †bZv KzRjv K`wd‡mm KZ…©K
wLª÷c~e© 30 Aã bvMv` cuvPwU kvLvq wef³ BD-wPiv HKë× nq| wZwb Kveyj, †mvgvqvi,
Kvwk¥i AwaKvi K‡ib| Gici Zuvi cyÎ weg K`wd‡mm wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuvi mvgªvR¨ ga¨
Gwkqvi ZzwK©¯’vb †_‡K wmÜz DcZ¨Kv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj| KzlvY es‡ki †kªô mgªvU wQ‡jb KwY®‹|
78 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges GKwU Aã ev m¤^r cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv cieZx©‡Z
kKvã bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| fvi‡Z wZwb GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ M‡o †Zv‡jb, GwU DËi-
cwð‡g †c‡kvqvi †_‡K c~‡e© cwðgevsjv, DË‡i Kvwk¥i †_‡K `w¶‡Y ga¨cÖ‡`k ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z
wQj| fvi‡Zi evB‡i eZ©gvb †mvwf‡qZ ZzwK©¯’v‡bi Ges AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wKQy AskI Zuvi
mvgªvR¨fz³ wQj| cyiylcyi ev eZ©gvb †c‡kvqvi Zuvi ivRavbx wQj| wekvj mvgªvR¨‡K K‡qKwU
fv‡M fvM K‡i wewfbœ ivRKg©Pvix‡ì gva¨‡g GLvb †_‡KB wZwb kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
ïaygvÎ we‡RZv I mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZviƒ‡cB bq, †eŠ×ag©, Ávb-weÁvb, wkí-mvwn‡Zï
c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡eI wZwb BwZnv‡m L¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| cvk¦©, emywgÎ, Ak¦‡Nvl, bvMvRy©b, PiK
cÖgyL eû gbxlx Zuvi ivRmfv Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j PZz_© ev †kl †eŠ× m½xwZ
AbywôZ nq| Zuvi Avg‡jB †eŠ× ag© Ôgnvhvb' I Ônxbhvb' ÑG `yfv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o| gnvhvb
gZvej¤^xiv †MŠZg ey×‡K †èZvi ch©v‡q ¯’vcb K‡i Zuvi g~wZ© c~Rv ïiy K‡i| KwY‡®‹i cÖ‡Póvq
†eŠ× ag© fviZ I fvi‡Zi evB‡i cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x n‡jI wZwb ciag©mwnòz
wQ‡jb| ey‡×i g~wZ© wbg©vY‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi Avg‡j MvÜvi wkíixwZ bvgK bZzb wkí ixwZ M‡o
I‡V| welqe¯Ízi w`K †_‡K GwU wQj fviZxq, wKšÍz wkíixwZi w`K †_‡K wMÖK cÖfvweZ| 23
eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci KwY®‹ 101 wLª÷v‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
100
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. KwY®‹ wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb-
(K) 58 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã (L) 78 wLª÷v‡ã
(M) 125 wLª÷v‡ã (N) 320 wLª÷v‡ã
2. KwY®‹ cÖewZ©Z Aã‡K ejv nq-
(K) weµg m¤^r (L) kKvã
(M) ¸ßvã (N) nl©vã
3. KwY‡®‹i ivRavbx wQj-
(K) †c‡kvqvi (L) Z¶kxjv
(M) mvibv_ (N) KwY®‹cyi
4. KwY®‹ wQ‡jb-
(K) KzlvY (L) kK
(M) ¸ß (N) PvjyK¨
5. KwY®‹ ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb-
(K) 15 eQi (L) 20 eQi
(M) 23 eQi (N) 40 eQi
(O) 45 eQi|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| KzlvY‡ì Avw` cwiPq eY©bv Kiyb|
2| KzlvY‡ì BwZnvm iPbvi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi weeiY w`b|
3| KzRjv K`wd‡mm I weg K`wd‡mm m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
4| KwY‡®‹i kvmbeë¯’v eY©bv Kiyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| KwY‡®‹i wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi ZvwiL wbY©qmn Zuvi ivR¨ weR‡qi weeiY w`b|
2| wkí, mvwnZ¨ I †eŠ× a‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK wnmv‡e KwY‡®‹i g~j¨vqb Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
Unity.
3| ‡ivwgjv _vcvi, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm|
4| R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychowdhury, K.K. Datta, An Advanced History of India.
BwZnvm c„ôv 101

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 4
¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv I cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß
D‡Ïk¨
• Kzlv‡YvËi hy‡M fviZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• ¸ß‡ì BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• ¸ß‡ì Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß KZ…©K mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi Ôwj”Qwe' es‡ki mv‡_ êevwnK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
Kzlv‡YvËi hy‡M fviZ

KzlvY mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi d‡j DËi Ges DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z Ges AÜ«‡ì kvmbvemv‡bi d‡j `w¶Y
fvi‡Z eû msL¨K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ¯’vbxq ivR‰bwZK mËvi weKvk N‡U| KzlvY Ges AÜ« kvm‡bi
`ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q fvi‡Zi cÖvq me©Î ¯’vbxq ivRMY ev wKQy kw³kvjx Dc`j ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv
Ki‡j GB ivR‰bwZK A‰bK¨ cÖKvwkZ nq| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq wLª÷xq Z…Zxq kZvãx Ges PZz_©
kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K kZvwaK eQi mvgªvRëv`x †Kv‡bv e„nr kw³ KZ…©K fviZ kvwmZ nqwb| W. wf.G.
w¯§_ 220 ev 230 wLª÷vã n‡Z cieZx© kZvwaK eQ‡ii fvi‡Zi BwZnvm‡K ÔAÜKviv”Qbœ Aa¨vq'
wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| Aek¨ mv¤úªwZK M‡elYvq KzlvY I ¸ßhy‡Mi AšÍeZx©Kvj m¤ú‡K© A‡bK
bZzb Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ nIqvq G hyM‡K eZ©gv‡b Avi ÔAÜKviv”Qbœ' ejv P‡j bv| B`vwbs ¸ß hy‡Mi
mvgªvRëv` Ges evwYwR¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK AMÖMwZ‡K KzlvY hy‡Mi avivevwnKZv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv
n‡”Q|
KzlvY †kªô KwY‡®‹i ci fvi‡Z ¯’vbxqfv‡e †h mKj ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o I‡V †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bvwU wQj A‡bKUv ivRZvwš¿K Ges †Kv‡bvwU cÖRvZvwš¿K ai‡bi| ivRZvwš¿K auv‡Pi ivR¨¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj bvM, Awn”QÎ, A‡hva¨v, †KŠkv¤^x BZ¨vw`| Avi cÖRvZvwš¿K auv‡Pi ivR¨¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ ARy©bqb, gvje, †hŠ‡aq BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj| GQvov wj”Qwe, kK BZ¨vw` †Mvôx Ges c~e©
fvi‡Z (evsjv Ges cvk¦©eZx© AÂj) mgZU, WevK, Kvgiƒc, KZ…©cyi BZ¨vw` ¯’vbxq ivRkw³i K_v
Rvbv hvq| hv‡nvK cÖvq †òk' eQi ¯’vqx HK¨nxb wek„´Lj cwiw¯’wZi Aemvb NwU‡q fvi‡Z Avev‡iv
ivR‰bwZK HK¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib c~e© fvi‡Zi GKwU ivResk| ¸ß bvgavix GB ivRes‡ki nv‡ZB
cÖvPxb fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨‡Kw›`ªK BwZnv‡mi Z…Zxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ch©vq iwPZ nq| KzlvY mvgªv‡Rï fviZxq
Ask wQj ewnf©viZxq ev ga¨ Gkxq mvgªv‡Rï A½gvÎ| ivR¨Rq I evwYR¨wfwËK A_©bxwZ †_‡KB
G‡mwQj KzlvY mvgªvRëv‡ì †cÖiYv| wKšÍz ¸ß mvgªvR¨ PwiÎMZfv‡e wQj GKvšÍB fviZxq| ZvB
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m ¸ß mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv (AvbygvwbK 320 wLª÷vã †_‡K 540 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ fviZ
¸ß‡ì Øviv kvwmZ nq) LyeB ¸iyZ¡en|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
102
¸ß‡ì BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

¸ß mvgªv‡Rï BwZnvm Rvbvi Rb¨ ag©wfwËK I mvwnZ¨wfwËK MÖš’vw`, we‡`kx‡ì weeiY, wkjvwjwc,
gy`ªv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Drm i‡q‡Q| ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi GKwU Dcv`vb n‡jv cyivY| cyivY n‡Z
¸ß mvgªvR¨, Ab¨vb¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivResk m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| ag©kv¯¿ Z_v ¯§„wZkv¯¿ we‡klZ
bvi`, e„n¯úwZ n‡Z A‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|
wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi cÖavbgš¿x †kLi iwPZ ÔKg›`K-bxwZmvi' MÖš’ n‡Z ¸ß‡ì ivóªbxwZ I kvmbeë¯’v
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| G Mª‡š’ ivRKZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Dc‡`k wjwce× Kiv Av‡Q| ¸ß hy‡M †ek wKQy
bvUKI iwPZ nq| G mKj bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ Ô†KŠgy`x-g‡nvrme' †m hy‡Mi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v, ¸ß es‡ki
DÌvb I DbœwZ Ges gMa m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov Ô‡èx-P›`ª-¸ßg', ÔbvU¨`c©Y', 'gy`ªviv¶m'
BZ¨vw` bvU‡KI ¸ß hyM m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Av‡Q| Ôgy`ªviv¶m' bvU‡K †gŠh©‡ì we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_ï cvkvcvwk
¸ß Avg‡ji wKQy weeiYI wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kvwj`v‡mi iPbvejx‡Z ¸ß Avg‡ji BwZnv‡mi
Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq|
we‡`kx ch©UK‡ì weeiY ¸ß‡ì BwZnvm cybM©Vb Kivi †¶‡Î h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i
ˆPwbK ch©UK dv-wn‡qb, Br-wms cÖgy‡Li eY©bv ¸ß‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK, ˆkwíK Ges agx©q BwZnvm
iPbvi Kv‡R LyeB Ôwek¦¯Í Drm' wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
¸ß hy‡Mi HwZnvwmK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡”Q wkjvwjwc|G ch©šÍ ¸ß‡ì cÖvq
50wU wkjvwjwc I Ab¨vb¨ †jL Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q|G mKj wjwci g‡a¨ mgy`ª¸‡ßi mfvKwe nwi‡lY
iwPZ ÔGjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í' weL¨vZ|G‡Z ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï eû Z_¨ †Lv`vB Kiv Av‡Q| GQvov D`qwMwi
¸nvwjwc, g_yiv wkjvwjwc, GiY, bvj›`v I Mqvwjwc, `v‡gvìcyiwjwc, gv›`vmiwjwc, mvibv_wjwc,
¸bvBMo wjwc, muvPx wkjvwjwc, †gnivIqvjx †jŠn¯Í¤¢wjwc BZ¨vw` n‡Z ¸ß mgªvU‡ì K…wZZ¡,
†MŠieMuv_v I ag© m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| ¸ß mgªvU‡ì eû gy`ªv Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| GmKj
gy`ªv n‡Z ¸ß‡ì iywP, e¨w³Z¡, ag©gZ, mgmvgwqK gy`ªvbxwZ, A_©bxwZ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv
hvq| ¯^fveZB ¸ß gy`ªv¸‡jv‡Z bvbv cÖKvi êwPÎ¨ wQj| mgy`ª¸ß Zuvi wcZv cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß Ges gvZv
Kzgvi‡èxi g~wZ© wb‡Ri gy`ªvq DrKxY© K‡iwQ‡jb| ejvevûj¨ †h, G gy`ªv¸‡jv wQj ¯§„wZg~jK| GQvov
mgy`ª¸ß abya©i, exYvev`K, wmsnwkKvix BZ¨vw` bvbvfv‡e gy`ªvq wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Ak¦‡ga
gy`ªv, e¨vNª wkKvi, nvwZi wc‡V Dcweó, bvbv cÖKv‡ii g~wZ© BZ¨vwÌ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q ¸ß gy`ªvq|
¸ß‡ì ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨ Dfq cÖKvi gy`ªv cvIqv †M‡Q| Zvgvi wKQy gy`ªvI cvIqv †M‡Q| BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e GB wkjvwjwc I gy`ªvi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| †Kbbv G¸‡jv‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni
AeKvk Lye GKUv _v‡K bv| †Kej ivRcÖkw¯Í †_‡K BwZnvm cybM©V‡bi †¶‡Î mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z nq|
¸ß‡ì Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb

¸ß es‡ki Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K© wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z‡_ï Afve i‡q‡Q| êqvKiwYK
P›`ª‡Mvwg‡bi †`qv Z‡_ï Ici wbf©i K‡i A‡b‡KB Abygvb K‡ib †h, ¸ßiv wQ‡jb cvÄv‡ei ÔRvU'
eskxq| wKšÍz G g‡Zi `ye©jZv n‡”Q K‡qKwU Zvgªwjwc‡Z ¸ßiv wb‡R‡ì‡K Ô¶wÎq' e‡j cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb| Avevi ¸ß‡ì m‡½ †h mKj ivRes‡ki êevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq (†hgb wj”Qwe,
evKvUK ev bvM) Zuviv wQ‡jb eªvþY A_ev ¶wÎq| k~`ª RvU‡ì mv‡_ Zuv‡ì m¤úK© ZvB A‡bKUv
Ag~jK| GQvov ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z‡_¨ evsjv A_ev gMa AÂ‡ji K_v Rvbv hvq|
G‡¶‡ÎI cvÄv‡ei mv‡_ Zuv‡ì m¤úK© cÖgvY Kiv †ek `yiƒn|
BwZnvm c„ôv 103

Gm Gm GBP Gj
HwZnvwmK G¨v‡j‡bi g‡Z, ¸ßiv cÖ_‡g cyøcyi A_©vr cvUwjcyÎ bM‡ii AbwZ`~‡i GKwU AÂ‡ji
(gMa) ivRv wQ‡jb| HwZnvwmK Rq‡mvqv‡ji g‡Z, ¸ßM‡Yi Avw` evm wQj Gjvnvev` AÂ‡j| G
wel‡q Z…Zxq gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb HwZnvwmK wW.wm. Mv½ywj| Zuvi g‡Z, ¸ßes‡ki Avw` evm¯’vb wQj
gywk©`vev`, gMa bq| Br-wms-Gi weei‡Yi Ici wbf©i K‡i wZwb GB gZev` MVb K‡ib| 672
wLª÷v‡ã Br-wms fviZ åg‡Y Av‡mb| Gi cuvP‡kv eQi c~‡e© A_©vr wLª÷xq wØZxq kZvãx‡Z ˆPwbK
ch©UK ûB-jyb bvj›`v cwi`k©b K‡ib| †m mgq gnvivRv kªx¸ß wg-wj-wKqv-wm-wKqv-†cv-†bv
(g„MwkLveb) bvgK ¯’v‡b GKwU gw›ì wbg©vY K‡ib e‡j wKse`šÍx m~‡Î Br-wms Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| GKB
m‡½ GB gw›`‡ii e¨q msKzjv‡bi Rb¨ 24wU MÖvgI `vb Kiv nq| g„MwkLve‡bi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Br-
wms e‡jb, bvj›`vi c~e©w`‡K M½vi LvZ a‡i 40 †hvRb ev 240 gvBj `~‡i wQj GB gw›ì| M½vi
MwZc_ a‡i Pwjøk †hvRb bvj›`vi c~e©w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j gywk©`vev` ev ivp †`‡ki Ae¯’vb| W. Mv½ywji
g‡Z, kªx¸ßB n‡”Qb ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv Ges evsjv AÂ‡jB Zuvi evm¯’vb wba©viY Kiv hyw³hy³|
W. †ngP›`ª ivq †PŠayix †bcv‡j GKwU ¯Í~‡ci Mv‡q Ôe‡i›`ªxi g„MwkLveb ¯Í~c' †jLvi wfwË‡Z Abygvb
K‡ib, ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb evsjvi e‡i›`ª AÂ‡j ev DËie‡½| Avevi ¸ß‡ì ¯^Y©gy`ªvi †ewki fvM
DËi cÖ‡`‡k cvIqv †M‡QÑG hyw³‡Z ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb DËi cÖ‡`k e‡jI A‡b‡KB gZ
w`‡q‡Qb|
hv‡nvK, Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ¸ß‡ì Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e
bq| cyiv‡Yi weei‡Y ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb ev ivR¨ wQj gMa Ges ¸ß iv‡R¨ evsjvI AšÍfz©³ wQj|
G¨v‡jbI †kl ch©šÍ GB gZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|G n‡Z g‡b nq ¸ßiv cvUwjcy‡Îi wbKUeZx© †Kv‡bv
AÂ‡j ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb Ges µ‡g Zuviv wbR mvgªvR¨ evsjv ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z K‡ib| c¶všÍ‡i g„MwkLveb
gw›`‡ii D‡jøL K‡i evsjvi ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb wQj e‡j huviv gZev` w`‡q‡Qb Zv †_‡K g‡b nq,
¸ßiv cÖ_‡g evsjvq ivRZ¡ ïiy K‡i c‡i gM‡a mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi NUvb| myZivs ¸ßes‡ki Avw` cwiPq
I evm¯’vb †Kv_vq wQj Zv Av‡Rv GK AgxgvswmZ weZK©B i‡q †M‡Q|
¸ß mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e I cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvR¨mxgv

†gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z †h wew”QbœZv, AvÂwjKZvi cÖKvk I ê‡`wkK kw³i
AbycÖ‡ek N‡UwQj Zvi wecix‡Z wK K‡i ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e n‡jv Zv HwZnvwmK‡ì mvg‡b GK
Mfxi wRÁvmv| ¸ß‡ì DÌvb‡K HwZnvwmK W. i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi ê‡`wkK AvµgY I weRvZxq
ms¯‹…wZi weiy‡× GK Afz¨Ìvb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Aci K‡qKRb HwZnvwmK ¸ß mvgªvRëv‡ì
D™¢e m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvq kw³k~b¨Zv Ges M½v-hgybv DcZ¨Kvi De©iv
AÂ‡ji A_©‰bwZK jvfvjv‡fi cÖkœwU‡K ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‡q M½v-hgybv DcZ¨Kv wQj
LyeB De©iv| G AÂ‡j wQj cÖvPxb mg„× bMix¸‡jv, wQj M½vi Rjaviv wmwÂZ K…wl‡¶Î, M½vevwnZ
evwYR¨| G¸‡jv nv‡Z _vKvq ¸ß‡ì DÌvb mdj n‡q‡Q|
wkjvwjwci mv¶¨ Abyhvqx ¸ßes‡ki cÖwZôvZvi bvg kªx¸ß| wZwb †Kej ÔgnvivR' Dcvwa eënvi
Ki‡Zb| wZwb m¤¢eZ gM‡ai AšÍM©Z †Kv‡bv ¶z`ª iv‡Rï kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi DËivwaKvix nb ZuviB
cyÎ N‡UvrKP; wZwbI ÔgnvivR' Dcvwa eënvi Ki‡Zb| Zuviv ¯^vaxb b„cwZ bvwK mgvšÍivR wQ‡jb, Zv
ejv KwVb| Z‡e m¤¢eZ ¸ßes‡ki Z…Zxq ivRv P›`ª¸ß ÔgnvivRvwaivR' Dcvwa wb‡jB c‡i ¸ßiv
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cvq| GB P›`ª¸ßB ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kvmK cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß| Zuvi mgqKvj
aiv nq 320 wLª÷vã †_‡K 335 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| wZwb N‡UvrKP ¸‡ßi cyÎ| Zuvi wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivn‡Yi Kvj n‡Z Ô¸ß Aã' cÖPwjZ nq| ivRZ¡Kvj msw¶ß n‡jI wZwb ¸ßes‡ki kw³ I gh©v`v
e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g nb| cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß cÖwZ‡ekx †Kvkj iv‡Rï gN esk‡K DrLvZ K‡ib| wZwb †Kvkj
I †Kvkv¤^x AwaKvi K‡i e„w× K‡ib Zuvi ivR¨mxgv| wZwb gMa ivRÏ Rq K‡ib| kK-gyiÛ‡ì
BDwbU--- c„ôv
104
DrLvZ K‡i gMa R‡qi ciB m¤¢eZ wZwb weRqm~PK I mve©‡fŠg Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| W. Avi. wR.
emv‡Ki g‡Z, cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß DËi evsjv Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Aek¨ G Z_¨ m‡›`nvZxZ bq| Z‡e wZwb †h
DËi cÖ‡`k I gMa Rq K‡ib Zv wbwðZ| cvUwjcyÎ wQj P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRavbx| cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß wbR
mvgwiK †hvM¨Zv, AmvaviY K‚UbxwZ, êevwnK m¤^Ü Øviv Ges g„Zzï c~‡e© DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i
¸ß mvgªv‡Rï wfwË my`„p K‡i hvb| DËi cÖ‡`‡ki c~e©fvM, wenvi Ges cwðg evsjv ch©šÍ GjvKvq
wZwb ¸ß‡ì AvwacZ¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Ôwj”Qwe' es‡ki mv‡_ êevwnK m¤úK©

HwZnvwmK †ngP›`ª ivq †PŠayix, w¯§_ cÖgyL cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi Ôwj”Qwe' ivRKb¨v Kzgvi‡èxi mv‡_
weev‡ni Ici we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, GB weev‡ni †cQ‡b Mfxi K‚U‡KŠkj
eyw×i cwiPq wQj| Aek¨ Gi wecixZ gZI i‡q‡Q| W. ivq‡PŠayix g‡b K‡ib, cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß Ôwj”Qwe'
cwiev‡ii mv‡_ êevwnK m¤^‡Ü Ave× n‡q wb‡Ri ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv, cÖwZcwË I gh©v`v e„w×
K‡iwQ‡jb| Ôwj”Qwe'iv wQj cÖvPxb I mycwiwPZ RvwZ‡Mvôx| Ôwj”Qwe' Kb¨v Kzgvi‡èx‡K weevn Kivi
ci cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi fv‡M¨vbœwZ N‡UwQj Gi cÖgvY Zuvi gy`ªvq j²xi cÖwZK…wZi wb‡P Ôwj”Qe¨vq:' †jLv
n‡Z eyS‡Z cviv hvq| GB weev‡ni d‡j ¸ßiv `w¶Y wenv‡ii gnvg~j¨ ¯’vb¸‡jvi Ici Zv‡ì
AwaKvi jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j Zuviv wecyj m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix nb| DËi fvi‡Zi e„nËg kw³‡Z
cwiYZ n‡Z GB êevwnK m¤úK© `viyYfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| Ôwj”Qwe' ivRKb¨vi mv‡_ weevn‡K
¯§iYxq K‡i ivL‡Z †h ¯^Y©gy`ªv cÖPjb Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi GKcv‡k P›`ª¸ß I Kzgvi‡èxi Qwe Ges
Acicv‡k wms‡ni Ici Dcweó †èZvi wPÎ AsKb Kiv nq| W. i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi, G¨v‡jb cÖgyL
HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z, Ôwj”Qwe' es‡k weevn cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß‡K wKQy ivR‰bwZK cÖfve-cÖwZcwË w`‡jI †Kvb
mvgvwRK ev A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM-myweav G‡b †`qwb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, wj”Qwe weev‡ni Ici Ah_vB ¸iyZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv‡nvK, mgy`ª¸ß wQ‡jb GB weevnRvZ mšÍvb| wZwb gy`ªvq wb‡R‡K Ôwj”Qwe
†`ŠwnÎ' e‡j cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| myZivs Ôwj”Qwe' es‡k weevn †h ¸ßes‡ki Rb¨ wKQygvÎ n‡jI
†mŠfvM¨m~PK wQj Zv wbwØ©avq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvims‡¶c
Kzlv‡YvËi hy‡M fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m ¶z`ª ¶z`ª iv‡Rï D™¢e †`Lv hvq| Mv‡½q
DcZ¨Kvq kw³k~b¨Zv Ges M½v-hgybv DcZ¨Kvi De©ivf‚wgi Ici wfwË K‡iB ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï
D™¢e N‡U| ¸ß‡ì m¤ú‡K© bvbv ai‡bi Dcv`vb †_‡K Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖvß mv¶¨ †_‡K g‡b
nq, kªx¸ßB ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï D™¢‡ei AMÖ`~Z| Z‡e Zuvi †cŠÎ cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB ¸ß
mvgªv‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U Ges mvgªvRëv`x kw³ wn‡m‡e ¸ß‡ì weKvk j¶ Kiv hvq| cvUwjcyÎ‡K
ivRavbx K‡i gMa, DËi cÖ‡`k I wbKUeZx© AÂ‡j ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e nq| cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß
Ôwj”Qwe' ivRKb¨v‡K we‡q K‡ib| GB ‰eevwnK m¤úK© ¸ß‡ì gh©v`v‡K eû¸Y e„w× K‡i| ZvB
G NUbv‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ ¯^Y©gy`ªv cÖKvk Kiv n‡qwQj| g„Zzï c~‡e© cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß Zuvi
cyÎ mgy`ª¸ß‡K DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i hvb|
BwZnvm c„ôv 105

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï kvmbKvj wPwýZ Ki“bÑ
(K) wLª÷c~e© 320 †_‡K 540 wLª÷vã ch©š—
(L) 320 wLª÷vã †_‡K 540 wLª÷vã ch©š—
(M) wLª÷c~e© 540 †_‡K 320 wLª÷vã ch©š—
(N) 540 wLª÷vã †_‡K 740 wLª÷vã ch©š—|
2| ÔGjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í' †K iPbv K‡ib?
(K) ivR‡kLi (L) eivnwgwni
(M) ¸iewgkª (N) nwi‡lY
3| ¸ßes‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K?
(K) N‡UvrKP¸ß (L) cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß
(M) kªx¸ß (N) b‡i›`ª¸ß
4| wj”Qwe †`ŠwnÎ †K wQ‡jb?
(K) kªx¸ß (L) cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß
(M) mgy`ª¸ß (N) wØZxq P›`ª¸ß|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| Kzlv‡YvËi hy‡Mi fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi weeiY wjLyb|
2| ¸ß‡ì BwZnvm cybM©V‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e wkjvwjwc I gy`ªvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
3| cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| ¸ß‡ì BwZnvm cybM©V‡bi Drmmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2| ¸ß mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi †cÖ¶vcU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3| ¸ß es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K ? ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï DÌv‡bi BwZnvm wee„Z Kiyb|
4| Ôwj”Qwe' weev‡ni we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡ wbiƒcY Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar (ed.), The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol III (The
Classical Age).
2| R.D. Banerjee, Age of the Imperial Guptas.
3| nx‡i›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, (1g LÛ)|
4| cÖfvZvsï gvBwZ, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, (1g LÛ)|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
106
cvV - 5
mgy`ª¸ß
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ
• mgy`ª¸‡ßi BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨we¯Ívi bxwZ I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• mgy`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

c~‡e©i cvV n‡Z Avcbviv cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß KZ…©K wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix wnmv‡e mgy`ª¸‡ßi g‡bvbqb
m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb| mgy`ª¸ß m¤¢ve¨ 335 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges 380 wLª÷v‡ãi c~‡e©
Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi Ab¨Zg †kªô GB mgªv‡Ui BwZnvm cybM©V‡bi †ek wKQy Dcv`vb
i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivRKwe nwi‡lY iwPZ ÔGjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í', Gib, bvj›`v I Mqvwjwc, cuvP
ai‡bi gy`ªv, ˆPwbK weeiY, cyivY, ¯§„wZkv¯¿, Ô†KŠgy`x g‡nvrme' bvgK GKwU bvwUKv, Kvwj`v‡mi
ÔiNyeskg&' BZ¨vw` weL¨vZ| G mKj Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ ÔGjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í' LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm wnmv‡e
HwZnvwmK gn‡j mgv`„Z| Gjvnvev‡ì `y‡M© iw¶Z GB cÖkw¯ÍLvwb m¤¢eZ mgy`ª¸‡ßi g„Zzï ciB
DrKxY© Kiv n‡qwQj| Avevi †KD †KD `vwe K‡ib, mgy`ª¸‡ßi `w¶Y fviZ weR‡qi ci GwU iwPZ
nq| cÖkw¯—wU AvswkK c‡`¨, AvswkK M‡`¨ iwPZ| nwi‡lY †h‡nZz mgy`ª¸‡ßi mfvKwe †m‡nZz Zuvi
ewY©Z w`wM¦Rq Kvwnbx‡Z wKQy AwZk‡qvw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| AjsK…Z ms¯‹…‡Z iwPZ GB wjwcwUi Q‡Î
Q‡Î mgy`ª¸‡ßi ÔmvgªvRëv`x `¤¢' Qwo‡q Av‡Q e‡j W. †Kvkv¤^x gZ e¨³ K‡ib|Z‡e GB ivRcÖkw¯ÍwU
mgy`ª¸‡ßi wk¶v, we‡`¨vrmvwnZv, ivR¨ Rq I ivR¨kvmb Ges e¨w³MZ cÖwZfv m¤ú‡K© wek` Z_¨
cÖ`vb K‡i|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m ivR¨ we‡RZviƒ‡c †h mKj mgªvU L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb, mgy`ª¸ß Zuv‡ì g‡a¨
cÖ_g mvwi‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Qb| DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvi ¯’vbxq GKwU ivR¨‡K wZwb
me©fviZxq GK mvgªv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi Z…Zxq mvgªvRëv`x cyiyl wnmv‡e mgy`ª¸ß
weL¨vZ| e¯ÍzZ P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© Ges KzlvY mgªvU KwY‡®‹i ci G‡Zv eo weRqx exi fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m
wØZxqwU †`Lv hvq bv|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨Rq m¤ú‡K© nwi‡lY iwPZ Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖkw¯Í
Abymv‡i mgy`ª¸ß DËi fvi‡Zi bq Rb ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡ib| Guiv n‡jb APy¨Z, bvM‡mb, iy`ª‡è,
gwZj, bvM`Ë, P›`ªeg©Y, MYcwZbvM, b›`x I ejeg©Y| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ MYcwZbvM (g_yivi bvMes‡ki
ivRv), bvM‡mb (cÙveZx ev †Mvqvwjqi AÂ‡ji ivRv), APy¨Z (Awn”QÎ ev DËi cÖ‡`‡ki ivgbMi I
ivq‡ewiwj'i ivRv) Ges P›`ªeg©‡Yi (cwðge‡½i evKzov AÂ‡ji ivRv) cwiPq Rvbv hvq| evwK cuvP
R‡bi mwVK mbv³KiY GLbI m¤¢e nqwb| hv‡nvK, DËi fviZ ev Avh©veZ© R‡qi †¶‡Î mgy`ª¸ß
BwZnvm c„ôv 107

Gm Gm GBP Gj
†KŠwUj¨ I g¨vwKqv‡fjxi bxwZ c~Y©gvÎvq AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, Ôwhwb AwaKZi
¶gZvkvjx wZwb hy× Ki‡eb| hvi cÖ‡qvRbxq A¯¿-k¯¿ I A_© _vK‡e wZwb kÎyi weiy‡× hy× †NvlYv
Ki‡eb|' Avh©ve‡Z©i ivRvM‡Yi cÖwZ Zuvi hy×bxwZ wQj m¤ú~Y© D‡”Q‡ì| DwjøwLZ 9 Rb ivRv‡K
hy‡× civwRZ K‡i mgy`ª¸ß Zv‡ì ivR¨ wbR mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
mgy`ª¸ß †Kej Avh©ve‡Z©i ivRM‡Yi D‡”Q` mvab K‡iB ¶všÍ nbwb| wZwb ga¨fvi‡Zi AvUweK ivR¨
A_©vr AiY¨ ivR¨¸‡jvI c`vbZ K‡iwQ‡jb| G mKj AiY¨ ivR¨ ev AvUweK ivR¨ MvRxcyi,
ReŸjcyi cÖf…wZ AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z wQj| GiY wjwc‡Z G msµvšÍ Z_¨ wjwce× Av‡Q|
AvUweK ivR¨R‡qi ci mgy`ª¸ß `w¶Y fviZ Rq K‡ib| G msµvšÍ Z_¨ Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í‡Z DrKxY©
Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgy`ª¸ß `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ ivR¨ Rq Ki‡jI ivR¨¸‡jv‡K AwaMÖnY K‡i wbR mvgªvR¨fz³
K‡ibwb| ivR‰bwZK `~i`„wó Ges cÖkvmwbK myweav-Amyweavi wePv‡i mgy`ª¸ß `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ A‡bKUv Ôag©
weRqx'i f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb civwRZ ivRv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ Av`vq K‡i ivR¨¸‡jv wdwi‡q †`b
A_ev Ki` iv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib| mfvKwe nwi‡lY e‡jb, mgy`ª¸ß ÔMÖnY-cwi‡gv¶ bxwZ' †bb| G
bxwZi A_© n‡jvÑ cÖ_‡g MÖnY A_©vr kÎy‡K kw³i †Rv‡i ew›` Kiv Ges Zuvi ek¨Zv Av`v‡qi ci
†gv¶ `vb ev gyw³ †`qv| civwRZ ivRv ivR¨ wd‡i †c‡Zb wKšÍz mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †c‡Zb bv| hv‡nvK,
mgy`ª¸‡ßi Awfhvb mvaviYZ: ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki `w¶Y I c~e©fvM, Dwol¨v Ges `vw¶Yv‡Zï c~e© DcK‚‡ji
KvÂx ch©šÍ mxgve× wQj| GB f‚-fv‡Mi ev‡iv Rb ivRv I iv‡Rï bvg Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í m~‡Î Rvbv
hvq hv‡ì Ici ÔMÖnY cwi‡gv¶ bxwZ' cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡qwQj| Guiv n‡jb †Kvk‡ji (`w¶Y †Kvkj ev
wejvm I ga¨cª‡`‡ki ivqcyi †Rjv Ges Dwol¨vi m¤^jcyi †Rjv) g‡n›`ª, gnvKvšÍv‡ii (ga¨ fvi‡Zi
ebvÂj) e¨vNªivR, †KŠi‡ji (ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki †kvb&cyi †Rjv) gšÍivR, †KvËz‡ii (MÄvg †Rjvi †KvÆzi)
¯^vgx`Ë, wcôcyi‡gi (A‡Ü«i †Mv`veix †Rjv) g‡n›`ªwMwi, Bi›`c‡jøi (wfRvMvcÆg †Rjv) `vgb,
KvwÂi (Zvwgjbvoyi KvwÂfig †Rjv) weòz‡Mvc, †e½xi (K…òv †Mv`veix †Rjvi B‡jvi) nw¯Íeg©Y,
Aegy³vi (KvwÂi wbKUeZx© ¯’vb) ev AvivgKz‡Ui bxjivR, cjøv‡Ki (†b‡jøvi †Rjv) DMÖ‡mb,
†èiv‡óªi (m¤¢eZ: wfRvMvcÆg) Kz‡ei Ges Kz¯’jcy‡ii (DËi AvK©U †Rjv) abÄq|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi wØgyLx bxwZi (mivmwi †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi AšÍfz©³ Kiv wKsev mvgšÍivR¨ wnmv‡e Pj‡Z †`qv)
d‡j DËi-c~e© fvi‡Zi mxgv‡šÍi †ek K‡qKRb ivRv ev †MvôxcwZ mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk
K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ mgZU (`w¶Y-c~e© evsjv), WevK (Avmv‡gi bIMuv †Rjv ev evsjvii XvKv †Rjv),
Kvgiƒc (DËi Avmvg), †bcvj I KZ…©cy‡ii (mbv³KiY weZwK©Z) bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Ab¨w`‡K DËi-
cwðg fvi‡Z cwðg fvi‡Zi kK ivRMY, cwðg cvÄve I AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi KzlvY ivRMYI mgy`ª¸‡ßi
cÖvavb¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb| GQvov c~e© ivRcyZvbv I gv›`vmi GjvKvi Ôgvje', ivR¯’v‡bi Rqcyi
I Av‡jvqv‡ii ÔAR©ybvqb', cvwK¯Ív‡bi fvIqvjcyi iv‡Rï mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z kZ`ªy b`xi Dfq Zx‡ii
evwm›`v Ô†hŠ‡aq', ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki muvPx GjvKvi ÔAvexi', ÔLicixK', wfjmvi ÔKvK' RvwZ mgy`ª¸‡ßi
cÖfzZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
cÖkw¯Í Abyhvqx mgy`ª¸ß K‡bŠR ev cyøcyi n‡Z mg¯Í Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Avh©ve‡Z©i mKj
ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡i wZwb Ôme©iv‡Rv‡”QËv' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| nwi‡l‡Yi g‡Z, civwRZ ivRbëM©
ÔKi cÖ`vb K‡i, Av‡`k cvjb K‡i I ek¨Zv Ávcb K‡i mgy`ª¸‡ßi mgªv‡UvwPZ wb‡`©k cvjb
K‡iwQj|' mgy`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvR¨ wQj cÖfzZ¡ I ¯^vqË¡kvm‡bi GK Ac~e© mgb¦q| w`wM¦Rq m¤úbœ K‡i wZwb
ÔAk¦‡gahÁ' Abyôvb K‡ib Ges GB h‡Ái ¯§„wZi¶vq ¯^Y©gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
108
mvgªvR¨mxgv
mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨we¯Ívi bxwZ I hy× weMÖ‡ni Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Zuvi mvgªvR¨mxgv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv
hvq| DËi cÖ‡`k, wenvi, evsjv I ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki wKQy Ask wb‡q wZwb cÖZ¨¶ kvmb ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi
evB‡i mvgšÍiv‡Rï cwigÛj wZwb ¯’vcb K‡ib| c~e© fvi‡Z mgZU, WevK, †bcvj ; cwð‡g gvje,
DËi-cwð‡g LicwiKMY GB cwigÛj iPbv K‡i| W. i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi cÖZ¨¶ I Ki` ivR¨
wgwj‡q mgy`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvR¨mxgv a‡i‡QbÑ Kvwk¥i, cwðg cvÄve, cwðg ivRcyZvbv, wmÜz, ¸RivU
e¨wZZ mgMÖ DËi fviZ; `w¶‡Y Dwol¨vi QwËmMo n‡q c~e© DcK‚j a‡i Zvwgjbvoyi wP‡½j‡KvU
†Rjv ch©šÍ| GQvov mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨mxgvi evB‡i cÖwZ‡ekxivI Zuvi civµg Abyfe K‡i `ªyZ Zuvi
m‡½ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib| A_©vr mvgªv‡Rï evB‡iI Zuvi ÔcÖfve ejq' we¯Í„Z wQj|
ivR¨ R‡qi cÖK…wZ
mgy`ª¸ß GB bxwZ wb‡q KL‡bvB BZ¯—Z K‡ibwb, ivR¨ AwaMÖnY KivB n‡jv ivRvi cÖavb KZ©e¨
KvR| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖPÛ mvgªvRëv`x| W. w¯§_ m¤¢eZ G Kvi‡YB mgy`ª¸ß‡K ÒfviZxq †b‡cvwjqbÓ
AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| fvi‡Zi RvZxqZvev`x HwZnvwmKMY g‡b K‡ib, Avmgy`ªwngvPj we¯Í„Z fviZf‚wg‡K
GK kvm‡b Ave× KivB wQj mgy`ª¸‡ßi j¶| A‡b‡K mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨R‡qi g‡a¨ eªvþYä‡g©i
mvgªvRëv` j¶ K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK †ivwgjv _vcv‡ii g‡Z, mgy`ª¸ß mviv fvi‡Z eªvþY¨mf¨Zvi aŸRv
Dwo‡q †`b| A‡b‡K Avevi mgy`ª¸ß‡K Ôag©weRqx' wnmv‡e AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| ÔMÖnY-cwi‡gv¶' bxwZi
wfwË‡Z Zuviv e‡jb, mgy`ª¸ß‡K mvgªvRëv`x ev AvMÖvmx ejv hyw³hy³ bq| fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK HK¨
¯’vcb A_©vr ALÛ fviZ m„wói D‡Ïk¨B wQj mgy`ª¸‡ßi cÖavb PvwjKvkw³| Aek¨ A‡b‡K mgy`ª¸‡ßi
mvgªvRëv`x bxwZi †cQ‡b A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ j¶ K‡i‡Qb| `w¶‡Yi AcwiwgZ m¤ú` msMÖn, M½v-
hgybv DcZ¨Kvi K…wl m¤ú` n¯ÍMZ Kiv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YB mgy`ª¸ß hy× weMÖn K‡i‡Qb| hv‡nvK, GK_v
ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h, ¸ß mvgªvR¨ GKwU we‡kl HwZnvwmK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D™¢yZ n‡qwQj| KzlvY mvgªv‡Rï
cZ‡bi ci fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z †h kw³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q ¸ß mvgªvR¨ Zv `~i K‡i|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡
Gjvnvev‡ì wkjvwjwc Abyhvqx mgy`ª¸ß eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb Mvb MvB‡Z I exYv
evRv‡Z cvi‡Zb| KwZcq ¯^Y©gy`ªvq Zuv‡K exYvev`K iƒ‡c cvj‡¼ Dcweó †`Lv hvq| KweZv iPbv‡ZI
Zuvi h‡_ó cvi`wk©Zv wQj| ÔKweivR' Dcvwa †`‡L g‡b nq m¤¢eZ wZwb cÖ_g †kªYxi ARmª KweZv
wj‡LwQ‡jb| wKšÍz Kv‡ji Ke‡j c‡o Zv wejxb n‡q †M‡Q| A‡kv‡Ki b¨vq mgy`ª¸ß civµ‡gi
mvnv‡h¨ w`wM¦R‡qi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb| wKšÍz Df‡qi civµg I w`wM¦R‡qi g‡a¨ wQj AvKvk-cvZvj
Zdvr| GKR‡bi A¯¿ n‡jv b¨vq, ag© I c‡ivcKvwiZv Ges AciR‡bi A¯¿, mvgwiK kw³ I eyw×|
A‡kvK Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³‡Z kw³gvb; Avi mgy`ª¸ß evûe‡j ejxqvb| A‡kv‡Ki e¨w³Z¡‡K †KD
A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi mgy`ª¸‡ßi cÖvavb¨ ¯^xKvi bv Kivi Dcvq †bB| mgy`ª¸ß †Kej
w`wM¦Rqx †hv×vB wQ‡jb bv, wQ‡jb GKRb my`¶ kvmKI| `w¶Y fvi‡Z Zuvi wgÎZvg~jK bxwZ Zuvi
K‚U‰bwZK Áv‡biB cwiPq †`q| mgy`ª¸ß Zuvi mvgwiK cÖwZfv Ges K‚U‰bwZK kw³‡Z fviZe¨vcx
ivRbxwZK GKZvi m~ÎcvZ NUvb| A‡kv‡Ki ag©-weRq A‡c¶v Zv Kg †MŠi‡ei bq| A‡kv‡Ki
ag©bxwZ, Kg©bxwZ I ev¯Íe eyw×i b¨vq mgy`ª¸‡ßi D`viZv, we‡`¨vrmvwnZv, cigZ mwnòzZv I
BwZnvm c„ôv 109

Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivRbxwZK `~i`wk©Zv cÖksmbxq| Kw_Z Av‡Q, weL¨vZ †eŠ× cwÛZ emyeÜz Zuvi gš¿x Ges nwi‡lY Zuvi
mfvKwe wQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡R eªvþYä‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK n‡qI †eŠ×, ˆRb ev Ab¨ †Kvb a‡g©i cÖwZ we‡Øl
fvevcbœ wQ‡jb bv| nwi‡l‡Yi cÖkw¯Í‡Z, mgy`ª¸ß m¤ú‡K© AZz¨w³ _vK‡jI Zuvi K…wZZ¡‡K m¤ú~Y©
A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| mgy`ª¸ß wQ‡jb mvaye¨w³‡ì Avkv¯îƒc, Avi Amvay‡ì Rb¨ cÖjq| nwi‡lY
mgy`ª¸ß‡K gvby‡li AvK…wZ‡Z †èZv Zzj¨ ÔAwPšÍ¨cyiyl' e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
mvims‡¶c
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi mvgªvR¨‡Kw›`ªK BwZnv‡mi Z…Zxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ch©v‡q mgy`ª¸ß n‡”Qb cÖavb e¨w³Z¡|
Zuvi w`wM¦R‡qi Kvwnbx cÖvPxb BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| mfvKwe nwi‡l‡Yi cÖkw¯Í
†_‡K GB w`wM¦Rq m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv hvq| Z‡e G weei‡Y wKQyUv AwZk‡qvw³ _vK‡Z
cv‡i| Zv m‡ËI Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq Avh©ve‡Z©i wekvj GK AÂ‡j
mgy`ª¸‡ßi cÖZ¨¶ kvmb Ges Gi msjMœ GK we¯ÍxY© AÂj c‡iv¶ kvmbvaxb wQj| wZwb
weRqm~PK Ôme©iv‡Rv‡”QËv' Dcvwa aviY K‡ib| Zuvi mvgwiK K…wZ‡Z¡i m~Î a‡iB Zuv‡K
ÔfviZxq †bv‡cvwjqb' ejv n‡q‡Q| wj”Qwe †`ŠwnÎ mgy`ª¸ß‡K ÔAwPšÍ¨cyiyl'I ejv nq| †Kej
w`wM¦Rqx †hv×vB bq wZwb GKvav‡i my`¶ kvmK Ges KweZv I m½xZ iwmK e¨w³Z¡ wnmv‡eI
cwiwPZ| eûgyLx cÖwZfvevb GB mgªvUB Kvh©Kifv‡e fviZ‡K GK my‡Zvi gvjvq Muv_evi †Póv
K‡i wKQyUv mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1| †Kvb&wU mgy`ª¸‡ßi BwZnv‡mi cÖavb Drm?
(K) GiY wjwc (L) Mqvwjwc
(M) Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Íwjwc (N) mymywbqv wjwc|
2| P›`ªeg©Y †Kvb AÂ‡ji ivRv wQ‡jb?
(K) cwðge‡½i evKzov AÂ‡ji (L) g_yivi bvMes‡ki ivRv
(M) ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki †kvb&cyi AÂ‡ji (N) †Mvqvwjqi AÂ‡ji ivRv
3| mgy`ª¸ß `w¶Y fvi‡Z †Kvb bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡ib?
(K) †KŠwUj¨xq bxwZ (L) g¨vwKqvf¨vjxi bxwZ
(M) i³ I †jŠn bxwZ (N) MÖnY-cwi‡gv¶ bxwZ
4| wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb ivR¨wU `w¶Y fvi‡Zi bq?
(K) †Kvkj (L) gnvKvšÍvi
(M) KvwÂ (N) K‡bŠR
5| †Kvb HwZnvwmK mgy`ª¸ß‡K ÔfviZxq †b‡cvwjqb' AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb?
(K) W. w¯§_ (L) W. Avi.wm. gRyg`vi
(M) e¨vkvg (N) Aa¨vcK †ivwgjv _vcvi
6| DËi fvi‡Z mvgwiK mvd‡jï ci mgy`ª¸ß †Kvb Dcvwa aviY K‡ib?
(K) AwPšÍ¨cyiyl (L) KweivR
(M) me©iv‡Rv‡”QËv (N) gnvivRvwaivR|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
110
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| mgy`ª¸ß KZ…©K `vw¶YvZ¨ weRq eY©bv Kiyb|
2| A‡kvK I mgy`ª¸‡ßi wØwM¦Rq wK GKB cÖK…wZi wQj?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Íi Av‡jv‡K mgy`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2| mgy`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvRëv`x bxwZi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiyb|wZwb K‡Zv`~i mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb?
3| mgy`ª¸ß‡K ¸ßivRM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kªô ejvi †cQ‡b hyw³¸‡jv wKÑ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol- III, Classical Age.
2| R.D. Banerji, Age of Imperial Guptas.
3| P.L. Gupta, Gupta Empire.
6| nx‡i›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, (1g LÛ)
BwZnvm c„ôv 111

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 6
wØZxq P›`ª¸ß
D‡Ïk¨
• wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ivR¨ we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mg‡q ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖf‚Z DbœwZi cwiPq cv‡eb ;
• wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb ;
• ÔkKvwi weµgvw`Z¨' m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
wmsnvmbv‡ivnY
mgy`ª¸ß RxweZve¯’vq Zuvi wØZxq cyÎ P›`ª¸ß‡K me©v‡c¶v Dchy³ g‡b K‡i ¯^xq DËivwaKvix
g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| GB g‡bvbqb Abymv‡i wZwb 380 wLª÷v‡ã ˆcwÎK ivR¨ jvf K‡i AZxe †hvM¨Zvi
mv‡_ ivRKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| P›`ª¸‡ßi wcZvg‡ni bvgI P›`ª¸ß wQj e‡j bZzb f‚-cwZ
BwZnv‡m cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß e‡j| wZwb Rxe‡bi †klfv‡M Ôweµgvw`Z¨' (m~h©mg
civµvšÍ) Dcvwa aviY K‡ib| Aek¨ wZwb Av‡iv †ek wKQy bv‡g AwfwnZ wQ‡jb, h_v- b‡i›`ªP›`ª,
wmsnP›`ª, †èivR, †èkªx, †è¸ß BZ¨vw`|
KwZcq AvaywbK HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z, mgy`ª¸‡ßi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi cÖ_g mšÍvb ivg¸ß ivRv nb| wZwb
G‡Zv `ye©j‡PZv wQ‡jb †h, e¨w³MZ gvb-m¤§vbI i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| GK`v wZwb cÖv‡Yi f‡q
Zuvi mnawg©Yx aªye‡èx‡K GK AZ¨vPvix kK kvm‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡Z m¤§Z nb| wØZxq P›`ª¸ß GB
biwckvP‡K nZ¨v K‡i ivYxi gh©v`v i¶v K‡ib| AZ:ci wZwb AMÖR ivg¸‡ßi cÖvY msnvi K‡i
wmsnvmb jv‡fi GKgvÎ K›UK `~i Kivi gva¨‡g aªye‡èx‡K cwiYq cv‡k Ave× K‡ib| Aek¨ AvR
ch©šÍ G Kvwnbxi †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK wfwË cvIqv hvqwb| GgbwK mgmvgwqK DrKxY© †Kv‡bv wjwc‡ZI
ivg¸ß bv‡g †Kv‡bv hyeiv‡Ri D‡jøL †`Lv hvq bv| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ivR‡Z¡i cÖvq `yBkZ eQi c‡i
mßg kZvãxi Ônl©PwiZ' iPwqZv evYf‡Æi Ô†èx P›`ª¸ßg&' bvU‡K cÖ_g †Pv‡L c‡o †h, P›`ª¸ß
cÖYwqbxi QÙ‡e‡k AšÍ:cy‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i KvgvZ© kKivR hLb ciKxqv †cÖ‡g gË wQ‡jb ZLb Zuvi
Rxe‡bi cwimgvwß NwU‡q †`b| GB kK ivRvi bvg iy`ªwmsn n‡jI AvL¨vwqKvq ivg¸ß ev aªye‡èxi
D‡jøL †bB| G Ae¯’vq AwaKZi wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖgvY bv cvIqv ch©šÍ welqwU m¤ú‡K© P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY
Kiv m¤¢e bq|
ivR¨we¯Ívi
DËivwaKvim~‡Î wØZxq P›`ª¸ß GK wekvj mvgªv‡Rï Aaxk¦i nb| wcZvi b¨vq wZwbI D”Pvwfjvlx
wQ‡jb| cÖ_g n‡ZB wZwb Ôwek¦Rq' (GLv‡b msKxY© A‡_© fviZ Rq) Kivi cÖej evmbv AšÍ‡i †cvlY
BDwbU--- c„ôv
112
Ki‡Zb|GB D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖvqB wZwb cieZx©Kvjxb BD‡iv‡ci n¨vcmevM© I eyieb Ges fviZe‡l©i
Ôgnvb' †gvMj‡ì b¨vq êevwnK m¤^Ü Øviv kw³kvjx ivRv‡ì‡K wgÎZvg~jK mwÜ‡Z Ave× Kivi
†Póv Ki‡Zb, Ab¨_vq mvgwiK kw³i Avkªq MÖnY Kiv n‡Zv|cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß wj”Qwe ivR`ywnZv
Kzgvi‡èx‡K weevn K‡i †h iv‡Rï wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib,mgy`ª¸ß ê‡`wkK ivRKzgvix‡ì‡K
Dc‡XŠKb¯îƒc MÖnY K‡i †h iv‡Rï ¯’vwqZ¡ G‡b †`b, wØZxq P›`ª¸ßI GKB cš’vq †mB iv‡Rï kw³
I w¯’wZkxjZv A‡bK e„w× K‡ib| wZwb bvM I evKvUK ivRes‡ki mv‡_ êevwnK m¤^‡Üi gva¨‡g ¸ß
mvgªvR¨‡K my`„p K‡ib| wZwb wb‡R bvM ivRKb¨v Kz‡ei‡èx‡K weevn K‡ib I Zvi d‡j fvi‡Zi c~e©
mxgv‡šÍ ¸ß mvgªvR¨mxgv we¯Í„Z nq| Gici wZwb wbR Kb¨v cÖfveZxi m‡½ evKvUK b„cwZ wØZxq
iy`ª‡mbvi weevn w`‡q H iv‡Rï m‡½ ˆgÎx m¤ú‡K© Ave× nb| bvM I evKvUK‡ì mv‡_ GB eÜyZ¡cyY©
m¤^Ü cwðg fvi‡Zi kKM‡Yi weiy‡× Zvi hy‡× we‡kl mnvqK n‡qwQj, KviY Zuviv †h f‚-L‡Û ivRZ¡
Ki‡Zb Zv n‡Z ¸RivU I †mŠiv‡óªi kK ivR¨ AvµgYKvix DËi fviZxq kvmK‡K Zuviv h‡_ó
mvnvh¨ A_ev evav cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| gy`ªvi mv¶¨ n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, wØZxq P›`ª¸ß cieZx© mg‡q
kK ivR¨¸‡jv AwaKvi K‡ib| kK‡ì aŸsm K‡i wZwb ÔkKvwi' Dcvwa †bb| kK‡ì weiy‡× hy‡×
evKvUK‡ì mwµq mvnvh¨ wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mvdj¨ wbwðZKi‡Y we‡kl f‚wgKv iv‡L| cwðg gvje,
¸RivU I Kvw_Iqvi ev †mŠiv‡óª kK kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi d‡j ¸ß mvgªvR¨ Avie mvM‡ii Zxi ch©šÍ
we¯Í„Z nq| Gi d‡j cvðvZ¨ †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM e„w× cvqÑ Gfv‡e ¸ß
Avg‡j fvi‡Zi A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi c_I nq cÖk¯Í| wØZxq P›`ª¸ß cÖ_‡g cvUwjcyÎ Ges c‡i
D¾wqbx‡Z mvgªv‡Rï ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| Kvjµ‡g D¾wqbx ¸ß mvgªvR¨ Z_v fvi‡Zi mvs¯‹…wZK
†K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq|
ÔkKvwi weµgvw`Z¨' I wØZxq P›`ª¸ß

wKse`šÍxi ivRv weµgvw`Z¨ I wØZxq P›`ª¸ß weµgvw`Z¨ GKB e¨w³ wKbv, ejv `yiƒn| RbkªywZ
Abymv‡i, cÖvPxb fvi‡Z D¾wqbx‡Z weµgvw`Z¨ bv‡g GK ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb gvje, ¸RivU, †mŠivóª
ev Kvw_Iqv‡ii kK‡ì‡K civwRZ K‡i ÔkKvwi' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| Ôweµg m¤^r bv‡g GKwU bZzb
mvj MYbv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Drmvn `vb Ges bqRb cwÛZ‡K wb‡q ÔbeiZœ' mfv MVb Zuvi †kªô
KxwZ©| A`¨vwc DrKxY© wjwc, gy`ªv ev ¯Í¤¢ wjwc‡Z Giƒc †Kv‡bv ivRvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvqwb|
wKšÍz DwjøwLZ cÖvq me KvRB wØZxq P›`ª¸ß m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq (weµg m¤^‡Zi cÖPjb
e¨wZZ)| gnvKwe Kvwj`vm Zuvi mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb I ivRKxq c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wbR
evûe‡ji Ici wbf©i K‡i wZwb kK‡ì ivRavbx‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z AmvaviY mvnm I ˆbc~Y¨ cÖ`k©b
K‡ib| eûw`b ci Zuvi kK weR‡qi Kvwnbx wKse`šÍx AvKv‡i Pvwiw`K Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K| myZivs
wKse`šÍxi bvqK I wØZxq P›`ª¸ß Awfbœ e¨w³ n‡Z cv‡ib| G g‡Zi we‡ivaxZv K‡i A‡b‡K e‡jb,
ÔbeiZœ' mfvi A‡b‡K wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mgq RxweZ wQ‡jb bv| †hgb, †R¨vwZwe©` eivn&wgwni †h Zuvi
mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb bv GK_v wbwðZ| GQvov wKse`šÍx Abymv‡i weµgvw`Z¨ Ôweµg m¤^r' cÖeZ©b K‡ib
wLª÷c~e© 52 A‡ã| myZivs †Kv‡bvµ‡gB wØZxq P›`ª¸ß‡K Gi cÖeZ©K ejv P‡j bv| Z‡e m¤¢eZ GB
A‡ãi mv‡_ Ôweµg' bv‡gi †hvMv‡hvM cieZx© hy‡Mi Avwe®‹vi| hvB †nvK bv †Kb, weµgvw`‡Zï
wKse`šÍx Rbgvb‡m cieZx© hy‡M GKvav‡i mgy`ª¸‡ßi w`wM¦Rq, wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ms¯‹…wZ cÖqvm I
¯‹Ü¸‡ßi n‚Y weRq‡K wgwkªZ K‡i M‡o IVv A¯^vfvweK bq|
BwZnvm c„ôv 113

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvðvZ¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ evwYwR¨K m¤^Ü ¯’vc‡b D¾wqbxi ¯’vb

AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB †eªvP, †mvcvi, Kv‡¤^ cÖf…wZ fvi‡Zi cwðg DcK‚‡j Aew¯’Z e›ì¸‡jv mvgyw`ªK
evwY‡Rï Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| cvðvZ¨ †`k n‡Z wewfbœ cY¨`ªe¨ wb‡q we‡`kx ewYKMY G mKj e›`‡i
Avm‡Zb| P›`ª¸ß gvje, ¸RivU I †mŠivóª AwaKvi Kivq G e›ì¸‡jv Zuvi nv‡Z c‡oÑ d‡j
evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g cÖPyi A_© ivR‡Kv‡l Rgv nq| Gw`‡K ewYK‡ì mvgyw`ªK e›`‡i †h‡Z D¾wqbxi
c_B cÖk¯Í; D¾wqbx‡Z cY¨`ªe¨ ¸`vgRvZ K‡i wewfbœ e›`‡i †cÖiY Kiv mnR Ges wbivcËv I
Avw_©K w`K w`‡q wQj AwaKZi myweavRbK| e¯ÍzZ Avengvb Kvj a‡i D¾wqbx wQj ¯’j evwY‡Rï
¯œvqy‡K›`ª| wn›`y‡ì Kv‡Q evivYmxi ciB GwU wQj wØZxq cweÎ ¯’vb| m‡e©vcwi GB AÂjwU wQj
AZ¨šÍ De©iv| cÖwZ eQi GLv‡b cÖPyi dmj Rb¥v‡Zv| dmj n‡Z Avevi eëmvwqK DbœwZ N‡U I
h‡_ó A_©vMg nq| Gi myweav wb‡q ewne©vwYR¨ w`‡bi ci w`b e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
AMÖMwZi c_I myMg nq| wØZxq P›`ª¸ß GB AÂ‡ji mvgwMÖK myweav AZ¨šÍ eyw×i mv‡_ eënvi
K‡ib|
wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

¸ßes‡ki cÖavb ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß e¨wZZ mK‡jB `xN©Kvj ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi
†ejv‡ZI GB m‡Zï e¨wZµg nqwb| wZwb 413 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †PŠwÎk eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G mg‡qi
g‡a¨ AkvwšÍ ev we‡`ªv‡ni K_v †Zgb †kvbv hvqwb| GUv ivRvi kw³gËv, weP¶YZv I K‡VviZvi
cwiPvqK| P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †KD †Kv‡bvw`b k„´Ljvwe‡ivax KvR Ki‡Z ev ivRv‡`k jsNb
Ki‡Z mvnm †c‡Zb bv| ivRv †hgb RgKv‡jv Dcvwa fv‡jvevm‡Zb †Zgwb evwn¨K Avo¤î cQ›`
Ki‡Zb| Zuvi Avg‡j cÖKvwkZ `yB ai‡bi ¯^Y©gy`ªv †`Lv hvq| K‡Zv¸‡jv ¯^Y©gy`ªvq wZwb Zxi-abyK
nv‡Z exi †e‡k `Ûvqgvb| Avevi Aci K‡qKwU‡Z wZwb wms‡ni mv‡_ kw³ cix¶vq AeZxY©| we`¨v
I Áv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv Kiv Zuvi GK Abb¨ mvaviY ¸Y| Kw_Z Av‡Q, Zuvi ivRmfv ÔbeiZœ' bv‡g
bqRb cwÛZ Øviv Aj¼…Z wQj| gnvKwe Kvwj`vm Zuvi mfvi Ab¨Zg Aj¼vi wQ‡jb|
hv‡nvK wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j ¸ß mvgªvR¨ DbœwZ I †MŠi‡ei Pig wkL‡i †cŠu‡QwQj| mgy`ª¸ß‡K
hw` ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï we¯ÍviKZ©v ejv hvq Z‡e wØZxq P›`ª¸ß‡K †mB mvgªv‡Rï msMVK ejv P‡j| wZwb
wQ‡jb GKvav‡i GKRb exi‡hv×v, my`¶ kvmK I mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK|
mvims‡¶c
mgy`ª¸‡ßi DËivwaKvix wnmv‡e wØZxq P›`ª¸ß GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡ib| cwðg fviZ
†_‡K kK‡ì weZvob Zvi gyL¨ mvgwiK K…wZZ¡| G Kvi‡Y wZwb ÔkKvwi' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ w`‡K wZwb mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY Ges `„p kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| êevwnK m¤úK©
¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb bvM I evKvUK eskxq ivRv‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| gnvKwe
Kvwj`vmmn A‡bK Ávbx-¸Yx e¨w³ Zuvi mfv Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| †kŠh©-exh©, wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ I
A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi cwiPq enb K‡i Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj| wØZxq P›`ª¸ßB m¤¢eZ wKse`šÍxi
weµgvw`Z¨| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j ˆPwbK ch©UK dv-wn‡qb fviZ mdi K‡ib| dv-wn‡q‡bi weei‡Y
wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mgqKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q RxebwP‡Îi A‡bKUvB wea„Z n‡q
Av‡Q|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
114
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1| wØZxq P›`ª¸ß Kv‡ì mv‡_ we‡kl cš’vq ˆgÎxm~‡Î Ave× nb?
(K) wj”Qwe I bvM es‡ki mv‡_ (L) wj”Qwe I kK‡ì mv‡_
(M) bvM I n‚Y‡ì mv‡_ (N) evKvUK I bvM‡ì mv‡_|
2| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi cÖ_g ivRavbx †KvbwU?
(K) D¾wqbx (L) Kvw_qvIqvi
(M) cvUwjcyÎ (N) ¸RivU
3| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi Avg‡j ¯’j evwY‡Rï ¯œvqy‡K›`ª wQj †KvbwU?
(K) D¾wqbx (L) †mvcvi
(M) evivYmx (N) cvUwjcyÎ|
4| †Kvb ˆPwbK ch©UK wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mg‡q fviZ ågY K‡ib?
(K) wnD‡qb mvs (L) dv-wn‡qb
(M) Br-wms (N) ˆks wQ|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi cwiPq D‡jøLc~e©K Zuvi mvgªvR¨mxgv eY©bv Kiyb|
2| D¾wqbx m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
3| Avcwb wK wØZxq P›`ª¸ß‡K ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï msMVK e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji weeiY w`b| wZwb wKfv‡e kK kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb ?
2| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiyb| Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †h, Zuv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Ôweµgvw`Z¨
wKse`šÍx'i m„wó n‡qwQj ?
3| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi Avg‡j ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi I DbœwZi cwiPq w`b|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol- III, Classical Age.
2| R.D. Banerjee, Age of Imperial Guptas.
4| Awbj P›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi BwZnvm|
BwZnvm c„ôv 115

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 7
¸ß hy‡Mi †MŠie
D‡Ïk¨
• ¸ß hy‡M cÖvPxb fviZxq mf¨Zvi Pi‡gvbœwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• mvwnZ¨, wk¶v-`x¶v I weÁvb PP©v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• wkíKjvi weKvk m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb ;
• ¸ß kvmb eë¯’vi AMÖMwZ I ¸iyZ¡ wel‡q aviYv cv‡eb ;
• cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi Ôaªyc`x' ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq cv‡eb|
ivR‰bwZK GKZv
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m ¸ßmvgªvR¨B †kl me©‡kªô mvgªvRëv`x kw³|cieZx©Kv‡j nl©ea©‡bi cyl¨f‚wZ,
¸R©i-cÖZxnvi, cvj, ivóªK‚U I †Pvj mvgªvR¨ ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj e‡U, wKšÍz AvqZb, ¯’vwqZ¡ I gvb-
gh©v`vi w`K w`‡q G‡ì †KvbwU ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï mgK¶ bq| ¸ß‡ì kvmbvgj cÖvPxb fviZxq
BwZnv‡mi GK †MŠiegq Aa¨vq| A‡kv‡Ki mvgªv‡Rï g‡Zv wekvj bv n‡jI mf¨Zvi †¶‡Î ¸ßMY
D‡jøwLZ kw³i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk AMÖmi| DËi-cwðg fviZ ev my`~i `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmb
m¤úªmvi‡Y Zviv mdj nbwb; ê‡`wkK AvµgY I M„nweev‡` Zuv‡ì ivR¨wU †kl ch©šÍ wQbœ-wfbœ n‡q
hvqÑ G ‡nb `yf©vM¨ I `ywe©cvK m‡Ë¡I ¸ßMY `yBkZ ermi hveZ Avh©ve‡Z© GKZvi Drmiƒ‡c KvR
K‡ib|
¸ß‡ì †MŠie iv‡Rï wekvjZv Ici wbf©i K‡i bv; eis DbœZ kvmb eë¯’v Ges ivR‰bwZK H‡Kï
†PZbvB Gi Ab¨Zg AvKl©Y| `qv-gvqv, mwØ‡ePbv I mü`qZvi mv‡_ `„pZv wgwkªZ Ggb mykvm‡bi
`„óvšÍ Av‡M Avi †Kvbw`b †`Lv hvqwb|
mvwnZ¨
cÖvPxb fviZxq mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m ¸ß hy‡Mi ¯’vb AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvwnZ¨-†¶‡Î Zuv‡ì
`vb Awe¯§iYxq| Abe`¨ mvwnZ¨ m„wó Ges ms¯‹…Z fvlvi DrK‡l©i Rb¨ ¸ß hyM myweL¨vZ| mgy`ª¸ß
wb‡R D”P‡kªYxi Kwe Ges wØZxq P›`ª¸ß wKse`šÍxi ivRv weµgvw`Z¨ n‡j Zuviv wQ‡jb †mKv‡ji
me©‡kªô we‡`¨vrmvnx e¨w³| cÖvP¨ I cÖZx‡Pï ê‡`wkK ivóª I †jLKM‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK fve
wewbgq ¸ß iv‡R¨ mvwnZ¨-cÖwZfv weKv‡k mnvqK n‡qwQj| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq †_‡K ms¯‹…Z PP©vi
cÖgvY cvIqv hvq; Z‡e ¸ß‡ì kvmbKv‡j GwU ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v cvq| mgy`ª¸‡ßi mfvm` exi‡mb
weL¨vZ Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb| nwi‡lY iwPZ Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Íi fvlv AZ¨šÍ DbœZgv‡bi Ges
Dc‡fvM¨| ¸ßhy‡Mi ¯^Y©gy`ªvqI ms¯‹…Z eY©gvjvi eënvi j¶Yxq| gnvKwe Kvwj`vm wØZxq P›`ª¸ß
weµgvw`‡Zï ivRmfvq †_‡K ÔiNyesk', Ô†gN`~Z', ÔKzgvim¤¢e', ÔAwfÁvb kKzšÍjg&' I
ÔgvjweKvwMœwgÎ' cÖf…wZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| ÔiNyesk' gnvKve¨ mgy`ª¸ß I wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mvgwiK
cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i; ÔKzgvi m¤¢e' wn›`y‡èZv wk‡ei cÖwZ ¸ß‡ì fw³-cy¯úvÄwj, Ô†gN`~Z' PgrKvi MxwZ-
KweZv, ÔAwfÁvb-kKzšÍjg&' c„w_exi me©‡kªô bvUK¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg Ges ÔgvjweKvwMœwgÎ' cyl¨wg‡Îi cyÎ
BDwbU--- c„ôv
116
AwMœwg‡Îi Rxeb-Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ GKwU HwZnvwmK bvUK| GB hy‡M Aci †h mKj Kwe,
mvwnwZ¨K I bvU¨Kv‡ii `v‡b cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi mg„× Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Ôgy`ªviv¶m' cÖ‡YZv wekvL`Ë,
Ôg„”QKwUK' cÖ‡YZv k~`ªK, Ôkã‡Kvl' ev Awfavb †jLK Agiwmsn, †eŠ× †jLK emyeÜz I w`MbvM,
†R¨vwZwe©` Avh©fÆ, eivnwgwni I eªþ¸ß cÖavb| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvPxbKv‡j †h D”PgvMx©q bvU¨-
mvwnZ¨ †jLv n‡Zv Ôg„”QKwUK' Zuvi †kªô D`vniY| wekvL`Ë iwPZ Ôgy`ªviv¶m' Ges Ô†èx P›`ª¸ßg'
bvU‡Ki K_vI G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL¨|
¸ß hyM agx©q mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡mI ¸iyZ¡cyY©|GB hy‡MB gnvfviZ I cyivY¸‡jv m¤úv`bvi KvR m¤úbœ
nq| G¸‡jv be-m¤úv`bv I iPbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj †eŠ× a‡g©i wecix‡Z eªvþY¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ RbMY‡K
AvK…ó Kiv|hv‡nvK, wKse`šÍx, Mí, a‡g©vc‡`k, bxwZgvjv I Ava¨vwZ¥K `k©b wQj †cŠivwYK mvwn‡Zï
cÖavb m¤ú`| eªvþYMY mvgvwRK I agx©q Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z G¸‡jv‡K bZzb K‡i mnR ms¯‹…‡Z
cwi‡ekb K‡ib|AvRKvj Avgiv weòzcyivY, MiyocyivY I ¯‹ÜcyivY cÖf…wZ †hmKj mv¤úª`vwqK cyivY
†`L‡Z cvB †m¸‡jvI ZLb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i; weeZ©bev‡ì aviv AbymiY K‡i ¯§„wZ e`‡j hvq Ges
gbymswnZv I hvÁeé¨ eZ©gvb AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
MwYZ, weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v

¸ßhy‡Mi Aci GKwU †MŠi‡ei w`K n‡”Q MwYZ, weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj I †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi DbœwZ| G mKj
wel‡qi cÖavb w`Kcvj wQ‡jb Avh©fÆ| A‡b‡KB Zuv‡K ÔfviZxq wbDUb' e‡j AvL¨v †`b| wZwb cÖvq
†ò nvRvi eQi c~‡e© gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h, c„w_ex Avcb †giy`‡Ûi Ici †_‡K m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K cÖ`w¶Y
K‡i| wZwb AvwýK MwZ I evwl©KMwZI Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| msL¨v MwY‡Z Ô0'(k~b¨) msL¨vi cÖPj‡bi
gva¨‡g A¼kv‡¯¿ êcøweK hy‡Mi m~Pbv Zuvi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| GB hy‡M `kwgK c×wZi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j
gvbe RvwZi A‡kl Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq| cieZx©Kv‡j AvieRvwZ GB Dcgnv‡`k n‡Z k~b¨ I
`kwg‡Ki eënvi wk‡L Zv BD‡iv‡c cÖPvi K‡ib| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ weÁvb †h Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e K‡i‡Q
k~‡bï cÖPjb Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| ZvB GK_v ejv Ag~jK bq †h, MwYZ kv‡¯¿ RMr cÖvPxb
fvi‡Zi Kv‡Q GKvšÍfv‡eB FYx| eivnwgwni (505-587 wLª÷v‡ã) wMÖK weÁv‡bi GKwbô mvaK
wQ‡jb| wZwb wMÖ‡mi wkí I hš¿we`¨v n‡Z KZ¸‡jv kã Pqb K‡i fviZxq fvlvq eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
G‡K h‡_ó kw³kvjx I êÁvwbK M‡elYvi Dc‡hvMx K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ ÔcÂwm×všÍ' fviZxq
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vi BwZnv‡m w`K wb‡`©kK| evMfÆ bv‡g GKRb cwÛZ wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ weL¨vZ MÖš’ iPbv
K‡ib| wPwKrmvwe`¨vq †mKv‡j fviZ G‡ZvUvB GwM‡qwQj †h, ke-eë‡”Q` ZLb cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©i
Rb¨ Aek¨ wk¶Yxq cvV wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq|
wk¶v-`x¶v
¸ß hy‡M fvi‡Z wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖf‚Z AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq| bvj›`v, Z¶kxjv, D¾wqbx, mvibv_ Ges
ARšÍv ZrKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wk¶v‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj|G mKj ¯’v‡bi wk¶v‡K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z
welqwfwËK cov‡kvbvi AMÖMwZ j¶ Kiv hvq| wenv‡ii bvj›`v wenv‡i gnvhvb †eŠ×g‡Zi Ici
we‡klfv‡e cov‡bv n‡Zv| DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z Aew¯’Z Z¶kxjv QvÎ wQ‡jb weL¨vZ cwÛZ cvwYwb,
†KŠwUj¨, PiK cÖgyL| GQvov ¸Riv‡U ejøfx Ges Ab¨vb¨ AmsL¨ ¯’v‡b bvbv ai‡bi wk¶v‡K›`ª M‡o
D‡VwQj| Gme ¯’v‡b e¨vKiY, hyw³we`¨v, wPwKrmvkv¯¿, `k©b, ag© Ges †R¨vwZwe©`¨v wel‡q wk¶v_x©iv
Ávb AvniY Ki‡Zv| ¸ß kvmKMY Ges eo eo eëmvqxiv wQ‡jb wk¶vi c„ô‡cvlK|
BwZnvm c„ôv 117

Gm Gm GBP Gj
m½xZ I wkíKjv
mgy`ª¸ß KÉm½xZ I hš¿msMx‡Zi cÖwZ AwZkq AbyivMx wQ‡jb| Zuvi Kv‡Q Drmvn †c‡q iv‡Rï
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Mvb-evRbvi Avmi e‡m Ges MvqK I ev`¨K‡iiv m½x‡Z h‡_ó cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i|
GQvov wkíKjvi †¶‡Î ¸ßhy‡Mi AMÖMwZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GB hyM‡K fviZxq wkíKjvi ÔDrK‡l©i hyM'
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| g_yiv, evivYmx I cvUwjcyÎ wQj wkíKjvi cÖavb †K›`ª| ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎKjvÑ
GB wZbwU ci¯úi Nwbó gva¨‡g ¸ßhyMxq wkíKjvi cÖmvi N‡U|
wLª÷xq cÂg ev lô kZvãxi cÖ_gfv‡M DËicÖ‡`‡ki Suvwm †Rjvi †ÌN‡i ¸ß‡ì wbwg©Z cÖ¯Íi
gw›ì AvRI eZ©gvb|Gi †`qv‡ji †Lv‡c fviZxq fv¯‹‡h©i K‡qKwU †kªô bgybv Av‡Q|Kvbcyi †Rjvq
wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mg‡qi GKwU BU wbwg©Z gw›ì i‡q‡Q| GQvov evivYmxi wbKUeZx© mvibv‡_i weaŸ¯Í
fv¯‹‡h©i wPývw` ¸ßhy‡Mi my`„k¨ mvibv_ cÖ¯Íi gw›`‡ii K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| mvaviYfv‡e ejv n‡q
_v‡K, ¸ßhy‡MB me©cÖ_g gw›`‡ii P~ov DuPy K‡i ˆZwi Kiv ïiy nq| GQvov G hy‡Mi gw›ì ¯’vc‡Z¨
`ªvweo ixwZ I bvMi ixwZi j¶Yxq cÖfve we`¨gvb| †mKv‡ji wkíx I KvwiM‡iiv wk‡íi Ab¨vb¨
wefv‡Mi b¨vq avZe wk‡í AmvaviY K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i| cÖ_g Kzgvi¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j w`wjø‡Z GKwU
†jŠn¯Í¤¢ ¯’vwcZ nq| GwU 23 dz‡Ui AwaK DuPy, AwZkq gm„Y Ges eZ©gvb we‡k¦iI we¯§q| nvRvi
eQ‡ii †iv`, e„wó, So G‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡iwb| ¯Í¤¢wU m~‡h©v`‡qi m‡½ m‡½ †mvbvjx e‡Y©
iwÄZ n‡q I‡V Ges †ejv e„w× cvevi m‡½ m‡½ Gi J¾¡j¨ †e‡o hvq| ¸ßhy‡Mi ¯^Y©gy`ªv¸‡jv ¯^Y©
wk‡íi DrK…ó wb`k©b| G hy‡Mi wPÎKjvi Af‚Zc~e© weKvk ARš—vi ¸nvi Mv‡q †`Lv hvq| ¸ßhy‡Mi
wPÎKjv agx©q welq‡K AwZµg K‡i gvby‡li Rxe‡bi bvbvw`K wb‡q iwPZ n‡qwQj| †MŠZg ey‡×i
Rxeb‡K Aej¤^b K‡iI eû cÖvPxi wPÎ AvuKv nq| ARšÍv Qvov evM ¸nvi wPÎ¸‡jvi welqe¯Íz we‡kl
K‡i bi-bvixi ˆ`wnK †mŠ›`h© we‡kl D‡jøL¨| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï mKj wkí we‡klÁ ¸ß wPÎKjvi
f‚qmx cÖksmv K‡ib| mvaviYZ †iLv web¨vm I eY©mgv‡e‡ki Ic‡iB wPÎwk‡íi cÖvY cÖwZôv nq| GB
Dfq †¶‡ÎB ¸ß wPÎKjv wQj AZzjbxq| mewKQy wg‡j m½xZ, wPÎKjv I wkíKjvq ¸ßhy‡Mi †MŠie
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
¸ß kvmbeë¯’v
†Kej mvgwiK kw³i mvnv‡h¨ mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcbB bq, ¸ßMY †mB mvgªv‡R¨ my`„p, mywbqwš¿Z I myweb¨¯Í
kvmbeë¯’v cÖYq‡bi K…wZ‡Z¡iI `vwe`vi| ¸ß‡ì kvmbeë¯’v c~e©eZx© HwZn¨ I kvmbixwZi aviv
AbymiY K‡iB iwPZ nq| Zv‡ì kvmbeë¯’v wQj my`¶, RbwnZKi I c¶cvZnxb| Rbmvavi‡Yi
wbivcËv I g½j m¤ú‡K© ¸ß ivRvMY me©`vB mRvM `„wó ivL‡Zb| ¸ß kvmb KvVv‡gvq ivRZ‡š¿i
wbisKzk cÖvavb¨ wQj| mgªvU c` wQj eskvbyµwgK| ivRvB wQ‡jb mKj ¶gZvi †K›`ªwe›`y| Zuv‡K
wbqš¿Y Kivi g‡Zv †Kvb ai‡bi eë¯’v iv‡R¨ wQj bv| Z‡e ivRv myôzfv‡e kvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨
gš¿x I D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡Zb| gš¿xcÌ A‡bK †¶‡Î eskvbyµwgK n‡qwQj| D”Pc`¯’
Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ ÔgnvejvwaK…Z' (†mbvcÖavb), ÔgnvcÖZxnvi' (ivRcÖvmv‡ì i¶xevwnbxi cÖavb),
Ôgnv`ÛbvqK' (cÖavb †mbvcwZ),ÔgnvmvwÜweMÖwnK' (hy× I mwÜ welqK Kg©KZ©v) cÖgyL ¸iyZ¡cyY©
wQ‡jb|
¸ß kvmb KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖv‡`wkK kvm‡bi eë¯’v wQj| mgMÖ mvgªvR¨‡K K‡qKwU Ô†`k' ev Ôf‚w³'†Z
wef³ Kiv n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv Avevi Ôwelq' ev †Rjvq wef³ wQj| me©wbgœ¯Í‡i wQj ÔMÖvg'| ¸ßhy‡M
Ôwelq' ev †Rjvi kvm‡b GKwU D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b N‡U| wel‡qi kvmbKv‡R civgk© †`qvi Rb¨
wel‡qi Awaôvb AwaKi‡Y GKwU cwil` _vK‡Zv| GB cwil‡` wewfbœ †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaiv _vK‡Zb|
bMi‡kªôx, cÖ_g mv_©evn, cÖ_g KzwjK, cÖ_g Kvq¯’ mgb¦‡q MwVZ n‡Zv GB cwil`| Gfv‡e
BDwbU--- c„ôv
118
kvmbKv‡R ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq| GB Ae¯’v‡K ¸ßhy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †MŠie
wn‡m‡e Abvqv‡m wPwýZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
¸ß kvmbeë¯’vi Ab¨vb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv n‡”Q mywbqwš¿Z ivR¯^ I cywjk eë¯’v, wePvi eë¯’v,
mvgwiK msMVb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e ¸ß kvmbeë¯’vi cÖavb cÖksmvi w`K n‡”Q Gi we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ I
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK eë¯’v|
¸ß ms¯‹…wZ : Ôaªyc`x' ce©

mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi w`K w`‡q ¸ß kvmbKvj wQj fvi‡Zi GK †MŠiegq hyM| me©‡¶‡Î GK Af‚Zc~e©
AMÖMwZ GB hyM‡K gwngvwb¦Z K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB ¸ß ms¯‹…wZ Z_v ¸ß hyM‡K ÔK¬¨vwmK¨vj'
hyM ev Ôaªyc`x' hyM e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| †KD e‡jb, ¸ßhyM wQj eªvþY¨ ag© I ms¯‹…wZi ¯^Y©hyM| G
mg‡q AvaywbK wn›`y a‡g©i DÌvb I iƒcvšÍi N‡U| ivR c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afv‡e †eŠ× I ˆRb a‡g©i cZb
ïiy nq| †KD Avevi ¸ßhy‡Mi mf¨Zv‡K Ôìevwi mf¨Zv' wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ K‡ib| HwZnvwmK
ev‡Y©U ¸ß hyM‡K †cwiwK¬‡mi hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib| mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi we‡ePbvq Dfq hy‡Mi
g‡a¨ h‡_ó mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
¸ß hy‡M fvi‡Zi mv‡_ ewnwe©‡k¦i †hvMv‡hvM e„w× cvq| G‡Z K‡i mvs¯‹…wZK mgb¦q N‡U hv ¸ß
ms¯‹…wZ‡K F× K‡i| HwZnvwmK †Kv‡q‡Wm `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq ¸ß kvmb I ms¯‹…wZi my¯úó cÖfv‡ei
K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ¸ß gy`ªvqI ewnwe©‡k¦i cÖfve †`Lv hvq| Gfv‡e evB‡ii ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi
mv‡_ Av`vb-cÖ`vb ¸ß ms¯‹…wZ‡K D”PgvMx©q gh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wMÖm, †ivg, Pxb I
`w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi ˆkwíK cÖfve ¸ß ms¯‹…wZ‡K be-êwkó¨ `vb K‡iwQj|
GZ`m‡Z¡I A‡b‡KB ¸ßhyM‡K Ô¯^Y©hyM' ev ÔK¬¨vwmK¨vj hyM' ejvi †hŠw³KZv wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb|
Zuv‡ì g‡Z, ¸ß kvmbeë¯’vi cÖksmvi w`K _vK‡jI Gi wQj KZ¸‡jv `ye©j w`K| cÖ‡`k I †Rjvq
¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j ¯’vbxq kvmbKZ©viv ¶gZv‡jvfx n‡q c‡ob Ges ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï
me©fviZxq Av‡e`b µ‡gB †f‡½ hvq| GQvov bMi¸‡jvi aŸs‡mvb¥yL Ae¯’v Rbmvavi‡Yi Zxeª `vwi`ª¨,
D”P †kªYxi Rb¨ we‡bv`b mvwnZ¨- †jvK ms¯‹…wZi Afve-eªvþY¨ ag© I RvwZ‡f` cÖ_vi we¯Ívi,
¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹‡h© D”P †kªYxi †jv‡Ki iywPi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y ¸ßhyM‡K cÖkœvZxZfv‡e
ÔK¬¨vwmK¨vj hyM' ev Ô¯^Y©hyM' ejv P‡j bv| ZeyI mKj ÎywU-wePy¨wZ †g‡b wb‡q GK_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i
†h, ¸ß hy‡Mi mvgwMÖK AMÖMwZ wQj AmvaviY| wk¶v-`x¶v, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv, kvmbeë¯’v, ms¯‹…wZ
me©‡¶‡Î ¸ßhy‡Mi ¯^Kxq êwkó¨ ev †MŠie cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnvm‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q|
mvims‡¶c
¸ßhy‡Mi bvbvwea †MŠie GB hyM‡K Ôaªyc`x ms¯‹…wZi hyM' wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ G‡b w`‡q‡Q|
agx©q‡¶‡Î eªvþY¨Zš¿ _vK‡jI mvaviYfv‡e D`vibxwZ AbymiY, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Zï `„óvšÍg~jK
AMÖMwZ mvab, wk¶v‡¶‡Î c„ô‡cvlKZv, wkíKjvq DrKl© AR©b Ges ewnwe©‡k¦i mv‡_ mvs¯‹…wZK
†hvMv‡hvM, mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi BwZnv‡m ¸ßhyM‡K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i‡Q| GB †MŠie G‡ZvUvB
¸iyZ¡c~Y© †h, ivR‰bwZK msnwZ, mykvmb Ges ¸ß‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK gwngv mgMÖ fvi‡Z †Zv e‡UB,
GgbwK ewnwe©‡k¦I Qwo‡q c‡owQj| m‡e©vcwi cÖvPxb fvi‡Z wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv mymsMwVZ,
myweb¨¯Í Ges ¸iyZ¡cyY© kvmbeë¯’v ¸ß‡ì nv‡ZB iwPZ nq|
BwZnvm c„ôv 119

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1| †KvbwU Kvwj`vm iwPZ MÖš’ bq?
(K) AwfÁvb kKzšÍjg& (L) †gN`~Z
(M) g„”QKwUK (N) gvjweKvwMœwgÎ
2| ÔfviZxq wbDUb' wnmv‡e cwiwPZ cwÛ‡Zi bvg
(K) evYfÆ (L) Avh©fÆ
(M) k~`ªK (N) eivnwgwni
3| cvwYwb, †KŠwUj¨ †Kvb wk¶v‡K‡›`ªi QvÎ wQ‡jb?
(K) bvj›`v (L) Z¶kxjv
(M) D¾wqbx (N) ARšÍv
4| ÔgnvmvwÜweMÖwnK' c‡` wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³i KvR wK wQj?
(K) †mbvcÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb (L) ivRcÖvmv‡ì wbivcËv weavb
(M) cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb (N) hy× I mwÜ ev kvwšÍ welqK `vwqZ¡ cvjb|
5| ¸ß hyM‡K †Kvb hy‡Mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq?
(K) †i‡bmuvm hy‡Mi m‡½ (L) weµgvw`‡Zï hy‡Mi m‡½
(M) †ivgvb hy‡Mi m‡½ (N) †cwiwK¬wmq hy‡Mi m‡½|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| ¸ß hy‡M MwYZ, weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj I †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi DrKl© eY©bv Kiyb|
2| ¸ß kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
3| ¸ß hyM‡K †Kb fviZxq wkíKjvi DrK‡l©i hyM ejv nq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi w`K w`‡q ¸ß kvmbKvj‡K Ôaªyc`x hyM' ejv hvq wK?
2| ¸ß hy‡Mi †MŠie m¤ú‡K© GKwU wbeÜ iPbv Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar (ed.), The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol III (The
Classical Age).
2| S.R. Goyal, History of Imperial Guptas.
3| P.L. Gupta, Gupta Empire.
4| R.D. Banerji, Age of the Imperial Guptas.
5| nx‡i›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, 1g LÛ|
6| cÖfvZvsï gvBwZ, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, 1g LÛ|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
120
cvV - 8
evsjvq ¸ß kvmb
D‡Ïk¨
• evsjvq ¸ß kvm‡bi BwZnv‡mi Drm m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb I cwiPq m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb ;
• evsjvq ¸ß mvgªvR¨ m¤úªmviY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• evsjvq ¸ß kvmb eë¯’vi cÖK…wZ I ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¸ß‡ì BwZnv‡mi Drm

evsjvq ¸ß‡ì kvmb m¤úwK©Z BwZnvm iPbvi †ek wKQy Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wjwc, gy`ªv
Ges mvwnwZ¨K DcKiY we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ewn‡`©kxq Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ˆPwbK weeiY| G
mKj Dcv`vb evsjvq ¸ß kvm‡bi BwZnvm‡K h‡_ó Av‡jvwKZ K‡i‡Q| ¸ß Avg‡j DrKxY© K‡qKwU
Zvgªkvm‡b DËi evsjvq Zv‡ì kvmb m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖ_g Kzgvi
¸‡ßi abvB`n Zvgªkvmb (432-33 wLª:); êMÖvg Zvgªkvmb (447-48 wLª:); `v‡gvìcyi Zvgªkvmb
(443-44 I 447-48 wLª:); eya¸‡ßi `v‡gvìcyi Zvgªkvmb (476-95wLª:); cvnvocyi Zvgªkvmb
(478-79 wLª:) Ges êb¨¸‡ßi ¸bvBNi Zvgªkvmb (507-08 wLª:) BZ¨vw`| GQvov evKzovi Kv‡Q
mymywbqvi ce©ZMv‡Î ‡¶vw`Z GKwU wjwc; w`wjø‡Z †gnivIqvjx GjvKvq KzZze wgbvi msjMœ KzqvZzj
Bmjvg gmwR` cÖv½‡Y Aew¯’Z †jŠn ¯Í¤¢Mv‡Î †¶vw`Z wjwc; mgy`ª¸‡ßi mfvKwe nwi‡lY iwPZ
Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Íwjwc; ˆPwbK ch©UK Br-wms-Gi eY©bv; Kvwj`v‡mi ÔiNyeskg&' Ges ¸ß‡ì gy`ªv
BZ¨vw` weL¨vZ|
¸ß‡ì Avw` cwiPq

¸ß es‡ki Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K© bvbv cÖKvi we‡ivax g‡Zi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ mvab Kiv †ek
Kómva¨| kªx¸ß n‡”Qb ¸ß es‡ki Avw` cyiyl| HwZnvwmK G¨vjvb g‡b K‡ib, kªx¸ß cvUwjcyÎ
bM‡ii A`~‡i ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb| wKšÍz Gi wecix‡Z Wt wW.wm. Mv½yjx e‡jb, ¸ß‡ì Avw` ivRZ¡ wQj
evsjvi gywk©`vev‡`| Wt Mv½yjx Br-wms-Gi eY©bvi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zuvi gZev` MVb K‡ib| Br-wms
672 wLª÷v‡ã fviZ åg‡Y G‡mwQ‡jb| Gi cuvPkZ eQi c~‡e© A_©vr wLª÷xq wØZxq kZ‡K Pxbv
cwieªvRK ûB jyb bvj›`v cwi`k©‡b hvb| †m mgq gnvivRv kªx¸ß Ôg„MwkLveb' bv‡g GKwU gw›ì Pxbv
cy‡ivwnZ‡ì Rb¨ wbg©vY K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| GB gw›`‡ii e¨q-msKzjv‡bi Rb¨ 24wU MÖvgI `vb
K‡iwQ‡jb| g„MwkLveb gw›ìwU bvj›`v n‡Z Pwjøk †hvRb c~e©w`‡K Aew¯’Z| M½vi MwZc_ a‡i Pwjøk
†hvRb `~i‡Z¡ gywk©`vev‡ì Ae¯’vb| Gfv‡e Br-wms-Gi weei‡Yi `~iZ¡ I w`K wePv‡i Mv½yjx ¸ß‡ì
Avw` evm¯’vb evsjvi gywk©`vev‡` wQj e‡j gšÍe¨ †ck K‡ib|
BwZnvm c„ôv 121

Gm Gm GBP Gj
W. †ngP›`ª ivq‡PŠayix Ab¨ GKwU wel‡q mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †bcv‡j GKwU ¯Íz‡ci
Mv‡q Ôe‡i›`ªxi g„MwkLveb ¯Ízc' †jLv Av‡Q| G †_‡K wZwb Abygvb K‡ib, e‡i›`ª A_©vr DËie½
¸ßivRM‡Yi g~j evm¯’vb wQj| Gw`‡K †Kw¤^ªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MÖš’vMv‡i msiw¶Z 1015 wLª÷v‡ãi
GKwU †eŠ× cvÛywjwc‡Z GKwU wP‡Îi wb‡P cÖ`Ë †j‡e‡j Ôe‡i›`ªxi g„M¯’vcb ¯Ízc' kãwU †jLv Av‡Q|
G †_‡KI cÖgvY nq ¸ß‡ì Avw` wbevm wQj m¤¢eZ e‡i›`ª AÂ‡j| Gfv‡e cwðge‡½i gywk©`vev`
A_ev DËie‡½i e‡i‡›`ª ¸ß‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb wQj e‡j AbywgZ nq| A‡b‡K G Kvi‡Y ¸ß ivRM‡Yi
Avw` cwiPq Zz‡j ai‡Z wM‡q Zv‡ì‡K ÔevOvwj' wn‡m‡e gšÍe¨ K‡ib| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e G
welqK wm×v‡šÍi mg_©‡b Av‡iv wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
evsjvq ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï m¤úªmviY

cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß I mgy`ª¸ß hLb wekvj ¸ß mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nb ZLb evsjvq mgZU, e½, cy®‹iY
BZ¨vw` iv‡Rï Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| mymywbqv wjwc‡Z cy¯‹iYvwac wmsneg©v I Zuvi cyÎ P›`ªeg©vi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
cy®‹iYvwac P›`ªeg©vB Lye m¤¢eZ Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í‡Z DwjøwLZ mgy`ª¸ß KZ…©K civwRZ P›`ªeg©v|
†gnivIqvjx ¯Í¤¢wjwci e³e¨ evsjvq ¸ß‡ì ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv m¤úªmvi‡Yi BwZnv‡m wKQy
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| GB wjwc‡Z P›`ª bvgavix GK ivRvi weRq Kvwnbx wjwce× Av‡Q| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨
weR‡qi mv‡_ GwUI D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb e‡½ kÎy wba‡b †MŠie AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
e½x‡qiv Zuvi weiy‡× mw¤§wjZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’v K‡iwQj| GB wjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ ivRv P›`ª †K Ges
†Kv_vq ivRZ¡ Ki‡Zb †m wel‡q HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva i‡q‡Q| HwZnvwmKMY Zuv‡K
¸ßeskxq ivRv cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß ev wØZxq P›`ª¸ß e‡j mbv³ K‡i‡Qb| hw` cÖ_g Abygvb wVK nq Zvn‡j
g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e †h, mgy`ª¸‡ßi wcZv cÖ_g P›`ª¸ßB e½ AÂj (mgMÖ evsjv bq) ¸ß mvgªvR¨fz³
K‡ib| hw` wØZxq Abygvb (A_©vr wØZxq P›`ª¸ß) wVK nq Zvn‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e †h, mgy`ª¸‡ßi e½
R‡qi ciI Zuvi cyÎ‡K AÎ AÂj cybe©vi Rq Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Avevi ÔP›`ª' hw` bvg bv n‡q †`n-
mylgv eY©bvi Dcgv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e Zv mgy`ª¸‡ßi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Dc‡iv³ me wm×všÍB
AvbygvwbK| Z‡e D³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z AšÍZ G wm×všÍ Kiv hvq †h, ¸ß hy‡Mi cÖv°v‡j ev cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q e‡½ ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj hviv mw¤§wjZ cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’vI MÖnY Ki‡Zv|
¸ß kvm‡bi cÖv°v‡j evsjvi †Kvb Ask Zuv‡ì ivR¨fz³ wQj wKbv Zv wb‡q m‡›`n _vK‡jI mgy`ª¸ß
†h evsjvi AwaKvsk GjvKv Zuvi mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡iwQ‡jbÑ †m wel‡q †Zgb †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
mgy`ª¸‡ßi Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í‡Z Zuvi ivR¨R‡qi †h weeiY Av‡Q Zv n‡Z G wm×všÍ Kiv m¤¢e| mgy`ª¸ß
†h evsjvi mgZU e¨wZZ Ab¨ me Rbc`B mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡iwQ‡jb ZvI GB cÖkw¯Í m~‡Î Rvbv hvq|
Zuvi we¯ÍxY© mvgªv‡Rï c~e©Zg cÖZ¨šÍ ivR¨ wQj †bcvj, KZ…©cyi, Kvgiƒc, WevK Ges mgZU| mgZU,
A_©vr evsjvi `w¶Y-c~e© AÂj m¤¢eZ ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï Ki` ivR¨ wQj| Z‡e Kvjµ‡g G AÂj ¸ß
mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡q c‡o| KviY, ló kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K (507-08wLª:) GLv‡b êb¨¸ß bv‡g ¸ßeskxq
GKRb ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb wÎcyiv †Rjvi KZK¯’vb GK `vbcÎ m¤úv`b K‡i ZuviB GKRb AbyMZ
e¨w³‡K cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Zvgªkvm‡b DwjøwLZ Av‡Q| êb¨¸ß ÔØv`kvw`Z¨', ÔgnvivR',
ÔgnvivRvwaivR' DcvwaI aviY K‡iwQ‡jb|
†m hv‡nvK, mgMÖ DËi evsjv †h ¸ß‡ì mivmwi Aaxb wQj cieZx©Kv‡ji Zvgªkvmbmg~‡n Zvi my¯úó
D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| cÖvß Zvgªkvmb n‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, DËi evsjv `xN©Kvj ¸ß mvgªvR¨fz³ wQj Ges G
AÂ‡j ¸ß cÖv‡`wkK kvm‡bi †K›`ª¯’j wQj cyÛªbMi (cieZx©Kv‡ji gnv¯’vb, eZ©gv‡bi e¸ov)|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
122
GLv‡b ¸ß‡ì mywbqwš¿Z kvmbeë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| G AÂ‡ji kvmbfvi b¨¯Í wQj GKRb cÖv‡`wkK
kvmbKZ©vi Ici|
evsjvq ¸ß kvmbeë¯’v
¸ß mgªvUMY KZ…©K kvwmZ evsjv AÂ‡j KZ¸‡jv cÖkvmwbK wefvM wQj, †hgb Ôfzw³', Ôwelq',
ÔgÛj', Ôexw_' I ÔMÖvg'| G mKj cÖkvmwbK fv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi GKwU K‡i cÖavb †K›`ª ev ÔAwaôvb'
wQj Ges †mLv‡b wQj GKwU ÔAwaKiY'| Ôfzw³' wQj me©e„nr cÖkvmwbK wefvM Ges AvaywbKKv‡ji
ÔwefvM' Gi Abyiƒc| mgªv‡Ui GKRb cÖwZwbwa fzw³ kvmb Ki‡Zb| mgmvgwqK wjwcgvjvq ÔcyÛªea©b'
(mgMÖ DËie½) I Ôea©gvb' (cÖvPxb iv‡pi `w¶Yvsk) bv‡g `ywU fzw³ wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| ¸ßhy‡Mi
wkjvwjwc‡Z bvgwenxb GK fzw³iI D‡jøL Av‡Q| Gi mì `ßi wQj ÔbeëKvwkKv'| ÔmyeY©exw_' Gi
AšÍfz©³ wQj| ¸ß mgªvU‡ì `v‡gvìcyi Zvgªkvm‡b cyÛªea©bfzw³i kvmbKZ©v‡K mgªv‡Ui m‡½ m¤úK©
wb‡`©k K‡i ÔZrcv`cwiM„nxZ' e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Kzgvi¸‡ßi mgq fzw³ cÖkvmK‡K
ÔDcwiK' Ges eya¸‡ßi mgq ÔgnvivR DcwiK' ejv n‡Zv| cvnvocyi Zvgªkvmb (479 wLª:) †_‡K
Rvbv hvq †h, cyÛªea©b kn‡i cyÛªea©bfzw³i ÔAwaKiY' (mì `ßi) Aew¯’Z wQj| fzw³i cieZx©
cÖkvmwbK wefv‡Mi bvg Ôwelq'| welq wØZxq e„nËg cÖkvmwbK BDwbU Ges kvmb‡¶‡Î Gi f‚wgKv
wQj LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| G¸‡jv wQj A‡bKUv AvaywbK hy‡Mi †Rjvi Abyiƒc| wel‡qi kvmbKZ©v‡K
cÖ_gw`‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔKzgvigvZ¨' Ges ¸ßhy‡Mi †klw`‡K ÔAvhy³K'| DËie½ AÂ‡j welq cÖavb‡K
ÔwelqcwZ'I ejv n‡Zv| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î welqcwZ‡K ¯^qs mgªvU mivmwi wb‡qvM`vb Ki‡Zb| Z‡e
g~jZ fzw³i kvmbKZ©vB wQ‡jb G c‡ì wb‡qvM`vZv| ¸ß Zvgªkvmb †_‡K K‡qKwU welq-Gi bvg
Rvbv hvq Ô†hgb, Ô‡KvwUel©-welq', ‡Lv`vcvov welq', ÔcÂbMix welq', ÔeivKgÛj welq' Ges
ÔJ`¤^wiK welq' BZ¨vw`| `v‡gvìcyi Zvgªkvm‡bi weeiY n‡Z GUv ¯úó †h welq-Gi mì `dZ‡i
(Awaôvb-AwaKiYg&) Ôcy¯Ícvj' (`wjj-i¶K) bv‡g GK †kªYxi Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb| Giv f‚wg µq-weµq
I `vb msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx QvovI bvbv ai‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| †KvwUel© wel‡qi welqcwZi
mnvqKiƒ‡c GK Dc‡`óvgÛjxi K_v Rvbv hvq| †mKv‡ji wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix
PviRb m`m¨ I ¯^qs welqcwZi mgb¦‡q GB Dc‡`óvgÛjx MwVZ n‡Zv| G Dc‡`óv mfvi m`mïv
wQ‡jb ÔbMi‡kªôx', ÔcÖ_g-mv_©evn', ÔcÖ_g-KzwjK' Ges ÔcÖ_g-Kvq¯’'| ÔbMi †kªôx' wQ‡jb kn‡ii
wewfbœ wMì ev K‡c©v‡ik‡bi A_ev abx e¨vsKvi‡ì ms¯’vi mfvcwZ| ÔcÖ_g-mv_©evn' wQ‡jb ewYK
m¤úª`vq ev wewfbœ eëmvwqK wM‡ìi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix cÖavb eëmvqx| ÔcÖ_g-KzwjK' wQ‡jb wewfbœ
KvwiMi †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix cÖavb KvwiMi Ges Ôcª_g-Kvq¯’' wQ‡jb Kvq¯’ †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix
cÖavb KiwYK A_ev eZ©gvbKv‡ji Awdm mwPe ai‡bi ivóªxq Kg©Pvix| Gfv‡e †Rjvi cÖkvm‡b wewfbœ
Dc‡`óvgÛjxi eY©bv wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvY K‡i †h, cÖkvm‡b ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi ms‡hvM wQj Ges ¯’vbxq
cÖkvm‡b Zv‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wQj|
Ôwelq' ev †Rjvi cieZx© cÖkvmwbK wefvM wQj Ôexw_'| Ôexw_' kãwUi cÖK…Z A_© A¯úó| wKQymsL¨K
wjwc‡Z GB cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡Ui D‡jøL Av‡Q| beëKvwkKvq Aew¯’Z myeY©exw_‡K Ô¯^Y©evRvi' wn‡m‡e
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖkvmwbK wefvM wn‡m‡e exw_i D‡jøL gjømviyj Zvgªkvm‡bI Av‡Q| GB GKB
wjwc‡Z †Kvb welq-Gi D‡jøL QvovB ea©gvbfzw³i AšÍfz©³ e°U°exw_i bvg cvIqv hvq| cvnvocyi
Zvgªkvm‡b `w¶YvskK exw_‡K cyÛªea©bfzw³i AšÍfz©³ ejv n‡q‡Q| GB Zvgªkvm‡b ex_¨waKi‡Yi
Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© my¯úó D‡jøL _vK‡jI Kxfv‡e G AwaKiY MwVZ n‡Zv Zv mwVKfv‡e ejv nqwb| f‚wg
`vb-weµq msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i ex_¨waKi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ wQj welqvwaKi‡Yi Abyiƒc| exw_i AwaKiY‡K
mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ wewkó †jvK‡ì mgb¦‡q GKwU cwil` _vK‡Zv| exw_i †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³M‡Yi
BwZnvm c„ôv 123

Gm Gm GBP Gj
g‡a¨ ÔgnËi', ÔAMÖnixb', ÔLoMx' (Awm‡hv×v) Ges Aš—Zc‡¶ GKRb ÔenbvqK' (hvbevnb
ZË¡veavqK) wg‡j GB cwil` MwVZ n‡Zv|
ÔMÖvg' wQj †mKv‡ji mePvB‡Z †QvU cÖkvmwbK BDwbU| MÖv‡gi cÖavb e¨w³ivB MÖvg-cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq
e¨vcv‡i RwoZ _vK‡Zb| welq I exw_ AwaKi‡Yi g‡Zv MÖvg kvmbh‡š¿I ÔgnËi' I Ab¨vb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
e¨w³‡ì f‚wgKv j¶ Kiv hvq| cÖwZwU MÖv‡gB †h cÖkvmwbK cÖavb wn‡m‡e ÔMÖvwgK' wQ‡jb Zv cy‡ivcywi
cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv| cvnvocyi wjwcmv‡¶¨ Rvbv hvq †h, ÔeªvþY', ÔgnËi', ÔKzUz¤^x' wQ‡jb MÖv‡gi
cÖkvm‡bi m‡½ mswkøó †emiKvwi e¨w³| MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z f‚wg `vb-weµq msµvšÍ `wjjcÎvw` msi¶‡Yi
GKwU Kvh©vjq _vK‡Zv| MÖvg-AwaKi‡Yi h_v_© MVb wewfbœ mgq m¤¢eZ wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi wQj|
¸ß hy‡Mi f‚wg eë¯’vI wQj mywbqwš¿Z| wjwc mv‡¶¨ Ô‡¶Î', ÔwLj' I Ôev¯Íz' f‚wgi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
Pvl‡hvM¨ RwgB Ô‡¶Î', Abyrcv`bkxj cwZZ Rwg ÔwLj' Gesemevm‡hvM¨ Rwg Ôev¯Íz'| ÔwLj' Rwgi
eY©bvq ÔAcÖ`' (Abyrcv`bkxj), AcÖnZ (AKwl©Z Rwg) I wLj (cwZZ Rwg) e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¸ß Avg‡j f‚wgi h_v_© cwigv‡ci eë¯’v wQj| Aek¨ evsjvi me©Î f‚wgi cwigvc GKB ai‡bi wQj
bv| G mgq f‚wgi cwigv‡ci GKK wQj ÔK‚jëvc' I Ô‡`ªvYevc'| GK K~j¨ cwigv‡ci exR Øviv †h
cwigvY Rwg ecb Kiv hvq ÔK‚jëvc' kã Øviv mvaviYZ H cwigvY Rwg‡K †evSv‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K
K~jëv‡ci AvUfv‡Mi GKfvM‡K Ô‡`ªvYevc' ejv n‡Zv| cwÛZMY †gvUvgywUfv‡e aviYv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb
†h, GK K~jëvc mgvb eZ©gv‡bi wZb weNv Rwgi g‡Zv n‡Z cv‡i| wjwcgvjvq f‚wg cwigv‡ci GKK
wn‡m‡e AviI wKQy k‡ãi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq †hgb ÔcvUK' ev Ôf‚-cvUK', ÔAvXK', ÔKvwKwb', ÔLvw`K',
Ônvj', Ô‡`ªvY' BZ¨vw`|
wjwcgvjvwfwËK Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GK_v ¯úóiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ¸ßhy‡M evsjvi kvmb
eë¯’vq wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| ¸ß Avg‡j evsjvq cÖPwjZ kvmbeë¯’v †h mywbqwš¿Z
I myweb¨¯Í wQj Zv ejvB evûj¨| cÖm½µ‡g ejv ìKvi †h, ¸ßhy‡Mi kvmbeë¯’vq ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wQj GKwU `„óvšÍg~jK NUbv| ¯’vbxq RbMY G eë¯’vq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Zb| myZivs evsjvi kvmbeë¯’vq ¯’vbxq RbZvi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi K…wZZ¡ ¸ß mgªvU‡ìB
cÖvc¨| wjwcgvjvm~‡Î ¯’vbxq kvmbeë¯’vi †h web¨vm wPÎ †`Lv hvq Zuv‡K evsjvq ¯’vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvm‡bi
Avw` D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges evsjvq cÖkvmwbK BwZnv‡m Gi ¸iyZ¡‡K
†Kvbfv‡eB A¯^xKvi Kiv P‡j bv|
mvims‡¶c
evsjvq ¸ß kvm‡bi BwZnvm Rvbvi Rb¨ ZvgªkvmbB cÖavb Drm| Aek¨ G AÂ‡j ¸ß
gvgªv‡Rï m¤úªmviY m¤ú‡K© Acivci wKQy Dr‡mI Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq
Avw` cwiP‡q ¸ßiv wQ‡jb evOvwj| m¤¢eZ evsjvi gywk©`vev` A_ev DËie‡½i e‡i›`ª AÂ‡j
Zuv‡ì c~e©cyiyl‡ì emevm wQj| Z‡e G wel‡q wbwðZ nIqv hvq bv| ¸ß mgªvUMY hLb evsjvi
w`‡K mivmwifv‡e ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv m¤úªmvi‡Yi †Póv K‡ib ZLb ¯’vbxq kw³ Zuv‡ì
we‡ivaxZv K‡ib| ¸ßiv evsjvq kÎy wba‡b †MŠie AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb mZ¨, wKšÍz Zuv‡ì weiy‡×
e½x‡qiv mw¤§wjZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’v K‡iwQj| DËi I cwðg evsjvq ¸ß‡ì cÖZ¨¶ kvmb
cÖPwjZ wQj| mgZU AÂj wQj m¤¢eZ KiìvR¨| evsjvq kvmb KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î
¸ß‡ì Ae`vb `„óvšÍg~jK| mywbqwš¿Z Ges myweb¨¯Í kvmbeë¯’v cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g ¸ßiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ZrKvjxb cÖkvmwbK BDwbU¸‡jv n‡”Q fzw³, welq, gÛj, exw_ I MÖvg|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU BDwb‡Ui Avevi c„_Kfv‡e Awaôvb-AwaKiY ev mì `ßi wQj| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
kvmbeë¯’vq ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wQj|wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †kªYxi
cÖwZwbwa‡ì mgb¦‡q Dc‡`óvgÛjx MVb Kiv n‡Zv| Zviv kvmbKv‡R f‚wgKv ivL‡Zb| Gfv‡e
BDwbU--- c„ôv
124
¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡b MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZi AbymiY †mKv‡jB ïiy nq| G eë¯’v‡K ¯’vbxq
¯^vqË¡kvm‡bi Avw` bwRi wn‡m‡eI D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK(√) wPý w`b|
1| w`wjø‡Z †jŠn ¯Í¤¢Mv‡Î †¶vw`Z wjwcwUi bvgÑ
(K) ‡gn&ivIqvjx ¯Í¤¢wjwc (L) ev`j ¯Í¤¢wjwc
(M) Gjvnvev` cÖkw¯Í (M) mymywbqv wjwc
2| †KvbwU ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖZ¨šÍ ivR¨ bq?
(K) mgZU (L) Kvgiƒc
(M) WevK (N) bvj›`v
3| ÔcyÛªbMi' †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?
(K) evKyov (L) e¸ov
(M) Kzwgjøv (N) Kvgiƒc
4| fzw³i AwacwZ‡K ejv n‡ZvÑ
(K) Avhy³K (L) KzgvigvZ¨
(M) gnvivR DcwiK (N) fzw³-mgªvU
5| ÔcÖ_g-mv_©evn' †K wQ‡jb?
(K) abx e¨vsKvi‡ì ms¯’vi mfvcwZ (L) cÖavb KvwiMi
(M) cÖavb KiwYK (N) ewYK m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix cÖavb eëmvqx
6| ÔAcÖnZ' †Kvb Rwg‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
(K) Abyrcv`bkxj Rwg‡K (L) cwZZ Rwg‡K
(M) AKwl©Z Rwg‡K (N) emev‡mi Rwg‡K|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| ¸ßhy‡Mi Avw` cwiPq wbY©‡q g„MwkLveb gw›`‡ii ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
2| ¸ß hy‡Mi ¯’vbxq kvmbeë¯’vi Ici GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| evsjvq ¸ß‡ì kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Drm wK wK? ¸ßiv wK Avw` cwiP‡q ÔevOvwj' wQ‡jb?
2| evsjvq ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï m¤úªmvi‡Yi weeiY w`b|
3| evsjvq ¸ß kvmbeë¯’vi wPÎ AsKb Kiyb Ges GB eë¯’vi ¸iy‡Z¡i Ici gšÍe¨ Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History of Ancient Bengal.
2| R.C. Majumdar (ed.), History of Bengal, Vol-I.
3| Ave`yj gwgb †PŠayix I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm|
4| i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, 1g LÛ|
BwZnvm c„ôv 125

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 9
kkv¼
D‡Ïk¨
• ¸ß cieZx© mg‡q evsjv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb ;
• kkv‡¼i BwZnv‡mi Drm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z kkv‡¼i n¯Í‡¶c m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb ;
• kkv‡¼i mvgwMÖK K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
¸ß cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv
lô kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci mviv DËi fvi‡Z Avev‡iv ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯’vbxq
ivRkw³i D™¢e nq| GB Ae¯’vi cÖfve evsjvqI c‡o| mgmvgwqK Ae¯’vi my‡hv‡M evsjvq ZLb `ywU
¯^vaxb mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv n‡qwQj| Gi GKwU wQj cÖvPxb e½ ivR¨ Ges AciwU †MŠo ivR¨| `w¶Y-
c~e© evsjv I cwðg evsjvi `w¶YvÂ‡j wQj ¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨ I cwðg I DËi evsjve¨vcx wQj ¯^vaxb
†MŠo ivR¨| kkv¼ GB †MŠo iv‡RïB AwacwZ wQ‡jb|
cÖvß mvZwU Zvgªkvmb †_‡K ¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| †MvcP›`ª, ag©vw`Z¨ I
mgvPvi‡è bv‡g wZbRb ivRv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq hviv 525 wLª: †_‡K 600 wLª:-Gi g‡a¨ ivRZ¡
K‡iwQ‡jb| dwi`cyi †Rjvi †KvUvwjcvov, ea©gvb †Rjvi gjømviyj Ges ev‡jk¦i †Rjvi Rqivgcy‡i
Zvgªkvmb¸‡jv cvIqv †M‡Q| e‡½i ivRvMY ÔgnvivRvwaivR' Dcvwa aviY K‡iwQ‡jb hv Zuv‡ì
mve©‡fŠg ¶gZviB cwiPvqK| hv‡nvK cÖvß Zvgªkvmbmg~n †_‡K DwjøwLZ wZbRb ivRv I Zv‡ì
iv‡Rï cÖfve, cÖwZcwË I mg„w×i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GB e½ iv‡Rï aŸsm ev cZb wK K‡i
n‡qwQj Zv Rvbv hvq bv| ewnk©w³i Avµg‡Y A_ev ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡Rï kw³e„w×‡Z e‡½i
ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv Le© n‡Z cv‡i|
e‡½i ci †MŠo iv‡Rï K_vq Avmv hvK| ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci ÔcieZx© ¸ß esk' e‡j cwiwPZ
¸ß Dcvwaavix ivRvMY DËi evsjvq, cwðg evsjvi DËivs‡k I gM‡a ¶gZv we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb|
evsjvi G AÂ‡jB M‡o D‡VwQj ¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨| DËi fvi‡Zi Ô‡gŠLix' ivResk Ges cieZx© ¸ß
eskxq ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvq Aa© kZvãxe¨vcx cyiylvbyµwgK weev` PjwQj| GB Ae¯’vi my‡hvM MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb kkv¼| wZwb lô kZvãxi †k‡l ev mßg kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K †MŠo AÂ‡j ¶gZv `Lj
K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg †MŠo iv‡Rï cÖwZôv K‡ib|
kkv‡¼i BwZnv‡mi Drm

kkv¼ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq GiKg wKQy Dcv`vb Avgv‡ì nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ kkv‡¼i
Zvgªkvmb, gy`ªv, †ivnZvmMo wMwiMv‡Î cÖvß wm‡ji QuvP; ÔAvh©gÄykªxg~jKí' I evYf‡Æi Ônl©PwiZ'
kxl©K MÖš’ Ges ˆPwbK ch©UK wnD‡qb mvs-Gi weeiY D‡jøL‡hvM¨| kkv‡¼i BwZnv‡mi Drmmg~‡ni
g‡a¨ Ônl©PwiZ' Ges wnD‡qb mvs-Gi eY©bv †_‡K Z_¨ †bevi †¶‡Î wKQyUv mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, G `ywU Dr‡m kkv¼ Ôwe‡ivax c¶' ev ÔkÎyc¶' wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ n‡q‡Qb|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
126
kkv‡¼i DÌvb Ges ivR¨mxgv

kkv‡¼i DÌvb wVK †Kvb& mg‡q n‡q‡Q Zv mywbw`©ó K‡i ejv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e wewfbœ Z_¨ cÖgvY †_‡K
g‡b nq, lô kZvãxi †kl `k‡K kkv‡¼i DÌvb N‡U| G mgq fviZe‡l©i mvgwMÖK wP‡Î Avgiv
†`L‡Z cvB, AmsL¨ ¶z`ª ivR¨ I ivRvi Dcw¯’wZ Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ˆbwgwËK Kjn| ûY‡ì Avµg‡Y
¸ß‡ì cZ‡bi ci †_‡KB G `„‡kï AeZviYv nq| hv‡nvK, evYfÆm~‡Î Rvbv hvq, mßg kZvãxi
ïiy‡ZB (606 wLª÷vã) nl©ea©b kc_ MÖnY K‡ib Ges nl©ea©‡bi kc_ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© kkv‡¼i nv‡Z
ivRëa©‡bi g„Zz¨ nq| Gw`‡K MÄvg Zvgªkvm‡b 619 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Dwol¨vq Ô‡MŠovwacwZ' kkv‡¼i
m`c© Dcw¯’wZi K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q| ˆPwbK ch©UK wnD‡qb mvs 630 wLª÷v‡ãi ci hLb evsjvq åg‡Y
Av‡mb ZLb kkv¼ Avi †eu‡P †bB| †h Kvi‡Y wnD‡qb mvs-Gi weei‡Y kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨ m¤úwK©Z
ÔKvwnbx'i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| GB welq¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Abygvb K‡i wb‡Z Kó nq bv †h, 606
wLª÷v‡ãi c~‡e©B kkv¼ wQ‡jb GKRb cÖwZwôZ b„cwZ| 619 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wZwb Aek¨B ivRZ¡
K‡i‡Qb Ges m¤¢eZ 630 wLª÷v‡ãi wKQy Av‡M wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| kkv‡¼i DÌv‡bi mgq cwð‡g
(gvje) cieZx© ¸ßiv kvmb KiwQ‡jv| DËi fvi‡Z K‡bŠR‡K †K›`ª K‡i †gŠLix ivResk Ges DËi
cÖ‡`‡ki mxgvbvq A_©vr c~e© cvÄv‡e _v‡bk¦i‡K †K›`ª K‡i cyl¨f‚wZ ivRes‡ki kvmb PjwQj|
G K_vwU ¯úó †h mßg kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ †Kvb GK mg‡q kkv¼ †MŠo iv‡R¨ ¶gZvmxb nb| Zuvi
ivRavbx wQj KY©myeY©| eZ©gv‡b gywk©`vev` †Rjvi enigcy‡ii Qq gvBj `w¶Y-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z
Ôiv½vgvwU'| evsjvi DËi I DËi cwðgvsk kkv‡¼i ivR¨vaxb wQj| `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv Zuvi mvgªvR¨fz³
wQj wKbv Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| G Kvi‡Y kkv¼ mgMÖ evsjvi AwacwZ wQ‡jbÑ G ai‡bi
gšÍe¨ hyw³hy³ bq| kkv‡¼i ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g n‡ZB gMa ev `w¶Y wenvi AÂj Zuvi AwaKv‡i wQj|
619 wLª÷v‡ãi MÄvg Zvgªkvmb n‡Z cÖgvY nq kkv‡¼i ivR¨ `w¶‡Y Dwol¨vi wPj&Kv n«` ch©šÍ we¯Ívi
jvf K‡iwQj|
DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z kkv‡¼i n¯Í‡¶c

DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z ewjô c`‡¶c MÖnY kkv‡¼i kvmbvg‡ji GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aa¨vq| DËi
fvi‡Z kkv‡¼i cÖavb cÖwZØ›`¡x wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi kw³kvjx mgªvU nl©ea©b| hv‡nvK, kkv‡¼i
DÌv‡bi c~‡e© DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZi cÖavb êwkó¨ GB †h, Ô‡gŠLix' ivResk c~e© I cwð‡g mvgªvR¨
we¯Ív‡ii AvMÖvmx Awfjv‡l wjß| Zviv mgmvgwqK Aci kw³ Ôcyl¨f‚wZ' ivRes‡ki mv‡_ êevwnK
m¤ú‡K©i ga¨w`‡q Ô‡RvU' M‡o Zz‡jwQj| Gw`‡K kkv¼ GB †Rv‡Ui weiy‡× ¯îvR¨ `„pfv‡e msi¶Y
Kivi Rb¨B cÖavbZ DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶c K‡ib| †MŠo-gM‡ai cieZx© ¸ßeskxq
ivRv‡ì mv‡_ †gŠLixivRv‡ì eskvbyµwgK kÎyZv wQj| †MŠo-gM‡ai AwaKZ©v kkv¼‡K GB kÎyZvi
†Ri Uvb‡Z nq| ZvQvov mgmvgwqK mg‡qi K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix ivRv MÖneg©Y cyl¨f‚wZ ivRv
cÖfvKiea©‡bi Kb¨v ivR¨kªx‡K weev‡ni gva¨‡g eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| kkv¼ aviYv K‡ib, GB eÜzZ¡
Zuvi Rb¨ wec` e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wZwbI K‚U‰bwZK †KŠk‡j gvjeivR †è¸‡ßi mv‡_ eÜz‡Z¡i
m¤úK© m„wó K‡ib| Gici Ôme©fviZxq' kw³i weiy‡× kkv¼ evsjvi kw³ cÖ`k©‡b AMÖmi nb|
DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z kkv‡¼i RwoZ nevi †cQ‡b †gvUvgywUfv‡e `ywU we‡kl Kvi‡Yi D‡jøL Kiv
hvq| cÖ_gZ, cieZx© ¸ß ivRv‡ì mv‡_ †gŠLix‡ì Ø‡›`¡ †MŠovwacwZ kkv¼I RwoZ n‡q c‡ob|
†Kbbv A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib kkv¼ ¸ß ivRv‡ìB †Kvb mvgšÍivRv ev cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb| ZvB
DËivwaKvi m~‡ÎB nq‡Zv wZwb †gŠLix‡ì kÎy wQ‡jb| wØZxqZ, ci¯úi we‡ivax `ywU †RvU M‡o IVvq
DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ †ek RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU †Rv‡Ui D”PvKv•¶x cÖwZwbwa
BwZnvm c„ôv 127

Gm Gm GBP Gj
wn‡m‡e kkv¼ wb‡R‡K Ôme©fviZxq' ivR‰bwZK Ø‡›`¡ Rwo‡q †d‡jb| †gŠLix Ges cyl¨f‚wZ‡ì
†Rv‡Ui weiy‡× kkv¼ gvj‡ei †è¸ß‡K m‡½ wb‡q Gfv‡eB ˆgÎx †RvU M‡o †Zv‡jb|
cyl¨f‚wZ I †gŠLix wgÎkw³i Avµg‡Yi c~‡e©B _v‡bk¦i ivR cÖfvKiea©‡bi Amy¯’Zvi my‡hv‡M
gvjeivR †è¸ß †gŠLixivR MÖneg©Y‡K AvµgY K‡ib Ges Zuvi ¯¿x ivR¨kªx‡K K‡bŠ‡R ew›` K‡ib|
G hy‡× MÖneg©Y‡K civwRZ Kivi mvd‡j¨ AbycÖvwYZ n‡q †è¸ß kkv‡¼i Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ A‡c¶v bv
K‡iB cieZx© ch©v‡q _v‡bk¦i ivR¨ AvµgY Kivi cÖ¯ÍzwZ wb‡Z _v‡Kb| Gw`‡K cÖfvKiea©‡bi g„Zzï
ci _v‡bk¦i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib ivRëa©b| ivRëa©b MÖneg©‡Yi civR‡qi msev` †c‡q wePwjZ
nb Ges wbR fMœx ivR¨kªx‡K D×vi Kivi Rb¨ m‰m‡b¨ K‡bŠ‡Ri w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib| cieZx©
NUbvcÖevn †ek A¯úó| Z‡e cÖvß Drm we‡k- lY †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ivRëa©b †è¸ß‡K
civwRZ I wbnZ K‡ib| wKš—z K‡bŠ‡Ri Ici wZwb wbR cÖfzZ¡ cÖwZôvq m¤¢eZ e¨_© nb Ges fMœx
ivR¨kªx‡KI D×vi Ki‡Z †Zgb GKUv mvdj¨ cvbwb| kkv¼ m¤¢eZ Av‡MB m‰m‡b¨ K‡bŠR
†cŠu‡QwQ‡jb †è¸‡ßi mvnv‡hï Rb¨| kkv¼ Ges ivRëa©‡bi g‡a¨ mivmwi †Kvb hy× n‡qwQj wKbv
Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e kkv¼ †h ivRëa©b‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi wKQy Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K©
mgmvgwqK m~Î¸‡jv‡Z wfbœ wfbœ NUbvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
evYfÆ Ges wnD‡qb mvs Df‡qB Zuv‡ì †jLwb‡Z ivRëa©b‡K nZ¨v Kivi †cQ‡b kkv‡¼i lohš¿
Ges wek¦vmNvZKZv mwµq wQj e‡j Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb| e¯ÍzZc‡¶ welqwU †ek †Nvjv‡U| evYfÆ
nl©Pwi‡Z wj‡L‡Qb †h, Ô‡MŠ‡oi ivRvi wg_¨v DcvPv‡i Avk¦¯Í n‡q wbi¯¿ ivRëa©b GKvKx †MŠ‡oi
ivRvi fe‡b Mgb K‡ib Ges ZrKZ…©K wbnZ nb|' ivRëa©b wb‡Ri wbivcËv wbwðZ bv K‡i kÎyi
Kv‡Q †Kb wM‡qwQ‡jb Zvi e¨vL¨v evYf‡Æi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv hvq bv| Aek¨ nl©Pwi‡Zi UxKvKvi
PZz`©k kZvãxi ksKi, kkv¼ KZ…©K wbR Kb¨v‡K ivRëa©‡bi Kv‡Q weev‡ni cÖ‡jvf‡bi K_v D‡jøL
K‡i Gi GKwU e¨vL¨v †èvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz cÖkœ Av‡m, cÖvq mvZkZ eQi ci G ai‡bi
cÖ‡jvf‡bi K_v ksKi †c‡jb †Kv_vq? wnD‡qb mvs-Gi weei‡Yi GK ¯’v‡b cvIqv hvq, kkv‡¼i
gš¿xMY ivRëa©b‡K GK mfvq Avgš¿Y K‡i nZ¨v K‡ib| Ab¨Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ivRëa©‡bi
gš¿xM‡Yi †`v‡lB ivRëa©b kÎyi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡q‡Qb| Z…Zxq GKwU Drm wn‡m‡e nl©ea©‡bi GKwU
wkjvwjwc‡Z cÖvß Z_¨‡K MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔmZ¨vby‡iv‡a' (mZ¨‡K cÖwZôv
Kivi R‡b¨ ev cÖwZÁv i¶vK‡í) ivRëa©b kÎyfe‡b cÖvYZ¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb| GB wZbwU Z‡_ï Ici
wfwË K‡i A‡b‡K ejvi †Póv K‡ib †h, kkv¼ GKRb Ôwek¦vmNvZK'| wKšÍz g‡b ivLv ìKvi, evYfÆ
I wnD‡qb mvs †KDB kkv‡¼i ¯^c¶xq bq| myZivs Zv‡ì Dw³ me©vs‡k MÖnY‡hvMÏ bq| ZvQvov
Dw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A¯úóZv i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK HwZnvwmK‡ì Abygvb, K‡bŠ‡Ri w`‡K AMÖmi nevi c‡_
ivRëa©b kkv‡¼i mv‡_ m¤§yLhy‡×I civwRZ n‡Z cv‡ib| A_ev Zuvi gš¿xe‡M©i loh‡š¿ wZwb
g„ZzëiY K‡iwQ‡jb GgbI g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ivRëa©‡bi GB ÔcivRq' I Ôg„Zz¨'i welqwU Zuvi
¯^c¶xq †jLKiv nq‡Zv †KŠk‡j Gwo‡q †M‡Qb| Z‡e NUbv hvB †nvK bv †Kb, ivRëa©‡bi g„Zz¨
msµvšÍ NUbvi mv‡_ †h †Kvb fv‡eB †nvK kkv¼ †h RwoZ wQ‡jb Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| G †_‡K
Abygvb Kiv hvq cÖvPxb evsjvi GKRb b„cwZ wn‡m‡e kkv¼ wQ‡jb †ek eyw×gvb I kw³kvjx|
nl©ea©‡bi weiy‡× kkv¼

cÖvPxb fvi‡Z nl©ea©b‡K ejv nq Z…Zxq mvgªvRëv`x cyiyl| GB kw³kvjx mgªv‡Ui weiy‡×I kkv‡¼i
†bZ…‡Z¡ evsjvi ¯^vaxb Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¶zbœ wQj| kkv‡¼i BwZnv‡m mePvB‡Z eo NUbv m¤¢eZ GUvB|
hv‡nvK, kkv‡¼i mv‡_ nl©ea©‡bi †Kvb hy× n‡qwQj wK bv Zv wbwðZ K‡i Rvbvi Dcvq †bB|
ÔAvh©gÄykªxg~jKí' MÖ‡š’ G wel‡q mvgvb¨ wKQy D‡jøL Av‡Q| MÖš’wU HwZnvwmK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z bq|
GwU †Kej †eŠ× ag© I ag©vej¤^x‡ì m¤^‡Ü wKQy wKse`šÍxi mgvnvi| Z`ycwi G MÖ‡š’ i‡q‡Q
BDwbU--- c„ôv
128
Av`¨¶iRwbZ mgm¨v| A_©vr G‡Z DwjøwLZ me bvgB nq bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶i ev mgv_©K kã Øviv
†jLv| †hgbÑ ivRv Ô‡mvg' m¤¢eZ kkv¼ Ges Zuvi kÎy ivRv Ôn' I Zuvi †R¨ôåvZv ivRv Ôi' m¤¢eZ
h_vµ‡g nl©ea©b I ivRëa©b| G MÖ‡š’ nl©ea©b KZ…©K kkv‡¼i civR‡qi Bw½Z †`qv n‡q‡Q| wKšÍz
ÔAvh©gÄykªxg~jKí' MÖ‡š’i eY©bv G Kvi‡YB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq †hÑ kkv¼ mwZ¨B civwRZ n‡j evYfÆ ev
wnD‡qb mvs Aek¨B Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Zb| me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡jv 619 wLª÷v‡ãi MÄg wjwc †_‡K
cÖgvY nq kkv¼ Z‡Zvw`b ch©šÍ wbR iv‡R¨ A¶zbœ wQ‡jb| myZivs nl©ea©b kkv‡¼i ivR¨ AvµgY K‡i
nq‡Zv wKQy mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb; wKšÍz Zuv‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Avi wnD‡qb mvs-Gi
weeiY n‡Z g‡b nq kkv¼ 630 wLª÷v‡ãi c~e© ch©šÍI wbR iv‡R¨ weivRgvb wQ‡jb| †h nl©ea©b
DËi fviZe¨vcx wekvj mvgªvR¨ M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb; whwb ¶gZvq e‡mB Zuvi åvZ…nšÍvKvix kkv‡¼i
weiy‡× cÖwZ‡kva †bevi R‡b¨ Ôc„w_ex‡K †MŠok~b¨ Ki‡eb' e‡j cÖwZÁv K‡iwQ‡jb; whwb Kvgiƒ‡ci
fv¯‹i eg©‡Yi mv‡_ kkv‡¼i weiy‡× wgÎZv M‡o Zz‡j Zuv‡K wech©¯Í Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb; †mB nl©ea©b
kkv‡¼i RxeÏkvq m¤¢eZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Zgb wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| Dfqw`‡K kÎy‡ewóZ n‡qI
kkv¼ Avg„Zz¨ †MŠoivR¨ Z_v evsjvi ¯^vaxb mËv A¶zbœ ivL‡Z mg_© nb| ‡Kbbv Avgiv †`wL †h,
kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ciB fv¯‹ieg©Y Ges wnD‡qb mvs evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|
kkv‡¼i ag©gZ
kkv¼ ˆke wQ‡jb| Zuvi gy`ªvq wk‡ei g~wZ© DrKxY© Kiv n‡Zv| wnD‡qb mvs kkv‡¼i †eŠ× we‡Øl I
†eŠ×‡ì Ici AZ¨vPv‡ii bvbvb Kvwnbx wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| evYfÆ kkv¼‡K Ô‡MŠovag', Ô‡MŠofzR½'
BZ¨vw` AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| kkv¼ ˆke a‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| GUv nq‡Zv †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖmvi wKQyUv
†iva K‡iwQj| ZvB A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, kkv‡¼i †eŠ× wbh©vZ‡bi Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ AwZk‡qvw³ Av‡Q|
†Kbbv wnD‡qb mvs evsjvq †eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi †h we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Zv †_‡K cÖgvY Kiv gykwKj
†h, kkv¼ e¨vcKfv‡e †eŠ× wbab K‡iwQ‡jb| kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨ cÖm‡½ wnD‡qb mvs e‡jb, Ô630
wLª÷v‡ãi AíKvj c~‡e© kkv¼ Mqvi †evwae„¶ †Q`b K‡iwQ‡jb Ges wbKUeZx© gw›ì n‡Z ey× g~wZ©
mwi‡qwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j kkv‡¼i mviv †`‡n ¶Z nq, gvsm cu‡P hvq Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|' G weeiY
Ôwe‡ØlcÖm~Z' e‡jB g‡b nq Ges Gi wfwË‡Z kkv¼‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †eŠ× we‡Ølx ev mv¤úª`vwqK g‡b
Kiv hyw³hy³ n‡e bv|
kkv‡¼i K…wZZ¡
AvaywbK HwZnvwmK‡ì A‡b‡KB kkv¼‡K evsjvi ÔcÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© b„cwZ' wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡Z Pvb|
Gi ¯^c‡¶ h‡_ó hyw³I †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| W. i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi e‡jb, Ôkkv¼ Zuvi ivR¨ Rq Øviv
†h bxwZi cËb K‡ib Zv AbymiY K‡i cvj ivRviv wekvj GK mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib|' ev¯ÍweKB
kkv¼B cÖ_g ivRe¨w³Z¡ whwb evsjvi †MŠiegq Aw¯—‡Z¡i msev` me©fvi‡Z Qwo‡q †`b| me©fviZxq
kw³i weiy‡× evsjvi ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg mËvi cÖKvk Ges evsjvi ¯^vaxb Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¶zbœ ivLvi K…wZZ¡
kkv‡¼i †bZ…‡Z¡B N‡U‡Q| G ch©šÍ cÖvß mv¶¨ cÖgv‡Y †`Lv hvq, kkv¼B evsjvi cÖ_g b„cwZ huvi
f‚wg`vb Kivi g‡Zv Ges gy`ªv cÖKvk Kivi g‡Zv ¶gZv wQj| wZwb evsjvi kw³ wb‡q DËi fvi‡Zi
ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶c K‡ib Ges wKQy mvdjÏ wQwb‡q Av‡bb| Gfv‡e mßg kZvãxi evsjvi BwZnv‡m
kkv¼, ejv hvq A‡bKUv AvKw¯§Kfv‡eB K…wZ‡Z¡i Av‡jv Qwo‡q †`b| mvwe©K wePv‡i ZvB Zuv‡K
evsjvi ÔcÖ_g ¸iyZ¡cyY© b„cwZ' wnmve †g‡b †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
BwZnvm c„ôv 129

Gm Gm GBP Gj
mvims‡¶c
evsjvi cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© b„cwZ kkv¼ mßg kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i kvmK| ¸ß kvm‡bi ci evsjvi
†MŠo iv‡Rï wZwb AwacwZ nb| Zuvi ivR¨mxgv `w¶‡Y Dwol¨vi wPj&Kv n«` ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z
n‡qwQj| Ô‡gŠLix' GesÔcyl¨f‚wZ' es‡ki weiy‡× wZwb evsjvi ¯^vaxb mËv A¶ybœ ivL‡Z m¶g
nb| GgbwK DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g wZwb evsjvi c‡¶ wKQy mvdjÏ
AR©b K‡ib| gvjeivR †è¸‡ßi m‡½ ˆgÎx ¯’vcb GesK‚U‰bwZK `¶Zvq wZwb wb‡Ri
Ae¯’vb‡K my`„p K‡ib| kkv¼B evsjvi cÖ_g b„cwZ hvi f‚wg`vb Kivi g‡Zv Gesgy`ªv cÖKvk
Kivi g‡Zv ¯^vaxb ¶gZv wQj| ivRëa©‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ûi mv‡_ Zuvi m¤ú„³ _vKvi †ek wKQy
c‡iv¶ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq hv kkv‡¼i K…wZZ¡‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| evsjvi m`c© ivR‰bwZK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
msev` me©fvi‡Z cÖPvi Kivi †MŠi‡e kkv¼ gwngvwb¦Z|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1| K‡bŠ‡Ri †Kvb ivResk kkv‡¼i we‡ivaxZv K‡i?
(K) cyl¨f‚wZ (L) †gŠLix
(M) cieZx© ¸ß (N) P›`ª
2| kkv‡¼i Avg‡j †Kvb `ywU †RvU DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z mwµq n‡qI‡V?
(K) †gŠLix-cyl¨f‚wZ I †MŠo-gvje
(L) †gŠLix-gvje I †MŠo-cyl¨f‚wZ
(M) cyl¨f‚wZ-†MŠo I †gŠLix-gvje
(N) cyl¨f‚wZ-gvje I †MŠo-†gŠLix
3| †Kvb mgªv‡Ui g„Zzï NUbvi m‡½ kkv¼‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv nq?
(K) nl©ea©b (L) cÖfvKiea©b
(M) ivRëa©b (N) fv¯‹ieg©Y
4| Av`¨v¶iRwbZ RwUjZv †Kvb MÖš’wU‡Z we`¨gvb?
(K) nl©PwiZ (L) ivgPwiZg&
(M) ivRZiw½bx (N) Avh©gÄykªxg~jKí
5| kkv¼ †Kvb a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb?
(K) †eŠ× (L) ‰eòe
(M) ˆke (N) ˆRb|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| ¸ß cieZx© evsjvi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v eY©bv Kiyb|
2| kkv¼ m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
130
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| kkv¼ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Drm¸‡jv wK? kkv‡¼i DÌvb I ivR¨mxgv wPwýZ Kiyb|
2| DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶‡ci we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K kkv‡¼i K…wZ‡Z¡i g~j¨vqb Kiyb|
3| Ôkkv¼ cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bicwZ'Ñ Avcwb wK GKgZ?
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History of Ancient Bengal.
2| R.C. Majumdar (ed.), History of Bengal, Vol-I.
3| Ave`yjgwgb †PŠayix I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm|
4| i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, 1g LÛ|
BwZnvm c„ôv 131

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 10
nl©ea©b
D‡Ïk¨
• cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kl mvgªvRëv`x ivResk m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• nl©ea©‡bi BwZnv‡mi Drm m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb ;
• nl©ea©‡bi hy×-weMÖn I ivR¨mxgv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgªvU wn‡m‡e nl©ea©‡bi K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
cyl¨f‚wZ es‡ki cwiPq I DÌvb

cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kl mvgªvRëv`x ivResk c~e©cvÄv‡ei cyl¨f‚wZ ivResk| kkv‡¼i Ici
Av‡jvPbvKv‡j cyl¨f‚wZ‡ì m¤ú‡K© wKQy aviYv B‡Zvg‡a¨B †`qv n‡q‡Q| c~e© cvÄv‡ei AšÍM©Z
_v‡bk¦i AÂ‡j m¤¢eZ lô kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cyl¨f‚wZ es‡ki kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| GB es‡ki cÖ_g
¸iyZ¡cyY© kvmK wQ‡jb cÖfvKiea©b| cyl¨f‚wZ ivRv‡ì bv‡gi †k‡l Ôea©b' kãwU hy³ K‡i GKwU
êwkó¨ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖfvKiea©b wQ‡jb LyeB cÖZvckvjx ivRv| n‚b Avµg‡Yi weiy‡× wZwb
cvÄve i¶v Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci fvi‡Z †h HK¨nxb wek„´Lj
cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e N‡U Zvi Aemv‡b cyl¨f‚wZ es‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| cÖfvKiea©‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡
cyl¨f‚wZiv fvi‡Z PZz_©ev‡ii g‡Zv GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| cÖvPxbKv‡j fvi‡Z
ivResk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ êevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi ixwZ wQj|G ai‡bi weev‡ni wQj ivR‰bwZK I
mvgwiK ¸iyZ¡| Avcbviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B AeMZ n‡q‡Qb †h, mgKvjxb hyMag© Abymv‡i cÖfvKiea©bI
K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix es‡ki mv‡_ êevwnK m~‡Î wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖfvKiea©‡bi Kb¨v ivR¨kªxi m‡½
K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix ivRcyÎ MÖneg©‡Yi weevn m¤úbœ nq| Gfv‡e DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z †gŠLix-
cyl¨f‚wZ ˆgÎx †RvU M‡o I‡V| GB ˆgÎx †Rv‡Ui weiy‡× gvj‡ei †è¸ß Ges †MŠoivR kkv¼ cvëv
wgÎZv MVb K‡ib| cÖfvKiea©b h‡Zvw`b †eu‡P wQ‡jb Z‡Zvw`b GB `yB c¶ ci¯úi‡K AvµgY
K‡iwb| wKš—z AvKw¯§Kfv‡e cÖfvKiea©‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ ivRëa©b wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
Gw`‡K gvje-†MŠo kw³ †RvU _v‡bk¦‡i ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi my‡hvM wb‡Z †Póv K‡i| Zv‡ì nv‡Z
MÖneg©Y wbnZ nb Ges ew›` nb ivRKb¨v ivR¨kªx| ivRëa©b †evb‡K D×v‡ii Rb¨ m‰m‡b¨ †è¸‡ßi
weiy‡× AMÖmi nb Ges †è¸ß‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| wKšÍz cieZx© NUbv cÖev‡n †MŠoivR kkv‡¼i nv‡Z
ivRëa©b wbnZ nb e‡j mgmvgwqK Dr‡m D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| kkv¼ ivRëa©b‡K b¨vh¨ hy‡× bvwK
PµvšÍ K‡i wbnZ K‡ib Zv wb‡q HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` Av‡Q| Gfv‡e cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kl
mvgªvRëv`x ivRes‡ki cÖavb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivRcyiyl nl©ea©b (ivRëa©‡bi †QvU fvB) _v‡bk¦‡ii wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges fviZel©‡K cybivq HKë× kvmbvax‡b Avbvi cÖqvm Pvjvb| nl©ea©b m¤¢eZ
606 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| 612 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K _v‡bk¦i I K‡bŠR ivR¨‡K mshy³
Kivi gva¨‡g Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvq wZwb GK wekvj mvgªv‡Rï m~Pbv K‡ib| K‡bŠR Zuvi mvgªv‡Rï
†K›`ª¯’‡j cwiYZ nq|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
132
nl©ea©b m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb

cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi mvgªvR¨‡Kw›`ªK BwZnv‡m nl©ea©bB †kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgªvU| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K
AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡ib|Zuvi m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †ek wKQy Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nl©ea©‡bi mfvKwe evYfÆ iwPZ Ônl©PwiZ' GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| hwÌ GB
MÖš’wU‡Z n‡l©i ivRZ¡Kv‡ji mgMÖ NUbv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv hvq bv, Z`ycwi HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e Gi h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Aci GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcv`vb n‡”Q ˆPwbK ch©UK wnD‡qb mvs-Gi
iPbv Ôwm-BD-KvB' Ges Zuvi Rxebx MÖš’| wnD‡qb mvs nl©ea©b m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Z_¨ wjwce× K‡i‡Qb|
Aek¨ GB weei‡Y wKQyUv c¶cvwZZ¡ cwijw¶Z nq| †Kbbv fviZ ågYKv‡j wZwb n‡l©i AvbyK‚j¨
jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| Z`ycwi GwUI nl©ea©‡bi BwZnvm Rvbvi GKwU Ag~j¨ Drm wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
n‡l©i ivRZ¡Kv‡j †Lvw`Z K‡qKwU wjwcI Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e h‡_ó g~jëvb| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ (1)
euvk‡Liv ZvgªcÆ; (2) bvj›`v kxL; (3) †mvbvcr ZvgªcÆ; (4) gayebx ZvgªcÆ; I (5) PvjyKïvR
wØZxq cyj‡Kkxi AvB‡nvj wkjvwjwc nl©ea©b m¤ú‡K© A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ aviY K‡i Av‡Q| nl©ea©b
Ges mgKvjxb BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e G¸‡jvi Ôwek¦¯ÍZv' I Ô¸iyZ¡' mePvB‡Z †ewk| GQvovI
cÖvß wKQy gy`ªv †_‡KI n‡l©i ivRZ¡Kvj m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
nl©ea©‡bi K‡bŠR AwaKvi

wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB nl©ea©b K‡bŠR AwaKvi Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi nb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, K‡bŠ‡Ri
k~b¨ wmsnvmb MÖnY Kivi R‡b¨ Zuv‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| K‡bŠR `Lj K‡iB wZwb Ônl©
m¤^r'(606wLª:) cÖPjb K‡ib| hv‡nvK, HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡Z, webv evavq K‡bŠR `Lj m¤¢eZ
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| †Kbbv K‡bŠR wQj †gŠLix‡ì ivRavbx| †gŠLixivR MÖneg©‡Yi †QvU fvB k~i‡mb
wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb| GKwU Drm †_‡K AbywgZ nq k~i‡mb m¤¢eZ kkv‡¼i c‡¶ wQ‡jb|
nl©ea©b Kvgiƒ‡ci fv¯‹i eg©‡Yi mv‡_ ˆgÎx †RvU M‡o Zzj‡j K‡bŠ‡Ri kw³mvg¨ wKQyUv `ye©j n‡q
c‡o| K‡bŠ‡Ri m¤§yL I cðvr Dfq w`K †_‡K AvµvšÍ nevi Avk¼vq G mgq †MŠoivR kkv¼
k~i‡mb‡K ÔZv‡e`vi ivRv' wn‡m‡e ¯’vcb K‡i K‡bŠR Z¨vM K‡ib| Gici nl©ea©b m¤¢eZ K‡YŠR
`Lj K‡i †bb| wnD‡qb mvs m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, ivR¨kªx K‡bŠ‡Ri wmsnvm‡b em‡Z AbvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡j
K‡bŠ‡Ri gš¿xMY nl©‡K ivR¨wU MÖnY Kivi Aby‡iva Rvbvb| cÖ_‡g Awb”Qv _vK‡jI †evwam‡Ëi G
Aby‡iva MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cÖ_‡g †Kej ivRcÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c ivR¨cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges wKQyKvj ci
cwiw¯’wZ AbyK‚‡j ey‡S ivRm`„k Dcvwa MÖnY Ges _v‡bk¦i I K‡bŠR hyM¥ iv‡Rï ivRavbx K‡bŠ‡R
¯’vcb K‡ib| Z‡e wnD‡qb mvs-Gi eY©bv me©vs‡k MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| hv‡nvK, nl©ea©b †h‡Kvb cÖKv‡iB
K‡bŠ‡Ri wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY KiyK bv †Kb Zv DËi fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK kw³ cyb:¯’vc‡b mvnvh¨
K‡iwQj|
nl©ea©‡bi mvgwiK Awfhvb

nl©ea©b Ôc„w_exe¨vcx' weRq Awfhv‡bi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Zuvi ¯^c¶xq Dr‡m D‡jøL Av‡Q|
kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ci c~e©w`‡K nl©ea©‡bi mvgwiK mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| ˆPwbK m~‡Î ejv n‡q‡Q, nl©
c~e©w`‡K Awfhv‡b iIbv n‡q †h-mKj ivR¨ Zuvi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z m¤§Z nqwb Zv‡ì weiy‡× Qq
ermi Aweivg hy× K‡i ÔcÂfviZ' wbR AvbyMZ¨vax‡b Av‡bb| wZwb Zuvi fvB ivRëa©‡bi nZ¨vKvixi
Ici Pig cÖwZ‡kva wb‡q wb‡R‡K fviZe‡l©i Ici cÖfz‡Z¡i Avm‡b ¯’vcb K‡ib e‡jI Rvbv hvq|
BwZnvm c„ôv 133

Gm Gm GBP Gj
jvU, gvje, ¸RivU, wmÜz cÖf…wZ AÂ‡ji mv‡_ cyl¨f‚wZ‡ì esk ci¤úivq Ø›`¡ weivRgvb wQj| n‡l©i
Avg‡j ¸Riv‡Ui ejfx bvgK iv‡Rï mv‡_ hy‡× ejfxi civRq N‡U, hwÌ ejfx esk c‡i ¯^vaxbZv
cybiy×v‡i m¶g n‡qwQj| †KD †KD e‡jb, ejfx esk n‡l©i AbyMZ mvgšÍ ivR¨ wQj|
nl©ea©‡bi mv‡_ PvjyKïvR wØZxq cyj‡Kkxi msNl© m¤ú‡K©I Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| nl© hLb DËi fvi‡Z
Zuvi GK”QÎ AwaKvi ¯’vc‡b e¨¯Í wQ‡jb, †m mgq `w¶‡Y PvjyKïvR wØZxq cyj‡KkxI Zz½f`ªv b`xi
DËi Zx‡i mgMÖ `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ Avcb AwaKvi ¯’vc‡b e¨¯Í wQ‡jb| jvU, gvje, ¸R©i cÖf…wZ ivR¨
cyj‡Kkxi mvgšÍ ivR¨ wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| G Kvi‡Y nl©ea©‡bi mvgªvRëv`x Avµg‡Yi Kv‡j
ivR¨¸‡jv cyj‡Kkxi mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Av‡m| hv‡nvK, cyj‡Kkxi wjwc we‡kølY †_‡K AbywgZ nq
nl©ea©b m¤¢eZ civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e cyj‡Kkxi mv‡_ hy‡×i djvdj hvB †nvK bv †Kb, nl©ea©b
†h `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
wmÜz iv‡Rï weiy‡×I cyl¨f‚wZ‡ì êix m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj| evYfÆ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, nl© ÔwmÜzi
ivRv‡K P~Y© Kwiqv Zvnvi m¤úwË AwaKvi Kwiqv jBqv‡Qb'| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ Drm we‡kølY †_‡K AbywgZ
nq, wmÜz‡`‡k nl© mvgwqK mvdj¨ nq‡Zv †c‡qwQ‡jb, wKšÍz AwP‡iB wmÜz‡`k Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv
cybiy×v‡i m¶g nq| wnD‡qb mvs e‡jb, nl© Kvwk¥‡ii weiy‡× mvgwiK Awfhv‡bI mvdj¨ AR©b
K‡ib| Kvwk¥‡ii ivRv n‡l©i AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡i Ges Zuv‡K ey‡×i †`nve‡kl w`‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j
Rvbv hvq|
n‡l©i mvgªvR¨mxgv
†ek wKQy Dr‡m nl©ea©b‡K ÔmK‡jvËic_bv_Ó e‡j AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© n‡jv ÔmgMÖ DËi
fvi‡Zi AwacwZ'| wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e nl© mgMÖ DËivc‡_i GK”QÎ AwacwZ wQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq bv|
GgbwK cwÛZM‡Yi g‡a¨ nl©ea©‡bi mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZ ev cÖK…Z mxgv wba©viY cÖm‡½I weZK© we`¨gvb
i‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z, nl©ea©‡bi mvgªvR¨ _v‡bk¦i, K‡bŠR, Awn”QÎ, kªve¯Íx, cÖqvM
cÖf…wZ wb‡q MwVZ wQj| wnD‡qb mvs-Gi weei‡Y gMa I Dwol¨v Zuvi iv‡Rï AšÍfz©³ wQj e‡j
DwjøwLZ Av‡Q| AvaywbK HwZnvwmK‡ì A‡b‡KB D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, nl©ea©‡bi ˆmb¨ mgMÖ DËi
fviZ c`vbZ K‡iwQj| DË‡i wngvjq n‡Z `w¶‡Y bg©`v b`x ch©šÍ Ges c~‡e© MÄvg n‡Z cwð‡g
ejfx ch©šÍ mgMÖ f‚-fvM nl©ea©‡bi mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡qwQj| W. †K.Gg. cvwb°i Zuvi Ômv‡f© Ae BwÛqvb
wnw÷ª' MÖ‡š’ e‡jb †h, ÔweÜ¨ ce©‡Zi DË‡ii mKj †`k, †bcvj I Kvwk¥i n‡l©i mvgªvR¨fz³ wQj'|
Z‡e cÖvß Drm Ges †mB Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z HwZnvwmKMY †h mKj gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb Zv †_‡K n‡l©i
iv‡Rï cÖK…Z mxgv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| ZvQvov gšÍe¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ h‡_ó Am½wZI
i‡q‡Q|
nl©ea©‡bi K…wZZ¡
nl©ea©b GKRb cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK wQ‡jb|Zuvi kvmbbxwZ wQj ˆ¯îvPv‡ii Avkªq bv wb‡q, wbR
¶gZvq kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv|GBiƒc eë¯’vq mgªv‡Ui e¨w³MZ cÖwZfv, e¨w³Z¡ Ges RbKj¨v‡Yi
Av`k© wQj cÖK…Z wfwË|kvmbKv‡h© wZwb e¨w³MZ cÖvav‡bï cvkvcvwk mvgªvRë¨vcx cwi`k©‡bi IciI
¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| Ônl©ea©b wQ‡jb AK¬všÍ, Ges Zuvi w`b¸‡jv Kv‡Ri Zzjbvq AZ¨šÍ msw¶ß wQj'Ñ
GB gšÍe¨ cÖKvk K‡i wnD‡qb mvs n‡l©i Kg©KzkjZvq we¯§q cÖKvk K‡ib|hv‡nvK, nl©ea©‡bi
kvmbeë¯’v wQj `„k¨Z ˆ¯îZš¿x, wKšÍz Kvh©‡¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i, G‡Kev‡i MÖvgxY
cÖkvmb ch©šÍ h‡_ó ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi cÖvavb¨|ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, nl©ea©‡bi kvmbeë¯’v wQj ˆ¯îvPvi
BDwbU--- c„ôv
134
(autocracy) I ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi (automony) GK Af‚Zc~e© mgb¦q| cÖkvmwbK myweavi Rb¨ mvgªvR¨‡K

fzw³ (wefvM), welq (†Rjv), exw_ (Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv) Ges MÖv‡g fvM Kiv n‡qwQj| ZvQvov g~j
cÖkvmb †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkKÑ GB `yB fv‡M wQj wef³| †K›`ªxq miKvi Z_v mgMÖ mvgªv‡Rï
cÖkvm‡bi m‡e©v‡”P wQ‡jb mgªvU nl©ea©b ¯^qs| Zuv‡K civgk© †èvi Rb¨ m¤¢eZ GKwU gš¿x cwil`
wQj| gš¿xMY ê‡`wkK ivóª I ivóª cÖavb‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I ê‡`wkK m¤úK© wba©vi‡YI f‚wgKv
ivL‡Zb| †hgb kkv‡¼i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Zuvi wkwe‡i hvIqvi e¨vcv‡i gš¿xcwil` ivRëa©b‡K
civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| nl©ea©‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq wewfbœ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡cÖvß
gš¿x‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb gnvmvwÜweMÖwnK (hy× I kvwšÍ welqK gš¿x), gnvejvwaK…Z (†mbva¨¶),
A¶cUvwjK (`wjj-`¯Ív‡eR msi¶K), †fvMcwZ (ivR¯^ msMÖvnK) BZ¨vw`| nl©ea©‡bi wekvj
†mbvevwnbx wQj| Zuvi evwnbx‡Z 50 nvRvi c`vwZK, 5 nvRvi hy×nw¯Í I 2 nvRvi Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmb¨
wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| mymsMwVZ †mbv msMVbI wZwb M‡owQ‡jb e‡j D‡jøL Av‡Q|
n‡l©i mgq ivR‡¯î nvi wQj LyeB Kg| K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì Drcv`‡bi GK lóvsk ivR¯^ wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb
Ki‡Zb| f‚wg ivR¯^ QvovI evwYR¨ I Lwbïé wQj miKvwi Av‡qi Drm| Av`vqK…Z ivR¯^ wZwb
ivR¨kvmb I agx©q Dcvmbv; ivRKg©Pvix‡ì †eZb I fiY-†cvlY; wkw¶Z‡ì g‡a¨ e„wË; wewfbœ
agx©q m¤úª`vq‡K `vb; iv¯ÍvNvU ˆZwi, Lvj Lbb, weaev‡ì e„wË BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨q Ki‡Zb|
nl©ea©‡bi mvgªv‡R¨ `Ûwewa K‡Vvi wQj| hve¾xeb Kviv`Û, wbe©vmb Ges A½‡”Q` wQj mvaviY
kvw¯Í| jNy Aciv‡ai Rb¨ mvaviYZ A_©`Û n‡Zv| A‡bK mgq Aciva wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AwMœ, Rj,
Zzjv`Û cÖf…wZ ˆè cix¶vi cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| `Ûwewai K‡VviZv m‡ËI ¸ßhy‡Mi Zzjbvq G mgq
Aciva †ewk n‡Zv| A_P wnD‡qb mvs fviZxq‡ì Pwi‡Î gy» n‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi fvlvq, ÔfviZxqiv
Ab¨vqfv‡e wKQy MÖnY K‡i bv| ..... Zviv Ac‡ii cv‡ci kvw¯Í †`‡L fxZ nq Ges Zv‡ì KvRKg©
Bn‡jv‡K KZLvwb dj †`q †mw`‡K `„wó †`q bv| Zviv cÖeÂbv K‡i bv Ges cÖwZÁv i¶v K‡i|'
n‡l©i kvmbeë¯’v‡K GKwU D`vi‰bwZK ˆ¯îZš¿ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB kvmbeë¯’vi mvdj¨ n‡l©i
e¨w³Z¡ I †hvM¨Zvi IciB †ewkifvM wbf©ikxj wQj| Aek¨ GB eë¯’v ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cÖkvmwbK
`¶Zvi mgZzj¨ bv n‡jI A_ev †gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï eûgyLx Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi ¶gZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡jI Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆbwZKZv, A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i wePv‡i Zv h‡_ó cÖksmbxq wQj|
nl©ea©b wk¶v I mvwn‡Zï GKRb c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡eI ¯^xq K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| bvj›`v wenvi ev
wek¦we`¨vjq wQj ZLbKvi Ab¨Zg weL¨vZ wk¶v‡K›`ª| mgKv‡ji weL¨vZ cwÛZeM© GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv,
weZK©, ZK©kv¯¿ cÖf…wZ‡Z wbhy³ _vK‡Zb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| nl© wk¶v, mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K‡ì
c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡Zb Ges wZwb wb‡RI GKRb cÖwZfvevb Kwe I bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb|Zuvi iwPZ wZbLvwb
bvUK weØ¾b mgv‡R mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q|G¸‡jv n‡”Q bvMvb›`, iZœvejx I wcÖq`wk©Kv| nl©PwiZ iPwqZv
evYfÆ wQ‡jb Zuvi mfvKwe| gq~iI wKQyKvj Zuvi mfvKwe wQ‡jb|
hv‡nvK, mvgwMÖKfv‡e nl©ea©‡bi K…wZ‡Z¡i K_v ej‡Z †M‡j Zuvi ag© mwnòz bxwZ, cÖRvwn‰ZlYv, wk¶v-
mvwn‡Zï cÖwZ AbyivM, myweb¨¯Í kvmb KvVv‡gv Ges m‡e©vcwi _v‡bk¦‡ii ¶z`ª ivR¨‡K DËi fviZxq
PwiÎ `v‡bi welq D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| fMœx ivR¨kªx‡K D×vi Ges kkv‡¼i weiy‡× mvdj¨ Zuvi mg‡qi
GK K…wZZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| Z`ycwi Lv`¨, mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, evwYR¨, K…wl BZ¨vw` †¶‡ÎI nl©ea©‡bi Avg‡j
w¯’wZ we`¨gvb wQj|mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcwqZv wn‡m‡eI n‡l©i K…wZZ¡ myweL¨vZ| PvjyK¨ wjwc‡Z Zuv‡K
ÔmK‡jvËic_bv_' ev mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Zi AwacwZ ejv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK HwZnvwmK nl©ea©b‡K ÔcÖvPxb
fvi‡Zi †kl ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kvmK' wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡ib| HwZnvwmK Avi.†K. gyLvRx© e‡jb, Ôn‡l©i Pwi‡Î
mgy`ª¸‡ßi mgiKzkjZv I A‡kv‡Ki cÖRvwn‰ZlYvi mgb¦q N‡UwQj'|
BwZnvm c„ôv 135

Gm Gm GBP Gj
mvims‡¶c
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †kl mvgªvRëv`x ivRes‡ki ¸iyZ¡cyY© kvmK n‡”Qb nl©ea©b| 606 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY Ges 612 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K _v‡bk¦i I K‡bŠR ivR¨‡K mshy³ Kivi gva¨‡g
Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvq GK weivU mvgªv‡Rï m~Pbv K‡ib| nl©ea©‡bi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †ekwKQy
Drm i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z Zuvi K‡bŠR AwaKvi ev K‡bŠ‡Ri ivR‰bwZK fvimvg¨ i¶v,
Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK Awfhvb I Acivci K…wZZ¡ wel‡q Rvbv hvq| †ek wKQy Dr‡m nl©ea©b‡K
ÔmK‡jvËic_bv_' e‡j AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q| weÜ¨ ce©‡Zi DË‡ii mKj †`k, †bcvj I Kvwk¥i
Zuvi mvgªvR¨fz³ wQj| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖRvwn‰Zlx GKRb kvmK| ˆ¯îvPvi I ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi
mgb¦‡q Zuvi kvmbeë¯’v M‡o I‡V| Av`vqK…Z ivR‡¯^ nl©ea©b A‡bK RbwnZKi Kg©KvÛ
Ki‡Zb| nl©ea©b wb‡R GKRb Kwe I bvU¨Kvi Ges wk¶v I mvwn‡Zï D`vi c„ô‡cvlK
wQ‡jb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| nl©ea©‡bi wcZvi bvgÑ
(K) MÖneg©Y (L) cÖfvKiea©b
(M) ivRëa©b (N) iƒcea©b|
2| nl©ea©‡bi mvgªvR¨mxgv wQjÑ
(K) mgMÖ DËi fviZ, †bcvj I Kvwk¥i (L) mgMÖ fviZ, †bcvj I Kvwk¥i
(M) mgMÖ `w¶Y fviZ, Dwol¨v I e½ (N) mgMÖ DËi fviZ, PvjyK¨ I bg©`v|
3| ÔmK‡jvËic_bv_' A_©wK?
(K) DË‡ivËi mvdj¨ AR©bKvix ivRv (L) DË‡ivËi mg„w× jvf K‡ib whwb
(M) mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Zi AwacwZ (N) mgMÖ fvi‡Zi AwacwZ|
4| n‡l©i kvmbeë¯’vi cÖK…wZ wK wQj?
(K) ˆ¯îZvwš¿K (L) MYZvwš¿K
(M) D`viZvwš¿K (N) D`vi I ˆ¯îZvwš¿K|
5| ‡Kvb& ch©UK nl©ea©‡bi AvwZ_¨ MÖnYK‡ib?
(K) wnD‡qb mvs (L) Br-wms
(M) †kswP (N) dv-wn‡qb|
msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| nl©ea©‡bi c~e©eZx© cyl¨f‚wZ eskxq ivRv‡ì Ici GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
2| nl©ea©b m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ mnvqK HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
3| K‡bŠR wKfv‡e nl©ea©‡bi mvgªv‡Rï †K›`ª¯’‡j cwiYZ nqÑ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| mvgªvRëv`x kvmK wn‡m‡e nl©ea©‡bi g~j¨vqb Kiyb|
BDwbU--- c„ôv
136
2| DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z nl©ea©‡bi K…wZZ¡ wbiƒcY Kiyb| Zuv‡K ÔmK‡jvËic_bv_' AvL¨v`vb
wK m½Z?
3| nl©ea©‡bi ivR‰bwZK mvd‡jï we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K Zuvi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiyb|
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar and others (ed.), The History and Culture of Indian People. Vol-IV, The
Age of Imperial Kanauj.
2| Devahuti, Harsavardhana.
3| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv|
4| nx‡i›`ª bv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, 1g LÛ|
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi t

cvV : 1 1| (M) ; 2| (K) ; 3| (L) ; 4| (L) ; 5| (N)|
cvV : 2 1| (L) ; 2| (L) ; 3| (M) ; 4| (K)|
cvV : 3 1| (L) ; 2| (L) ; 3| (K) ; 4|(K) ; 5| (M)|
cvV : 4 1| (L) ; 2| (N) ; 3| (M) ; 4| (M)|
cvV : 5 1| (M) ; 2| (K) ; 3| (N) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (K) ; 6| (M)|
cvV : 6 1| (N) ; 2| (M) ; 3| (K) ; 4| (L)|
cvV : 7 1| (M) ; 2| (L) ; 3| (L) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (N)|
cvV : 8 1| (K) ; 2| (N) ; 3| (L) ; 4| (M) ; 5| (N) ; 6| (M)|
cvV : 9 1| (L) ; 2| (K) ; 3| (M) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (M)|
cvV : 10 1| (L) ; 2| (K) ; 3| (M) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (K)|
BwZnvm c„ôv 137

Cövpxb Fvi Zi MVG VR : Evsjv 'K DB Y Wek We' VJQ

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Cövpxb Fvi Zi MVG VR : Evsjv 'K DB Y Wek We' VJQ

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evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi mvgªvR¨

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

†gŠh© mvgªv‡R¨i D™¢e I P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©

BDwbU--- c„ôv 78

BDwbU--- c„ôv 80

BDwbU--- c„ôv 82

BDwbU--- c„ôv 84

5| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© gviv hvbÑ

4| P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i cÖv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’v eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU--- c„ôv 86

BDwbU--- c„ôv 88

BDwbU--- c„ôv 90

BDwbU--- c„ôv 92

KzlvY mvgªvR¨ : KwY®‹

BDwbU--- c„ôv 94

BDwbU--- c„ôv 96

BDwbU--- c„ôv 98

BwZnvm c„ôv 101

¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv I cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß

Kzlv‡YvËi hy‡M fviZ

¸ß‡`i BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

¸ß‡`i Avw` cwiPq I evm¯’vb

BwZnvm c„ôv 103

¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i D™¢e I cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi mvgªvR¨mxgv

Ôwj”Qwe' es‡ki mv‡_ ˆeevwnK m¤úK©

BwZnvm c„ôv 105

mgy`ª¸‡ßi BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

BwZnvm c„ôv 107

BwZnvm c„ôv 109

BwZnvm c„ôv 111

ÔkKvwi weµgvw`Z¨' I wØZxq P›`ª¸ß

BwZnvm c„ôv 113

cvðvZ¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ evwYwR¨K m¤^Ü ¯’vc‡b D¾wqbxi ¯’vb

wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

BwZnvm c„ôv 115

MwYZ, weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v

BwZnvm c„ôv 117

¸ß ms¯‹…wZ : Ôaªyc`x' ce©

BwZnvm c„ôv 119

¸ß‡`i BwZnv‡mi Drm

¸ß‡`i Avw` cwiPq

BwZnvm c„ôv 121

evsjvq ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i m¤úªmviY

BwZnvm c„ôv 123

BwZnvm c„ôv 125

kkv‡¼i BwZnv‡mi Drm

kkv‡¼i DÌvb Ges ivR¨mxgv

DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z kkv‡¼i n¯Í‡¶c

BwZnvm c„ôv 127

nl©ea©‡bi weiy‡× kkv¼

BwZnvm c„ôv 129

BwZnvm c„ôv 131

cyl¨f‚wZ es‡ki cwiPq I DÌvb

nl©ea©b m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb

nl©ea©‡bi K‡bŠR AwaKvi

nl©ea©‡bi mvgwiK Awfhvb

BwZnvm c„ôv 133

(autocracy) I ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi (automony) GK Af‚Zc~e© mgb¦q| cÖkvmwbK myweavi Rb¨ mvgªvR¨‡K

BwZnvm c„ôv 135

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi t

BwZnvm c„ôv 137

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