TABLE OF CONTENTS

History of Rizal Law 1

Chapter 1 The Philippine National Hero

Jose Rizal’s Name 3

Jose Rizal’s Birth 3

Jose Rizal’s Baptism 3

Jose Rizal’s Childhood 3

Chapter 2 Family Background of Jose Rizal

Ancestors 6

Parents 6

Siblings 7

Chapter 3 Educational Background of Jose Rizal

Mentors 10

Jose Rizal in Ateneo 11

Jose Rizal in UST 13

Chapter 4 Jose Rizal’s Lovers

Chapter 5 Jose Rizal’s Travel

Jose Rizal’s First Travel Abroad 22

Chapter 6 Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo

Noli Me Tangere 39

El Filibusterismo 39

Noli Me Tangere Et El Filibusterismo 40

Turmoil of Noli Me Tangere 41

Chapter 7 Jose rizal’s Execution

Chapter 8 Jose Rizal’s Artworks

Jose Rizal’s Monument & Rizal Park 54

 HISTORY OF
RIZAL LAW
Rizal Law (R.A. 1425)
It is deemed necessary to discuss the origin
and passing of the Rizal Law. It becomes
Senator Claro M. Recto was the main
the basis of implementation and addition
proponent of the Bill that is in the Senate,
of the subjects Rizal, the Life, and the
known to be Noli-Fili Bill or Senate Bill 438
works of Dr. Jose Rizal. The RA 1425 is the
(SB 438). Senator Jose P. Laurel, Sr., the
law that enacts the teaching of the Books,
chairman of the Committee on Education
Writings, Ideology, and Life of Dr. Jose Rizal
Sponsored the Bill in the senate. As part of
as a way of teaching Nationalism and
the oppositions, the Roman Catholic
Patriotism with the students on the higher
Church is against it due to the censorships
education.
of the novels of Dr. Jose Rizal that seems to
attack the Catholic Church. Even though
Rizal Law was approved on June 12, 1956,
oppositions voiced their concerns it was
is an act of mandating all public and private
approved in the Senate on May 12, 1956.
institutions including state colleges and
universities to include Dr. Jose Rizal’s life,
On May 12, 1956, on the approval of the SB
works, and writings as a course across
428, the senate compromised or bend on
programs. But before it became law some telling that the implementation of the
provisions (House Bill and Senate Bill) are reading of the unexpurgated versions of
clerically-contested reading material, such
passed. as Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo
will only be for the college or university
students and it is optional.

1
CHAPTER

1 The Philippine National Hero

 JOSE RIZAL’S NAME

José Protasio Mercado Rizal y Alonso Realonda is the complete name of Jose Rizal
which comes from St. Joseph (San Jose) the worker, patron Saint of Doña Teodora during his
baptism. Protasio is a saint being celebrated on June 19. Mercado is the spanish for Market
and it is the real surname of the family of Jose Rizal. Rizal comes from the word “racial” which
means Green Field and one of the biggest families during their time (Ilustrado). It is added by
a friend Alcalde Mayor of the Mercado family for distinction upon order of Gov. General
Narcisco Claveria to give Spanish surnames to natives in 1731. Alonso Realonda comes from
his Mother’s surname.

JOSE RIZAL’S BIRTH

Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 (Wednesday moonlit night) few days before full
moon around 11:30 PM in Laguna de Bay, foot Mt. Makiling in Calamba, Laguna. He almost
caused the life of his mother because of his big head but had promised to bring him to the
Virgin Mary of Antipolo. Lt. Gen. Jose Lemenry was the Governor-General on the time of birth
of Jose Rizal. His term was from February 2, 1861 to July 7, 1862 and he is also a former
Senator of Spain.

JOSE RIZAL’S BAPTISM

Jose Rizal was Baptized in Catholic Church on June 22, 1861 when he was 3 Days Old
and christened “Jose” in honor of St. Joseph, patron of Doña Teodora. Rev. Fr. Rufino
Collantes is a Batangueño Parish Priest who baptized Jose Rizal and prophesized the Jose Rizal
would become a great man. Rev. Fr. Pedro Casañas is the Godfather of Jose Rizal, a native of
Calamba and close friend of Rizal family. Rev. Fr. Leoncio Lopez is a Parish Priest of Calamba
Parish. The Baptismal Records of Joze Rizal was burned along with the Calamba Church on
September 28, 1862.

JOSE RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD

Jose Rizal grew up with his loving parents and caring brothers and sisters. He spent his
early childhood in Calamba, Laguna. Jose Rizal is Frail and sickly when he was 3 years old. Aya
(Nurse Maid) who was hired by Francisco Mercado Rizal to look after Jose Rizal’s needs and

33
comfort and told Jose Rizal legends of buried treasures, trees blooming with diamonds,
folktales of fairies and stories of ghost, aswang, nuno and tikbalang.
Jose Rizal learned the alphabet and prayers at 3 years old (1864) and endowed with
artistic talent at 5 years old. He owned a pony and a black dog he named Usman. He was fond
on playing doves and magic tricks and spent so much time making images by pencil and wax
instead of playing with other children. Jose Rizal was prophesized that someday after his
death, people would make monuments and images of him. He had a poetic mind and write
verses and he was also a lover of Literature.
Jose Rizal visited Antipolo with his father on June 6, 1868 to do Doña Teodora’s vow
to do a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage also known as the Virgin of Antipolo.
Doña Teodora cannot accompany them because she gave birth to Trinidad. It is also his first
visit to Manila to visit Saturnina who boarded at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana.
Doña Teodora’s Imprisonment and GomBurZa’s Execution led avenge of Jose Rizal.
Doña Teodora was arrested on 1871 for being an accomplice in attempt to poison Jose
Alberto’s adulterous wife and was made to walk from Calamba to Sta. Cruz (50 km). She was
imprisoned for 2 years and a half and was acquitted by the Royal Audiencia and when she got
sick in her cell she was not given proper treatment. The GomBurZa’s which compose of Fr.
Mariano Gomez (73 years old), Fr. Jacinto Zamora (37 years old) and Fr. Jose Burgos (35 years
old) were executed Sunrise of February 17, 1872.

4
CHAPTER

2 FAMILY BACKGROUNDOF JOSE RIZAL

Jose Rizal is a descendant of the Malayan race and
rooted from the genes of Negrito, Indonesian, Chinese,
Japanese, Malay and Spanish.

ANCESTORS
Jose Rizal’s great-great Grandfather PARENTS
is Domingo Lam-co/ Lameo, a Chinese from
Sionggue City of Changchow, Province of
Jose Rizal’s father is Don Francisco
Fukien, Amoy, China on 1690. He
Engracio Mercado Rizal y Alejandro II who
converted to Christianity and assumed the
was born on May 11, 1818. The youngest
surname Mercado (Merchant/ Market) in
of 13 offspring of Juan and Cirila Mercado
1731 on the decree of Governor-General
and native of Biñan Laguna. Don Francisco
Claveria on Hispanization of Surnames. His
works at Cabeza de Barangay and Tenant
wife is Ines dela Rosa, a Filipino Christian.
Farmer of Dominican owned hacienda in
Jose Rizal’s great Grandfather is Francisco
Calamba Laguna. He studied Latin and
Mercado who died on 1801. He is the
Philosophy in Colegio de San Jose, Manila.
Gobernadorcillo of Biñan Laguna and his
He is hardworking, Independent-minded,
wife is Cirila Bernacha, a Chinese-Filipina
talked less and worked more. Jose Rizal
mestiza of Hacienda San Pedro Tunasan.
described him as Model of Fathers. He died
Jose Rizal’s GrandfatherJuan Mercado, the
on January 5, 1898 (Age: 80) after the
Gobernadorcillo and Hermano Mayor of
execution of Jose Rizal. Doña Teodora
Biñan Laguna. His wife is Cirila Alejandro.
Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos is the
Jose Rizal’s great-great Grandmother is
mother of Jose Rizal. She was born on
Benigna, a descendant of Lakandula and
November 8, 1826 in Meisic, Sta. Cruz,
married Eugenio Ursua, a Japanese.
Manila and got married on June 28, 1848.
Lakandula is the last native King of Tondo,
She is the second Child of Lorenzo Alonso
Son of Rajah Sulayman, a Bornean Moslem.
(Philippine representative to Spanish
Jose Rizal’s great Grandmother is Regina
Courts) and Brijida de Quintos. Doña
Ursua and married to Atty. Manuel de
Teodora grew up in Manila and studied at
Quintos, a Filipino-Chinese Mestizo of
Colegio de Sta. Rosa, Manila. She is refined
Pangasinan. Jose Rizal’s Grandmother is
culture, Literary and Mathematically
Brigida de Quintos, who lived with Lorenzo
intelligent and Spoke Spanish fluently. Jose
Alberto Alonso, a Philippine representative
Rizal described her as a loving and prudent
to Spanish Courts, a Spanish Mestizo
mother. She died on August 16, 1911 (Age:
whose original wife is Paula Florentino.
85).

6

SIBLINGS
Saturnina Mercado Hidalgo
(1850-1913)
Saturnina Mercado Hidalgo (Neneng) was
1st
the Child of Jose Rizal’s siblings. She studied La
Concordia College in Sta. Ana Manila.Her husband
is Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanawan Batangas.
Saturnina worked with Pascual Poblete’s,
who translated Noli Me Tangere into the Tagalog
language in 1909. Saturnina sent Jose Rizal a
Diamond Ring for his finances in Madrid, Spain.
Paciano Mercado
(1851-1930)
Paciano (Ciano/Uto) was the 2nd child of
Rizal’s siblings and the 1st Son of Doña Teodora and
Don Francisco. The older and only brother of Jose
Rizal.
He studied at Colegio de San Jose, Manila and
worked as a farmer in Los Baños and Combat
General of the Philippine Revolution.
Paciano lived with Severina Decena who
gave him a son and a daughter. He was a founder
of La Javentud Liberal. He Accompanied Jose Rizal
in enrolling to schools.
He died on April 13, 1930 at the age of 79
because of Tuberculosis.
Narcisa Mercado
(1852-June 24, 1939)
Narcisa (Sisa) was the 3rd Child of
Rizal’s siblings. She was a music school
teacher in Morong.
Antonio Lopez (Nephew of Fr.
Leoncio Lopez) was her husband, a Music
School Teacher also in Morong.
Narcisa helped finance Rizal to
Europe and she’s the closest sister to Jose
Rizal.
She found the abandoned grave of
Jose Rizal in Paco.
Olimpia Mercado
(1855-1887)
Olimpia (Ypia )was the 4th Child of
Rizal’s siblings. She was a good humored
sister of Rizal. Olimpia is a schoolmate of
Segunda Katigbak. She studied at La
Concordia College. Olimpia married
Silvestre Ubaldo a telegraph operator in
Manila. Olimpia died on 1887 due to
Childbirth.
Lucia Mercado Herbosa
(1857-1919)
Lucia was the 5th Child of Don
Francisco and Doña Teodora. Lucias
husband was Matriano Herbosa (Nephew
of Fr. Casanas Herbosa) who died on May
1889 of Cholera and was denied of burial.
Lucia was charged for inciting the
Calamba Townsfolk not to pay the
Dominicans. She accompanied Rizal from
Hong Kong to Manila and was found anti-
friar pamphlets in her possession.
7
 Maria Mercado
(1859-1945)
Maria Mercado (Bing) was the
child of Rizal siblings. Her husband was
Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan Laguna.
Jose Rizal
(1861-1896)
Jose Rizal (Pepe) was the 7th child
and also the 2nd son of Don Francisco and
Doña Teodora.
Pepe came from P.P. (Pater
putativus) after the name of St. Joseph
which means Putative (Commonly
Accepted) Father.
Concepcion Mercado
(1862-1865)
Concepcion (Concha) was the 8th
Child of Rizal’s siblings.
She was the playmate of Jose
Rizal who was just a year older than her.
But she died of sickness when she was
just 3 years old.
Death brought grief to the Rizal
family and first taste sorrow of Jose Rizal.
Josefa Mercado
6th
(1865-1945)
Josefa Mercado (Panggoy) was the
9th child of Rizal’s siblings. She was the
President of Katipuneras and died at age of
80 of epilepsy as spinster.
Trinidad Mercado
(1868-1951)
Trinidad (Trining) is the 10th child of
Rizal’ siblnigs. She received the Mi Ultimo
Adios hidden in lamp given by Jose Rizal.
She also Joined Katipuneras.
Trinidad was the last to the die in
the family. She died at the of Age 83 of
malaria as spinster.
Soledad Mercado
(1870-1929)
Soledad Mercado (Choleng) was
the 11th
child and the youngest of Rizal’s
Siblings. Studied at La Concordia College
and also a schoolmate of Leonor Rivera.
She worked as a Teacher. Soledad
married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba
without the permission from Parents.
8
CHAPTER
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
3
OF JOSE RIZAL
MENTORS

Jose Rizal had three uncles (brothers of his mother) who

played a good influence in his early life. He was inspired by his Tio Jose
Alberto, to develop his artistic ability. His Tio Jose Alberto studied 11
years in British school in Calcutta India. His Tio Manuel, a Husky and
athletic brother of Doña Teodora encouraged him to develop his frail
body by means of physical exercises, including horse riding, walking
and wrestling. Who also taught him love for open air and admiration
for the beauty of nature. His Tio Gregorio was the Scholar brother of
Doña Teodora who Instilled him the love for education, being swift
but thorough, independent in thinking and making visual picture (Imagination).
Jose Rizal’s first teacher was his mother Doña Teodora
who told him the Story of the Moth and the Flame. His tutors in
Calamba were Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua and
Leon Monroy (classmate of Don Francisco). A stay-in tutor of
Jose Rizal for five months who died five months later and who
instruct him in Spanish an d Latin.
Jose Rizal stayed in his
aunt’s house in Biñan which is on
30 minutes away from the house
of his Biñan teacher. He had
sightseeing with his cousin Leandro later that night but he
ended up homesick for his family and Calamba. Rizal
encountered multiple fight in Biñan, but having weaker arm,
Rizal lost and had other fights with Biñan boys but never ran
from a fight. He became the best student in school
academically despite the fights which developed him
intellectually and physically.Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
was the teacher of Jose Rizal in Biñan Laguna for a year and a
half (June 1869-December 17, 1870) who was a former teacher of Paciano. He’s tall, thin,
long-necked, with sharp nose, body slightly bent forward and used to wear sinamay shirt.
Juancho Carrera, father-in-law of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz, tutored Jose Rizal and Jose
Guevarra in Painting. After finishing his studies in Biñan, Jose Rizal boarded Steamer Talim on
December 17, 1870 back to Calamba upon receiving letter from his sister Saturnina. On board
along with him was Arturo Camps, a Frenchman and a friend of h is father who took care of
him.

10
 JOSE RIZAL
IN ATENEO
Jose Rizal passed the entrance
examination at San Juan de Letran but Don
Francisco changed his mind and decided to
enroll him to Ateneo. He used the surname
Rizal because Mercado was under
suspicion of Spanish authorities. He was
accompanied by Paciano and they entered
Ateneo on June 10, 1872. He enrolled at
the age of 11 but hesitantly accepted by
registrar Fr. Magin Ferrando because he
was already late in enrollment and he was
too frail, sickly and short for his age if not
with the intervention of Rev Fr. Manuel
Xeres Burgos, nephew of Rev. Fr. Jose
Burgos. He boarded on Caraballo Street
outside of Intramuros in the boarding
house of spinster Titay who owed the Rizal
family P300 to collect part of the debt.
Ateneo de Municipal was in Intramuros,
Manila. It was established on 1817 and
formerly known as Escuela Pia (Charity
School) for poor boys in Manila, now
Ateneo de Manila University. It was more
advanced than other colleges in that
period and it had three Didactin Method
(Teaching method) Prelectio, Lectio and
Repetitio. The system of education was
characterized by Reading, Writing,
Arithmetic and Religion (4Rs). This college
was under the management of Spanish
Jesuits (Fathers not Friars e.g. Augustinian,
Dominican and Franciscan). It trained
character by rigid discipline and religious
instruction and promoted physical culture,
humanities and scientific studies. It offered
vocational courses such as Agriculture,
Commerce, Mechanics and Surveying. The
students were divided into two groups.
Roman Empire which was consisted of
Internos (Boarders) Red banner and the
Carthaginian Empire which was consisted
of Externos (Non-boarders) Blue banner.
The classes opened and closed by prayers,
and every morning Eucharistic Celebration
was heard by students before beginning of
daily classes. The uniform in Ateneo was
called Rayadillo. It was Hemp-fabric
trousers and Striped cotton coat and was
adopted as uniform of Filipino troops on
the First Philippine Republic. Jose Rizal
studied High School and College here and
continued his studies in 1872-1877.
Rev. Fr. Jose Bech, S.J. was the first
teacher of Jose Rizal. He was tall, thin, body
slightly bent forward, harried walk, ascetic
face, severe and inspired, small deep
sunken eyes, sharp nose that was almost
Greek and thin lips forming and arc whose
ends fell forward the chin. Jose Rizal took
private lessons during noon recesses in Sta.
Isabel College to improve his fluency in
Spanish
10
11
0
Jose Rizal returned to Calamba for 1st Year
Summer Vacation on March 1873. He did
not enjoy the vacation because his mother
was in prison. His sister Saturnina brought
her to Tanawan but did not cure his
melancholy. He went to Sta. Cruz without
telling Don Francisco to visit Doña Teodora
and tell her about his brilliant grades in
Ateneo He interpreted the dream of his
mother and accurately prophesized that
she would be released in prison in three-
months time
In Rizal’s 2nd Year Summer Vacation, he
began to take interest in reading romantic
novels. The Count of Monte Cristo written
Alexander Dumas was his fvorite Novel on
1874. He boarded inside Intramuros at No.
6 Magallanes Street for his second year
with his landlady widow Doña Pepay and
her widowed daughter and four sons. Jose
Rizal Regained his being an Emperor on his
second year in Ateneo

Jose Rizal became an Interno under Rev. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, S.J. in 4th Year
on June 16, 1875. Rev. Fr. Francisco was the best Professor and Scholar for Jose Rizal. He
inspired young Jose Rizal to study more and write poetry. Jose Rizal admired him so much
that enabled him to top all his subjects and brought home 5 medals. Advisers of Jose Rizal
were Rev. Fr. Jose Vilaclara who advised him to stop communing with the muses and pay
more attention to more practical studies such as Philosophy and Natural Sciences but Jose
Rizal did not heed his advice, Agustin
Saez a Spanish Painter and Romualdo
de Jesus a Filipino Sculptor. Jose Rizal
was excellent in his subjects and
Historia Universal which was written
by Cesar Cantu was a great aid in his
studies and enables him to win more
prizes. Rizal got a gold medal for
painting a religious picture in just a
month in the school. He won an
Academic Gold Medal in his 2nd Year
and won gold medal in Latin but a
Spaniard won the gold medal in
Spanish in his 3rd Year. In his 5th Year,
Jose Rizal became the most brilliant Atenean of his time and Pride of the Jesuits. He obtained
Bachelor of Arts from Ateneo on March 23, 1877 (Age: 16) with highest honor and average of
“Excellent” in all subjects. Travels in the Philippines written by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German
Scientist who stayed in the Philippines from 1859-1860 was Rizal’s favorite history book. It
contained imperfections of Spanish colonization in the Philippines and it prophesized that
Spain would yield the Philippines to American colonizers in the near future.

12
 JOSE RIZAL
IN UST
In 1877-1882, Jose Rizal studied in Universidad de
Santo Tomas. He enrolled Philosophy and Letters on April
1877-1878 for two reasons. First, he was not yet certain on
the career to pursue as he seek the advise of Rector Rev. Fr.
Pablo Ramon who was in Mindanao. Second, Don Francisco
liked the course who and Paciano approved his college
education. He also took a crash course with Perito
Agrimensor , Rizal took a Vocational course in Ateneo to
console his mother who disapproved of his college
education knowing the reasons of GomBurZa execution.
During that time Jose Rizal engaged in many extra-curricular
activities obtaining gold medals in agriculture and
topography but still Jose Rizal despite his accomplishments
remained loyal to Ateneo. The courses that Jose Rizal
primarily took were Medicine and Surveying. Rizal chose
medicine per advice of Ateneo Rector and his goal to cure
her mother’s growing blindness due to cataract. Meanwhile
Jose Rizal passed the surveying course in 1878 but he was
not granted the title because of his young age but years
later received the title on November 25, 1881 at the age of
21.
Jose Rizal’s grades in UST were fair and good and
one of the reasons are the Dominican Professors who were
maltreated, cruel and biased to Filipino students who kept
quiet in spite of humiliation. There was a time when a
Lieutenant of the Guardia Civil slashed Jose Rizal’s back with
his sword wounded him for 2 weeks of his freshman
summer vacation on 1878 just by not greeting him out of
darkness eventually Jose Rizal reported to Governor
General Primo de Rivera but was ignored for Rizal was an
Indio and the lieutenant was a Spaniard just shows the cruel
and unfair treatment Rizal and other Filipino’s had.

13
Works of Rizal in UST
A La Javentud
Filipino also known as To
the Filipino Youth (1879)
was the poem won by
Jose Rizal (Age: 18) in
Liceo Artistico-Literacio in
Manila with Spaniard
judges winning him silver
feather-shaped pen with
gold ribbon. In this poem,
he expressed nationalistic
concept that Filipinos are
the hope of the
Motherland.
On the other
hand, El Consejo de Los
Dioses or The Council of
the Gods (1880) was the
prize winning poem of
Jose
Rizal (Age: 19) against the annual feast of the
Spanish contestants Immaculate Conception.
(Priests, Newspapermen,
A Filipina a poem
Scholars and Professors)
with Spanish judges
during the
commemoration of the
written by Rizal for the
Society of Sculptures
urging all Filipino artist to
death of Cervantes the
glorify the Philippines.
author of Don Quixote by
Liceo Artistico-Literacio. Compañerismo
The Spaniards stopped also know as
applauding for him Comradeship, a secret
because he was just an society of Filipino
Indio. students in UST founded
by Jose Rizal who led the
Junto al Pasig also
Filipino students in
known as Beside the Pasig
combat against the
was a zarzuela of Jose
Spanish students in street
Rizal that was staged by
fights.
Ateneans on December 8,
1880 on the occasion of
14
CHAPTER

4 JOSE RIZAL’S LOVERS

 Katigbak was still fresh in his heart.
Second, his father did not like the Miss L family.
Segunda Katigbak

Segunda Katugbak is the 1st love of Jose Rizal when

she was 14 while he was 16. Jose Rizal met her during his
visit to his maternal grandmother in Trozo, Manila with
Mariano Katigbak, brother of Segunda. She was the love at
first sight of Jose Rizal and was reciprocated.

Julia Celeste Smith Jose Rizal was asked by college students to draw
Segunda Katigbak making him blushed as Segunda looked
at him while sketching her
Julia Celeste
beautiful face. She has a short,
Smith (Minang) was 16
with eloquent eyes, rosy-
years old and Jose Rizal
cheeked, with enchanting and
was only 15 years old
provocative smile that
when they met at
revealed very beautiful teeth.
Dampalit, a rivershore in
She studied at La Concordia
Los Baños, Laguna. She
College where Jose Rizal’s
was the 1st informal
sister Olimpia was also
romantic interlude of
studying. She was already engaged to townmate Manuel
Jose Rizal.
Luz of Lipa Batangas. Her last conversation with Jose Rizal
was December 1877 before Christmas vacation when he
visited her in her dorm to say goodbye.

Segunda told Jose Rizal that she would also go home

a day after him. She waited for Jose Rizal to say something
but failed by his timid and shyness. Jose Rizal saddled his
horse in Calamba as he waited for her carromata to pass by
from Biñan. Segunda smiled while waving her handkerchief
at him while Jose Rizal just doffed his hat and was tongue-
tied as the carriage rolled on and vanished in the distance
Miss L leaving Jose Rizal desolated from his first love.

Miss L was a fair

girl with seductive and
attractive eyes. However,
Rizal stop his courtship for
two reasons. First, the
sweet memory of
Segunda

16

Leonor Valenzuela
When Rizal was a
sophomore in UST, he
boarded in the house of
Doña Concha Leyva in
Intramuros, neighbor of
Capitan Juan and
Capitana Sanday
Valenzuela from
Pagsanjan, Laguna
(Invited Jose Rizal who is
fond of doing tricks) who
had a charming daughter
named Leonor
Valenzuela. Leonor was a
tall girl with regal bearing,
and she is also known as
Orang. She received love
notes from Jose Rizal
using invisible ink which
could only be read when
heated over a candle
lamp.
Leonor Rivera
Leonor Rivera was the
true love of Jose Rizal.
She was born on April 11,
1867. The relationship
of Jose Rizal and Leonor Rivera lasted 11 Years. She was
the cousin of Jose Rizal in Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was the
daughter of Rizal’s Landlord and Uncle Antonio Rivera. She
studied at La Concordia College and schoolmate of Soledad
Mercado. She has a frail, pretty, tender as budding flower
with kindly, wistful eyes. Their beautiful romance was kept
from their parents.
Her pen name is Taimis. When Rizal was in a junior year in
his medical studies in UST on 1879, he offered marriage to
her.
Jose Rizal has a gold
watch chain that contains
a picture of Leonor Rivera.
However, it was lost by
Jose Rizal when he
attended the play at
Teatro Apolo which
proved to be a bad omen.
Leonor Rivera wrote a
letter to Jose Rizal on
December 1890 with the
cold winter winds sweeping across the shivering city
announcing her coming marriage to an Englishman named
Charles Henry Kipping. He was an English Train Engineer
chosen by the mother of Leonor as her husband. Rizal’s eyes
were dimmed with tears and his heart was broken after
when he learned of his beloved's marriage.
While preparing for her marriage, Leonor discovered
the letters of Jose Rizal. The day before her wedding, she
burned the letters, gathered all the ashes, and tenderly
sewed them into the hem of her wedding gown. Leonor
made a condition for her mother to comply. It is to be at her
side throughout her marriage, she won’t sing forever, and
she will never play the piano at home. So, as she walked
down the aisle to marry a man she did not love as much, she
felt the fragments of lost love crumble at her feet.
17
 sh Legation. The Japanese gardener, a Spanish legation
employee informed Jose Rizal about Seiko Usui who lived in
her parents’ home and that she used to pass by the legation
during her daily afternoon walk. He waited with Jose Rizal
who watched for Seiko Usui. Jose Rizal approached and took
of his hat and politely introduced himself to Seiko Usui in
very poor Japanese. The Japanese gardener came to his aid
and explained to the girl that the young man was a physician
from Manila who was a guest at the Spanish Legation.

Seiko Usui became the sweetheart, guide,

interpreter, and tutor of Jose Rizal. She improved his
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez knowledge in Nippongo and Japanese history, customs, and
mores. She was amused of Jose Rizal and replied in English
Her beauty and fine for she knew English and French.
manner attracted Jose Seiko Usui then conversed with
Rizal. He found joy and Jose Rizal in both English and
consolation and written a French thus the language barrier
poem for her, A La was eliminated. They both visited
Señorita C. O. y P. (To the city of Tokyo such as Imperial
Miss C. O. y P). The love Art Gallery, Imperial Library,
did not push through Universities, Shokubutsu-en
because Jose Rizal was (Botanical garden), Hibiya Park,
still engaged to Leonor and shrines. Jose Rizal wanted to
Rivera and Eduardo de marry Seiko Usui and settle down in Japan and was offered
Lete, co-worker in a good job at the Spanish Legation but not with the
propaganda movement intervention of Paciano reminding him of his efforts and
was in love with sacrifices for our country. He left Japan on April 13, 1888.
Consuelo. She mourned for a long time the loss of her Jose Rizal.
Seiko Usui married Alfred Charlton in 1897 a year after
Seiko Usui
the execution of Jose Rizal. He was a British chemistry
She is also known as O- teacher of Peers’ School in Tokyo and was awarded by
Sei-San and she is 23 Japanese government with Order of Merit 5th Class an
years old (Rizal’s Age: imperial decoration. Their only daughter Yuriko Charlton
27). She is a fine young married Yoshiharu Takiguchi son of a Japanese senator.
Japanese Lady with regal Seiko Usui Charlton became a widow after her husband died
beauty, charm, modesty, in November 2, 1915. She survived World War II, but her
and intelligence. Her home was destroyed by US bombing of Tokyo in 1944.
loveliness is infused with Later, she died in May 1, 1947 at the age of 80. She was
joy and romance. She buried in Zoshigawa Cemetery beside Alfred Charlton’s
was acquainted by Jose tomb with the inscription: Alfred Charlton 5th Order of Merit
Rizal by the gate of Spani and wife Seiko.

18

Gertrude Becket
She is the oldest
of the four sisters and her
nickname is Gertie/
Tottie. She is a Buxom
English girl with brown
hair, blue eyes, and rosy
cheeks. Becket had a
sunny smile for Jose Rizal
on cold winter mornings
and chattering with him
gaily like a humming bird.
She showered Jose Rizal
with all her attention and
care and help him in
mixing colors in his
paintings and assisting
him in preparing clay for
sculpting. She called Jose
Rizal “Pettie”.
However, she cannot be
married to Jose Rizal
because he had a mission
to fulfill.
Suzanne Jacoby
She is the niece of his
landladies had fallen in love with Jose
Rizal. He had found bliss in her
company. Suzanne cried so much
upon the departure of Jose Rizal on
July 1890 for Madrid stopping few
days in Paris. She has written to Jose
Rizal to return to her.
Nellie Bousted
She is prettier and the younger daughter of Mr.
Eduardo Bousted. She is a real
Filipina, highly intelligent,
vivacious in temperament, and
morally upright. Nellie Bousted
entertained Jose Rizal with her
affection and charming beauty.
However, her mother disliked
Jose Rizal. She asked Jose Rizal
who had proposed to her to
convert to Protestant faith but
the latter refused.
Necessario Carreon
She is a Pastora of a
church in Dapitan. Her
relationship with Jose Rizal
did not last because she
wanted to give her full love to
her church.
19

Josephine Leopoldine
Bracken
She is an 18 years
old Irish Lady (Jose Rizal
Age: 33). Josephine has a
chestnut blond, blue
eyes, simple yet slender,
elegant but simple, and
joyful in atmosphere. Her
birthdate was on October
3, 1876 in Hong Kong with Irish Parents. Her father is James
Bracken, a Corporal in British Garrison while her mother is
Elizabeth Jane MacBride, who died at childbirth. She was
already met by Jose Rizal casually in Hong-Kong as a
waitress.
Josephine went to Dapitan to seek medical help to
his foster father with Manuela Orlac (close to Friars) as their
guide. Her foster father George Taufer, flared up,
attempted suicide by razor on throat, left Dapitan without
being cured. Nevertheless, Josephine was left in Manila,
stayed in Rizal’s family, and returned to Dapitan. She called
Jose Rizal “Joe”.
At first sight, she fell in love and wished to marry
after a month but Fr. Obach refused to marry them without
permission from the Bishop of Cebu. Josephine gave Rizal a
son named Francisco but eventually died. She joined the
Katipuneras and was present on Tejeros Convention. Later,
she sued Doña Teodora years after the execution of Jose
Rizal for Jose Rizal’s estate.
Other Women of Jose Rizal
They are Dolores, Ursula, Felipa, Vicenta, and Margarita.
20
CHAPTER

5 JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVEL

 JOSE RIZAL’S

First Travel Abroad

Jose Rizal sailed and assembly. Rizal then Djemnah to Europe on
for Spain on May 3, 1882 used the name Jose May 11, 1882. While
to continue his studies Mercado to avoid traveling, he was
because his Dominican detection from Spanish fascinated by the places
professors were hostile to authorities and boarded such as Point Galle,
him, the Filipino students SS Salvadora to Colombo, Indian Ocean,
were racially Singapore. Guardafui Africa, Aden,
discriminated by Suez City, Suez, Canal,
The ship captain
Spaniards, and the Port Said, and Naples.
of SS Salvadora Donato
method of instruction in Djemnah reached its
Lecha befriended Jose
the Philippines was destination on June 12,
Rizal. He arrived on May
obsolete and repressive. 1882. From Marseilles he
9, 1882, checked-in at
The government of Spain took a train and stopped
Hotel de la Paz and spent
was a constitutional for Port Bou for passport
2 days sightseeing. Jose
monarchy granting inspection.
Rizal then boarded
freedom of speech, press,

22
BARCELONA

Rizal arrived at
Barcelona on June 16,
1882, the greatest city of
Cataluña and second
largest city of Spain.
Rizal’s first impression of
Barcelona was
unfavorable and thought
it was ugly, with dirty inns
and inhospitable people
because he happens to
stay in the town’s most
ugly narrow street.
However, he began to like
the great city because it
has an atmosphere of
freedom, liberalism, and
people were open-
hearted, hospitable, and "Amor Patrio" was
courageous. He met his published in the Diariong
schoolmates from Ateneo Tagalog, a Manila
and gave them the latest newspaper edited by Basilio
news in the Philippines. Teodoro Moran on August
20, 1882. This was the first
Rizal wrote an essay article he wrote abroad.
entitled “Amor Amor Patrio (Love of
Patrio”(Love of Country). Country) is a nationalistic
His next article was essay and Rizal’s first article
entitled “Los Viajes” written on Spain’s soil
(Travels) and followed by under his pen-name Laong
“Revista De Madrid” Laan. It was published in
(Review of Madrid), but two texts – Spanish and
Tagalog – the Spanish text
the latter was returned
was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, while
because the publication
the Tagalog text was a translation made by Marcelo H. del
was ceased because of
Pilar.
lack of funds. His article

23
MADRID

Rizal moved to abroad to continue his medical studies and he enrolled at the Universidad
Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882 in two courses – Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters. Rizal studied painting and sculpture at the Fine Arts Academy of San Fernando. Rizal
took a lesson in French, German, and English under private instructors. He practiced fencing
and shooting at the Hall of Arms in Sanz y Carbonell.
Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino an association
formed by Filipino students in Spain composed both
Filipinos and Spaniards. Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for
Verses) upon the request of the members of this society,
Rizal wrote this poem which he personally declaimed
during the New Year’s Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos
held in the evening of December 31, 1882. Rizal joined the
Masonic Lodge Acacia on March 1883. His reason was to
secure free masonry's
aid in his fight in the
Philippines. He
transferred to Lodge Solidaridad on November 15, 1890
where he become a Master Mason.
On June 1884, Rizal finished his medical education. He
was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. The
next year, he passed all his subjects leading to Doctor of
Medicine but was only able to get his Doctor’s Diploma in
1887 for he wasn’t able to pay corresponding fees. On
June 19, 1885, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of Sobresaliente (Excellent).

24
PARIS
Rizal went to Paris and Germany in
order to specialize in ophthalmology. Rizal
chose this branch of medicine because he
wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment.
Dr. Loius De Weckert is the leading French
ophthalmologist during the period. He is
the leading authority among the oculists of
France, who found Rizal such a competent
student and make him as his clinical
assistant. During his free time, he visited
his fellow countrymen Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera, Feliz Resurreccion Hidalgo, Paz
Pardo, and Juan Luna. Rizal posed in Luna’s
canvass like “The Blood Compact” in which
he posed as Sikatuna and Trinidad as
Legazpi. He also posed for a group picture
called “The Death of Cleopatra” wherein
he dressed as an Egyptian.
On February 1, 1886, he left Paris
to Germany.
GERMANY
Rizal arrived in Heidelberg a
historic city in Germany famous for its old
university and romantic surroundings. Dr.
Otto Becker is a distinguished German
ophthalmologist in the University Eye
Hospital where Rizal worked. Rizal arrived
in Berlin in November 1, 1886. He was
enchanted by the scientific atmosphere
and the absence of racial prejudice in
Berlin. Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor, a great
scientist and author of “Travels in the
Philippines”, one of the books Rizal
admired during his student days. He also
met Dr. Rudolf Virchow a famous German
anthropologist, Dr. Hans Virchow a
professor in anatomy, and Dr. W. Joest a
German geographer. Rizal has 5 reasons in
staying in Berlin. First, to gain further
knowledge in Ophthalmology. Second, to
further his studies of sciences and
languages. Third, to observe the economic
and political conditions of the German
nation. Fourth, to associate with famous
German scientists and scholars. Fifth, to
publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
25

On March 11, 1886, one of Rizal’s
important letters written while he was in
Germany was addressed to his sister
Trinidad. In this letter, Rizal expressed his
high regard and admiration for German
womanhood. Rizal said to his sister that
German women are serious, diligent,
educated, and friendly. Spanish women
are gossipy, frivolous, and quarrelsome.
Filipino women are more interested on
how they dress than in how much they
know, they have a delicacy of feeling, fine
mannered, devoted, and hospitable.
The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin
was Rizal’s darkest winter because no
money arrived from Calamba and he was
flat broke. The diamond ring which his
sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the
pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of
Rizal for two reasons. First, it was a painful
episode for he was hungry, sick, and
despondent in a strange city. Second, it
brought him great joy after enduring so
many sufferings, because his first novel
Noli Me Tangere came off the press in
March 1887. Maximo Viola is Rizal’s friend
from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the
height of Rizal despondency and loaned
him the
needed
funds to
publish the
novel.
26
EUROPE

Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train to Dresden, one of the best cities in
Germany. Prometheus Bound is a painting wherein Rizal was deeply
impressed. At 1:30 pm of May 13,
1887, the train with Rizal and Viola on board arrived at the railroad
station of Leitmeritz, Bohemia for the first time. Professor Blumentritt
was at the station waiting for them carrying a sketch of Jose Rizal
drawn by Jose Rizal himself. He warmly received Jose Rizal and Maximo
Viola and helped them get a room at Hotel Krebs.
Rizal and Viola stayed in Leitmeritz wherein Burgomaster was the town mayor.
Blumentritt invited them to the Tourists Club of Leitmeritz where Jose Rizal again was
applauded for his eloquence in German language. Dr. Carlos Czepelak and Prof. Robert
Klutschak, a polish scholar and an eminent naturalist was met by Jose Rizal in Leitmeritz. May
16, 1887 at 9:45 am, Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz by train. They visited Prague carrying with
them the letter of recommendation of Dr. Blumentritt. Dr. Willkomm is a professor of natural
history in the University of Prague and he showed them the historic spots.
On May 20, 1887, Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful city of Vienna, capital of
Austria-Hungary. Vienna was truly the “Queen of Danube” because of its beautiful buildings,
religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic charm. Norfenfals is one of the greatest
Austrian novelists who was favorably impressed by Rizal, and years later he spoke highly of
Rizal, “whose genius he so much admired.” Hotel Metropole is where Rizal and Viola stayed
in Vienna and received his lost diamond stickpin. Rizal and Viola left Vienna on May 24, 1887
via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube River.

27
 On June 2 to 3, 1887, Rizal and Viola stayed at Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Rizal treated
Viola on June 19, 1887 on his 26th birthday. Viola and Rizal parted ways on June 23, 1887.
Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to Italy. Rizal visited Vatican, the
“City of the Popes” and the capital of Christendom for the Feast Day of St. Peter and St. Paul
on June 29, 1887. After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to the
Philippines. He had already written to his father that he was coming home.

RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING

Rizal returned to the Philippines because he wanted
to operate on his mother’s eyes, to served his people who
had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants, to find out for
himself how Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were
affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines and to
inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French port,
which he reached without mishap. On July 3, 1887, Rizal
DJEMNAH boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same streamer which
brought him to Europe 5 years ago. On July 30, 1887, Rizal
transferred to Haiphong, a steamer in Saigon, which was
Manila-bounded. The steamer left Saigon for Manila on
August 2, 1887. The moon was full, and Rizal slept soundly
the whole night on August 3, 1887. The calm sea,
illuminated by the silvery moonlight, was a magnificent
sight to him. Near midnight of August 5, 1887, the Haiphong
arrived in Manila.
HAIPHONG

28
 Rizal returned to Calamba on August 8, 1887 to establish
a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother, who was
almost blind. Jose Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform
surgical operation because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe.
Patients came from Manila and
provinces flocked at Calamba as
the news of arrival of great
doctor from Germany spread far
and wide. Rizal was called
“Doctor Uliman” because he
came from Germany. He treated their ailments and soon he
acquired a lucrative medical practice. Rizal opened a
gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European
sports. He suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn
in Calamba, the failure to see Leonor Rivera because her
mother did not like him for a son-in-law.

Rizal was summoned

by the Governor General
Emilio Terrero because of his
enemies’ allegation that ‘Noli’
contained subversive ideas.
Seeing no problem in the
book, Terrero nonetheless
assigned to Rizal a body guard,
Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, to
protect the ‘balikbayan’ from
his adversaries. In December
1887, the Calamba folks asked
Rizal’s assistance in collecting information as regards Dominican hacienda management. It
was in compliance to the order of the government to investigate the way friar estates were
run. So, Rizal had reported, among others, that the Dominican Order had arbitrarily increased
the land rent and charged the tenants for nonexistent agricultural services. Rizal’s novel
caused uproar among the friars. Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life were received by his
parents. Feeling uneasy with the situation, they advised him to go away for his life was in
danger. Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal and advised him to leave the Philippines
for his own good. He was giving Rizal a change to escape the fury of the friar’s wrath. Rizal
really needs to go because he could not disobey the governor general’s orders. Rizal left
Calamba in 1888.

29
HONGKONG AND MACAU

On February 3, 1888, after six months of stay in Calamba, Rizal

left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro. He was sad and sick
during the crossing of the choppy China Sea. He did not get off the ship
when it made a stopover at Amoy, because he was sick, it was raining,
and the city was dirty. He arrived in Hong Kong on February 8. In Hong
Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel. He was welcomed by the Filipino
community in Hong Kong. During this time, a Spaniard, Jose Sainz de
Varanda, was shadowing Rizal’s movements in Hong Kong. It is
believed that he was ordered to spy on Rizal.

On February 18, Rizal accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang for
Macau. He was surprised to see a familiar figure among the passengers—Sainz de Varanda.
Rizal described Macao as a small, low, and gloomy. There are many junks, sampans, but few
steamers, it looks sad and is almost dead-like. The two stayed in at the home of Don Juan
Francisco Lecaros who was married to a Portuguese lady. During his two day stay in Macao,
he visited the theater, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas and botanical gardens and the
bazaars. He also saw the famous
Grotto of Camoens. In the
evening of February 19, he
witnessed a Catholic procession
wherein the devotees were
dressed in blue and purple
dresses and were carrying
unlighted candles. On February
20, Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong on board the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang.

Rizal stayed in Hong Kong for two weeks. There he studied the Chinese way of life,
language, drama, and customs. Rizal noticed some experiences and wrote them in his diary.

30
 Some of them include the noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year which lasted from
February 11th to 13th. There were continuous explosion of firecrackers and he himself fired
many at the window of his hotel. He also observed the
boisterous Chinese theater, the marath

Lauriat party, which was the longest meal in the

world; the Dominican Order was the richest religious
order in Hong Kong, and the cemeteries. On February
22, 1888, Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic,
an American steamer and his destination was Japan.
Rizal did not like the meals on board but liked the ship
because it was clean and efficiently managed.

JAPAN

Among the happiest moments of Rizal in his life was

his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. He stayed in
Japan for one month and a half from February 28 to April
13, 1888. He was charmed by the natural beauty of Japan,
the manners of the Japanese people and the picturesque of
shrines. He also fell in love
with a Japanese girl, who
loveliness infused joy and
romance in his sorrowing
Jose Rizal boarded
heart. Morning of Tuesday,
Oceanic, an American
February 28, 1888, Rizal
steamer from Hong Kong
arrived at Yokohama and
to Yokohama, Japan on
stayed in the Grand Hotel.
February 22, 1888. He did
The following day, he moved
not like the meals on
to Tokyo and took a room at
board but liked the ship
the Tokyo Hotel where he
because it was clean and
stayed from March 2 to 7. He
efficiently managed.
was impressed by the city of Tokyo.

31

After he arrived in Tokyo, Rizal was visited
by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of
Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to
live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal knew
that this was the Spanish government’s
way of monitoring Rizal, but he accepted
anyways. On March 7, he moved out of
Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish
Legation. He and Perez Caballero became
good friends and described him as a
young, fine and an excellent writer.
During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal
could talk the Japanese language. He had a
hard time for shopping for he could not be
understood, and children laughed at him.
With his situation, Rizal decided to study
the Japanese language. He was able to
speak within a few days. At Japan he
studied the Japanese drama, arts, music,
and judo. He also visited museums,
libraries, art galleries, and shrines. He
visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone,
Miyanoshita, and the charming villages of
Japan. During one time, Rizal went to the
park and heard the
Tokyo band playing
a classical work of
Strauss. He was
impressed by the
great performances
of the Western
music. He thought
to himself how
admirable their
renditions are and
wondered how they have assimilated the
modern European music to the extent of
playing the beautiful masterpieces of the
European composers so well. The band
stopped playing and to his surprised they
were speaking Tagalog. He approached
them and conversed with them. The
musicians were delighted and also
surprised to meet him.
Rizal was greatly impressed by
Japan. Among of which are the natural
beauty of the country, the cleanliness and
politeness of the people, the picturesque
dress and simple charm of the Japanese
women, there were few thieves in Japan,
and beggars were rarely seen in the city
streets. However, he disliked the rickshaws
drawn by men. On April 13, 1888, Rizal
boarded the Belgic, an English steamer at
Yokohama bound for the United States. He
left Japan with a heavy heart for he knew
that he will never see this beautiful land
again, so as his beloved O-Sei-San. His
sojourn in Japan for 45 days was one of the
happiest interludes of his life.
324
 Despite his sorrowing heart, Rizal enjoyed the pleasant trans-Pacific voyage to the
United States. He was asked by one of the children on board the ship if he knew a man in
Manila named “Richal”. Rizal replied that he was “Richal”. In his amazement, the boy rushed
to his mother and informing her that the famous man is their fellow passenger, the mother
felt proud that they were travelling with a celebrity.
Another passenger Rizal befriended on board was
Tetcho Suehiro, a Japanese journalist, novelist, and a
champion of human rights, who was forced by the Japanese
government to leave the country. He was alone at the
beginning of the voyage for he knew that he was only
person in the ship who speaks Japanese. Rizal knew about
this and befriended him and acted as his interpreter during
their long trip from Yokohama to San Francisco, across the
U.S. to New York until they reached London, where they
parted. Rizal told Tetcho the story of his life and his mission
to emancipate his oppressed fellowmen from Spanish
tyranny. Tetcho was fascinated by Rizal’s admirable
character and influenced him to fortify his own crusade for human rights in his own country.
On December 1, 1888 after a last handshake of their eight months of friendship and bidding
each other goodbye, Rizal and Tetcho parted ways—never to meet again. Tetcho Suehiro
published his diary on 1889 containing his impression of Jose Rizal and resigned from his
position as editor of Choya Tokyo newspaper to enter politics. However, he died in February
1896 at the age of 49 due to heart attack in Tokyo 10 months before Jose Rizal’s execution.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival was
marred by racial prejudice for he saw the discriminatory treatment
of the Chinese and the Negroes by the white Americans. Rizal had
good and bad impressions of the United States. The good were the
material progress of the country, the drive and energy of the
American people, the natural beauty of the land, the high standard
of living and the opportunities for better life offered to poor
immigrants. On bad impression was the lack of racial equality. There
existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of
democracy and freedom of which Americans talk so much but do not
practice. Rizal’s trip to America started on April 28, 1888 to May 16, 1888.

33
 The steamer Belgic docked at San Francisco on
Saturday morning, April 28, 1888. All passengers were not
allowed to land. The American health authorities placed
the ship under quarantine on the ground it came from the
Far east where a cholera epidemic was alleged to be
raging. On Friday afternoon, May 4, 1888, he was
permitted to go ashore and then he registered for a room
at the Palace Hotel. Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two
days from May 4 to 6. On May 6, Rizal left San Francisco
for Oakland, nine miles across San Francisco Bay by ferry
boat. On May 7, he awoke and had a good breakfast at Sacramento passing through Nevada,
Utah, Ogden, Denver, Colorado, Nebraska, Omaha, Illinois, Chicago, and Canada. They had a
stopover to see some sights and went to the side below the Niagara Falls. On May 13, they
arrived at Albany which was a big city.
The grand transcontinental trip ended on May 13, 1888. Rizal arrived at New York,
which marks the end of his trip to America. He stayed three days in this city and visited some
scenic and historic places. He was awed and inspired by the memorial of George Washington.
On May 16, 1888 he left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome. He was onboard
in a steamer which was “the second largest ship in the world”—the Great Eastern. He saw the
colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island as the ship steamed out of New York.

LONDON

Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888

and checked-in at Adelphi Hotel for a day. He described it
as a big and beautiful city. Rizal lived in London from May
1888 to March 1889.
Jose Rizal stayed London because he wanted to
improve his knowledge of the English language, to study
and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which
he heard to be available in the British Museum and London
was a safe place to carry on his fight against Spanish
tyranny.

On May 25, 1888, Rizal went to London. For a short time, he stayed at the home of Dr. Antonio
Ma. Regidor– a lawyer in London. By the end of May, he was a boarder of the Beckett family.
His home was located near public parks and within easy walking distance to the British

Museum. He spent most of his time in the British Museum studying the book of Morga’s
Sucesos and other rare historical books about the Philippines.

34
 Rizal returned to London on
December 24 and spent Christmas and
New Year’s Day with the Becketts. Rizal
liked Christmas Eves because it reminded
him of many good
days of his infancy
and also Christ was
born. Rizal received
from Mrs. Beckett a
book entitled The
Life and Adventures
. of Valentine Vox,
the Ventriloquist.
Jose Rizal visited Paris for a week in During his stay at
September of 1888 for him to search for London, he became
more historical materials in the the honorary
Bibliotheque Nationale. He was president of a
entertained by Juan Luna and his wife. patriotic society
After reading over the old books, he cooperating for
returned to Londono n December 11, reforms called
1888, he went to Spain visiting Madrid and Asociacion La
Barcelona. He contacted his compatriots Solidaridad. It was
and surveyed the political situation. For the inaugurated on
first time, he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and December 31, 1888.
Mariano Ponce, the two titans of Rizal also wrote his first article in La
Propaganda Movement. He exchanged Solidaridad, a patriotic newspaper
ideas with these new friends and promised founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena, entitled
to cooperate in the fight for reforms. Los Agricultores Filipinos which was
published on March 25, 1889. Rizal wrote
Jose Rizal spend his Sundays at the
several works while in London. These
house of Dr. Rost, the librarian of the
writings include: La Vision del Fray
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority
Rodriguez, Letter to the Young Women of
on Malayan languages and customs. Dr.
Malolos, and he also contributed some
Rost was greatly impressed by Rizal’s
articles to Dr. Rost’s journal entitled
knowledge and character and gladly
Specimens of Tagal Folklore and Two
recommended him to the authorities of
Eastern Fables. Rizal also fell in-love with
the British Museum. He called Rizal “a
one of the three Beckett sisters—
pearl of a man”. For ten months, Rizal was
Gertrude. On March 19, 1889, Rizal bade
deeply immersed in his historical studies in
goodbye to the Beckett family and left
London. During that time, his compatriots
London for Paris. He was sad as he crossed
in Spain were waging the crusade for
the English Channel for, he cherished many
Philippine reforms.
beautiful memories in London.

35
BIARRITZ

Rizal took a vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on the fabulous French Riviera. He
was the guest of the Boustead family. It was in Biarritz where he had finished the last chapter
of his second novel, El Filibusterismo. Rizal was in-love with
Nellie Boustead, a daughter of the Boustead family. With the
encouragement of his close friends, Rizal courted Nelly, who
in turn, reciprocated his affection. Rizal had plans of
marrying Nellie but failed. Nelly wanted Rizal to espouse
Protestantism before their marriage. Rizal, being a man of
firm conviction, refused. Another problem was Nelly’s
mother, who do not wish to entrust Nelly to a man who was
poor in material things. On March 30, 1891, Rizal proceeded
to Paris by train. Rizal retired from the Propaganda
Movement and retired also from La Solidaridad. In Brussels
Rizal worked day after day revising the finished manuscript
of El Filibusterismo and readied it for printing.

GHENT

On July 5, 1891, Rizal left Brussels for Ghent a famous university city in Belgium. He
stayed at Ghent because the cost of printing is cheaper. Rizal had limited funds and lived in a
cheap boarding house. After his arrival, Rizal searched for the printing shop that could give
him the lowest quotation for the publication of his novel. He found out that F. Meyer-Van Loo
Press was willing to print his book on installment basis. He pawned all his jewels to pay the
down payment and early partial payments. He had received money from Basa and 200 pesos
from Arias for the copies of Morga’s Sucesos which were sold in Manila.

Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent him the necessary
funds. With his financial aid, the printing of Fili was resumed. The El Filibusterismo was
dedicated to the martyrdom of the Gom-Bur-Za.

36
RIZAL’S SECOND HOMECOMING

In May 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. He gave two letters, which
were sealed and inscribed on it “to be opened after my death”, to his friend Dr. Marques for
safekeeping.

At noon of June 26, 1892, Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila. He stayed in
Hotel de Oriente which was facing the church of Binondo.

On June 27, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends. And on
Wednesday July 6, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of interviews. The
governor general then presented to him some printed leaflets (Pobres Frailes) which were
allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases. Rizal denied having those leaflets because they were
thoroughly searched upon their arrival from Hong Kong and was found clean. Despite his
denial and insistent demand for investigation he was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort
Santiago.

July 15, 1892, Rizal was brought to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan.
On the 17th of July, Rizal was handed over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the commandant of
Dapitan. His exile in Dapitan lasted until July 31, 1896, a period of four years.

37
CHAPTER
Noli Me Tangere
6
& El Filibusterismo
Jose Rizal proposed his writing on January 2, 1884 to
compatriots who promised to write with him but spent
their time gambling and flirting with Spanish women.
NOLI ME TANGERE
Noli Me Tangere also known as
Touch me not was taken from John 20:17
on the event on Mary Magdalene
witnessed the risen Lord Jesus. It was
published on March 21, 1887. Jose Rizal
experienced poverty that he almost hurled
it into flames but with the help of Dr.
Maximo Viola the book was published. Noli
Me Tangere was dedicated to Fatherland
Philippines. It has 63 Chapters and was
praised by Jose Rizal’s friends and was
condemned by his enemies.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
El Filibusterismo, Filbustero means
rebel was published on September 18,
1891. It has 38 Chapters/ 279 pages and it
was dedicated to GomBurZa. The
introduction of El Filibusterismo was
written by Ferdinand Blumentritt. The
price of each book was 400 pesetas (P80)
since the books placed in the wooden box
were confiscated and lost in Hong Kong
making it rare
F. Meyer-Van Loo Press which was
located at No. 66 Viaanderen St was the
Printing Press of El Filibusterismo for
installment basis. It stopped on August 6
1891 because Jose Rizal could no longer
give the necessary fund.
Jose Rizal received a loan from Jose
Maria Basa for his travel to Hong Kong and
P200 from Rodriguez Arias for the copies of
Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas in Manila but
all funds were used up and he already
pawed his jewels but still much is needed
for the printing of El Filibusterismo. He
almost hurled the El Filibusterismo in
flames. Valentin Ventura then immediately
sent Jose Rizal necessary funds upon
learning his predicament. The original
manuscript was given by Jose Rizal to Dr.
Valentin Ventura along with the
autographed printed copy. It was acquired
by the Philippine Government from Dr.
Valentin Ventura at P10,000 some years
after Jose Rizal been declared Philippine
National Hero. Now preserved at
Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public
Libraries Manila.
39
 Noli Me Tangere
ET El FilibusterisMO

Noli Me Tangere • El Filibusterismo

– Romantic Novel
– Political Novel
– Work of the Heart
– Work of the thought
– Contained:
• Feeling – Contained:
• Freshness
• Bitterness
• Color
• Hatred
• Humor
• Lightness • Pain
• Wit • Violence
– Superiority Counts
• Sorrow
• Jose Rizal
• Marcelo H. del Pilar • Revenge

• Wenceslao E. Retana – Superiority Counts

• Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt

• Graciano Lopez Jaena

• Dr. Rafael Palma

40
TURMOIL OF NOLI ME TANGERERE
Jose Rizal
went to Manila
and appeared
in Malacañang
where he was
informed by
Gov. Gen.
Terrero of the
charges, but
Jose Rizal
denied it
explaining he was merely exposing the
truth but did not advocate subversive
ideas. Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero was
pleased by the explanation of Jose Rizal
and asked for a copy of the book so he
could read it, but Jose Rizal had no copy at
that time, but he promised to secure one
for the governor general. Jesuit Fathers
was visited by Jose Rizal and asked of the
copy he sent them, but they would not part
with it. Among them were his former
professors who were glad to see him such
as Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose
Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura who said,
“Everything in it was the truth”, but added
“You may lose your head for it.” Jose Rizal
found a copy in the hands of a friend and
was able to get it for the Gov. Gen. Terrero.
Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero is a liberal
minded Spaniard, he knew Jose Rizal’s life
was in jeopardy because of the powerful
friars. Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade was
assigned by the Gov. Gen. as the
bodyguard of Jose Rizal for his security. He
was befriended by Jose Rizal.
Gov. Gen.
Terrero had read
the Noli Me
Tangere and found nothing wrong with it.
A Dominican Archbishop of Manila Msgr.
Pedro Payo sent a copy of Noli Me Tangere
to UST Rector Fr. Gregorio Echevarria for
examination by the committee of the
faculty. The UST Faculty Committee was
composed of Dominican Professors. They
found the Noli Me Tangere heretical,
impious, scandalous in the religious order,
anti-patriotic, subversive, seditious to
public order, injurious to the government
of Spain, and detrimental to the functions
of Mother Spain in the Philippines. They
submitted its report to UST Fr. Rector who
transmitted it to Msgr. Payo who then
forwarded it to Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero.
The Gov. Gen. was dissatisfied with the
report of the Dominicans for he knew the
Dominicans were prejudiced against Jose
Rizal. He sent the Noli Me Tangere to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship
which was composed of priests and
lawyers. Fr. Salvador Font is an Augustinian
friar curate of Tondo, the head of the
commission. The group found that the
novel contains subversive ideas against the
Church and Spain and recommended that
the importation, reproduction, and
circulation of the pernicious book in the
islands be absolutely prohibited.
41
 The Rizal’s
newspaper favorite
published teacher in
Font’s written Ateneo who
report. The defended and
banning of praised the
the Noli Me novel in
Tangere public. Don
served to Segismundo
make it Moret -
popular and the masses supported former
the book. Fr. Jose Rodriguez is an Minister of
Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe the Crown, Prof. Miguel Morayta -
who published a series of eight historian and stateman, Prof. Ferdinand
pamphlets under the heading Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend were also
questions of Supreme Interest to one of the defenders of the novel. Rev. Fr.
blast the Noli and other anti- Vicente Garcia is a Filipino Catholic priest
Spanish writing. Copies of scholar, a theologian of the Manila
antiRizal pamphlets were sold Cathedral, and a Tagalog translator of the
after mass and many Filipinos famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas
were forced to buy them in order Kempis wrote a defense of the novel
not to displease the friars. published in Singapore under the pen
name Justo Desiderio Magalang.
The novel Noli Me Tangere was
fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Rizal cried because of his gratitude
Senate of the Spanish Cortes consisting of to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia
senators such as General Jose de who defended him unexpectedly. He
Salamanca, General Luis de Pando, Sr. attacked Barrantes by exposing his
Fernando Vida, and Vicente Barrantes. ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
Vicente was a Spanish academician of dishonesty which is unworthy of an
Madrid who formerly occupied high academician. Because of the interest of
government position in the Philippines both enemies and
bitterly criticized the novel in an article protectors of the
published in the Madrid newspaper, La Noli the price of the
España Moderna. The defenders of the book increased
Noli Me Tangere were propagandists such from five pesetas
as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez- per copy to 50
Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, and Mariano pesetas per copy.
Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the
Noli. Father Francisco de Paul Sanchez is

42
CHAPTER

7 Jose Rizal’s Execution

JOSE RIZAL’S ARREST

On July 6, 1892 Jose Rizal met with Governor General

Despujol in Malacanang. He was surprised by Gov. Despujol of
his Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) anti-friar leaflets found in Lucia’s
luggage. Also, the nephew of Arch. Bernardino Nozaleda was
the one who put the leaflet on the baggage of Lucia.

Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) Governor General Eulogio Despujol

Authored by Fr. Jacinto, satire against the He placed Jose Rizal under arrest in
rich Dominican friars who amasses Fort Santiago with his nephew Ramon
fabulous riches contrary to their monastic Despujol accompanying him. Ordered Jose
vow of poverty. Rizal to be deported in Dapitan.

Jose Rizal stayed incommunicado for 8 days where he was treated well in a room
furnished fashioned with dozens of chairs, table, wash basin, mirror, 1 unbarred window to
the patio, 2 barred windows to the wall city and beach and door closed with padlock with 2
artillery men as sentinels guarded it who had orders to fire anyone who might signal from the
beach.
JOSE RIZAL’S EXILE

Gaceta de Manila separation from the mother country” and

Published the Decree of
Deportation of Jose Rizal on July 7, 1892 to
“One of the islands in the south” because
Jose Rizal published books and articles
abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain
and “anti-Catholic and Anti-friar”, he was
found with Pobres Frailes, El Filibusterismo
was dedicated to GomBurZa with the title
page written “in view of the vices and
errors of the Spanish administration, the
only salvation for the Philippines was
Rizal end is to tear from the Filipino our
Holy Catholic faith.
Ferry Boat Cebu
Steamer under Captain Delgras
boarded by Jose Rizal on July 14, 1892 at
12:30 AM and departed 1:00 AM where he
was given special treatment in a prime
cabin named jefes (commanding officers)
July 15, 1892 passing Mindoro and Panay
and arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892
Sunday at 7:00 PM. Captain Delgras went
ashore and handed Jose Rizal to Governor
Ricardo Carnicero.

44
 Dapitan, Zamboanga
Home-Prison of
Jose Rizal from July 17,
1892 to July 31, 1896 (4
Years and 13 days). It is a
Remote Town in
Mindanao which was
under the missionary
jurisdiction of the Jesuits
from 1892 to 1896.
Carried a letter from Fr.
Pablo Pastells, Superior of
the Jesuit Society in the
Philippines to Fr. Antonio
Obach, Jesuit Priest of
Dapitan informing him
that Jose Rizal could live
at the Parish Convent with
conditions. Jose Rizal
publicly retracted his
errors in religion and
made statements that
were clearly pro-Spanish
and against revolution.
Jose Rizal perform church
rites make general
confession and conducts
himself a manner as
Spanish subject and man
of religion.

JOSE RIZAL IN DAPITAN

Jose Rizal received his share informed by mail boat Butuan on

amounting to P 6,200 and Gave P 2,000 to
his father in Hong-Kong also Gave P 200 to
his friend Jose Maria Basa in Hong-Kong
and lastly Invested in purchasing
agricultural land along coast of Talisay (16
hectares) about 1 km from Dapitan and the
rest was used in buying houses for his own
residence clinic (Square), school (Octagon)
and Poultry House (Hexagon) .
Gobernador Ricardo Carnicero
He was in-charge of Jose Rizal in
Dapitan, he had good reports to Gov. Gen.
Eulogio Despujol on Jose Rizal and became
a friend of Jose Rizal giving him some
freedom to roam the place just to report to
him every week. And he Won the 2nd prize
on the governmentowned Manila Lottery
with Jose Rizal and Francisco Equilior
(Spanish resident of Dipolog neighboring
town of Dapitan) amounting to P 20,000 as
September 21, 1892 for their joint ticket
9736.
Fr. Pablo Pastells
He sent Jose Rizal a book by Sarda
and advised him to desist from his
majendras (foolishness) in viewing religion
from the prism of individual judgment and
self-esteem Scholarly debate with Jose
Rizal on religion through writings. He Gave
Jose Rizal Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of
Christ) a Catholic book by Fr. Thomas A.
Kempis. Instructed Dapitan Cure Fr. Obach,
Dipolog Cure Fr. Jose Vilaclara to bring
back Jose Rizal to Catholicism. Assigned Fr.
Francisco de Paula Sanchez (Jose Rizal’s
favorite teacher in Ateneo) to Dapitan.
Jose Rizal in the meantime
revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he

45
had acquired in Europe and embitterment
at his persecution by friars who committed
abuses under cloak of religion and used it
as a shield, weapon, castle, fortress, armor,
et al. Remained a good friend to Fr. Pablo
Pastells in spite of their religious
differences. Jose Rizal gave Fr. Pablo
Pastells a bust of St. Paul which he made
Remained Catholic, continued to hear
Mass at Catholic church of Dapitan,
celebrated Christmas and religious fiestas
Catholic who inquires and enlightens the
Catholicism of Renan and Teilhard de
Chardin.
Juan Lardet
A French Businessman in Dapitan,
purchased logs from Jose Rizal’s land and
some of which were of poor quality, He
wrote a letter to Dapitan Merchant
Antonio Miranda expressing his disgust
with the business deal and stated if Jose
Rizal was a truthful man, he would have
told him that the lumber was bad. Antonio
Miranda forwarded the letter to Jose Rizal.
Rizal flared-up in anger regarding
Juan Lardet’s unsavory comment as an
affront to his integrity. He confronted Juan
Lardet and challenged him to a duel.
Gov. Ricardo Carnicero
Heard the incident and told Juan
Lardet to apologize rather than to accept
the challenge.
Juan Lardet
Heeded Gov. Ricardo Carnicero’s
advice and wrote a letter of apology to Jose
Rizal on March 30, 1893 for his insulting
comment in which Jose Rizal accepted and
good relations between them were
restored.
Rev. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
Immediately met Jose Rizal upon
arrival in Dapitan, eventually failed to
persuade Jose Rizal to discard his
unorthodox views of Catholicism. Received
on his birthday the manuscript Estudios
sobre la Lengua Tagala (Studies on the
Tagalog Language) from Jose Rizal.
Doña Teodora
Doña Teodora arrived in Dapitan
together with Trinidad, Maria, Narcisa and
nephews Teodosio, Estanislao, Maurico
and Prudencio.
Jose Rizal encourages students to
study and meditate on what they study
because only the intelligent can worthily
go through life. This is because intelligence
is a weapon. Students should sharpen,
perfect and polish their mind while
fortifying and educating their heart. Put his
ideas into work by improving town plaza,
taught Dapiteños to fish using net and
baked fluffy bread, built a water supply
system, built a school, clinic and store,
tilled the land, planted trees. Jose Rizal
became a musician, and it includes
Composed flute music Alin Mang Lahi (Any
Race) and La Deportacion (Deportation).
Leonor Rivera died on August 28, 1893.
Jose Rizal as a Physician
Rizal successfully cured his
mother’s eyes, accepted patients even
46
 from neighboring towns who mostly are
poor in which Jose Rizal had even given
medicine gratis. Had patients from Luzon,
Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros, Mindanao
and Hong Kong. A rich Filipino patient Don
Ignacio Tumarong who was able to see and
paid him P3000 and an Englishman who
paid him P500 which he used to put up
street lamps in Dapitan.
Jose Rizal as Scientist
Rizal discovered Draco Rizali (Flying
Dragon) Apogonia Rizali (Beetle) and
Rhacophorus Rizali (Toad).
Florencio Namanan
Native of Cagayan de Misamis,
single and about 30 years old, a spy who
assumed the name Pablo Mercado hired
by Recollect Friars who paid him P72 to
pose as relative of Jose Rizal and secretly
visited Jose Rizal the night of November 3,
1893. Brought photo of Jose Rizal and a
pair of buttons with initials P.M. as
evidence of his kinship with the Mercado
family and offered to be the confidential
courier of Jose Rizal’s letters and writings
for patriots in Manila.
Irked by the impostor’s lies, he
wanted to throw Florencio Namanan out
of his house but mindful of his duty as a
host, considering the late hour of the night
and the heavy rainfall, hospitably invited
the unwanted visitor to stay at his house
for the night but sent him away very early
next day. He learned that Florencio
Namanan was still in Dapitan telling people
that he was a beloved relative of Jose Rizal,
lost his cool and went to Comandancia
Capt. Juan Sitges.
Capt. Juan Sitges
Ordered the arrest of Florencio
Namanan and instructed Anastacio
Adriatico to investigate him immediately.
Suddenly squashed the investigation and
released Florencio Namanan. Forwarded
transcripts of the investigation together
with his official report to Gov. Gen. Ramon
Blanco who in turn kept the documents as
highly confidential. He requested for a
copy of the proceedings of the
investigation but Capt. Juan Sitges denied
his request. The documents of the
investigation are now preserved in the
Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid containing
mysterious deletions.

JOSE RIZAL’S DEATH AND BURIAL

Jose Rizal was 35 years old and 11 days was executed by Firing Squad at 7:03 AM on
December 30, 1896. The firing squad was composed of four Filipinos with only one Live Bullet
while Four Rifled Spanish behind them. The Spaniards shouted “Viva Spaña!” “Muerte a los
Traidoers” (Long live Spain and death to traitors) with the military band played Marcha de Cadiz.

For Rizal’s burial, the Mercado Family bought already a coffin but was denied of the
body of Jose Rizal. The Spanish authorities secretly buried the body of Jose Rizal at Paco
Cemetery but Narcisa Mercado found the newly dug soil in Paco Cemetery and engraved it
R.P.J., reversed of name of Jose Rizal. Doña Teodora then ordered the excavation of the
skeleton of Jose Rizal.
47
CHAPTER

8 Jose Rizal’s Artworks

JOSE RIZAL’S
WRITINGS
• Sa aking mga Kabata
• My First Inspiration
•
•
To the Filipino Youth
Amor Patrio
JOSE RIZAL’S PAINTINGS
• Los Viajes
• Mi Piden Versos
• Flores de Heidelberg
• The Song of Maria Clara
• The Song of the Traveler
• Hymn to Labor
• Mi Ultimo Adios
• Makamisa
• Saturnina Rizal (Oil)
– Now in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago
• Dapitan Church Curtains (Oil)
– Dapitan, 1984
• Pair of Mother-of-pearl (Oil)
– Gift to Leonor Valenzuela
• Spanish Coat of Arms (Water Color)
– Fiesta of San Rafael in Calamba, 1867
• Allegory on a Pair of Porcelain Bases of the New
Year Celebration (Oil)
– Berlin, 1886
• Christ Crucified (Crayon)
– 1875
• Immaculate Conception (Crayon)
– Manila 1974
• Portrait of Morayta (Crayon)
– Barcelona, 1885
49
JOSE RIZAL’S • Segunda Katigbak (Ink)
SKETCHES • Brooklyn Bridge (Pencil)
– De Nueva York, 1886
• Sulpakan (Ink)
• Singapore Lighthouse (Ink and
– Epistolario Rizalino
Pencil)
• Father Pablo Pastells (Lost)
• Along Suez Canal (Ink and Pencil)
• Room El Filibusterismo was written
• Castle of St. Elmo (Ink and Pencil)
(Crayon)
• Aden (Ink and Pencil)
– Calamba, 1887
– First trip abroad on May
• A landscape and a figure
1882
– San Fernando Academy,
• Fishes caught in Dapitan (18) (Ink)
Madrid, 1884
– Dapitan
• Rizal’s Nurse
• Sketch of himself
• Señor Monroy
– Training Class
• Sketch of Dr. Blumentritt (Pencil)
– Leitmeritz, 1886
• Monkey and the Tortoise (Ink) • Rizal Family Tree (Dapitan)
– Paris, 1886 • Heads of Sibili Cumana (Ink)
– Dapitan
• Juancho • Antonio de Morga (Pencil)
• Padre Burgos – London
• Mt. Makiling • Friends in Café Madrid (Chalk)
• Japan (Ink) – Lost
• Japanese Art (Ink) • Scenery and Filipino Customs
– 1888 – London, 1888
• Passengers of SS Djemnah (Pencil) • Drs. De Wecker and Becker (Ink)
• Manila (Pencil) – Madrid, 1886, Inserted in a
– First Trip, May 1882 letter to dr. Viola, Lost
• Cover of Noli Me Tangere (Ink) • Ascent of Mt. Makiling (Pencil)
– Bureau of Public Libraries – Sent to Dr. Blumentritt

50
• Diary: de Heidelberg a Leipzig pasando
por el Rhin (Pencil)
– Germany, Switzerland and Italy,
• Archeological Findings in Lumanao Hill
1887
(Ink)
• Diary: De Marseille and Hong Kong
– Dapitan, 1894-1895
(Pencil)
• Hundred Letters (Ink)
– Djemnah, 1887
• Leonor Rivera (Crayon)
• Apuntas de Portificacion de Campana
– Kept in Original Frame
(Ink)
• Pastor Fritz Ullmer (Pencil)
– London, 1888
– Heidelberg, 1886
• Limang Salita (Ink)
• Cartoons (Ink)
– Berlin, 1886
• Ephigenia (Pencil)
• Lodging House in 15 Bano, Madrid (Ink)
• Gladiator (Pencil)
– Lopez Museum
• Notas Clinicas (Ink) Heidelberg, 1886
– Madrid, 1884-1885 • Spanish Characters in Madrid (Ink)
– Madrid, 1883
• Boat (Ink)
– Leitmeritz 1886
• Sketches without description (2)

51
 • Mother’s Revenge (Clay)
– Dapitan, 1894
JOSE RIZAL’S • Josephine Bracken (Wood)
– Dapitan, 1895-1896, Medallion
SCULPTURES • Dr. Francisco Mercado (Wood)
• Triumph of Death over – Calamba, 1887-1888, Life-size bust
Life (Clay) • Prometheus Bound (Clay)
• Triumph of Science – Brussels, 1890, Given to Blumentritt
over Death (Clay) • Felix Pardo de Tavera (Paris)
– Brussels, 1890, • Virgin Mary (Wood)
Given to – Ateneo de Manila
Blumentritt • Wild Boar (Clay)
• Bust of Fr. Jose – Dapitan
Guerrico (Clay) • Orante Frantes/ Let us pray brethren (Wax)
– Dapitan, 1894 • San Antonio de Padua (Clay)
• Oyang Dapitana (Clay)
• Dapitan Girl (Clay)
– Dapitan 1893- • St. Paul the Hermit (Clay)
1894 – Dapitan, 1893, Gift to Fr. Pablo Pastells
• Sacred Heart of Jesus • Gen. Blanco (Ivory)
(Wood) – Dapitan
– Ateneo de • Ricardo Carnicero (Clay)
Manila, 1875- – Dapitan, 1892-1893
1877 • Three Becket Girls (Clay)
• Composite Statuette/ – London, 1888
Nude Lady lying down • Josephine’s Head (Clay)
(Terra Cotta) – Dapitan
– Brussels, 1890 • Two gate columns (Wood)
– Dapitan, 1895
• Augustus Caesar
– London, December 1888, Sent to Dr.
Blumentritt
• Julius Caesar
– London, December 1888

52
 • Maiden and Beggar (Terra Cotta)
– Paris, September 1889, Sent to
• Filipina Girl Doll (Wood)
Blumentritt
• Marionette Clown (Wood)
• Juan Sitges (Clay)
– Dapitan, 1894-1895
– Dapitan
• Gay Franciscan Friar (Wood)
• El Friale al Regreso (Wood)
• Biscuit Mold (Wood)
• Girl’s Head (Wood)
– Dapitan, 1893
– Dapitan, Bowl Pipe
• Platters
• Josephine Sleeping (Plaster)
• Tops
– Dapitan, 1895-1896
– Dapitan, 1894-1896
• Gov. Carnicero and his wife (Clay)
• Allegoric Medal (Wax)
– Dapitan, 1895
• Intern at Hospital de Sta. Cruz (Clay)
• Lion’s Head Public Faucet (Terra Cotta)
– Barcelona, 1885
– Dapitan, 1894-1895
• Don Francisco Mercado (Clay)
– Calamba, 1881

• Head of Egyptian (Plaster)

– Hong Kong, 1892, Candle Holder
• Mirabeau (Terra Cotta)
– Barcelona, Intended for Valentin Ventura
• Wounded Gladiator (Clay)
– San Fernando Academy, Madrid, 1884
• Solon of Paris (Clay)
– 1889, Accepted by the Solon

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 Jose Rizal’s Monument & Rizal Park

Jose Rizal’s Monument

The American Occupation

declared Jose Rizal as the Philippine
National Hero and the “Mi Ultimo
Adios” was read in the American
Congress. The Philippine Government
requested the skeleton of Jose Rizal
from the Mercado family after the
American Occupation. Masonic Right
was grandiosely followed for the burial
of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan. Rizal
Monument was erected on top of his
grave.

Rizal Park

Bagumbayan was renamed to

Luneta where Rizal was shot and was
adjacent to Intramuros Maynila.
Bagumbayan Square was renamed to
Rizal Park in Luneta, Maynila. Rizal Park
was dedicated to the Philippine
National Hero Jose Rizal.

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