Featuring NASA

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">NASA</h1>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">Independent space agency of the United States federal
government</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn org">National
Aeronautics and Space Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"
style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_seal.svg" class="image"><img
alt="NASA seal.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/200px-
NASA_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/300px-
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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/400px-
NASA_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="272" /></a><div>NASA
seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="NASA logo.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/200px-
NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/300px-
NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/400px-
NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a><div>NASA's
"meatball" logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" class="image"><img alt="NASA HQ
Building.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/220px
-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/33
0px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/440px-
NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1712"
/></a><div>NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"
style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Agency
overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Abbreviation</th><td
class="nickname">NASA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Formed</th><td>July 29,
1958<span class="noprint">; 62 years ago</span><span
style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1958-07-
29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Preceding agency</th><td><div
class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a
href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(1915–1958)</span><sup id="cite_ref-CentNACA_1-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CentNACA-
1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Type</th><td
class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of
government space agencies">Space agency</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Jurisdiction</th><td><a
href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of
the United States">United States Federal Government</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Headquarters</th><td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C."
title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><br /><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-
output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-
nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output
.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span
class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?
pagename=NASA&params=38_52_59_N_77_0_59_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span
class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other
data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°52′59″N</span> <span
class="longitude">77°0′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-
punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec"
title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88306°N
77.01639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88306;
-77.01639</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span
id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic
coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r994658806"/><span class="plainlinks
nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?
pagename=NASA&params=38_52_59_N_77_0_59_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span
class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other
data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°52′59″N</span> <span
class="longitude">77°0′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-
punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec"
title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88306°N
77.01639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88306;
-77.01639</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Motto</th><td><i>For the Benefit of All</i><sup id="cite_ref-motto_2-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motto-
2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><div style="display:inline-
block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA"
class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of
NASA">Administrator</a></div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim
Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a
href="/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy
Administrator of NASA">Deputy Administrator</a></th><td><a
href="/wiki/James_Morhard" title="James Morhard">James Morhard</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Primary
spaceports</a></th><td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a
href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F.
Kennedy Space Center">John F. Kennedy Space Center</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force
Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg
Air Force Base</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Owner</th><td><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.sv
g/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-
Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"
/> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United
States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Employees</th><td>17,373 <span style="font-
size:85%;">(2020)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Annual budget</th><td><img
alt="Increase"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-
Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-
Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-
Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <span
style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United
States dollar">US$</a>22.629 billion</span> <span style="font-
size:85%;">(2020)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Website</th><td><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</b> (<b>NASA</b>; <span
class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-
bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span
title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in
'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span
title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is
an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government"
title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agency</a>
of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal
government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> responsible for the
civilian <a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of
government space agencies">space program</a>, as well as <a
href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-
independent_agency_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_agency-
7">[note 1]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA was <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National
Aeronautics and Space Act">established in 1958</a>, succeeding the <a
href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA).
The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation, encouraging peaceful
applications in <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space
science">space science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DDE_8-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-DDE-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-act1_9-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act1-9">[8]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-NacaNASA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NacaNASA-
10">[9]</a></sup> Since its establishment, most US <a
href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>
efforts have been led by NASA, including the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program"
title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon
landing">Moon landing</a> missions, the <a href="/wiki/Skylab"
title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station, and later the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. NASA is
supporting the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International
Space Station">International Space Station</a> and is overseeing the development of
the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion
spacecraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch
System">Space Launch System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development"
class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew</a>
vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the <a
href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" title="Launch Services Program">Launch
Services Program</a>, which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown
management for uncrewed NASA launches.
</p><p>NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the <a
href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing
System</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
11">[10]</a></sup> advancing <a href="/wiki/Heliophysics"
title="Heliophysics">heliophysics</a> through the efforts of the <a
href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission
Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a>'s Heliophysics Research Program;<sup
id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup>
exploring bodies throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar
System">Solar System</a> with advanced <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft"
title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spacecraft</a> such as <i><a
href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i>;<sup
id="cite_ref-NYT-20150828_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150828-
13">[12]</a></sup> and researching <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics"
title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> topics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang"
title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, through the <a
href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great
Observatories</a> and associated programs.<sup id="cite_ref-14"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Creation"><span
class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Creation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Spaceflight_programs"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Spaceflight programs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#X-15_program_(1954–1968)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">X-15 program (1954–
1968)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Project_Mercury_(1958–1963)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Project Mercury (1958–
1963)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Project_Gemini_(1961–1966)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Project Gemini (1961–
1966)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Project_Apollo_(1960–1972)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Project Apollo (1960–
1972)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Skylab_(1965–1979)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Skylab (1965–
1979)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Apollo-Soyuz_(1972–1975)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Apollo-Soyuz (1972–
1975)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Space_Shuttle_program_(1972–
2011)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Space Shuttle
program (1972–2011)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#International_Space_Station_(1993–
present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">International
Space Station (1993–present)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Constellation_program_(2005–
2010)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Constellation
program (2005–2010)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Commercial_Crew_Program_(2011–
present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Commercial
Crew Program (2011–present)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Journey_to_Mars_(2010–2017)"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Journey to Mars (2010–
2017)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Artemis_program_(2017–
present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Artemis
program (2017–present)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Leadership"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Facilities"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Facilities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Inherited_from_NACA"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inherited from
NACA</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Transferred_from_the_Army"><span
class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transferred from the
Army</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Built_by_NASA"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Built by NASA</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Goals"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Goals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Robotic_missions"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Robotic missions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#NEO_detection"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">NEO detection</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Research"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Climate_and_other_research"><span
class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate and other
research</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Other_activities"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Other activities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Environmental_impact"><span
class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental
impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Response_of_the_COVID-
19_pandemic"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Response of
the COVID-19 pandemic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#NASA_Advisory_Council"><span
class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">NASA Advisory
Council</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Directives"><span
class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Directives</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a
href="#NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2017"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span
class="toctext">NASA Authorization Act of 2017</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Space_Policy_Directive_1"><span
class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Space Policy Directive
1</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Use_of_the_metric_system"><span
class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Use of the metric
system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Budget"><span
class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Budget</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Gallery"><span
class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Observations"><span
class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Observations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Past_and_current_spacecraft"><span
class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Past and current
spacecraft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Planned_spacecraft"><span
class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Planned
spacecraft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Concepts"><span
class="tocnumber">15.4</span> <span class="toctext">Concepts</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Articles_about_NASA"><span
class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles about
NASA</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Related_agencies"><span
class="tocnumber">16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Related
agencies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notes"><span
class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Further_reading"><span
class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creation">Creation</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">Creation of NASA</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div
id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;"
videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer"
style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1"
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controls="" preload="none" autoplay=""
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durationhint="345.732" data-startoffset="0" data-
mwtitle="NASA_60th-_How_It_All_Began.webm" data-
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/NASA_60th-
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type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-
title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-
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type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-
title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-
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data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2536399" data-
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data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-
title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P"
data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-
title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P"
data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-
title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-
title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-
title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-
title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-
framerate="59.94"/><track
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%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt"
srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:NASA 60th- How
It All Began.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NASA_60th-
_How_It_All_Began.webm/220px--NASA_60th-_How_It_All_Began.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/NASA_60th-
_How_It_All_Began.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-
large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_60th-
_How_It_All_Began.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><div
align="center">Short documentary about NASA</div></div></div></div>
<p>From 1946, the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"
title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics</a> (NACA) had been experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Rocket_plane"
class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket plane">rocket planes</a> such as the supersonic
<a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
NACASupersonic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NACASupersonic-
15">[14]</a></sup> In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch an
artificial satellite for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year"
title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (1957–
58). An effort for this was the American <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard"
title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a>. After the <a
href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space
program</a>'s launch of the world's first artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite"
title="Satellite">satellite</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik
1">Sputnik 1</a></i>) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned
toward its own fledgling space efforts. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress"
title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, alarmed by the perceived threat
to national security and technological leadership (known as the "<a
href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>"), urged
immediate and swift action; President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"
title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and his advisers counseled
more deliberate measures. On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a "Special Committee
on Space Technology", headed by <a href="/wiki/Guyford_Stever" title="Guyford
Stever">Guyford Stever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NacaNASA_10-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NacaNASA-10">[9]</a></sup> On January 14, 1958, NACA
Director <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Dryden">Hugh
Dryden</a> published "A National Research Program for Space Technology"
stating:<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Erickson-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r960796168">.mw-parser-output
.templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output
.templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-
left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is of great
urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a
nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [<i><a
href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a></i>] be met by
an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ... It
is accordingly proposed that the scientific research be the responsibility of a
national civilian agency ... NACA is capable, by rapid extension and expansion of
its effort, of providing leadership in <a href="/wiki/Space_technology"
title="Space technology">space technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_16-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-
16">[15]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>While this new federal agency would conduct all non-military space activity, the
<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA)
was created in February 1958 to develop space technology for military
application.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
17">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the <a
href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and
Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a>, establishing NASA. When it began
operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 43-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000
employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research
laboratories (<a href="/wiki/Langley_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect"
title="Langley Aeronautical Laboratory">Langley Aeronautical Laboratory</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Ames_Aeronautical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames
Aeronautical Laboratory">Ames Aeronautical Laboratory</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis
Flight Propulsion Laboratory">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a>) and two small
test facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennan_18-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Glennan-18">[17]</a></sup> Elements of the <a
href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile
Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval
Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a> were incorporated
into NASA. A significant contributor to NASA's entry into the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> with the Soviet Union was
the technology from the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">German rocket
program</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von
Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, who was now working for the <a
href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile
Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the
technology of American scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goddard" class="mw-redirect"
title="Robert Goddard">Robert Goddard</a>'s earlier works.<sup id="cite_ref-
recoll_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recoll-
19">[18]</a></sup> Earlier research efforts within the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air
Force</a><sup id="cite_ref-Glennan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Glennan-18">[17]</a></sup> and many of ARPA's early space programs were
also transferred to NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-DARPA_20-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-DARPA-20">[19]</a></sup> In December 1958, NASA gained
control of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion
Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, a contractor facility operated by the <a
href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of
Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennan_18-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennan-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Spaceflight_programs">Spaceflight
programs</span></h3>
<h4><span id="X-15_program_.281954.E2.80.931968.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="X-15_program_(1954–1968)">X-15 program (1954–1968)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-
15</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:X-15_in_flight.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/X-15_in_flight.jpg/220px-
X-15_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/X-
15_in_flight.jpg/330px-X-15_in_flight.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/X-15_in_flight.jpg/440px-X-
15_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1992" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:X-15_in_flight.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>X-15 in powered flight</div></div></div>
<p>NASA inherited NACA's X-15 experimental rocket-powered <a
href="/wiki/Hypersonic_speed" title="Hypersonic speed">hypersonic</a> research
aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force and Navy. Three planes
were built starting in 1955. The X-15 was <a href="/wiki/Drop_test" title="Drop
test">drop-launched</a> from the wing of one of two NASA <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-
52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52
Stratofortresses</a>, <i>NB52A</i> tail number 52-003, and <i>NB52B</i>, tail
number 52-008 (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Balls_8" title="Balls 8">Balls
8</a></i>). Release took place at an altitude of about 45,000 feet (14 km) and
a speed of about 500 miles per hour (805 km/h).<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span
title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Twelve pilots were selected for the program from the Air Force, Navy, and
NACA. A total of 199 flights were made between June 1959 and December 1968,
resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed
record">official world record</a> for the highest speed ever reached by a crewed
powered aircraft (current as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-
tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=NASA&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), and a maximum speed of
Mach 6.72, 4,519 miles per hour (7,273 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Fastest_21-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastest-21">[20]</a></sup> The
altitude record for X-15 was 354,200 feet (107.96 km).<sup id="cite_ref-
NASAHyper_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAHyper-
22">[21]</a></sup> Eight of the pilots were awarded Air Force <a
href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">astronaut
wings</a> for flying above 260,000 feet (80 km), and two flights by <a
href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker" title="Joseph A. Walker">Joseph A. Walker</a>
exceeded 100 kilometers (330,000 ft), qualifying as spaceflight according to
the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale"
title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">International Aeronautical
Federation</a>. The X-15 program employed mechanical techniques used in the later
crewed spaceflight programs, including <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system"
title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> jets for controlling
the orientation of a spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space
suit">space suits</a>, and horizon definition for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-
NASAHyper_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAHyper-
22">[21]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric
entry">reentry</a> and landing data collected were valuable to NASA for designing
the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-AerospacewebX15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
AerospacewebX15-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Project_Mercury_.281958.E2.80.931963.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Project_Mercury_(1958–1963)">Project Mercury (1958–1963)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:S63-07856.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/S63-07856.jpg/220px-S63-
07856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/S63-07856.jpg/330px-
S63-07856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/S63-
07856.jpg/440px-S63-07856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:S63-
07856.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Gordon Cooper">L.
Gordon Cooper</a>, photographed by a <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television"
title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> camera aboard <a
href="/wiki/Faith_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith 7">Faith 7</a>,
1963</div></div></div>
<p>In 1958, NASA formed an engineering group, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group"
title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>, to manage their <a
href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>
programs under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilruth" class="mw-redirect"
title="Robert Gilruth">Robert Gilruth</a>. Their earliest programs were conducted
under the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>
competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. NASA inherited the US Air
Force's <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in
Space Soonest</a> program, which considered many crewed spacecraft designs ranging
from rocket planes like the X-15, to small ballistic <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule"
title="Space capsule">space capsules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Project1969_24-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project1969-24">[23]</a></sup> By
1958, the space plane concepts were eliminated in favor of the ballistic
capsule,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
25">[24]</a></sup> and NASA renamed it <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury"
title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven"
title="Mercury Seven">first seven astronauts</a> were selected among candidates
from the Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut
<a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first
American in space aboard a capsule he named <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3"
title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Freedom 7</a></i>, launched on a <a
href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch
Vehicle">Redstone booster</a> on a 15-minute <a href="/wiki/Ballistics"
title="Ballistics">ballistic</a> (suborbital) flight.<sup id="cite_ref-
ShepardsRide_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShepardsRide-
26">[25]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John
Glenn</a> became the first American to be launched into <a href="/wiki/Orbit"
title="Orbit">orbit</a>, on an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-
3B">Atlas launch vehicle</a> on February 20, 1962, aboard <a href="/wiki/Mercury-
Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6"><i>Friendship 7</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
AnAmericaninOrbit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnAmericaninOrbit-
27">[26]</a></sup> Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more
orbital flights were made, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper"
title="Gordon Cooper">L. Gordon Cooper</a>'s 22-orbit flight <i><a
href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Faith 7</a></i>, May 15–16,
1963.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAManned_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NASAManned-28">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson"
title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Mary_Jackson_(engineer)" title="Mary Jackson (engineer)">Mary
Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Vaughan" title="Dorothy Vaughan">Dorothy
Vaughan</a> were three of the <a href="/wiki/Human_computers" class="mw-redirect"
title="Human computers">human computers</a> doing calculations on trajectories
during the Space Race.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-:1-29">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> Johnson was
well known for doing trajectory calculations for John Glenn's mission in 1962,
where she was running the same equations by hand that were being run on the
computer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-
29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mercury's competition from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet
Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) was the single-pilot <a
href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> spacecraft. They
sent the first man in space, cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri
Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, into a single Earth orbit aboard <a
href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> in April 1961, one month before
Shepard's flight.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAGagarin_32-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASAGagarin-32">[31]</a></sup> In August 1962, they
achieved an almost four-day record flight with <a href="/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev"
title="Andriyan Nikolayev">Andriyan Nikolayev</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Vostok_3"
class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok 3">Vostok 3</a>, and also conducted a concurrent
<a href="/wiki/Vostok_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok 4">Vostok 4</a> mission
carrying <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Popovich" title="Pavel Popovich">Pavel Popovich</a>.
</p>
<h4><span id="Project_Gemini_.281961.E2.80.931966.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Project_Gemini_(1961–1966)">Project Gemini (1961–1966)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraf
t_to_Agena.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_a
ttaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg/220px-
Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg"
decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Astronaut_Richard_Gordo
n_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg/330px-
Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attach
es_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg/440px-
Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraft_to_Agena.jpg
2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2033" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Richard_Gordon_attaches_a_tether_line_from_his_spacecraf
t_to_Agena.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard Gordon</a>
performs a <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect"
title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> to attach a tether to the <a
href="/wiki/Agena_Target_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Agena Target
Vehicle">Agena Target Vehicle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini
11">Gemini 11</a>, 1966</div></div></div>
<p>Based on studies to grow the Mercury spacecraft capabilities to long-duration
flights, developing <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space
rendezvous</a> techniques, and precision Earth landing, Project Gemini was started
as a two-man program in 1961 to overcome the Soviets' lead and to support the
Apollo crewed lunar landing program, adding <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity"
title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) and <a
href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of
spacecraft">docking</a> to its objectives. The first crewed Gemini flight, <a
href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a>, was flown by <a
href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> and <a
href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a>
on March 23, 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-TheLastHurdle_33-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-TheLastHurdle-33">[32]</a></sup> Nine missions followed in
1965 and 1966, demonstrating an endurance mission of nearly fourteen days,
rendezvous, docking, and practical EVA, and gathering medical data on the effects
of weightlessness on humans.<sup id="cite_ref-PlansforGemini3_34-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlansforGemini3-
34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AnAlternativeTarget_35-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnAlternativeTarget-
35">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union"
title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a
href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, the
USSR competed with Gemini by converting their Vostok spacecraft into a two- or
three-man <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod
(spacecraft)">Voskhod</a>. They succeeded in launching two crewed flights before
Gemini's first flight, achieving a three-cosmonaut flight in 1964 and the first EVA
in 1965. After this, the program was canceled, and Gemini caught up while
spacecraft designer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei
Korolev</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz
(spacecraft)">Soyuz spacecraft</a>, their answer to Apollo.
</p>
<h4><span id="Project_Apollo_.281960.E2.80.931972.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Project_Apollo_(1960–1972)">Project Apollo (1960–1972)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag
-crop.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
height="161" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._F
lag-crop.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-
crop.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-
file-height="1714" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz
Aldrin</a> on the Moon, 1969</div></div></div>
<p>The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in the Space Race (by putting the
first man into space) motivated President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"
title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><sup id="cite_ref-36"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> to ask the
Congress on May 25, 1961, to commit the federal government to a program to land a
man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.<sup
</p><p>Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever. It
cost more than $20 billion in 1960s dollars<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_38-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-38">[37]</a></sup> or an
estimated $223 billion in present-day US dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-
US_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-
39">[38]</a></sup> (In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project"
title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> cost roughly $28.4 billion,
accounting for inflation.)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_39-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-inflation-US-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harv_40-
0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv-40">[39]</a></sup> It used
the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn rocket">Saturn
rockets</a> as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for
previous projects.<sup id="cite_ref-AstroSat5_41-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-AstroSat5-41">[40]</a></sup> The spacecraft was also
bigger; it had two main parts, the combined <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service
module">command and service module</a> (CSM) and the <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar
Module</a> (LM). The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM)
containing the three astronauts would return to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-42"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second crewed mission, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo
8</a>, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in
December 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAApol8_43-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASAApol8-43">[41]</a></sup> Shortly before, the Soviets
had sent an uncrewed spacecraft around the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi_44-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi-44">[42]</a></sup> On the
next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were
practiced<sup id="cite_ref-NasaApollo9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NasaApollo9-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASAApollo10_46-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAApollo10-46">[44]</a></sup> and
then finally the Moon landing was made on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11"
title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission in July 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-
NasaApollo11_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NasaApollo11-
47">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo
astronauts">person to walk on the Moon</a> was <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong"
title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, who was followed 19 minutes later by <a
href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, while <a
href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins
(astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo missions
also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these six
Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a
wealth of scientific data and 381.7 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples.
Topics covered by experiments performed included <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics"
title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid"
title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seismology"
title="Seismology">seismology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat
transfer">heat flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment" class="mw-
redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment">lunar ranging</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup><sup class="noprint
Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span
title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in
which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
The Moon landing marked the end of the space race; and as a gesture, Armstrong
mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-49"
</p><p>Apollo set major <a
href="/wiki/List_of_space_exploration_milestones,_1957%E2%80%931969" class="mw-
redirect" title="List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969">milestones</a> in
human spaceflight. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond <a
href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, and
landing humans on another <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body" class="mw-redirect"
title="Celestial body">celestial body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> was the first crewed spacecraft
to orbit another celestial body, while <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo
17">Apollo 17</a> marked the last moonwalk and the last crewed mission beyond <a
href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. The
program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and
crewed spaceflight, including <a href="/wiki/Avionics"
title="Avionics">avionics</a>, telecommunications, and computers. Apollo sparked
interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and
machines developed for the program as landmarks. Many objects and artifacts from
the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at
the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space
Museum">Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums</a>.
</p>
<h4><span id="Skylab_.281965.E2.80.931979.29"></span><span class="mw-headline"
id="Skylab_(1965–1979)">Skylab (1965–1979)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Skylab_(SL-4).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-
4%29.jpg/220px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-
4%29.jpg/330px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/440px-
Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1576" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylab_(SL-
4).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Skylab in 1974, seen from the
departing <a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a>
CSM.</div></div></div>
<p>Skylab was the United States' first and only independently built <a
href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-skylabFirst_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skylabFirst-
51">[49]</a></sup> Conceived in 1965 as a workshop to be constructed in
space from a spent <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> upper
stage, the 169,950 lb (77,088 kg) station was constructed on Earth and
launched on May 14, 1973, atop the first two stages of a <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V"
title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, into a 235-nautical-mile (435 km) orbit
inclined at 50° to the equator. Damaged during launch by the loss of its thermal
protection and one electricity-generating solar panel, it was repaired to
functionality by its first crew. It was occupied for a total of 171 days by 3
successive crews in 1973 and 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-skylabFirst_51-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skylabFirst-51">[49]</a></sup> It
included a laboratory for studying the effects of <a
href="/wiki/Microgravity_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity
environment">microgravity</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount"
title="Apollo Telescope Mount">solar observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
skylabFirst_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skylabFirst-
51">[49]</a></sup> NASA planned to have a Space Shuttle dock with it, and
elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude, but the Shuttle was not ready for flight
before Skylab's re-entry on July 11, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-livingandworking_52-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingandworking-52">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>To save cost, NASA used one of the Saturn V rockets originally earmarked for
a canceled Apollo mission to launch the Skylab. Apollo spacecraft were used for
transporting astronauts to and from the station. Three three-man crews stayed
aboard the station for periods of 28, 59, and 84 days. Skylab's habitable volume
was 11,290 cubic feet (320 m<sup>3</sup>), which was 30.7 times bigger than
that of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo
Command Module">Apollo Command Module</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-livingandworking_52-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingandworking-52">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Apollo-Soyuz_.281972.E2.80.931975.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Apollo-Soyuz_(1972–1975)">Apollo-Soyuz (1972–1975)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz">Apollo-
Soyuz</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration-crop.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-
_restoration-crop.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration-crop.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_
-_restoration-crop.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration-crop.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-
_restoration-crop.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration-crop.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="1498" data-file-height="991" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration-crop.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Soviet and American crews with
spacecraft model, 1975.</div></div></div>
<p>On May 24, 1972, US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-
redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> Premier <a
href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> signed an
agreement calling for a joint crewed space mission, and declaring intent for all
future international crewed spacecraft to be capable of docking with each
other.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
53">[51]</a></sup> This authorized the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP),
involving the rendezvous and docking in Earth orbit of a surplus <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service
module">Apollo command and service module</a> with a <a
href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft.
The mission took place in July 1975. This was the last US human spaceflight until
the first orbital flight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space
Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in April 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-ASTP_54-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTP-54">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments and
provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights,
such as the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program<sup id="cite_ref-Shuttle-MIR_55-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuttle-MIR-55">[53]</a></sup> and
the International Space Station.
</p>
<h4><span id="Space_Shuttle_program_.281972.E2.80.932011.29"></span><span
class="mw-headline" id="Space_Shuttle_program_(1972–2011)">Space Shuttle program
(1972–2011)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle
program</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Worm_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/170px-
NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="48" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/255p
x-NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/340px-
NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="142" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Worm_logo.svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>NASA's "worm" logo was used from 1975 to 1992 and
reinstated as a secondary identifier in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-56"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-
edit1.jpg/170px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-
edit1.jpg/255px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-
edit1.jpg/340px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-
height="2956" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Launch of <span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle
Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-
120">STS-120</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> became
the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Originally planned as a
frequently launchable, fully reusable vehicle, the design was changed to use an <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external
tank">expendable external propellant tank</a> to save on development cost, and four
Space Shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle
Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a>, did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of
the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">first known human
spaceflight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
57">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Its major components were a <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane"
title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-
fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the
spacecraft itself, was the only major component that was not reused. The shuttle
could orbit in altitudes of 185–643 km (115–400 <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile"
class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">miles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ShuttleBas_58-
0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShuttleBas-58">[56]</a></sup> and
carry a maximum payload (to low orbit) of 24,400 kg (54,000 lb).<sup
id="cite_ref-AstroShutt_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstroShutt-
59">[57]</a></sup> Missions could last from 5 to 17 days and crews could be
from 2 to 8 astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-ShuttleBas_58-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ShuttleBas-58">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 20 missions (1983–1998) the Space Shuttle carried <a
href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a>, designed in cooperation with
the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European
Space Agency</a> (ESA). Spacelab was not designed for independent orbital flight,
but remained in the Shuttle's cargo bay as the astronauts entered and left it
through an <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
AstroSpacelab_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstroSpacelab-
60">[58]</a></sup> On June 18, 1983, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride"
title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a> became the first American woman in space, on
board the Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-
7</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
61">[59]</a></sup> Another famous series of missions were the <a
href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">launch</a> and later <a href="/wiki/STS-61"
title="STS-61">successful repair</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"
title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> in 1990 and 1993,
respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-AstroHST_62-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-AstroHST-62">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1995, Russian-American interaction resumed with the <a
href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–
Mir</a> missions (1995–1998). Once more an American vehicle docked with a Russian
craft, this time a full-fledged space station. This cooperation has continued with
Russia and the United States as two of the biggest partners in the largest space
station built: the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International
Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The strength of their
cooperation on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on
Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS during the two-year grounding of the
shuttle fleet following the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"
title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a>.
</p><p>The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters:
<i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle
Challenger disaster">Challenger</a></i> in 1986, and <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster"><i>Columbia</i></a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-delays1_63-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delays1-63">[61]</a></sup> While the
1986 loss was mitigated by building the <span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle
Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a> from replacement parts, NASA did not build another
orbiter to replace the second loss.<sup id="cite_ref-delays1_63-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delays1-63">[61]</a></sup> NASA's
Space Shuttle program had 135 missions when the program ended with the successful
landing of the Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> at the Kennedy Space Center on July
21, 2011. The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into
space.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
64">[62]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="International_Space_Station_.281993.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span
class="mw-headline" id="International_Space_Station_(1993–present)">International
Space Station (1993–present)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-
134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg/220px-STS-
134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-
134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-
134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288"
data-file-height="2848" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The International Space Station as seen
from <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space
Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle
Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-
134</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) combines NASA's <a
href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station
<i>Freedom</i></a> project with the Soviet/Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2"
title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> station, the European <i><a
href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i>
station, and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Experiment_Module" class="mw-
redirect" title="Japanese Experiment Module">Kibō</a> laboratory module.<sup
id="cite_ref-ISSBook_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSBook-
65">[63]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-
space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"
title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to
the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July
2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> NASA originally planned in the
1980s to develop <i>Freedom</i> alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger
of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA,
the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian
Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (RKA), the <a
href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA), the
<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space
Agency</a> (ESA), and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian
Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA).<sup id="cite_ref-PartStates_66-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PartStates-66">[64]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-ISSRG_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSRG-
67">[65]</a></sup> The station consists of pressurized modules, external <a
href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss
Structure">trusses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_arrays" class="mw-redirect"
title="Solar arrays">solar arrays</a> and other components, which were <a
href="/wiki/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Manufacturing
of the International Space Station">manufactured</a> in various factories around
the world, and have been launched by Russian <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> rockets,
and the US Space Shuttles.<sup id="cite_ref-ISSBook_65-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ISSBook-65">[63]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-
Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span
title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in
which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the <a
href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Orbital Segment</a>
occurred in 2019 and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment"
title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a> occurred in 2010,
though there are some debates of whether new modules should be added in the
segment. The ownership and use of the space station is established in
intergovernmental treaties and agreements<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-IGA_68-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-IGA-68">[66]</a></sup> which
divide the station into two areas and allow <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation"
class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russia</a> to retain full ownership
of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Zarya"
title="Zarya">Zarya</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-RSA-MOU_69-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-RSA-MOU-69">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup> with the US
Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.<sup
id="cite_ref-ESA-IGA_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-IGA-
68">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>Long-duration missions to the ISS are referred to as <a
href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of
International Space Station expeditions">ISS Expeditions</a>. Expedition crew
members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-71"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup> The initial
expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the
<i>Columbia</i> disaster. Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew
members.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
72">[70]</a></sup> Crew size is expected to be increased to seven, the
number the ISS was designed for, once the Commercial Crew Program becomes
operational.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
73">[71]</a></sup> The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past
20 years and 54 days, having exceeded the previous record held by <i><a
href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i>; and has been visited by astronauts and
cosmonauts from <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_visitors"
class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Space Station visitors">15
different nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10th_74-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-10th-74">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75"
</p><p>The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, as of 2020,
is the largest artificial satellite in <a href="/wiki/Earth"
title="Earth">Earth</a> orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any
previous space station.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttlepresskit_76-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-shuttlepresskit-76">[74]</a></sup> The <a
href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft
delivers crew members, stays docked for their half-year-long missions and then
returns them home. Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft provide service to the ISS;
they are the Russian <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress
(spacecraft)">Progress spacecraft</a> which has done so since 2000, the European <a
href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer
Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese <a
href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer
Vehicle</a> (HTV) since 2009, the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX
Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a> from 2012 until 2020, and the American <a
href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus spacecraft</a>
since 2013. The Space Shuttle, before its retirement, was also used for cargo
transfer and would often switch out expedition crew members, although it did not
have the capability to remain docked for the duration of their stay. Until another
US crewed spacecraft is ready, crew members will travel to and from the
International Space Station exclusively aboard the Soyuz.<sup id="cite_ref-77"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup> The highest number
of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen; this occurred three times during the
late Shuttle ISS assembly missions.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 29, 2019, the ISS had its first all-female spacewalk; <a
href="/wiki/Anne_McClain" title="Anne McClain">Anne McClain</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Christina_Koch" title="Christina Koch">Christina Koch</a> will take
flight during Women's History Month.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup> The ISS program is expected to continue
to 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
80">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Constellation_program_.282005.E2.80.932010.29"></span><span
class="mw-headline" id="Constellation_program_(2005–2010)">Constellation program
(2005–2010)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation
program</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:AltairLander_design.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AltairLander_design.jpg/22
0px-AltairLander_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AltairLander_design.jpg
/330px-AltairLander_design.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AltairLander_design.jpg/440px-
AltairLander_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:AltairLander_design.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Artist's rendering of <a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)"
title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a> lander landed on the Moon.</div></div></div>
<p>While the Space Shuttle program was still suspended after the loss of
<i>Columbia</i>, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W.
Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration"
title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> including the
retirement of the Space Shuttle after completing the International Space Station.
The plan was enacted into law by the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005"
title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">NASA Authorization Act of 2005</a> and
directs NASA to develop and launch the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Exploration_Vehicle"
title="Crew Exploration Vehicle">Crew Exploration Vehicle</a> (later called <a
href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a>) by 2010,
return Americans to the Moon by 2020, return to Mars as feasible, repair the <a
href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space
Telescope</a>, and continue scientific investigation through robotic solar system
exploration, human presence on the ISS, Earth observation, and astrophysics
research. The crewed exploration goals prompted NASA's <a
program</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-
space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to
reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a <a
href="/wiki/Lunar_outpost_(NASA)" title="Lunar outpost (NASA)">permanent Moon
base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moon2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon2-
81">[79]</a></sup> The goal was to start building the Moon base by 2020,
and by 2024, have a fully functional base that would allow for crew rotations and
<a href="/wiki/In-situ_resource_utilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ
resource utilization">in-situ resource utilization</a>. However, in 2009, the <a
href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee"
title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine
Committee</a> found the program to be on an "unsustainable trajectory."<sup
In February 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack
Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s administration proposed eliminating public funds for
it.<sup id="cite_ref-Achenbach_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Achenbach-83">[81]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Commercial_Crew_Program_.282011.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span
class="mw-headline" id="Commercial_Crew_Program_(2011–present)">Commercial Crew
Program (2011–present)</span></h4>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r952607947">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-
weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid
#c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><div class="dablink excerpt-hat"><div
role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink selfref">This section
is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew
Program">Commercial Crew Program</a><i><span class="mw-editsection-like
plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text"
title=Commercial_Crew_Program&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">]</span></span></i></div></div><div class="excerpt"><div class="thumb
tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_(cropped).svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Progr
am_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/220px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped
%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Pr
ogram_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/330px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped
%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_lo
go_%28cropped%29.svg/440px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg.png
2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="206" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_(cropped).svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Logo of the Commercial Crew Program</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew
Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> (CCP) is a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight"
title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> program operated by NASA, in
association with American <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace
manufacturer">aerospace manufacturers</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_
%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a> and <a
href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. The program conducts rotations
between the <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions"
title="List of International Space Station expeditions">expeditions</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect"
title="International Space Station program">International Space Station
program</a>, transporting crews to and from the <a
Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) aboard <a
href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> and
SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew
Dragon</a> capsules, in the first crewed orbital spaceflights <a
href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">operated by private
companies</a>. The program succeeds NASA's involvement in the <a
href="/wiki/Soyuz_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz program">Soyuz
program</a>, upon which it was dependent to transport its astronauts to the ISS
following the retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space
Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a> in 2011. Each mission in the Commercial
Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS aboard either a Crew Dragon
or Starliner, with options for a fifth passenger being available to NASA. Crew
Dragon spacecraft are launched to space atop a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5"
title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> launch vehicle and return to Earth
via <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a> in the <a
href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Starliner
spacecraft are launched atop an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V
N22</a> launch vehicle and return on land with <a href="/wiki/Airbag"
title="Airbag">airbags</a> on one of four designated sites in the western United
States. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX's first
operational mission</a> in the program launched on 15 November 2020,<sup
while <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner-1" title="Boeing Starliner-1">Boeing's first
mission</a> is due to launch in 2021.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program"
title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial
Crew Program</a> began in 2011 through a rescope of the Commercial Crew Development
(CCDev) program, a <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"
title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">Recovery Act</a> initiative
originally aimed at funding development of various human spaceflight technologies
in the private sector. While NASA had previously envisioned internally-developed
crewed vehicles to perform ISS crew rotation, such as the <a
href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Space
Plane">Orbital Space Plane</a> in the early 2000s and the <a
href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> in
the late 2000s, the agency looked instead to commercial industry to provide
transport to the ISS, following cancellation of the <a
program</a> in 2010 and a refocusing of Orion for crewed deep space exploration
only. A series of open competitions over the following two years saw successful
bids from Boeing, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra
Nevada</a>, and SpaceX to develop proposals for ISS crew transport vehicles.
</p>
Boeing and SpaceX were ultimately selected by NASA in September 2014 to fly
astronauts to the ISS, though the decision was met with an unsuccessful legal
challenge from Sierra Nevada. While the first operational missions in the program
were initially planned for 2017, numerous issues during design, testing, and
operation of the spacecraft and launch vehicles pushed first operational flights to
2020 and 2021, with additional occupations on Soyuz spacecraft up to <a
href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">Soyuz MS-17</a> being bought by NASA
to compensate for the delays. The <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew
Dragon Demo-2">final test flight of Crew Dragon</a> was launched in May 2020, while
the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Crewed_Flight_Test" title="Boeing Crewed Flight
Test">final test flight of Starliner</a> is planned for launch in 2021, prior to
the companies' first operational missions.</div></div>
<h4><span id="Journey_to_Mars_.282010.E2.80.932017.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Journey_to_Mars_(2010–2017)">Journey to Mars (2010–2017)</span></h4>
<p>President Obama's plan was to develop American <a
href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private
spaceflight</a> capabilities to get astronauts to the International Space Station,
replacing Russian Soyuz capsules, and to use Orion capsules for ISS emergency
escape purposes. During a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010,
Obama proposed a new heavy-lift vehicle (HLV) to replace the formerly planned <a
href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speech_85-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-85">[83]</a></sup> In his
speech, Obama called for a crewed mission to an asteroid as soon as 2025, and a
crewed mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-speech_85-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-85">[83]</a></sup> The <a
href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of
2010">NASA Authorization Act of 2010</a> was passed by Congress and signed into law
on October 11, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa2010_86-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-nasa2010-86">[84]</a></sup> The act officially canceled
the Constellation program.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa2010_86-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-nasa2010-86">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 required a newly designed HLV be chosen
within 90 days of its passing; the launch vehicle was given the name <a
href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch
System</a>. The new law also required the construction of a beyond low earth orbit
spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
87">[85]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect"
title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a>, which was being developed as part of
the Constellation program, was chosen to fulfill this role.<sup id="cite_ref-
authorizationact_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authorizationact-
88">[86]</a></sup> The Space Launch System is planned to launch both Orion
and other necessary hardware for missions beyond low Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-
89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> The SLS is to
be upgraded over time with more powerful versions. The initial capability of SLS is
required to be able to lift 70 t (150,000 lb) (later 95 t or
209,000 lb) into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth
orbit">LEO</a>. It is then planned to be upgraded to 105 t (231,000 lb)
and then eventually to 130 t (290,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-
authorizationact_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authorizationact-
88">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schedule_90-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-schedule-90">[88]</a></sup> The Orion capsule first flew
on <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Flight_Test_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration
Flight Test 1">Exploration Flight Test 1</a> (EFT-1), an uncrewed test flight that
was launched on December 5, 2014, atop a <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy"
title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-schedule_90-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schedule-90">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA undertook a feasibility study in 2012 and developed the <a
href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid
Redirect Mission</a> as an uncrewed mission to move a boulder-sized <a
href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth
asteroid">near-Earth asteroid</a> (or boulder-sized chunk of a larger asteroid)
into lunar orbit. The mission would demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Ion_thruster"
title="Ion thruster">ion thruster</a> technology, and develop techniques that could
be used for <a href="/wiki/Planetary_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary
defense">planetary defense</a> against an asteroid collision, as well as a cargo
transport to Mars in support of a future human mission. The Moon-orbiting boulder
might then later be visited by astronauts. The Asteroid Redirect Mission was
cancelled in 2017 as part of the FY2018 NASA budget, the first one under President
<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-
reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The Orion spacecraft conducted an uncrewed test launch on a <a
href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a> rocket in
December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
91">[89]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Artemis_program_.282017.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-
headline" id="Artemis_program_(2017–present)">Artemis program (2017–
present)</span></h4>
href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(solid_contrast_with_wordmark).svg"
class="image"><img alt="An arrowhead combined with a depiction of a trans-lunar
injection trajectory forms an "A", with an "Artemis" wordmark
printed underneath"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_
%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg/170px-Artemis_program_
%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_
%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_
%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(solid_contrast_with_wordmark).svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Artemis program logo</div></div></div>
<p>Since 2017, NASA's <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflight_programs"
title="List of human spaceflight programs">crewed spaceflight program</a> has been
the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>,
which involves the help of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private
spaceflight">commercial spaceflight companies</a> and international partners such
as <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, <a
href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency"
title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Artemis_home_92-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artemis_home-92">[90]</a></sup> The
goal of this program is to land "the first woman and the next man" on the <a
href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> region
by 2024. Artemis would be the first step towards the long-term goal of establishing
a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for private companies to
build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to <a href="/wiki/Mars"
title="Mars">Mars</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a>
Crew Exploration Vehicle was held over from the canceled Constellation program for
Artemis. <a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" title="Artemis 1">Artemis 1</a> is the uncrewed
initial launch of <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch
System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) that would also send an Orion spacecraft on a
<a href="/wiki/Distant_Retrograde_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distant
Retrograde Orbit">Distant Retrograde Orbit</a>, which, as of May 2020, is planned
to launch no earlier than November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Nov2021_93-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov2021-93">[91]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><div
poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mars_Exploration_Z
ones.webm/854px--Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm.jpg" controls=""
preload="none" autoplay=""
mwtitle="Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Mars_Exploration
_Zones.webm/Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)"
data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm"
data-width="854" data-height="480" data-
bandwidth="876064" data-framerate="29.97"/><source
_Zones.webm/Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)"
data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-
width="854" data-height="480" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)"
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)"
width="1280" data-height="720" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9
(1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm
" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-
title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (2.95 Mbps)" data-
shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM
(1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)"
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-
shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-
width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="535984"
data-framerate="29.97"/><source
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)"
data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img
alt="File:Mars Exploration Zones.webm" style="width:170px;height:96px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mars_Exploration_Zones.web
m/170px--Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm"
title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-
playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Exploration_Zones.webm" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Concepts for how the first human landing site on Mars
might evolve over the course of multiple human expeditions</div></div></div>
<p>NASA's next major space initiative is to be the construction of the <a
href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>. This
initiative is to involve the construction of a new space station, which will have
many features in common with the current <a
Station">International Space Station</a>, except that it will be in orbit about the
Moon, instead of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup> This space station will be designed
primarily for non-continuous human habitation. The first tentative steps of
returning to crewed lunar missions will be <a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" title="Artemis
2">Artemis 2</a>, which is to include the Orion crew module, propelled by the SLS,
and is to launch in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Artemis_home_92-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Artemis_home-92">[90]</a></sup> This mission is to be a
10-day mission planned to briefly place a crew of four into a <a href="/wiki/Free-
return_trajectory" title="Free-return trajectory">Lunar flyby</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-schedule_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schedule-
90">[88]</a></sup> The construction of the Gateway would begin with the
proposed Artemis 3, which is planned to deliver a crew of four to <a
href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar orbit</a> along with the first
modules of the Gateway. This mission would last for up to 30 days. NASA plans to
build full scale deep space habitats such as the Lunar Gateway and the <a
href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a> as part of its <a
href="/wiki/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships" title="Next Space
Technologies for Exploration Partnerships">Next Space Technologies for Exploration
Partnerships</a> (NextSTEP) program.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> In 2017, NASA was directed by the
congressional NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 to get humans to Mars-orbit
(or to the Martian surface) by the 2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-futurism.com_96-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurism.com-96">[94]</a></sup><sup
</p><p>In September 2020, as a part of the Artemis program, NASA outlined a plan to
send astronauts to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> by 2024. The
astronauts are to travel in the Orion capsule, launched on the SLS rocket.<sup
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership">Leadership</span></h2>
href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-
redirect" title="List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA">List of
Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Jim_Bridenstine_official_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jim_Bridenstine_official_p
ortrait.jpg/170px-Jim_Bridenstine_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async"
width="170" height="212" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jim_Bridenstine_officia
l_portrait.jpg/255px-Jim_Bridenstine_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jim_Bridenstine_official_portra
it.jpg/340px-Jim_Bridenstine_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-
href="/wiki/File:Jim_Bridenstine_official_portrait.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jim Bridenstine official NASA portrait, April 26, 2018,
at NASA Headquarters, Washington D.C.</div></div></div>
<p>The agency's leader, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-
redirect" title="List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA">NASA's
administrator</a>, is nominated by the <a
href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United
States">President of the United States</a> subject to the approval of the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a>,<sup
and reports to him or her and serves as a senior space science advisor. Though
space exploration is ostensibly non-partisan, the appointee usually is associated
with the President's political party (<a
href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United
States)">Democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"
title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>), and a new administrator
is usually chosen when the Presidency changes parties. The only exceptions to this
have been:
</p>
<ul><li>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O.
Paine</a>, acting administrator under Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"
title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, stayed on while Republican <a
href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> tried but failed
to get one of his own choices to accept the job. Paine was confirmed by the Senate
in March 1969 and served through September 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Hepp3_100-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hepp3-100">[98]</a></sup></li>
<li>Republican <a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C.
Fletcher</a>, appointed by Nixon and confirmed in April 1971, stayed through May
1977 into the term of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy
Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a> was
appointed by Republican <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W.
Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and stayed through the entire administration of
Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lightfoot,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M.
Lightfoot, Jr.">Robert M. Lightfoot, Jr.</a>, associate administrator under
Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, was
kept on as acting administrator by Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump"
title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> until Trump's own choice <a
href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a>, was
confirmed in April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_transition_101-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_transition-
101">[99]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The first administrator was Dr. <a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith
Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a> appointed by Republican President <a
href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D.
Eisenhower</a>. During his term he brought together the disparate projects in
American space development research.<sup id="cite_ref-glennan_biography_102-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennan_biography-
102">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second administrator, <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E.
Webb">James E. Webb</a> (1961–1968), appointed by President <a
href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, was a
Democrat who first publicly served under President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"
title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. In order to implement the <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> to achieve
Kennedy's Moon landing goal by the end of the 1960s, Webb directed major management
restructuring and facility expansion, establishing the Houston Manned Spacecraft
(Johnson) Center and the Florida Launch Operations (Kennedy) Center. Capitalizing
on Kennedy's legacy, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect"
title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> kept continuity with the Apollo program
by keeping Webb on when he succeeded Kennedy in November 1963. But Webb resigned in
October 1968 before Apollo achieved its goal.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:NASA_organigramm_November_2015.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NASA_organigramm_November_
2015.svg/220px-NASA_organigramm_November_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NASA_organigramm_Novemb
er_2015.svg/330px-NASA_organigramm_November_2015.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NASA_organigramm_November_2015.
svg/440px-NASA_organigramm_November_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-
href="/wiki/File:NASA_organigramm_November_2015.svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Organizational structure of NASA (2015)</div></div></div>
<p>James Fletcher supervised early planning of the <a
program</a> during his first term as administrator under President Nixon.<sup
id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
103">[101]</a></sup> He was appointed for a second term as administrator
from May 1986 through April 1989 by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"
title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to help the agency recover from the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger
disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104"
</p><p>Former astronaut <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles
Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> served as NASA's twelfth administrator from July 2009 to
January 20, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-confirmed_105-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-confirmed-105">[103]</a></sup> Bolden is one of three
former astronauts who became NASA administrators, along with <a
href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a> (served
1989–1992) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D.
Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a> (acting, 2005).
</p><p>The agency's administration is located at <a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters"
title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a> in Washington, DC, and provides
overall guidance and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-HQ_106-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-HQ-106">[104]</a></sup> Except under exceptional
circumstances, NASA civil service employees are required to be <a
href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect"
title="Citizenship in the United States">citizens of the United States</a>.<sup
107">[105]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Facilities">Facilities</span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:NASA-Logo-at-JPL-20201117.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NASA-Logo-at-JPL-
20201117.jpg/220px-NASA-Logo-at-JPL-20201117.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NASA-Logo-at-JPL-
20201117.jpg/330px-NASA-Logo-at-JPL-20201117.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NASA-Logo-at-JPL-
20201117.jpg/440px-NASA-Logo-at-JPL-20201117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-
href="/wiki/File:NASA-Logo-at-JPL-20201117.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>NASA logo at JPL on November 17, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-
NASA-20201117_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20201117-
108">[106]</a></sup></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/NASA_facilities" title="NASA facilities">NASA facilities</a></div>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-
content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-
image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-
Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-
Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-
Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"
/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section
<b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"
title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-
compact"> Please help <a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit">improve this
article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners"
title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small class="date-
container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-
when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal"
title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this
template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA
Headquarters</a> in Washington, DC provides overall guidance and political
leadership to the agency's ten field centers, through which all other facilities
are administered.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
109">[107]</a></sup> Four of these were inherited from NACA; two others
were transferred from the Army; and NASA commissioned and built the other four
itself shortly after its formation.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inherited_from_NACA">Inherited from
NACA</span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Langley_research_center.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Langley_research_center.jp
g/170px-Langley_research_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Langley_research_center
.jpg/255px-Langley_research_center.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Langley_research_center.jpg 2x" data-
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Langley_research_center.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Langley Research Center</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research
Center">Langley Research Center</a></b> (LaRC), located in <a
href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a>, Virginia.
LaRC focuses on aeronautical research, though the <a
href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo lunar
lander</a> was flight-tested at the facility and a number of high-profile space
missions have been planned and designed on-site. LaRC was the original home of the
<a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>.<sup
110">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-
001761.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aerial_View_Ames_Research_
Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg/170px-
Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aerial_View_Ames_Resear
ch_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg/255px-
Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Cente
r_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg/340px-
Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-_GPN-2000-001761.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="2964" data-file-height="2347" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_Ames_Research_Center_Wind_Tunnels_-
_GPN-2000-001761.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ames Research
Center wind tunnels</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames
Research Center</a></b> (ARC) at <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield"
title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Field</a> was founded on December 20,
1939. The center was named after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph
Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a>, a founding member of the NACA. ARC is one
of NASA's 10 major field centers and is located in <a href="/wiki/California"
title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon
Valley">Silicon Valley</a>. Historically, Ames was founded to do wind-tunnel
research on the aerodynamics of propeller-driven aircraft; however, it has expanded
its role to doing research and technology in aeronautics, spaceflight, and
information technology. It provides leadership in <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology"
title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>, small satellites, robotic lunar exploration,
intelligent/adaptive systems and thermal protection.
</p><p><b><a href="/wiki/John_H._Glenn_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect"
title="John H. Glenn Research Center">George W. Lewis Research Center</a></b> The
center's core competencies include air-breathing and in-space propulsion and
cryogenics, communications, power energy storage and conversion, microgravity
sciences, and advanced materials.
</p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight
Research Center">Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility</a></b> (AFRC),
established by NACA before 1946 and located inside <a
href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air
Force Base</a>, is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft"
title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> (SCA), a modified
Boeing 747 designed to carry a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space
Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a> back to <a
href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space
Center</a> after a landing at Edwards AFB. On January 16, 2014, the center was
renamed in honor of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil
Armstrong</a>, the first astronaut to walk on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-111"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup><sup
112">[110]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transferred_from_the_Army">Transferred from the
Army</span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.
jpg/170px-Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Site_du_JPL_en_Californ
ie.jpg/255px-Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg/3
40px-Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Site_du_JPL_en_Californie.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jet Propulsion Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/La_Ca
%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California" title="La Cañada Flintridge, California">La
Cañada Flintridge, California</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion
Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></b> (JPL), located in the <a
href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a>
area of Los Angeles County, CA, is headquartered in the city of <a
href="/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California" title="La Cañada Flintridge,
California">La Cañada Flintridge</a> <sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup> with a <a
href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> mailing
address . JPL is managed by the nearby <a
href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of
Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech). The Laboratory's
primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft,
though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible
for operating NASA's <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect"
title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Msfc_aerial_view.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Msfc_aerial_view.jpg/170px
-Msfc_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Msfc_aerial_view.jpg/25
5px-Msfc_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Msfc_aerial_view.jpg/340px-
Msfc_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="339" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Msfc_aerial_view.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>George C. Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Alabama</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" class="mw-redirect"
title="George C. Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center</a></b> (MSFC), located on the <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal"
title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a> near Huntsville, Alabama, is one of
NASA's largest centers. MSFC is where the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn
V">Saturn V</a> rocket and Spacelab were developed. Marshall is NASA's lead center
for <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) design and assembly; payloads and
related crew training; and was the lead for <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle"
title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> propulsion and its external tank. From
December 1959, it contained the Launch Operations Directorate, which moved to
Florida to become the Launch Operations Center on July 1, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-
NASAMSFC_Fact_sheet_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NASAMSFC_Fact_sheet-115">[113]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Built_by_NASA">Built by NASA</span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg
" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_
Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg/170px-
NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NASA_Goddard_Space_Flig
ht_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg/255px-
NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Cente
r_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg/340px-
NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="4508" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center_Aerial_view_2010_facing_south.jpg
" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Goddard Space Flight Center,
Maryland</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight
Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></b> (GSFC), located in Greenbelt, Maryland,
was commissioned by NASA on March 1, 1959. It is the largest combined organization
of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge
of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe via observations from space. GSFC
is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific
spacecraft. GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition
networks (the <a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a>
and the <a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth
Network</a>), develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data
information systems, and develops satellite systems for the <a
href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration</a> (NOAA).
</p><p><b><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect"
title="John C. Stennis Space Center">John C. Stennis Space Center</a></b>,
originally the "Mississippi Test Facility", is located in <a
href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County,
Mississippi">Hancock County, Mississippi</a>, on the banks of the <a
href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Pearl River
(Mississippi–Louisiana)">Pearl River</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi"
title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Louisiana"
title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> border. Commissioned on October 25, 1961, it was
NASA's largest <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_test_facility" title="Rocket engine
test facility">rocket engine test facility</a> until the end of the <a
program</a>. It is currently used for rocket testing by over 30 local, state,
national, international, private, and public companies and agencies. It contains
the <a href="/w/index.php?
title=NASA_Shared_Services_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="NASA Shared Services Center (page does not exist)">NASA Shared Services
Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSSC_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NSSC-116">[114]</a></sup>
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson
_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/170px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-
_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_John
son_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/255px-
Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Spac
e_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/340px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-
2000-001112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in
Houston</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect"
title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a></b> (MSC) is
the NASA center for human spaceflight training, research and flight control.
Created on November 1, 1961, the facility consists of a complex of 100 buildings
constructed in 1962–1963 on 1,620 acres (656 ha) of land donated by <a
href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> in
Houston, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_117-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ar5-117">[115]</a></sup> The center grew out of the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> formed
soon after the creation of NASA to co-ordinate the US human spaceflight program.
It is home to the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut
Corps">United States Astronaut Corps</a> and is responsible for training astronauts
from the U.S. and its international partners, and includes the <a
href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C.
Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control
Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ar5_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar5-
117">[115]</a></sup> The center was renamed in honor of the late U.S.
president and Texas native <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B.
Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> on February 19, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-
NYT19730220_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT19730220-
118">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a
</p>
href="/wiki/File:VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-000869.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-
000869.jpg/170px-VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-000869.jpg" decoding="async" width="170"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-
000869.jpg/255px-VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-000869.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-
000869.jpg/340px-VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-000869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-
href="/wiki/File:VAB_Aerial_-_GPN-2000-000869.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida</div></div></div>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John
F. Kennedy Space Center">John F. Kennedy Space Center</a></b> (KSC), located west
of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space
Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> in Florida, is one of the
best known NASA facilities. Named the "Launch Operations Center" at its creation on
July 1, 1962, it was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president on November 29,
1963,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
120">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSC_Story_121-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-KSC_Story-121">[119]</a></sup> and has been the launch
site for every United States human space flight since 1968. KSC continues to manage
and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for America's civilian space program
from three pads at Cape Canaveral. Its <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building"
title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) is the
fourth-largest structure in the world by volume<sup id="cite_ref-122"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup> and was the
largest when completed in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-
congressional_record_Sep_8,_2004_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
congressional_record_Sep_8,_2004-123">[121]</a></sup> A total of 13,100
people worked at the center as of 2011. Approximately 2,100 are employees of the
federal government; the rest are contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-jdean_124-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdean-124">[122]</a></sup>
</p><p>Subordinate facilities include the <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility"
title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> in Wallops Island,
Virginia; the <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly
Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> in New Orleans, Louisiana; the <a
href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White
Sands Test Facility</a> in Las Cruces, New Mexico; and <a
href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep
Space Network</a> stations in <a
href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep
Space Communications Complex">Barstow</a>, California; <a
href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space
Communications Complex">Madrid</a>, Spain; and <a
href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" class="mw-redirect"
title="Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex">Canberra</a>, Australia.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Goals">Goals</span></h2>
<p>Since 2011, NASA's strategic goals have been<sup id="cite_ref-NP-2011-01-699-
HQ_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-2011-01-699-HQ-
125">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Extend and sustain <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human
spaceflight">human activities</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Solar_system"
class="mw-redirect" title="Solar system">solar system</a></li>
<li>Expand scientific understanding of the Earth and the universe</li>
<li>Create innovative new space <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect"
title="Technologies">technologies</a></li>
<li>Advance <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>
research</li>
<li>Enable program and institutional capabilities to conduct NASA's aeronautics and
space activities</li>
<li>Share NASA with the public, educators, and students to provide opportunities to
participate</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Robotic_missions">Robotic missions</span></h2>
href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA
missions</a></div>
<p>NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its
history. Uncrewed robotic programs launched the first American artificial <a
href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> into Earth orbit for
scientific and <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications
satellite">communications</a> purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the
planets of the solar system, starting with <a href="/wiki/Venus"
title="Venus">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and
including "<a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">grand tours</a>"
of the outer planets.
</p>
href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA
missions">List of uncrewed NASA missions</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div
poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/854px--NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.jpg"
controls="" preload="none" autoplay=""
mwtitle="NASA_60th-_What’s_Out_There.webm" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)"
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.480p.webm"
title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)"
title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8,
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Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1280"
data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2163883" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9
title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P"
data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9
title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)"
title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-
shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-
data-framerate="59.94"/></video></div>"><img
alt="File:NASA 60th- What’s Out There.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/220px--NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-
large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_60th-_What
%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Video of many
of the uncrewed missions used to explore the outer reaches of
space</div></div></div>
<p>More than 1,000 uncrewed missions have been designed to explore the Earth and
the solar system.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAHisStat_126-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASAHisStat-126">[124]</a></sup> Besides exploration,
communication satellites have also been launched by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-
NASAHis6_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAHis6-
127">[125]</a></sup> The spacecraft have been launched directly from Earth
or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or
with a rocket stage to take it farther.
</p><p>The first US uncrewed satellite was <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1"
title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, which started as an ABMA/JPL project during the
early part of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. It
was launched in January 1958, two months after Sputnik. At the creation of NASA,
the Explorer project was transferred to the agency and still continues to this day.
Its missions have been focusing on the Earth and the Sun, measuring magnetic fields
and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, among other
aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAExp_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NASAExp-128">[126]</a></sup> A more recent Earth satellite, not related to
the Explorer program, was the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble
Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, which was brought into orbit in
1990.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
129">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a>
and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Cargo Dagon</a> are
used to resupply the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station"
title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) as part
of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply
Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> (CRS) program as of 2020. Cygnus is
manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop
Grumman</a> and launched on the <a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares
(rocket)">Antares</a> rocket. Cargo Dragon is manufactured by <a
href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and launched on the <a
href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a> variant of <a
href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon"
title="SpaceX Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a>, also launched on Falcon 9, was used to
resupply the ISS from 2010 to 2020.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space
Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST) is currently scheduled to launch
in March 2021<sup id="cite_ref-NASAJWSTdelay2021_130-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASAJWSTdelay2021-130">[128]</a></sup> on <a
href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket. It will be placed in
Earth-Sun <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L2_points" class="mw-redirect"
title="Lagrangian point">L<sub>2</sub> point</a>, where no human has ever reached.
Because of this, several testings are done to ensure that everything is perfect.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Model.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2
_Model.jpg/220px-Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kennedy_Receives_Marine
r_2_Model.jpg/330px-Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Model.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Mode
l.jpg/440px-Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-
href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_Receives_Mariner_2_Model.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)"
title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William H. Pickering</a>, (center) JPL
Director, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F.
Kennedy</a>, (right). NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James
E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> (background) discussing the <a
href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a>, with a
model presented.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar
System">inner Solar System</a> has been made the goal of at least four uncrewed
programs. The first was <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner
program">Mariner</a> in the 1960s and 1970s, which made multiple visits to <a
href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars"
title="Mars">Mars</a> and one to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury
(planet)">Mercury</a>. Probes launched under the Mariner program were also the
first to make a planetary flyby (<a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner
2">Mariner 2</a>), to take the first pictures from another planet (<a
href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a>), the first planetary
orbiter (<a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a>), and the first
to make a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a>
maneuver (<i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i>).
This is a technique where the satellite takes advantage of the gravity and velocity
of planets to reach its destination.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL_131-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-131">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first successful landing on Mars was made by <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1"
title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> in 1976. Twenty years later a rover was landed on
Mars by <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars
Pathfinder</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanetSocMars_132-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-PlanetSocMars-132">[130]</a></sup> On November 26, 2011,
NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars
Science Laboratory</a> mission was successfully launched for Mars. <i><a
href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i>
successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search
for evidence of past or present life on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-MSL_133-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-MSL-133">[131]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-NYT-MSL_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-MSL-
134">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_135-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-135">[133]</a></sup>
On the horizon of NASA's plans is the <i><a href="/wiki/MAVEN"
title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i> spacecraft as part of the <a
href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars
Scout Program</a> to study the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere
of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAVEN_136-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-MAVEN-136">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Outside Mars, Jupiter was first visited by <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10"
title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> in 1973. More than 20 years later <i><a
href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> sent
a probe into the planet's atmosphere, and became the first spacecraft to orbit the
planet.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanetSocJup_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
PlanetSocJup-137">[135]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11"
title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> became the first spacecraft to visit <a
href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> in 1979, with <i><a
href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> making the first (and so
far only) visits to <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> in 1986 and 1989, respectively.
The first spacecraft to leave the solar system was <i>Pioneer 10</i> in 1983. For a
time it was the most distant spacecraft, but it has since been surpassed by both
<i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> and <i><a
href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-
JPLVoyager_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPLVoyager-
138">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Pioneers 10</i> and <i>11</i> and both Voyager probes carry messages from
the Earth to extraterrestrial life.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAPioneer10_139-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAPioneer10-
139">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPLGolden_140-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-JPLGolden-140">[138]</a></sup> Communication can be
difficult with deep space travel. For instance, it took about three hours for a
radio signal to reach the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft when it was more than
halfway to Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-HeavensAbove_141-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-HeavensAbove-141">[139]</a></sup> Contact with <i>Pioneer
10</i> was lost in 2003. Both Voyager probes continue to operate as they explore
the outer boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space.<sup
id="cite_ref-NASAVoyagesBeyond_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
NASAVoyagesBeyond-142">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New
Horizons</a></i> mission to Pluto was launched in 2006 and successfully performed a
flyby of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> on July 14, 2015. The probe
received a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a>
from <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> in February 2007,
examining some of Jupiter's inner moons and testing on-board instruments during the
flyby. Other active spacecraft are <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno
(spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>
and <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i> for
the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. NASA
continued to support <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ#Space-related" title="In situ">in
situ</a></i> exploration beyond the asteroid belt, including Pioneer and Voyager
traverses into the unexplored trans-Pluto region, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_Giant"
class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Giant">Gas Giant</a> orbiters <i>Galileo</i> (1989–
2003), <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–
Huygens">Cassini</a></i> (1997–2017), and <i>Juno</i> (2011–present).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="NEO_detection">NEO detection</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth
object</a></div>
<p>In 1994, there was a Congressional directive to find near-Earth objects (NEOs)
larger than 1 kilometer, and 90% of 1 kilometer sized asteroids are estimated to
have been found by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a
</p><p>In 1999 NASA visited 433 Eros with the NEAR spacecraft which entered its
orbit in 2000, closely imaging the asteroid with various instruments at that
time.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
144">[142]</a></sup> From the 1990s NASA has run many NEO detection
programs from Earth bases observatories, greatly increasing the number of objects
that have been detected. However, many asteroids are very dark and the ones that
are near the Sun are much harder to detect from Earth-based telescopes which
observe at night, and thus face away from the Sun. NEOs inside Earth orbit only
reflect a part of light also rather than potentially a "full Moon" when they are
behind the Earth and fully lit by the Sun.
</p><p>In 2005, the US Congress mandated NASA to achieve by the year 2020 specific
levels of search completeness for discovering, cataloging, and characterizing
dangerous asteroids larger than 140 meters (460 ft) (Act of 2005, H.R. 1022;
109th),<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
145">[143]</a></sup> but no new funds were appropriated for this
effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2018_146-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Anderson_2018-146">[144]</a></sup> As of January 2019, it
is estimated about 40% of the NEOs of this size have been found, although since by
its nature the exact amount of NEOs are unknown the calculations are based on
predictions of how many there could be.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a
</p><p>One issue with NEO prediction is trying to estimate how many more are likely
to be found In 2000, NASA reduced its estimate of the number of existing near-Earth
asteroids over one kilometer in diameter from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000.<sup
148">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabinowitzetal00_149-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitzetal00-149">[147]</a></sup>
Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/LINEAR" class="mw-redirect"
title="LINEAR">LINEAR</a> survey provided an alternative estimate of <span
class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003122700000000000♠"></span>1,227<span
style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-
0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-
align:right;">+170<br />−90</span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-LINEAR-asteroid-
census_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LINEAR-asteroid-census-
150">[148]</a></sup> In 2011, on the basis of NEOWISE observations, the
estimated number of one-kilometer NEAs was narrowed to <span class="nowrap"><span
data-sort-value="7002981000000000000♠"></span>981<span style="margin-
left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>19</span> (of which 93% had been
discovered at the time), while the number of NEAs larger than 140 meters across was
estimated at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-
value="7004132000000000000♠"></span>13,200<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-
right:0.15em;">±</span>1,900</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pia14734_151-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pia14734-151">[149]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-WISE-asteroid-census_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
WISE-asteroid-census-152">[150]</a></sup> The NEOWISE estimate differed
from other estimates in assuming a slightly lower average asteroid albedo, which
produces larger estimated diameters for the same asteroid brightness. This resulted
in 911 then known asteroids at least 1 km across, as opposed to the 830 then
listed by CNEOS.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
153">[151]</a></sup> In 2017, using an improved statistical method, two
studies reduced the estimated number of NEAs brighter than absolute magnitude 17.75
(approximately over one kilometer in diameter) to <span class="nowrap"><span data-
sort-value="7002921000000000000♠"></span>921<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-
right:0.15em;">±</span>20</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEA1km-est-2017_154-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEA1km-est-2017-
154">[152]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tricario_155-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Tricario-155">[153]</a></sup> The estimated number of
asteroids brighter than absolute magnitude of 22.0 (approximately over 140 m
across) rose to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-
value="7004271000000000000♠"></span>27,100<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-
right:0.15em;">±</span>2,200</span>, double the WISE estimate,<sup id="cite_ref-
Tricario_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tricario-
155">[153]</a></sup> of which about a third are known as of 2018. A problem
with estimating the number of NEOs is that detections are influenced by a number of
factors.<sup id="cite_ref-science.sciencemag.org_156-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-156">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA turned the infrared space survey telescope WISE back on in 2013 to look
for NEOs, and it found some during the course of its operation. NEOcam competed in
the highly competitive Discovery program, which became more so due to a low mission
rate in the 2010s.
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-
right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div
class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a
href="/wiki/File:Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png"
class="image" title="Due to the opposition effect over half (53%) of the
discoveries of Near Earth objects were made in 3.8% of the sky, in a 22.5° cone
facing directly away from the Sun, and the vast majority (87%) were made in 15% of
the sky, in a 45° cone facing away from the Sun."><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Positions_of_Near_Earth_As
teroids_at_time_of_discovery.png/800px-
Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png" decoding="async"
width="800" height="207"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Positions_of_Near_Earth
_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png/1200px-
Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroi
ds_at_time_of_discovery.png/1600px-
Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png 2x" data-file-
width="2322" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"
style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Positions_of_Near_Earth_Asteroids_at_time_of_discovery.png"
title="File:Positions of Near Earth Asteroids at time of discovery.png">
</a></div>Due to the opposition effect over half (53%) of the discoveries of <a
href="/wiki/Near_Earth_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Earth object">Near
Earth objects</a> were made in 3.8% of the sky, in a 22.5° <a
href="/wiki/Spherical_cap" title="Spherical cap">cone</a> facing directly away from
the Sun, and the vast majority (87%) were made in 15% of the sky, in a 45° <a
href="/wiki/Spherical_cap" title="Spherical cap">cone</a> facing away from the
Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-NEO-Close-Approach-Data_157-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASA-NEO-Close-Approach-Data-
157">[155]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span></h2>
href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For technologies funded
or otherwise supported by NASA, see <a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies"
title="NASA spinoff technologies">NASA spinoff technologies</a>.</div>
<p>NASA's <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate"
title="Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate">Aeronautics Research Mission
Directorate</a> conducts aeronautics research.
</p><p>NASA has made use of technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Multi-
mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope
thermoelectric generator">multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a>
(MMRTG), which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator"
title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric
generator</a> used to power spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup> Shortages of the required <a
href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a> have curtailed
deep space missions since the turn of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-
lpi.usra.edu_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-
159">[157]</a></sup> An example of a spacecraft that was not developed
because of a shortage of this material was <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2"
title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi.usra.edu_159-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-159">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Earth science research program was created and first funded in the 1980s
under the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald
Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect"
title="George H.W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160"
161">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA started an annual competition in 2014 named <i>Cubes in Space</i>.<sup
162">[160]</a></sup> It is jointly organized by NASA and the global
education company <i>I Doodle Learning</i>, with the objective of teaching school
students aged 11–18 to design and build scientific experiments to be launched into
space on a NASA rocket or balloon. On June 21, 2017 the world's smallest satellite,
<a href="/wiki/Kalam_SAT" title="Kalam SAT">Kalam SAT</a>, built by an Indian team,
was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
163">[161]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_and_other_research">Climate and other
research</span></h3>
<p>NASA also researches and publishes on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change"
title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup> Its statements
concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.<sup
165">[163]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Walker" title="Robert
Smith Walker">Bob Walker</a>, who has advised US President <a
href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on space issues,
has advocated that NASA should focus on space exploration and that its climate
study operations should be transferred to other agencies such as <a
href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. Former NASA
atmospheric scientist <a href="/wiki/J._Marshall_Shepherd" title="J. Marshall
Shepherd">J. Marshall Shepherd</a> countered that Earth science study was built
into NASA's mission at <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of
NASA">its creation</a> in the 1958 <a
href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and
Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup> NASA won the <a
href="/wiki/2020_Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Webby Award">2020
Webby People's Voice Award for Green</a> in the category Web.<sup id="cite_ref-
Kastrenakes_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kastrenakes-
167">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space
Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical (<a href="/wiki/Laser"
title="Laser">laser</a>) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com <a
href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> networks for satellite
communications.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
168">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new
technologies for extracting water from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" title="Lunar
soil">lunar soil</a> and developing power systems. The idea will help the space
agency conduct <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect"
title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> exploration of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-169"
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_activities">Other activities</span></h2>
<p>NASA's ongoing investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars (<i><a
href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i>
and <i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i>) and Saturn and
studies of the Earth and the Sun. In August 2011, NASA accepted the donation of <a
href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA"
title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">two
space telescopes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office"
title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a>. Despite
being stored unused, the instruments are superior to the <a
href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space
Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci-2012_170-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-popsci-2012-170">[168]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_impact">Environmental
impact</span></h2>
<p>The exhaust gases produced by rocket propulsion systems, both in Earth's
atmosphere and in space, can adversely effect the Earth's environment. Some <a
href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a>
rocket propellants, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine"
title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, are highly toxic prior to <a
href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, but decompose into less
toxic compounds after burning. Rockets using hydrocarbon fuels, such as <a
href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, release carbon dioxide and
soot in their exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-rocket_soot_171-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-rocket_soot-171">[169]</a></sup> However, carbon dioxide
emissions are insignificant compared to those from other sources; on average, the
United States consumed 802,620,000 US gallons (3.0382<span style="margin:0 .15em
0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> L) of liquid fuels per day in 2014, while a
single <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket first stage
burns around 25,000 US gallons (95,000 L) of <a href="/wiki/Kerosene"
title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> fuel per launch.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_2016_172-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA_2016-172">[170]</a></sup><sup
173">[171]</a></sup> Even if a Falcon 9 were launched every single day, it
would only represent 0.006% of liquid fuel consumption (and carbon dioxide
emissions) for that day. Additionally, the exhaust from <a href="/wiki/LOx"
class="mw-redirect" title="LOx">LOx</a>- and <a href="/wiki/LH2" class="mw-
redirect" title="LH2">LH2</a>- fueled engines, like the <a href="/wiki/SSME"
class="mw-redirect" title="SSME">SSME</a>, is almost entirely water vapor.<sup
id="cite_ref-NASA-SSME_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SSME-
174">[172]</a></sup> NASA addressed environmental concerns with its
canceled <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation
program">Constellation program</a> in accordance with the National Environmental
Policy Act in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Constellation_Program_175-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Constellation_Program-
175">[173]</a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ion_engines" class="mw-
redirect" title="Ion engines">ion engines</a> use harmless noble gases like <a
href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> for propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-
ns20070928_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns20070928-
176">[174]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goto2003_177-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Goto2003-177">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 8, 2003, <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States
Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> recognized
NASA as the first federal agency to directly use <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas"
title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> to produce energy at one of its facilities—
the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight
Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, Greenbelt, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-178"
</p><p>An example of NASA's environmental efforts is the <a
href="/wiki/NASA_Sustainability_Base" title="NASA Sustainability Base">NASA
Sustainability Base</a>. Additionally, the Exploration Sciences Building was
awarded the LEED Gold rating in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a
</p><p>In 2018, NASA along with other companies including <a
href="/wiki/Sensor_Coating_Systems" title="Sensor Coating Systems">Sensor Coating
Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt
& Whitney</a>, Monitor Coating and <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corp"
class="mw-redirect" title="United Technologies Corp">UTRC</a> launched the project
CAUTION (CoAtings for Ultra High Temperature detectION). This project aims to
enhance the temperature range of the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_history_coating"
title="Thermal history coating">Thermal History Coating</a> up to 1,500 °C
(2,730 °F) and beyond. The final goal of this project is improving the safety
of jet engines as well as increasing efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions.<sup
180">[178]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Response of
the COVID-19 pandemic</span></h2>
<div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r952607947"/><div class="dablink excerpt-hat"><div role="note"
class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink selfref">This section is an
excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-
19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology#NASA" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
on science and technology">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and
technology § NASA</a><i><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span
class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_COVID-
19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></i></div></div><div class="excerpt">
href="/wiki/File:JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWST_spacecraft_model_2.pn
g/220px-JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWST_spacecraft_model_2
.png/330px-JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png/440
px-JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:JWST_spacecraft_model_2.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The James Webb Space Telescope's launch has been delayed
to Oct 31, 2021</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_factory_floor.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SLS_Intertank_moving_down_
the_factory_floor.jpg/220px-SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_factory_floor.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SLS_Intertank_moving_do
wn_the_factory_floor.jpg/330px-SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_factory_floor.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_f
actory_floor.jpg/440px-SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_factory_floor.jpg 2x" data-
class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:SLS_Intertank_moving_down_the_factory_floor.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Components of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System"
title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></div></div></div>
<p>NASA announced the temporary closure of all its field centre visitor complexes
until further notice, as well as requiring all non-critical personnel to work from
home if possible. Production and manufacture of the <a
System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly
Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> was stopped,<sup id="cite_ref-181"
182">[180]</a></sup> and further delays to the <a
href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James
Webb Space Telescope</a> are expected,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup> though as of 3 June work has
resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
184">[182]</a></sup>
</p><p>The majority of personnel at the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center"
title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> transitioned to teleworking
while, and <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a> mission critical personnel were instructed
to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"
title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">mission control room</a>
until further notice. Station operations are relatively unaffected, but new
expedition astronauts face longer and stricter quarantines before flight.<sup
185">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>NASA's emergency response framework has varied depending on local virus
cases around its agency field centres. As of 24 March 2020, the following space
centres had been escalated to stage 4:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-
Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn
Research Center</a> in Ohio</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Brook_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Brook
Station">Plum Brook Station</a> in Ohio</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight
Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a> in California</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops
Flight Facility</a> in Virginia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute
for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> in New York</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight
Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Maryland, who also reported its first
case of an employee testing positive for COVID-19.</li></ul>
<p>Two facilities were held at stage 4 after reporting new coronavirus cases: the
<a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud
Assembly Facility</a> reporting its first employee testing positive for COVID-19,
and the <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis
Space Center</a> recording a second case of a member of the NASA community with the
virus. The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space
Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> was held at stage 3, after one member of the
workforce tested positive. Due to mandatory telework policy already in effect, the
individual had not been on site for over a week prior to symptoms.<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-
reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On May 18,
the Michoud facility began to resume SLS work operations, but so far remains in a
state of level 3.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
186">[184]</a></sup>
</p>
At stage 4, mandatory telework is in effect for all personnel, with the exception
of limited personnel required for mission-essential work and to care-take and
maintain the safety and security of the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-187"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="NASA_Advisory_Council">NASA Advisory
Council</span></h2>
<p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>
accident, which killed three astronauts in 1967, Congress directed NASA to form an
Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) to advise the NASA Administrator on safety
issues and hazards in NASA's aerospace programs. In the aftermath of the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster">Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a>, Congress required that the ASAP
submit an annual report to the NASA Administrator and to Congress.<sup
188">[186]</a></sup> By 1971, NASA had also established the Space Program
Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council to provide the
administrator with advisory committee support. In 1977, the latter two were
combined to form the NASA Advisory Council (NAC).<sup id="cite_ref-NAC_About_189-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC_About-189">[187]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization
Act of 2014">NASA Authorization Act of 2014</a> reaffirmed the importance of ASAP.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Directives">Directives</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United
States">Space policy of the United States</a></div>
<p>Some of NASA's main directives have been the landing of a crewed spacecraft on
the Moon, the designing and construction of the Space Shuttle, and efforts to
construct a large, crewed space station. Typically, the major directives originated
from the intersection of scientific interest and advice, political interests,
federal funding concerns, and the public interest, that all together brought
varying waves of effort, often heavily swayed by technical developments, funding
changes, and world events. For example, in the 1980s, the Reagan administration
announced a directive with a major push to build a crewed space station, given the
name <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space
Station <i>Freedom</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA.gov_190-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NASA.gov-190">[188]</a></sup> But, when the Cold War
ended, Russia, the United States, and other international partners came together to
design and build the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station"
title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.
</p><p>In the 2010s, major shifts in directives include the retirement of the <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, and the later
development of a new crewed heavy lift rocket, the <a
System</a>. Missions for the new <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space
Launch System">Space Launch System</a> have varied, but overall, NASA's directives
are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space
Shuttle</a> program as the primary goal and desire is human spaceflight.
Additionally, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space
Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> of the 1980s opened new
avenues of exploration focused on other galaxies.
</p><p>For the coming decades, NASA's focus has gradually shifting towards eventual
exploration of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_191-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-space.com-191">[189]</a></sup> One of the technological
options focused on was the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission"
title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a> (ARM).<sup
id="cite_ref-space.com_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-
191">[189]</a></sup> ARM had largely been defunded in 2017, but the key
technologies developed for ARM would be utilized for future exploration, notably on
a solar electric propulsion system.<sup id="cite_ref-defunded_192-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defunded-192">[190]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-space.com_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-
191">[189]</a></sup>
</p><p>Longer project execution timelines leave future executive administration
officials to execute on a directive, which can lead to directional
mismanagement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-
space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"
title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August
2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Previously, in the early 2000s, NASA worked towards a strategic plan called
the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation
Program">Constellation Program</a>, but the program was defunded in the early
2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_cancels_Moon_return_193-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-BBC_cancels_Moon_return-193">[191]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-FY2011_budget_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
FY2011_budget-194">[192]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
WashPost_eliminates_funds_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
WashPost_eliminates_funds-195">[193]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> In the 1990s,
NASA's administration adopted an approach to planning coined "Faster, Better,
Cheaper".<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
197">[195]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2017">NASA
Authorization Act of 2017</span></h3>
<p>The NASA Authorization Act of 2017, which included $19.5 billion in funding
for that fiscal year, directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by
the early 2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
198">[196]</a></sup>
</p><p>Though the agency is independent, the survival or discontinuation of
projects can depend directly on the will of the President.<sup
id="cite_ref-:00_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:00-
199">[197]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Space_Policy_Directive_1">Space Policy Directive
1</span></h3>
<p>In December 2017, on the 45th anniversary of the last crewed mission to the
Lunar surface, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald
Trump</a> approved a directive that includes a lunar mission on the pathway to Mars
and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_191-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-space.com-191">[189]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r960796168"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We'll learn.
The directive I'm signing today will refocus America's space program on human
exploration and discovery. It marks an important step in returning American
astronauts to the Moon for the first time since 1972 for long-term exploration and
use. This time, we will not only plant our flag and leave our footprint, we will
establish a foundation for an eventual mission to Mars. And perhaps, someday, to
many worlds beyond.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>President
Donald Trump, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-spo20171217_200-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-spo20171217-200">[198]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>New NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim
Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> addressed this directive in an August 2018 speech
where he focused on the sustainability aspects—going to the Moon to stay—that are
explicit in the directive, including taking advantage of US commercial space <a
href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch
vehicle">capability</a> that did not exist even five years ago, which have <a
href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market
competition">driven down costs</a> and increased access to space.<sup id="cite_ref-
nasa20180829_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180829-
201">[199]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_the_metric_system">Use of the metric
system</span></h2>
<p>US law requires the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units"
title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> to be used
in all U.S. Government programs, "except where impractical".<sup id="cite_ref-202"
</p><p>In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>
landed on the Moon using a mix of <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units"
title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric units</a>. In the 1980s,
NASA started the transition towards full metrication,<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span
title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was predominantly metric by the 1990s.<sup
203">[201]</a></sup> On September 23, 1999, a unit mixup between US and SI
units resulted in a loss of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars
Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204"
</p><p>In August 2007, NASA stated that all future missions and explorations of the
Moon will be done entirely using the SI system. This was done to improve
cooperation with space agencies of other countries which already use the metric
system.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
205">[203]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2007, NASA is predominantly working with SI units, but some projects
still use English units, and some, including the International Space Station, use a
mix of both.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
206">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget">Budget</span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:NASA-Budget-Federal.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NASA-Budget-
Federal.svg/220px-NASA-Budget-Federal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NASA-Budget-
Federal.svg/330px-NASA-Budget-Federal.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NASA-Budget-Federal.svg/440px-
NASA-Budget-Federal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="589"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-
Budget-Federal.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>NASA's budget from
1958 to 2012 as a percentage of federal budget</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Jsc2004e18852.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jsc2004e18852.jpg/220px-
Jsc2004e18852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jsc2004e18852.jpg/330px
-Jsc2004e18852.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jsc2004e18852.jpg/440px-
Jsc2004e18852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jsc2004e18852.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An artist's conception, from NASA, of an
astronaut planting a US flag on Mars. A <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars"
title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> has been discussed as a
possible NASA mission since the 1960s.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></div>
<p>NASA's share of the total federal budget peaked at approximately 4.41% in 1966
during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo
program</a>, then rapidly declined to approximately 1% in 1975, and stayed around
that level through 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:00_199-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-:00-199">[197]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></sup> The percentage
then gradually dropped, until leveling off again at around half a percent in 2006
(estimated in 2012 at 0.48% of the federal budget).<sup id="cite_ref-B2013_208-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2013-208">[206]</a></sup> In a March
2012 hearing of the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation"
class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation">United States Senate Science Committee</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Science_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Science
communicator">science communicator</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson"
title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a> testified that "Right now,
NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on
a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of
economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to
dream of tomorrow."<sup id="cite_ref-tysontranscript_209-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tysontranscript-209">[207]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
tysontranscript_video_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
tysontranscript_video-210">[208]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite this, public perception of NASA's budget differs significantly: a
1997 poll indicated that most Americans believed that 20% of the federal budget
went to NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-perception_of_US_Human_Spaceflight_211-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perception_of_US_Human_Spaceflight-
211">[209]</a></sup>
</p><p>For Fiscal Year 2015, NASA received an appropriation of <span style="white-
space: nowrap">US$18.01 billion</span> from Congress—$549 million more than
requested and approximately $350 million more than the 2014 NASA budget passed
by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20141214_212-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-sfn20141214-212">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Fiscal Year 2016, NASA received $19.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-
businessinsider.com_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
businessinsider.com-213">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>
signed the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 in March, which set the 2017
budget at around $19.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider.com_213-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider.com-
213">[211]</a></sup> The budget is also reported as $19.3 billion for
2017, with $20.7 billion proposed for FY2018.<sup id="cite_ref-
FY2018_proposal_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY2018_proposal-
214">[212]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20.7_billion_SN_215-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20.7_billion_SN-215">[213]</a></sup>
</p><p>Examples of some proposed FY2018 budgets:<sup id="cite_ref-
20.7_billion_SN_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20.7_billion_SN-
215">[213]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Exploration: $4.79 billion</li>
<li>Planetary science: $2.23 billion</li>
<li>Earth science: $1.92 billion</li>
<li>Aeronautics: $0.685 billion</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Observations">Observations</span></h3>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"><div style="width: 142px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><div style="margin:0px
auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jp
g/210px-NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826
.jpg/315px-NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jpg/420
px-NGC_6543_7662_7009_6826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525"
/></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Various nebulae observed from a NASA space telescope
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-
DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/210px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg"
decoding="async" width="140" height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-
DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/315px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-
20150219.jpg/420px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></div>
<p>1 Ceres
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nh-pluto_crop.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nh-pluto_crop.png/324px-
Nh-pluto_crop.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nh-
pluto_crop.png/486px-Nh-pluto_crop.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nh-pluto_crop.png/647px-Nh-
pluto_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="766" /></a></div></div>
<p>Pluto
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Past_and_current_spacecraft">Past and current
spacecraft</span></h3>
auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison
.jpg/276px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="184"
height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_compari
son.jpg/413px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/
551px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-
height="3559" /></a></div></div>
<p>Hardware comparison of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo
(spacecraft)">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Gemini (spacecraft)">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury"
title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-216">[note 3]</a></sup>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"><div
style="width: 212.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><div
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-
125_departing_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-
125_departing_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope.jpg/316px-STS-
125_departing_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="211"
height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-
125_departing_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/STS-
125_departing_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-
<p><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble
Space Telescope</a>, astronomy observatory in Earth orbit since 1990. Also visited
by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 102.66666666667px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-
Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-
Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/151px-PIA16239_High-
Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-
Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/226px-PIA16239_High-
Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-
Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/302px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-
Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5247" data-file-
<p><i>Curiosity</i> rover, roving Mars since 2012
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 188.66666666667px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-ArtistConcept-
20170523.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-
ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg/280px-PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-
ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg/420px-PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-
ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg/560px-PIA21635-Mars2020Rover-ArtistConcept-20170523.jpg
2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="2381" /></a></div></div>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance
(rover)">Perseverance</a></i> rover
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Planned_spacecraft">Planned
spacecraft</span></h3>
style="width: 177.33333333333px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg
/263px-ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.
jpg/394px-ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg/525p
x-ArtemisI_Orion_EMI_Feb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4800"
/></a></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion
spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 94.666666666667px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sls_block1_on-pad_sunrisesmall.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sls_block1_on-
pad_sunrisesmall.jpg/139px-Sls_block1_on-pad_sunrisesmall.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sls_block1_on-
pad_sunrisesmall.jpg/209px-Sls_block1_on-pad_sunrisesmall.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sls_block1_on-
pad_sunrisesmall.jpg/279px-Sls_block1_on-pad_sunrisesmall.jpg 2x" data-file-
<p><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch
System</a> rocket
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 177.33333333333px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a
href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope
_2009_top.jpg/263px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telesc
ope_2009_top.jpg/394px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009
_top.jpg/525px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240"
data-file-height="8192" /></a></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space
Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 251.33333333333px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Orbital_Platform-Gateway.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lunar_Orbital_Platform-
Gateway.jpg/374px-Lunar_Orbital_Platform-Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250"
height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lunar_Orbital_Platform-
Gateway.jpg/560px-Lunar_Orbital_Platform-Gateway.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lunar_Orbital_Platform-
Gateway.jpg/747px-Lunar_Orbital_Platform-Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840"
data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space
station
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Concepts">Concepts</span></h3>
<p>NASA has developed oftentimes elaborate plans and technology concepts, some of
which become worked into real plans.
</p>
auto;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_s
huttle.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space
_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/276px-
Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Sp
ace_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/414px-
Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shut
tle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/552px-
Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="780" /></a></div></div>
<p>Concept of cargo transport from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space
Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> to Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 204.66666666667px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astro
nauts.jpg/304px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="203"
height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_as
tronauts.jpg/455px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts
.jpg/607px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-
file-height="709" /></a></div></div>
<p>Space Tug concept, 1970s
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
style="width: 114.66666666667px">
style="margin:0px auto;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Innovative_Interstellar_Ex
plorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg/169px-
Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Innovative_Interstellar
_Explorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg/254px-
Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Innovative_Interstellar_Explore
r_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg/339px-
Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer_interstellar_space_probe_.jpg 2x" data-file-
<p>Vision mission for an interstellar precursor spacecraft by NASA, 2000s
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/
210px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.j
pg/315px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/420px
-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4800"
/></a></div></div>
<p>Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks"
style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em
1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em
0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-
top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a
href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space
program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th
style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-
height:1.2em;padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_space_programs_of_the_United_States" title="List of space
programs of the United States">Space program of the United
States</a></span></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><div
class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a
href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_th
e_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of
_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Uni
ted_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-
file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th
style="padding:0.1em;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-
left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%">
<a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United
States">Space policy</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;border-top: 1px
solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-
size: 95%">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated" style="font-weight:normal;"><ul><li><a
class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance
Office">NRO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United
States Space Command">SPACECOM</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space
Force">USSF</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0
0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead"
style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;border-top: 1px solid
#aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top:
3px"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human
spaceflight</a> programs</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-
size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space
Shuttle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir
Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect"
title="International Space Station program">ISS</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect"
title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation
program">Constellation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis
program">Artemis</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
3px"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic
spaceflight</a> programs</div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply
Services">CRS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense
Support</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics
Services">GLS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect"
title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar
Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic
Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars
Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New
Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions
Program Office">Planetary Missions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery
program">Discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New
Frontiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration"
title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System
Exploration</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer
program">Planetary Observer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA
satellites">USA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-
37</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
3px"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch
vehicles</a></div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em
0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">V</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Heavy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon
(rocket family)">Falcon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Heavy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_(rocket_family)" title="Redstone (rocket
family)">Redstone</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch
Vehicle">Mercury</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket
family)">Saturn</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-
Derived Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch
System">SLS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard
(rocket)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
3px"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut
Corps">Astronauts</a></div><div class="NavContent hlist" style="font-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini
astronauts">Gemini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo
astronauts">Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle
crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">List of
NASA aircraft</a> – Wikipedia list article</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Advanced_Space_Transportation_Program" title="NASA Advanced
Space Transportation Program">NASA Advanced Space Transportation Program</a></li>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_agencies">Related agencies</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Manned_Space_Flight_Support_Office"
title="Department of Defense Manned Space Flight Support Office">Department of
Defense Manned Space Flight Support Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research
Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> – India's national
space agency</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> – Space
agency of Russia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space
Force">United States Space Force</a> – Space service branch of the
United States Armed Forces</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-independent_agency-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-independent_agency_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text">NASA is an independent agency that is not a part of any <a
href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States
federal executive departments">executive department</a>, but reports directly to
the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United
States">President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
6">[6]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The descent stage of the LM
stayed on the Moon after landing, while the ascent stage brought the two astronauts
back to the CSM and then fell back to the Moon.</span>
</li>
216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From left to right: Launch
vehicle of Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) and Mercury (Atlas). Left, top-down:
Spacecraft of Apollo, Gemini and Mercury. The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB"
title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle"
title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a> launch vehicles are
left out.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-CentNACA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
CentNACA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.ht
m">US Centennial of Flight Commission, NACA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005256/http://www.centennialofflight.net/
essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm">Archived</a> February 20, 2014, at
the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.
centennialofflight.net. Retrieved on November 3, 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-motto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
motto_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFLale_TaylaFigen_Bingul2007" class="citation web cs1">Lale Tayla &
Figen Bingul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html">
"NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman
Gokoglu"</a>. <i>The Light Millennium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193203/http://lightmillennium.org/2004_ne
wyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html">Archived</a> from the original on October
12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
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2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Light+Millennium&rft.atitle
=NASA+stands+%27for+the+benefit+of+all.%27%E2%80%94Interview+with+NASA%27s+Dr.+S
%C3%BCleyman+Gokoglu&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Lale+Tayla&rft.au=Figen+Bingu
l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightmillennium.org%2F2004_newyear
%2Fgokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-
parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation
q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output
.citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6
5/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-
limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation
.cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration
a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d
6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-
subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription
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a/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px
dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4
c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output
code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-
parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-
format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-
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.cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-
selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-
bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-
8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF
%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme
%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM
%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY
%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz
%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0D
tPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D">"Workforce
Profile"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workforce+Profile&rft.pub=NASA&amp
;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwicn.nssc.nasa.gov%2Fc10%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcognosisapi.dll
%3Fb_action%3DpowerPlayService%26m_encoding%3DUTF-8%26BZ
%3D1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF
%257E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme
%257ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%257ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM
%257EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY
%257EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz
%257ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%257EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukx
XI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%257EqBbP_obQJNj2A%253D
%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"></span><link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Dreier2019"
class="citation web cs1">Casey Dreier (December 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-
advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html">"NASA's FY 2020 Budget"</a>.
<i>The Planetary Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitl
e=NASA%27s+FY+2020+Budget&rft.date=2019-12-
30&rft.au=Casey+Dreier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fget-
involved%2Fbe-a-space-advocate%2Fbecome-an-expert%2Ffy2020-nasa-
budget.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
</li>
href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html">"Official US Executive Branch Web
Sites – Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government
Publications Division, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516085146/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.
html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2016<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span>
2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Official+US+
Executive+Branch+Web+Sites+%E2%80%93+Newspaper+and+Current+Periodical+Reading+Room+
%28Serial+and+Government+Publications+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress
%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fnews%2Ffedgov.html&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html">"Frequently Asked
Questions"</a>. <i>hq.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504112711/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqli
brary/ic/faqs.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2016<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hq.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Frequent
ly+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fhqlibrary
%2Fic%2Ffaqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DDE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
DDE_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244">"Ike in History: Eisenhower
Creates NASA"</a>. Eisenhower Memorial. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131818/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/
#/news?nid=244">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2013<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ike+in+History
%3A+Eisenhower+Creates+NASA&rft.pub=Eisenhower+Memorial&rft.date=2013&r
ft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisenhowermemorial.org%2F%23%2Fnews%3Fnid
%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"></span><link
</li>
<li id="cite_note-act1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
act1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
href="https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html">"The National
Aeronautics and Space Act"</a>. NASA. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816121716/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/ab
out/space_act1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2007<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span>
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%2Fogc%2Fabout%2Fspace_act1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NacaNASA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
NacaNASA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NacaNASA_10-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFBilstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-
4206/ch2.htm#32">"From NACA to NASA"</a>. <i>NASA SP-4206, Stages to Saturn: A
Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles</i>. NASA. pp. 32–
33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004259-1"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004259-1"><bdi>978-0-16-004259-1</bdi></a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+NACA+to+NASA&rft.btitle=NASA
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Earth Orbital trials"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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The Dress Rehearsal"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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4208/contents.htm">Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab</a> <a
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&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F75522%2Fpresident-signs-nasa-2010-
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31&rft.aulast=Svitak&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.spacenews.com%2Fpolicy%2F110331-obama-administration-pushing-back-
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111publ267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
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new-roadmap-for-moon-base-crewed-missions-to-mars">NASA Sets New Roadmap for Moon
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e/277788-nasa-sets-new-roadmap-for-moon-base-crewed-missions-to-mars">Archived</a>
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deep-space-habitats-on-earth-180702737.html">"NASA builds deep space habitats on
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builds-deep-space-habitats-on-earth-180702737.html">Archived</a> from the original
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environment-54246485">"Nasa outlines plan for first woman on Moon by 2024"</a>.
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hts/lightfoot_bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2017<span
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Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131121226/https://www.theguardian.com/news/d
atablog/2010/feb/01/nasa-budgets-us-spending-space-travel">Archived</a> January 31,
2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback
Machine</a>. theguardian.com. Retrieved on August 26, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-B2013-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
B2013_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/622643main_FY%2013%20Budget
%20Presentation.pdf">"Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Estimates"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
_FY%2013%20Budget%20Presentation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 23, 2012<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Year+2013+Budget+Estimates&
rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F622643main_FY
%252013%2520Budget%2520Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tysontranscript-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-tysontranscript_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-
future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony">"Past, Present, and Future of NASA — U.S.
Senate Testimony"</a>. Hayden Planetarium. March 7, 2012. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029100131/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/t
yson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-
testimony">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2012<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past%2C+Present
%2C+and+Future+of+NASA+%E2%80%94+U.S.
+Senate+Testimony&rft.pub=Hayden+Planetarium&rft.date=2012-03-
07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haydenplanetarium.org%2Ftyson%2Fread
%2F2012%2F03%2F07%2Fpast-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-
testimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tysontranscript_video-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-tysontranscript_video_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span
href="http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch/2012/03/07/past-present-and-
future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-video">"Past, Present, and Future of NASA —
U.S. Senate Testimony (Video)"</a>. Hayden Planetarium. March 7, 2012. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115121333/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/t
yson/watch/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-
video">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past%2C+Present
%2C+and+Future+of+NASA+%E2%80%94+U.S.+Senate+Testimony+%28Video
%29&rft.pub=Hayden+Planetarium&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.haydenplanetarium.org%2Ftyson%2Fwatch%2F2012%2F03%2F07%2Fpast-present-and-
future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-perception_of_US_Human_Spaceflight-211"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perception_of_US_Human_Spaceflight_211-
0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius"
class="citation web cs1">Launius, Roger D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.academia.edu/179045">"Public opinion polls and perceptions of US
human spaceflight"</a>. Division of Space History, National Air and Space Museum,
Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+opinion+polls+and+perceptions+o
f+US+human+spaceflight&rft.pub=Division+of+Space+History
%2C+National+Air+and+Space+Museum
%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft
_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F179045&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sfn20141214-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-sfn20141214_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite id="CITEREFClark2014" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Stephen
(December 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-
passed-by-congress/">"NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by
Congress"</a>. <i>Spaceflight Now</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215233140/http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/
14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/">Archived</a> from
the original on December 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=NASA
+gets+budget+hike+in+spending+bill+passed+by+Congress&rft.date=2014-12-
14&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2014%2F12%2F14%2Fnasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-
passed-by-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-businessinsider.com-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-businessinsider.com_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-businessinsider.com_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-law-budget-
president-trump-2017-3">"Trump just signed a law that maps out NASA's long-term
future — but a critical element is missing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082632/http://www.businessinsider.com/nas
a-law-budget-president-trump-2017-3">Archived</a> from the original on February 17,
2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+just+signed+a+law+that+maps+out+
NASA%27s+long-term+future+
%E2%80%94+but+a+critical+element+is+missing&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fnasa-law-budget-president-trump-2017-3&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FY2018_proposal-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-FY2018_proposal_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Science News. <a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/03/updated-us-spending-deal-contains-
largest-research-spending-increase-decade">"Updated: Congress approves largest U.S.
research spending increase in a decade"</a>. <i>Science</i>. American Association
for the Advancement of Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323235214/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/201
8/03/updated-us-spending-deal-contains-largest-research-spending-increase-
decade">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Updated
%3A+Congress+approves+largest+U.S.
+research+spending+increase+in+a+decade&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Scienc
e+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F03%2Fupdated-us-
spending-deal-contains-largest-research-spending-increase-decade&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20.7_billion_SN-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-20.7_billion_SN_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-20.7_billion_SN_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFoust" class="citation web cs1">Foust,
Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/nasa-
receives-20-7-billion-in-omnibus-appropriations-bill/">"NASA receives $20.7 billion
in omnibus appropriations bill"</a>. <i>Space News</i><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=NASA+rece
ives+
%2420.7+billion+in+omnibus+appropriations+bill&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst
=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-receives-20-7-billion-in-
omnibus-appropriations-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA"
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks"
style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em
1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em
0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;text-
align:left;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia
Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>NASA</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td
class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NASA">Resources in your
library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-
bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NASA&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other
libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/nasa.htm">How NASA works</a> on <a
href="/wiki/Howstuffworks.com" class="mw-redirect"
title="Howstuffworks.com">howstuffworks.com</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/">NASA
History Division</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_main.html">Monthly look
at Exploration events</a></li>
href="https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/">NODIS: NASA Online Directives Information
System</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/">NTRS:
NASA Technical Reports Server</a></li>
href="https://history.nasa.gov/launiuspharticle.pdf">NASA History and the Challenge
of Keeping the Contemporary Past</a></li>
href="https://www.spacehistory101.com/"><i>Quest: The History of Spaceflight
Quarterly</i></a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/">NASA official
website</a></span></span>
href="https://www.nasa.gov/offices/nesc/home/index.html">NASA Engineering and
Safety Center</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/">NASA
Photos</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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href="https://twitter.com/NASA">@NASA</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter"
title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23548#P2002"
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Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth</a></li>
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relating to the Space Program, 1953–62, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential
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documents pertaining to the early history and development of NASA, Dwight D.
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalhq.com/">NASA
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?
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style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-
shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-
size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink
selflink">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United
States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:
center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics
and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>
(1958)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O.
Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission
Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration
Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Space_Program"
class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory Committee on the Future of the United States
Space Program">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration"
title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a>
(1996)</li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry"
title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a>
(2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident
Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space
Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President
%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy"
title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space
Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee"
title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a>
(2009)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-
align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA"
class="mw-redirect" title="List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of
NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief
Scientist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut
Corps</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and
positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut
Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spin-off_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA
spin-off technologies">spin-off technologies</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" title="Launch Services Program">Launch
Services Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury
Control Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight
Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space
Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly
Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space
Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch
<li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout
Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space
Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"
title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory
Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image"
rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="NASA logo.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/70px-
NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/105px-
NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/140px-
NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:
center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human
spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-
left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-
15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital
spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz">Apollo-
Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet
space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space
Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–
Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos"
title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation
program">Constellation</a></li></ul>
align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect"
title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial
Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation
Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew
Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a>
programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-
align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker
Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark
II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars
Surveyor '98 program">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New
Millennium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar
Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project
Prometheus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout
Program">Mars Scout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars
Exploration Rover</a></li></ul>
align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a
Star</a></li>
Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth
Observing System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories
program">Great Observatories program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorers
program">Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Small_Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Small
Explorer program">Small explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li>
Frontiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial
Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar
Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br />
<a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br
/>(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background
Explorer">COBE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury
3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas
6</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan
(spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo
(spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect"
title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space
Telescope">Spitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i>
rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i>
rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer" class="mw-
redirect" title="Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer">LADEE</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D
instrument)">Aquarius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–
Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn
(spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler
space telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity
(rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager"
title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_seen_by_Opportunity"
class="mw-redirect" title="List of surface features of Mars seen by
Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li></ul>
align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars
Odyssey</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble
Space Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift
Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars
Exploration Rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i>
rover</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars
Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen
Probes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics
Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno
(spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars
Science Laboratory</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars
Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared
Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric
Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting
Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li></ul>
align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Polar_Satellite_System" title="Joint Polar Satellite
System">Joint Polar Satellite System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space
Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope">Wide Field Infrared Survey
Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance
(rover)">rover</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa
Clipper</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman
Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space
Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and
navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth
Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep
Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex"
title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep
Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep
Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations
Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep
Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:
center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by
name">by name</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of
astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini
astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li>
astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li>
crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA
aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA
missions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA
missions">uncrewed missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo
missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle
missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_contractors" title="List of NASA contractors">NASA
contractors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="List
of United States rockets">United States rockets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA
cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras
on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul>
center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue
Marble</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait
(Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue
Dot</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of
Creation</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic
Mountain</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait
(MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The
Day the Earth Smiled</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen
Astronaut</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager
Golden Record</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill
messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA
space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission
patches</a></li></ul>
center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis
reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers
incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space
Mirror Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The
Astronaut Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar
sample displays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States
Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space
exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and
Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes
in space">Other primates in space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" title="NASA spinoff
technologies">NASA spinoff technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Apps" title="Space Apps">Space Apps</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:
center;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category"
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href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page"
logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16"
height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA"
class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_facilities"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_centers"
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id="NASA_facilities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink
selflink">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_facilities" title="Category:NASA
facilities">facilities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="2"><div id="NASA_Headquarters"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters"
title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary 10 centers</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space flight</th><td
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight
Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet
Propulsion Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space
Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"
title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory" title="Lunar Receiving
Laboratory">Lunar Receiving Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory
Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>
Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly
Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Instrumentation_Facility" title="Central Instrumentation
Facility">Central Instrumentation Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing
Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout
Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight
Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John C.
Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames
Research Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight
Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn
Research Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley
Research Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task
Group</a></li></ul></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_Tracking_Station" title="Carnarvon Tracking
Station">Carnarvon Tracking Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep
Space Network</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex"
title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep
Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep
Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations
Facility">Space Flight Operations</a></li></ul></li>
for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" class="mw-
redirect" title="Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Independent
Verification and Validation Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly
Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_Field_Laboratory" title="Santa Susana Field
Laboratory">Santa Susana Field Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner_Municipal_Airport#NASA_use" title="Fort Sumner
Municipal Airport">Scientific Balloon Flight Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops
Flight Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test
Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral
Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control
Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Gemini"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-
inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks
hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gemini_program"
title="Template:Gemini program"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemini_program" title="Template talk:Gemini
program"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
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text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Gemini_program&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Project_Gemini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project
Gemini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-
weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_1" title="Gemini 1">Gemini 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_2" title="Gemini 2">2</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-
weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">6A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">9A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">12</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:GeminiPatch.png" class="image" title="Gemini insignia"><img
alt="Gemini insignia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/100px-
GeminiPatch.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/150px-
GeminiPatch.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GeminiPatch.png/200px-
GeminiPatch.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1195"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini
astronauts">Astronauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a></b>: <a
href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> (command pilot), <a
(pilot)</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>:</b> <a
href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a> (command
pilot), <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed
White</a> (pilot)</li>
href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a> (command pilot),
<a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (pilot)</li>
href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (command pilot), <a
href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (pilot)</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a>:</b> <a
href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a> (command pilot),
<a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Tom Stafford</a>
(pilot)</li>
href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (command
pilot), <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>
(pilot)</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a>:</b> <a
href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Tom Stafford</a>
(command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a>
(pilot)</li>
(command pilot), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins
(astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (pilot)</li>
href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (command pilot), <a
href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard Gordon</a>
(pilot)</li>
href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (command pilot), <a
href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (pilot)</li></ul>
style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini spacecraft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">SC-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Attitude_and_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbit Attitude and
Maneuvering System">Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan rocket</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agena_target_vehicle" title="Agena target vehicle">Agena target
vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini space
suit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch
sites</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_19"
class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19">Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19</a> / <a
href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14">Launch Complex
14</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Developments</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gemini" title="Advanced Gemini">Advanced
Gemini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a> / <a
href="/wiki/Military_Orbital_Development_System" title="Military Orbital
Development System">Military Orbital Development System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting
Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charles
Bassett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash" title="1966 NASA T-38 crash">1966 NASA T-
38 crash</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program"
title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo
title=Template:Apollo_program&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo
program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div
id="*_List_of_missions__**_canceled_missions_*_List_of_Apollo_astronauts">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo
missions">List of missions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo
missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li>
astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul>
complexes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral
Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li>
Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy
Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space
Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14"
style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of the Apollo
program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-
Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105p
x-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-
Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a
href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965
-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control
Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space
Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li>
Center</a></li>
Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul>
vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket
family)">Saturn</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo
spacecraft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and
service module">Command and Service Module</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar
Module</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving
Vehicle</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br
/>development</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">SA-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe
II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-
1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-
2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a>
flights</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis
reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11
specific</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module
Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module
<i>Eagle</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility
Base</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill
messages">Goodwill messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample
display">Lunar sample displays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing
tapes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11
anniversaries">Anniversaries</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins"
title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary
commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular
culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul>
specific</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio
Cognitum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon
Museum</a></i></li></ul>
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a
problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro
formation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big
Bertha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul>
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo
15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15
operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo
15">Solo operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to
Earth">Return to Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–
Apennine</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen
Astronaut</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar
sample)">Great Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt
basalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers
incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul>
0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue
Marble</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–
Littrow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample
display">Lunar sample display</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt
70017</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and
Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-
Apollo</a><br />capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz">Apollo-
Soyuz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Mercury"
hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Project_Mercury"
title="Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Project_Mercury" title="Template talk:Project
Mercury"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Project_Mercury&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Project_Mercury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project
Mercury</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space flight</a></li></ul>
style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><div
class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Capsule2.png" class="image"
title="Mercury program capsule"><img alt="Mercury program capsule"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/70px-
Mercury_Capsule2.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/10
5px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/140px-
Mercury_Capsule2.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="363"
/></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone
3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4"><i>Liberty Bell
7</i></a></li>
<li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas
6"><i>Friendship 7</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7"><i>Aurora
7</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8"><i>Sigma 7</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9"><i>Faith 7</i></a></li>
<li>Cancelled: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10"><i>Freedom
7 II</i></a></li></ul>
weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1" title="Little Joe 1">Little Joe 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_6" title="Little Joe 6">LJ-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1A" title="Little Joe 1A">LJ-1A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">LJ-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">LJ-1B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Abort" title="Beach Abort">Beach Abort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">MA-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5" title="Little Joe 5">Little Joe 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">MR-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A">MR-1A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">MR-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5A" title="Little Joe 5A">LJ-5A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">MR-BD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">LJ-5B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">MS-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">MA-5</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space"
title="Animals in space">Flown non-human</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even
hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">Sam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">Miss Sam</a></li>
<li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham
(chimpanzee)">Ham</a></li>
<li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos
(chimpanzee)">Enos</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury
Seven</a></li></ul>
weight:normal;">In order of flight</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan
Shepard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li>
<li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott
Carpenter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li>
<li>Did not fly: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke
Slayton</a></li></ul>
weight:normal;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy
Mark IV</a> (space suit)</li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subprograms</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas" title="Mercury-Atlas">Mercury-Atlas</a></li>
Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Mercury-Scout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Jupiter" title="Mercury-Jupiter">Mercury-Jupiter</a>
(canceled)</li></ul>
style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell
Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a> (spacecraft)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> (Atlas rocket)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> (Redstone rocket)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North
American Aviation</a> (Little Joe rocket)</li></ul>
style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas</a></li>
Vehicle">Redstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout
II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little
Joe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a>
(proposed)</li></ul>
sites<br />and Control Center</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> /
<a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops
Flight Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_5" class="mw-
redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5">Cape Canaveral
Air Force Station Launch Complex 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-
redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14">Cape Canaveral
Air Force Station Launch Complex 14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury
Control Center</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related
programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> (successor
program)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> (lunar
program)</li></ul>
weight:normal;">Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> (rival
in space race)</li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> (non-NASA project
inspired by Project Mercury)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skylab"
hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Project_Skylab"
title="Template:Project Skylab"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Project_Skylab" title="Template talk:Project
Skylab"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Project_Skylab&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Skylab" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skylab"
title="Skylab">Skylab</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab 1</a> <small>(Uncrewed
Launch)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">Skylab 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">Skylab 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Performs_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-
000065.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Astronaut Owen Garriott Performs EVA During
Skylab 3 - GPN-2002-000065.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Pe
rforms_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg/50px-
Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Performs_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Astronaut_Owen_Garriott
_Performs_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg/75px-
Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Performs_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Perform
s_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg/100px-
Astronaut_Owen_Garriott_Performs_EVA_During_Skylab_3_-_GPN-2002-000065.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><br /><a
href="/wiki/File:40_Years_Ago,_Skylab_Paved_Way_for_International_Space_Station.jpg
" class="image"><img alt="40 Years Ago, Skylab Paved Way for International Space
Station.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/40_Years_Ago
%2C_Skylab_Paved_Way_for_International_Space_Station.jpg/50px-40_Years_Ago
%2C_Skylab_Paved_Way_for_International_Space_Station.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/40_Years_Ago
%2C_Skylab_Paved_Way_for_International_Space_Station.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/40_Years_Ago
%2C_Skylab_Paved_Way_for_International_Space_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700"
data-file-height="1235" /></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/File:Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-
2000-001711.jpg" class="image" title="Skylab"><img alt="Skylab"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-
2000-001711.jpg/50px-Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-2000-001711.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Skylab_3_Close-Up_-
_GPN-2000-001711.jpg/75px-Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-2000-001711.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-2000-
001711.jpg/100px-Skylab_3_Close-Up_-_GPN-2000-001711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6444"
data-file-height="6287" /></a><br /><a
href="/wiki/File:Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Skylab
launch on Saturn V.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.
jpg/50px-Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Skylab_launch_on_Saturn
_V.jpg/75px-Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.jpg/1
00px-Skylab_launch_on_Saturn_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-
height="2814" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab 2</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>
<small>(Commander)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph Kerwin</a>
<small>(Science Pilot)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul Weitz</a>
<small>(Pilot)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab
3</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/Owen_K._Garriott" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen K.
Garriott">Owen Garriott</a> <small>(Science Pilot)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lousma" title="Jack Lousma">Jack Lousma</a>
4</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr
(astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a> <small>(Commander)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a>
<small>(Science Pilot)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Pogue" class="mw-redirect" title="William R.
Pogue">William Pogue</a> <small>(Pilot)</small></li></ul>
Rescue</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Lind" title="Don L. Lind">Don L. Lind</a>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contingencies</th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleoperator_Retrieval_System" title="Teleoperator Retrieval
System">Teleoperator Retrieval System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_Rescue" title="Skylab Rescue">Skylab Rescue</a>
<small>(was on standby)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab#Skylab_5" title="Skylab">Skylab 5</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Schneider" title="William C. Schneider">William
C. Schneider</a> <small>(Program director)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kinzler" title="Jack Kinzler">Jack Kinzler</a>
<small>(Parasol fix designer)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a>
<small>(Habitability consultant)</small></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications
Program">Apollo Applications Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and
service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo
Telescope Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4_human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylab 4
human factors">Skylab 4 human factors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_Medical_Experiment_Altitude_Test" title="Skylab Medical
Experiment Altitude Test">Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test</a> (SMEAT)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Searching_for_Skylab" title="Searching for Skylab">Searching
for Skylab</a></i> (2019 documentary)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle"
title="Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="View this template"
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle
missions">List of missions</a></li>
crews">List of crews</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle
orbiter">Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid
Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external
tank">External tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Space Shuttle
Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control
system">Reaction control system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle
thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation
motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul>
style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/STS-
80_Landing_01.jpg/94px-STS-80_Landing_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="94"
height="64" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/STS-
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STS-80_Landing_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1552" /><br
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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-
edit1.jpg/94px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="94"
height="147"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-
edit1.jpg/141px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 1.5x,
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edit1.jpg/188px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-
height="2956" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle
orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle
Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle
Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle
Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle
Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle
Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle
Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-
ons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a>
<small>(ESA)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a>
<small>(CSA)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration
Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote
Controlled Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics
Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space
Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy
Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space
Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle"
class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space
Launch Complex 6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space
Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing
Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space
Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle
missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions"
title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li>
crews">Crews</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect"
title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle
rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_launch_countdown" title="Space Shuttle launch
countdown">Countdown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort
modes">Abort modes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch
maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission
Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training
Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle
Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle
Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPTA-098" title="MPTA-098">MPTA <small>(engine
mounts)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPTA-ET" title="MPTA-ET">MPTA-ET <small>(external
tank)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing
Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle
Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission
Report">report</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident
Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul>
style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-
transporter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate
Device</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile
launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery
ship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing
Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics
Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier
Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of
Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training
Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway
Special</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space
Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir
program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker
Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space
suits</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility
Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape
Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry
Suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape
Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar
experiments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna
Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio
Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet
satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield
Facility</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived
Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-
Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-
Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch
Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" title="Jupiter (rocket
family)">Jupiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li>
<li>Ares
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch
System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle
Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design
process">Space Shuttle design process</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial
Upper Stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload
Assist Module</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the
Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle
retirement">Retirement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail
Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is
Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in
Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010
documentary)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space
Shuttle America</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A
Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space
Shuttle Project</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video
game)">Shuttle</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A
Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission
2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter
Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li></ul>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-
sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-
collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies"
title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template
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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space
agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img
alt="Algeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space
Agency">ASAL</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre"
title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences"
title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARRS</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img
alt="Ethiopia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute&action=edit&redlink=
1" class="new" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute (page does
not exist)">ESSTI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img
alt="Nigeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency"
title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img
alt="South Africa"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/1
5px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.sv
g/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-
Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South
African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img
alt="Canada"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone
%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15"
height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_
%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone
%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-
file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency"
title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial
Mexicana">AEM</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space
Force">USSF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South
America</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img
alt="Argentina"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px
-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Actividades_Espaciales"
title="Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales">CONAE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img
alt="Bolivia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space
Agency">ABE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space
Agency">AEB</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology"
title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute
for Space Research">INPE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto
Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img
alt="Colombia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space
Commission">CCE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img
alt="Venezuela"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px
-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian
Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan
Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img
alt="Kazakhstan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15p
x-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/
23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img
alt="Turkmenistan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/1
5px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.sv
g/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency"
title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East
Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png
2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space
Administration">CNSA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China
Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space
Technology">CAST</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China
Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CGWIC</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Commission_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense"
title="Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National
Defense">COSTIND</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ch
ina.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of
_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.s
vg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Organization"
title="National Space Organization">NSPO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science"
title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National
Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National
Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology"
title="National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology">NICT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Unmanned_Space_Experiment_Free_Flyer" class="mw-
redirect" title="Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer">USEF</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img
alt="North Korea"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15
px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg
/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-
Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration"
title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img
alt="South Korea"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15
px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg
/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-
Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea
Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST
Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South
Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img
alt="Bangladesh"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15p
x-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/
23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization"
title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-
Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-
Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-
Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian
Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix
Corp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing
Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img
alt="Pakistan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission"
class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission">SUPARCO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast
Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img
alt="Indonesia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px
-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space"
title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img
alt="Malaysia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space
Agency">MYSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img
alt="Philippines"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.sv
g/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines
.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30p
x-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space
Agency">PhilSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img
alt="Singapore"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px
-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Association"
title="Singapore Space and Technology Association">SSTA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img
alt="Thailand"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Geo-
Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and
Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest
Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img
alt="Azerbaijan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15p
x-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/
23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency"
title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace
Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span>
<a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation
Industries Organization">IAIO</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space
Agency">ISA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SAHA_(Iran_aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAHA (Iran
aviation)">SAHA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space
Agency">ISA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National
Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General
Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB
%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies
Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab
Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Em
irates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab
_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirate
s.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200"
data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space
Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed
bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency"
title="European Space Agency">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img
alt="Austria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space
Agency">ALR</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img
alt="Armenia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img
alt="Azerbaijan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15p
x-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/
23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency"
title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace
Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img
alt="Belarus"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space
Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img
alt="Belgium"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil
%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_
%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil
%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-
file-height="600" /></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Science_Policy_Office" title="Belgian Federal Science
Policy Office">BelSPo</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img
alt="Bulgaria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23
px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space
Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech
Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic
.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Repub
lic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/
30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space
Office">CSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img
alt="Denmark"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European
Union"><img alt="European Union"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization"
title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space
Agency">ESA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite
Centre">EUSC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img
alt="Germany"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace
Center">DLR</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space
Agency">HSC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img
alt="Hungary"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space
Office">HSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space
Agency">ASI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img
alt="Luxembourg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15p
x-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/
23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxinnovation"
title="Luxinnovation">Luxinnovation</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img
alt="Netherlands"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.sv
g/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands
.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30p
x-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research"
title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect"
title="Norwegian Space Centre">NSC</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish
Space Agency">PSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img
alt="Romania"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space
Agency">ROSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos"
title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space
Research Institute">SRI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace
Defence Forces">VKO</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img
alt="Soviet Union"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.s
vg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Unio
n.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30
px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space
program">SSP</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial"
title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">INTA</a>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img
alt="Catalonia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px
-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space
Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National
Space Agency">SNSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img
alt="Switzerland"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15
px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg
/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space
Office">SSO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px
-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB
%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies
Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/
15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.s
vg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-
Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space
Agency">UKSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img
alt="Ukraine"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-
Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-
Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space
Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img
alt="Australia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_
%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_
%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted
%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency"
title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation"
class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation">CSIRO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img
alt="New Zealand"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15
px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg
/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-
Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space
Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-
Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space
Research">COSPAR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International
Academy of Astronautics">IAA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization"
title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">INTELSAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United
Nations"><img alt="United Nations"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations
.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nati
ons.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/
30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-
height="800" /></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space"
title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country"
title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital
launches by country</a></li>
<li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a
href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space
program</a></li></ul>
labelledby="Research_and_development_agencies_of_the_federal_government_of_the_Unit
ed_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible
autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States
research agencies"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none
href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template
talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
title=Template:United_States_research_agencies&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit
this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-
padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div
id="Research_and_development_agencies_of_the_federal_government_of_the_United_State
s_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the
United States">Research and development agencies</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government
of the United States">federal government</a> of the United States (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" title="List of
United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent agencies</th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science
Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Aeronautics and Space
Administration</a> (NASA)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect"
title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office
of Research and Development</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity"
title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced
Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs"
title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and
programs</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States
Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research
Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National
Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a>
(NIFA)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research
Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units"
title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and
Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department
of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"
title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of
Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of
Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States
Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel
Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air
Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research
Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life
Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear
Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of
Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department
of the Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command"
title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat
Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Army
Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Natick_Soldier_Research,_Development_and_Engineering
_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center">United States Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center</a> (NSRDEC)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States
Army CCDC Armaments Center">United States Army CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny
Arsenal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét
Laboratories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet
Arsenal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" class="mw-redirect"
title="U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command">U.S. Army Test and Evaluation
Command</a> (ATEC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Materiel_Command"
class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Medical Research and Materiel
Command">Army Medical Research and Materiel Command</a> (USAMRMC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer
Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a>
(ERDC)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department
of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval
Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United
States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a>
(NRL)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" title="Naval Medical Research
Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li>
<li>Naval Warfare Centers
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare
Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare
Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare
Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-
redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command,
Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons
Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate
School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps
Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a>
(MCCDC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United
States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a>
(MCWL)</li></ul>
style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency</a> (DARPA)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences"
title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department
of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of
Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability_and_Rehabilitation_Research"
class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation
Research">National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research</a>
(NIDRR)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of
Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of
Science</a> (DOE SC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–
Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories"
class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy National
Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United
States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and Human
Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of
Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health"
title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs"
title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and
research programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a>
(AHRQ)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority"
title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced
Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for
Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a>
(CMMI)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States
Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Directorate_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-
redirect" title="DHS Directorate for Science and Technology">Directorate for
Science and Technology</a> (S&T)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_%26_Development_Center"
title="United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center">Coast Guard
Research & Development Center</a> (CG RDC)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States
Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States
Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of
Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of
Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and
Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States
Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration"
title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative
Technology Administration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation
Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and
Development</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway
Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and
Technology</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States
Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial
Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States
Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a
href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development"
title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans
Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul>
href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of
the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of
Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global
Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development"
title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking
and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National
Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a>
(NNI)</li></ul></li></ul>
href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative
branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a
href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space_and_Technology"
class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space and
Technology">House Committee on Science, Space and Technology</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation
" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology
Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the
United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial
Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artemis_program"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artemis_program"
title="Template:Artemis program"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artemis_program" title="Template talk:Artemis
title=Template:Artemis_program&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Artemis_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis
id="*_List_of_missions_*_Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services_*_Exploration_Ground_Sys
tems_*_Gateway_Logistics_Services">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis
missions">List of missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar
Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground
Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics
Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-
style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" title="Artemis 1">Artemis 1</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine
Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a> <span style="font-
size:85%;">(2021)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nova-C#First_flight" title="Nova-C">IM-1</a> <span style="font-
size:85%;">(2021)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">MM1</a>
<span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li></ul>
style="width:6em">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" title="Artemis 2">Artemis 2</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_3" title="Artemis 3">Artemis 3</a> <span style="font-
size:85%;">(2024)</span></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(original_with_wordmark).svg" class="image"><img
alt="Emblem of the Artemis program"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_
%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/80px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark
%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_
%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_
%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="185"
style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space
Agency">Australian Space Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian
Space Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European
Space Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect"
title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral
Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-37B">SLC-
37B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SLC-40" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-40">SLC-40</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SLC-41" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-41">SLC-41</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SLC-46" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-46">SLC-
46</a></li></ul></li>
Center</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LC-39A" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39A">LC-39A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LC-39B" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39B">LC-
39B</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"
title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control
Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Air Force
Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-3E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-3E">SLC-3E</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SLC-4E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-4E">SLC-
4E</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile
Range">White Sands Missile Range</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Heavy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch
System</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE_(spacecraft)" title="CAPSTONE
(spacecraft)">CAPSTONE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES
(spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program#Human_Landing_System" title="Artemis
program">Human Landing System</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship#Starship_Human_Landing_System" title="SpaceX
Starship">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nova-C" title="Nova-C">Nova-C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine
(spacecraft)">Peregrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-
abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-
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height="14"
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href="/wiki/Category:Artemis_program" title="Category:Artemis
program"><b>Category</b></a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page"
logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16"
height="1376" /> <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artemis_program" class="extiw"
title="commons:Category:Artemis program"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hubble_Space_Telescope"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hubble_Space_Telescope"
title="Template:Hubble Space Telescope"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Template talk:Hubble Space
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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hubble_Space_Telescope"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"
title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current instruments</th><td
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Camera_for_Surveys" title="Advanced Camera for
Surveys">Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph" title="Cosmic Origins
Spectrograph">Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_(HST)" title="Fine Guidance Sensor
(HST)">Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Near
Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer">Near Infrared Camera and Multi-
Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Space Telescope
Imaging Spectrograph">Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field
Camera 3 (WFC3)</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Eagle nebula
pillars.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/1
00px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jp
g/150px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 1.5x,
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Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2400"
/></a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:HST-SM4.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="HST-SM4.jpeg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/100px-HST-
SM4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/150px-HST-
SM4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-
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style="width:1%">Previous instruments</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Optics_Space_Telescope_Axial_Replacement"
title="Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement">Corrective Optics Space
Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Camera" title="Faint Object Camera">Faint Object
Camera (FOC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Spectrograph" title="Faint Object
Spectrograph">Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_High_Resolution_Spectrograph" title="Goddard High
Resolution Spectrograph">Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Photometer" title="High Speed Photometer">High Speed
Photometer (HSP)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary
Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera_2" title="Wide Field and
Planetary Camera 2">Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions</th><td
<ul><li><i>Launch:</i> <a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a>
<small>(1990, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle
Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>)</small></li>
<li><i>Servicing:</i> <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a>
<small>(1993, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle
Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a> <small>(1997,
<i>Discovery</i>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a> <small>(1999,
<i>Discovery</i>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> <small>(2002, <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle
Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a> <small>(2009, <a
href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle
Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a>)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special
fields<br />and images</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars
of Creation</a></i> <small>(1995)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field" title="Hubble Deep Field">Hubble Deep
Field</a> <small>(1995)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field_South" title="Hubble Deep Field South">Hubble
Deep Field South</a> <small>(1998)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra-Deep Field">Hubble
Ultra-Deep Field</a> <small>(2003–04)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Groth_Strip" title="Extended Groth Strip">Extended
Groth Strip</a> <small>(2004–05)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Window_Eclipsing_Extrasolar_Planet_Search"
title="Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search">SWEEPS</a>
<small>(2006)</small></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic
Mountain</a></i> <small>(2010)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble
eXtreme Deep Field">Hubble eXtreme Deep Field</a> <small>(2012)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Legacy_Field" title="Hubble Legacy Field">Hubble Legacy
Field</a> <small>(2019)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_Origins_Deep_Survey" title="Great
Observatories Origins Deep Survey">Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble
anniversary images">Anniversary images</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">List of deep
fields</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories
program">Great Observatories program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010
documentary)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">Hubble
Origins Probe</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a></li></ul>
labelledby="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
href="/wiki/Template:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" title="Template:NASA
planetary exploration programs"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" title="Template
talk:NASA planetary exploration programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
title=Template:NASA_planetary_exploration_programs&action=edit"><abbr
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-
box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
id="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_exploration"
class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary exploration">planetary exploration</a>
programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td
colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect"
title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars
Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions
Program Office">Planetary Missions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery
Program">Discovery</a></li>
Frontiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration"
title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System
Exploration</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds
Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Completed</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar
Orbiter</a></li>
Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New
Millennium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li></ul>
align: center;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand
Tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark
II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project
Prometheus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager
(Mars)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of
NASA missions</a></li></ul>
labelledby="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template:Planetary
Missions Program Office"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template
talk:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
title=Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit
id="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a> <a
href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program
Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title"
colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery
program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR
Shoemaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars
Pathfinder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar
Prospector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust
(spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis
(spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep
Impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space
telescope">Kepler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span
style="color:darkgreen">InSight</span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy
(spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche
(spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li></ul>
style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars
Express"><span style="color:darkgreen">ASPERA-3</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)"
title="Stardust (spacecraft)">NExT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon
Mineralogy Mapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo"><span
style="color:darkgreen">Strofio</span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration#Scientific_payload" title="Martian
Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></i></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" class="image"><img alt="NEAR
Shoemaker spacecraft model.png"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_
model.png/80px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="80"
height="53"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecra
ft_model.png/120px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model
.png/160px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-
style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td
left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mission 12
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare
Explorer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of
Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth
Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS
(spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Mission 15 and 16
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI+</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano
Observer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident
(spacecraft)">Trident</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS
(spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul></li></ul>
style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life
Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker
Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON
(spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and
Titan">JET</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For
Enceladus">LIFE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser
Hopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon
Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos
& Mars Environment">PADME</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos
Surveyor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple
(spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></t
d></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div
id="New_Frontiers_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers
colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-
group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons"><span
style="color:darkgreen">New Horizons</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><span
style="color:darkgreen">Juno</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx"><span
style="color:darkgreen">OSIRIS-REx</span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(spacecraft)" title="Dragonfly
(spacecraft)">Dragonfly</a></i></li></ul>
href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="image"><img alt="New
Horizons spacecraft model 1.png"
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style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mission 2
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Mission 3
<ul><li>MoonRise</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus
In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">SAGE</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Mission 4
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR
(spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul>
style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus
Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return"
title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and
Return">CORSAIR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life
Finder">ELF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus
Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan
orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ
Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus
In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins
Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul>
d></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div
id="Solar_System_Exploration_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration"
title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration
colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td
left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid
Redirection Test">DART</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa
Clipper</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons
Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></i></li></ul>
d></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span style="color:darkgreen">Green titles</span> indicates active current
missions</li>
<li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li>
<li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data
returned</li></ul>
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title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight
Center</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H.
Goddard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="History of
the Goddard Space Flight Center">GSFC History</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight
Facility">Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)</a></li>
for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" class="mw-
redirect" title="Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Independent
Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Magnetic_Test_Facility" title="Spacecraft Magnetic
Test Facility">Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Fabrication_Facility" class="mw-redirect"
title="Spacecraft Fabrication Facility">Spacecraft Fabrication Facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Scientific_Balloon_Facility" title="Columbia Scientific
Balloon Facility">Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable
missions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space
Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background
Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth
Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat
program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway
Special</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing
Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers
Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker
Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics
Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble
Space Telescope (HST)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
(TDRS)</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scolese" title="Christopher Scolese">Christopher
Scolese</a> (Director)</li>
<li>George Morrow (Deputy Director)</li>
<li>Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Hartman" title="Colleen Hartman">Colleen Hartman</a>
(Deputy Director, Science, Operations and Performance)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable
scientists<br />and engineers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Louis_Band" title="David Louis Band">David Louis
Band</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bindschadler" title="Robert Bindschadler">Robert
Bindschadler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Carl_Feldman" title="Gene Carl Feldman">Gene Carl
Feldman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figueroa" title="Orlando Figueroa">Orlando
Figueroa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lissette_Martinez" title="Lissette Martinez">Lissette
Martinez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C.
Mather</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></
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lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<العربية‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a
href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Aragonese" lang="an"
hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw"><a
href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ –
Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a
href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Asturian" lang="ast"
hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a
href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Azerbaijani" lang="az"
hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a
href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬South
Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<تۆرکجه‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a
href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE"
title="নাসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a
href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Banjar" lang="bjn"
hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-
nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan"
hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a
href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a
href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Belarusian
(Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a
href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-
target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a
href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a
href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Bosnian" lang="bs"
hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a
href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Breton" lang="br"
hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a
href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Catalan" lang="ca"
hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Czech" lang="cs"
hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a
href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Welsh" lang="cy"
hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a
href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Danish" lang="da"
hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a
href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – German" lang="de"
hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Estonian" lang="et"
hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a
href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Greek" lang="el"
hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a
href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Spanish" lang="es"
hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a
href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Aerona%C5%ADtika_kaj_Kosma_Administracio"
title="Nacia Aeronaŭtika kaj Kosma Administracio – Esperanto" lang="eo"
hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a
href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Extremaduran" lang="ext"
hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Basque" lang="eu"
hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"
title="good article badge"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Persian"
lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a
href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Faroese" lang="fo"
hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"
title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – French" lang="fr"
hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a
href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Western Frisian" lang="fy"
hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a
href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Irish" lang="ga"
hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a
href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Manx" lang="gv"
hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a
href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd"
hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Galician" lang="gl"
hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a
href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE"
title="નાસા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a
href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak"
hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB
%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 항공
우주국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a
href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ –
Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a
href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-
target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Croatian" lang="hr"
hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa_Amerika_Serikat
" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id"
hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a
href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Interlingua" lang="ia"
hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a
href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfer%C3%B0astofnun_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna"
title="Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Italian"
lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%22%D7%90" title="‫&נאס‬quot;‫א‬
– Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<עברית‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a
href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Javanese" lang="jv"
hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE"
title="ನಾಸಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a
href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Georgian" lang="ka"
hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Kazakh"
lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a
href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Swahili" lang="sw"
hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a
href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Kurdish" lang="ku"
hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a
href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ນາ
ຊາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administratio_nationalis_aeronautica_et_spatial
is" title="Administratio nationalis aeronautica et spatialis – Latin" lang="la"
hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l
%C4%81_aeronautikas_un_kosmosa_administr%C4%81cija" title="Nacionālā aeronautikas
un kosmosa administrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a
href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Luxembourgish" lang="lb"
hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Lithuanian" lang="lt"
hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a
href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Limburgish" lang="li"
hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a
href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Lombard" lang="lmo"
hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Hungarian" lang="hu"
hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a
href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-
target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a
href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8" title="നാസ –
Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-
target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a
href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90"
title="ნასა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-
target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a
href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫– ناسا‬
Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<مصرى‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a
href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫– ناسا‬
Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<مازرونی‬/a></li><li
ِ class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadbiran_Aeronautik_dan_Angkasa_Kebangsaan"
title="Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms"
hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a
href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Minangkabau" lang="min"
hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a
href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Mongolian" lang="mn"
hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a
href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC" title="နာ
ဆာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-
target">မြန်မာဘာသာ </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"
title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Dutch" lang="nl"
hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a
href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-
target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA
%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B1%80" title="アメリカ航空宇宙局 – Japanese" lang="ja"
hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a
href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Neapolitan" lang="nap"
hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb"
hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Norwegian Nynorsk"
lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a
href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"
title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Occitan" lang="oc"
hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a
href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE"
title="ନାସା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a
href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Oromo" lang="om"
hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a
href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Uzbek" lang="uz"
hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a
href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE"
title="ਨਾਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a
href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Western
Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<پنجابی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a
href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Papiamento" lang="pap"
hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a
href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Pashto"
lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<پښتو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a
href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aministrassion_Nassional_dl%27Areon
%C3%A0utica_e_dl%C3%AB_Spassi" title="Aministrassion Nassional dl'Areonàutica
e dlë Spassi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a
href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Low German" lang="nds"
hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"
title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA
– Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Portuguese" lang="pt"
hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a
href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa"
hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Romanian" lang="ro"
hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a
href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Quechua" lang="qu"
hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a
href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE"
title="नासा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">संस्कृ तम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"><a
href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F"
title="ᱱᱟᱥᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Scots" lang="sco"
hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a
href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Saterland Frisian"
lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a
href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrata_Komb%C3%ABtare_Aeronautike_Hap
%C3%ABsinore_Amerikane" title="Administrata Kombëtare Aeronautike Hapësinore
Amerikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a
href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Sicilian" lang="scn"
hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a
href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F"
title="නාසා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-
target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Simple English"
lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple
English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"
title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Slovak" lang="sk"
hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a
href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Somali" lang="so"
hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Central
Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<کوردی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наса –
Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Sundanese" lang="su"
hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – Finnish" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Swedish" lang="sv"
hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Tagalog" lang="tl"
hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_
%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF
%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF
%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE
%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE
%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE
%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)"
title="தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta"
hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a
href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Tatar" lang="tt"
hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE"
title="నాసా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-
target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2"
title="นาซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА –
Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Urdu"
lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<اردو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a
href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="‫ – ناسا‬Uyghur"
lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫ ئۇيغۇرچە‬/
Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Vietnamese" lang="vi"
hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Waray" lang="war"
hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA
%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局 – Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Yiddish" lang="yi"
hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<יִידיש‬/a></li><li
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