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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Tennis</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">Ball sport with racket and net</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn" style="padding-
bottom:0.2em;">Tennis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-
align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_Wells.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="Roger Federer 2012 Indian Wells.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_
Wells.jpg/250px-Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_Wells.jpg" decoding="async" width="250"
height="167"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roger_Federer_2012_Indi
an_Wells.jpg/375px-Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_Wells.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_Wells
.jpg/500px-Roger_Federer_2012_Indian_Wells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-
file-height="2296" /></a><div><a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger
Federer">Roger Federer</a> hitting a <a href="/wiki/Backhand"
title="Backhand">backhanded</a> shot in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a
href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing
body">governing body</a></th><td style="line-height:1.3em;"><a
href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis
Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">First
played</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;">Between 1859 and 1865, <a
href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/England"
title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-
align:center;background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td
style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-
top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td
style="line-height:1.3em;">Singles or doubles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a
href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed gender</a></th><td
style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, separate tours & mixed doubles</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-
right:1.0em;">Type</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;">Outdoor or
indoor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;
padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;"><a
href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">Ball</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket (sports
equipment)">Racket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_sport" title="Net
sport">Net</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-
height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;"><a
href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis court</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-
right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;"><a
href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary of
tennis terms</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-
align:center;background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"
style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country
or region</th><td style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a
href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td style="line-
height:1.3em;">part of Summer Olympic programme from 1896 to 1924<br
/>Demonstration sport in the 1968 and 1984 Summer Olympics<br />Part of Summer
Olympic programme since 1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-
top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games"
title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td style="line-height:1.3em;">part of
Summer Paralympic programme since <a
href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair tennis
at the Summer Paralympics">1992</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Tennis</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Racket_sport" class="mw-redirect"
title="Racket sport">racket sport</a> that can be played individually against a
single opponent (<a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match#Singles" title="Types of
tennis match">singles</a>) or between two teams of two players each (<a
href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match#Doubles" title="Types of tennis
match">doubles</a>). Each player uses a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_racket" class="mw-
redirect" title="Tennis racket">tennis racket</a> that is strung with cord to
strike a hollow rubber <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">ball</a>
covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's <a
href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">court</a>. The object of the game is
to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid
return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while
the opposite player will.
</p><p>Tennis is an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a>
sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages. The sport can be
played by anyone who can hold a racket, including <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis"
title="Wheelchair tennis">wheelchair users</a>. The modern game of tennis
originated in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a
href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in the late 19th century as
<b>lawn tennis</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
1">[1]</a></sup> It had close connections both to various field (lawn)
games such as <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a> as well as to the older racket sport
today called <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>.
During most of the 19th century, in fact, the term <i>tennis</i> referred to real
tennis, not lawn tennis.
</p><p>The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s. Two
exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground
at all times, and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Tiebreak (tennis)">tiebreak</a> in the 1970s. A recent addition to
professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled
with a point-challenge system, which allows a player to contest the <a
href="/wiki/Line_call" title="Line call">line call</a> of a point, a system known
as <a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a>.
</p><p>Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular
worldwide spectator sport. The four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"
title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments (also referred to as the
Majors) are especially popular: the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open"
title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> played on <a href="/wiki/Hard_court"
class="mw-redirect" title="Hard court">hard courts</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a> played on red <a
href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay courts</a>, <a
href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" title="The Championships,
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> played on <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass
court">grass courts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open
(tennis)">US Open</a> also played on hard courts.
</p>
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role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"
/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Predecessors"><span
class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Predecessors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins_of_the_modern_game"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Origins of the modern
game</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Equipment"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Equipment</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rackets"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rackets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Balls"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Balls</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Miscellaneous"><span
class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Manner_of_play"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Manner of play</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Court"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Court</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lines"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lines</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Play_of_a_single_point"><span
class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Play of a single
point</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Scoring"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scoring</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Game,_set,_match"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Game, set, match</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Game"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Game</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Set"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Set</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Match"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Match</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Special_point_terms"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Special point terms</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Game_point"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Game point</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Break_point"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Break point</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Rule_variations"><span
class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rule variations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Officials"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Officials</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Junior_tennis"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Junior tennis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Match_play"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Match play</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Continuity"><span
class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Continuity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ball_changes"><span
class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ball changes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#On-court_coaching"><span
class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">On-court
coaching</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Stance"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Stance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Open_stance"><span
class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Open stance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Semi-open_stance"><span
class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Semi-open stance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Closed_stance"><span
class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Closed stance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Neutral_stance"><span
class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Neutral stance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Shots"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Shots</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Grip"><span
class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Grip</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Serve"><span
class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Serve</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Forehand"><span
class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Forehand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Backhand"><span
class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Backhand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Other_shots"><span
class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other shots</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Injuries"><span
class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Injuries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Tournaments"><span
class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Tournaments</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Grand_Slam_tournaments"><span
class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Grand Slam
tournaments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a
href="#Men's_tournament_structure"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span
class="toctext">Men's tournament structure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Masters_1000"><span
class="tocnumber">10.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Masters 1000</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#250_and_500_Series"><span
class="tocnumber">10.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">250 and 500
Series</span></a></li>
href="#Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments"><span
class="tocnumber">10.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Challenger Tour and Futures
tournaments</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
href="#Women's_tournament_structure"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span
class="toctext">Women's tournament structure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Premier_events"><span
class="tocnumber">10.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Premier
events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#International_events"><span
class="tocnumber">10.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">International
events</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Players"><span
class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Players</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Professional_players"><span
class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Professional players</span></a>
<ul>
href="#Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers"><span
class="tocnumber">11.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Singles and doubles
professional careers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Olympics"><span
class="tocnumber">11.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Olympics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Prize_money"><span
class="tocnumber">11.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Prize money</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Grand_Slam_tournament_winners"><span
class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Grand Slam tournament
winners</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Greatest_male_players"><span
class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greatest male
players</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Greatest_female_players"><span
class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Greatest female
players</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span
class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">In popular
culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Further_reading"><span
class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of tennis">History of
tennis</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predecessors">Predecessors</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Jeu_de_paume002.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jeu_de_paume002.jpg/230px-
Jeu_de_paume002.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="144" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jeu_de_paume002.jpg/345
px-Jeu_de_paume002.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jeu_de_paume002.jpg/460px-
Jeu_de_paume002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="455" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeu_de_paume002.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Jeu de paume</i> in the 17th
century</div></div></div>
<p>Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th century northern
<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where a ball was struck with the
palm of the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of
France">Louis X of France</a> was a keen player of <i><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume"
title="Jeu de paume">jeu de paume</a></i> ("game of the palm"), which evolved into
<a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>, and became notable
as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis
was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed
courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".<sup id="cite_ref-
Newman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-3">[3]</a></sup>
In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.<sup
id="cite_ref-Newman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-
3">[3]</a></sup> In June 1316 at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes"
title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a>, Val-de-Marne and following a particularly
exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died
of either <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>, although there was also
suspicion of poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillmeister_4-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Gillmeister-4">[4]</a></sup> Because of the contemporary
accounts of his death, Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.<sup
id="cite_ref-Gillmeister_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillmeister-
4">[4]</a></sup> Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King <a
href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of
France</a>, who had a court set up at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace"
title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>It was not until the 16th century that <a href="/wiki/Tennis_racket"
class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis racket">rackets</a> came into use and the game
began to be called "tennis", from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French
language">French</a> term <i>tenez</i>, which can be translated as "hold!",
"receive!" or "take!", an <a href="/wiki/Interjection"
title="Interjection">interjection</a> used as a call from the server to his
opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
6">[6]</a></sup> It was popular in England and France, although the game
was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. <a
href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of
England">Henry VIII of England</a> was a big fan of this game, which is now known
as <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as real tennis declined, new racket
sports emerged in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Perris_8-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Perris-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn
mower">lawn mower</a> in 1830, in Britain, is believed to have been a catalyst, for
the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields,
pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many
sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.<sup
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_of_the_modern_game">Origins of the modern
game</span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbasto
n.jpg/170px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170"
height="227" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgba
ston.jpg/255px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg
/340px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-
height="1024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio
Perera">Augurio Perera</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston"
title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham"
title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/England"
title="England">England</a>, where he and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry
Gem">Harry Gem</a> first played the modern game of lawn tennis</div></div></div>
<p>Between 1859 and 1865 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a>,
a solicitor and his friend <a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio
Perera">Augurio Perera</a> developed a game that combined elements of <a
href="/wiki/Racquets_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquets
(sport)">racquets</a> and the Basque ball game <a href="/wiki/Basque_pelota"
title="Basque pelota">pelota</a>, which they played on Perera's <a
href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> lawn in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham"
title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-countrylife_10-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrylife-10">[10]</a></sup><sup
In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club
on Avenue Road, <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington
Spa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LTC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTC-
12">[12]</a></sup> This is where "lawn tennis" was used as a name of
activity by a club for the first time. After Leamington, the second club to take up
the game of lawn tennis appears to have been the Edgbaston Archery and Croquet
Society, also in Birmingham.
</p><p>In <i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i>, Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on
December 8, 1874, British army officer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield"
title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a> wrote to Harry Gem,
commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn
tennis “for a year and a half”.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> In December 1873, Wingfield designed
and patented a game which he called <i>sphairistikè</i> (<a
href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span
lang="el">σφαιριστική</span>, meaning "ball-playing"), and was soon known simply as
"sticky" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of
<a href="/wiki/Nantclwyd_Hall" title="Nantclwyd Hall">Nantclwyd Hall</a>, in <a
href="/wiki/Llanelidan" title="Llanelidan">Llanelidan</a>, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-
14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> According to
R. D. C. Evans, turfgrass <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect"
title="Agronomist">agronomist</a>, "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield]
deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis."<sup
id="cite_ref-Perris_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perris-
8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> According to Honor Godfrey, museum
curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized this game enormously. He produced a
boxed set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game – and
most importantly you had his rules. He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he
sent his game all over the world. He had very good connections with the clergy, the
law profession, and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out in the first
year or so, in 1874."<sup id="cite_ref-Wingfield_16-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Wingfield-16">[16]</a></sup> The world's oldest annual
tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis Club in Birmingham in
1874.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
17">[17]</a></sup> This was three years before the <a
href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn
Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a> would hold
its first championships at Wimbledon, in 1877. The first Championships culminated
in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-
Wingfield_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-
16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-
1887.jpeg/220px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-
1887.jpeg/330px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-
1887.jpeg/440px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lawn tennis in the U.S., 1887</div></div></div>
<p>In the U.S. in 1874 <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ewing_Outerbridge" title="Mary Ewing
Outerbridge">Mary Ewing Outerbridge</a>, a young socialite, returned from Bermuda
with a sphairistikè set. She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching
British army officers play.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> She laid out a tennis court at the <a
href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Cricket_Club" title="Staten Island Cricket Club">Staten
Island Cricket Club</a> at Camp Washington, Tompkinsville, <a
href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, New York. The
first American National championship was played there in September 1880. An
Englishman named O.E. Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth $100,
by defeating Canadian <a href="/wiki/I._F._Hellmuth" title="I. F. Hellmuth">I. F.
Hellmuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
19">[19]</a></sup> There was also a doubles match which was won by a local
pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than
the one normally used in New York.
</p><p>On 21 May 1881, the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world<sup
was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis
Association">United States Tennis Association</a>) in order to standardize the
rules and organize competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-USTA_21-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-USTA-21">[21]</a></sup> The U.S. National Men's Singles
Championship, now the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US
Open</a>, was first held in 1881 at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Casino"
title="Newport Casino">Newport Casino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"
title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The U.S. National
Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in <a
href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg" class="image"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-
1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/220px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg"
decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-
1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/330px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-
1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/440px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="574" data-file-height="405" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tennis <a
href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles"
title="Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles">doubles</a> final at
<a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the 1896 Summer
Olympics">1896 Olympic Games</a></div></div></div>
<p>Tennis also became popular in France, where the <a href="/wiki/French_Open"
title="French Open">French Championships</a> dates to 1891 although until 1925 it
was open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-
RG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-24">[24]</a></sup> Thus,
Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open"
title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> (dating to 1905) became and have
remained the most prestigious events in tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-History_25-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-25">[25]</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-TS1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-
26">[26]</a></sup> Together these four events are called the Majors or
<i>Slams</i> (a term borrowed from <a
href="/wiki/Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms#grandslam" title="Glossary of
contract bridge terms">bridge</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)"
title="Grand slam (baseball)">baseball</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
href="/wiki/File:South_End_Lawn_Tennis_Club,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_ca._1900
_-_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/South_End_Lawn_Tennis_Club
%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_ca._1900_-_cropped.jpg/220px-
South_End_Lawn_Tennis_Club%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_ca._1900_-
_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/South_End_Lawn_Tennis_C
lub%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_ca._1900_-_cropped.jpg/330px-
_cropped.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/South_End_Lawn_Tennis_Club
%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_ca._1900_-_cropped.jpg/440px-
_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1039" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:South_End_Lawn_Tennis_Club,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_ca._1900
_-_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lawn tennis in Canada,
ca. 1900</div></div></div>
<p>In 1913, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), now the <a
Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF), was founded and established
three official tournaments as the major championships of the day. The <a
href="/wiki/World_Grass_Court_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Grass
Court Championships">World Grass Court Championships</a> were awarded to Great
Britain. The <a href="/wiki/World_Hard_Court_Championships" title="World Hard
Court Championships">World Hard Court Championships</a> were awarded to France; the
term "hard court" was used for clay courts at the time. Some tournaments were held
in Belgium instead. And the <a href="/wiki/World_Covered_Court_Championships"
title="World Covered Court Championships">World Covered Court Championships</a> for
indoor courts was awarded annually; Sweden, France, Great Britain, Denmark,
Switzerland and Spain each hosted the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></sup> At a meeting
held on 16 March 1923 in Paris, the title 'World Championship' was dropped and a
new category of Official Championship was created for events in Great Britain,
France, the United States, and Australia – today's Grand Slam events.<sup
id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-
href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The impact on the four recipient
nations to replace the ‘world championships’ with ‘official
championships’ was simple in a general sense: each became a major nation of the
federation with enhanced voting power and each now operated a major event.<sup
id="cite_ref-auto_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-
28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF, have remained
largely stable in the ensuing eighty years, the one major change being the addition
of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiebreak
(tennis)">tiebreak</a></i> system designed by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen"
title="Jimmy Van Alen">Jimmy Van Alen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> That same year,
tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games but returned 60 years later
as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by
the efforts by the then ITF President <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chatrier"
title="Philippe Chatrier">Philippe Chatrier</a>, ITF General Secretary David Gray
and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens, and support from IOC President <a
href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio
Samaranch</a>. The success of the event was overwhelming and the IOC decided to
reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-31"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Newport_Casino.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Newport_Casino.jpg/220px-
Newport_Casino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Newport_Casino.jpg/330p
x-Newport_Casino.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Newport_Casino.jpg/440px-
Newport_Casino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1854" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Newport_Casino.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Tennis Hall of
Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a> at the Newport Casino</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>, an annual
competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-33"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> The analogous
competition for women's national teams, the <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-
redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to
celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF.<sup id="cite_ref-34"
</p><p>In 1926, promoter <a href="/wiki/C._C._Pyle" title="C. C. Pyle">C. C.
Pyle</a> established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American
and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.<sup
href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> The most notable of these early
professionals were the American <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Richards" class="mw-redirect"
title="Vinnie Richards">Vinnie Richards</a> and the Frenchwoman <a
href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a>.<sup
href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Once a player <i>turned pro</i> he or
she was no longer permitted to compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.<sup
26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under
the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the <a
href="/wiki/Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era">Open Era</a>, in which
all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make
their living from tennis. With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of
an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of
television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed
its middle-class English-speaking image<sup id="cite_ref-class_37-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-37">[37]</a></sup> (although it
is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).<sup id="cite_ref-class_37-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-37">[37]</a></sup><sup
</p><p>In 1954, Van Alen founded the <a
Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a>, a non-profit museum in Newport, Rhode
Island.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
39">[39]</a></sup> The building contains a large collection of tennis
memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis
players from all over the world. Each year, a <a href="/wiki/Grass_court"
title="Grass court">grass court</a> tournament and an induction ceremony honoring
new Hall of Fame members are hosted on its grounds.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt
%C5%91.JPG/220px-Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt
%C5%91.JPG/330px-Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG/440px-
Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenisz%C3%BCt
%C5%91.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wooden racket – c.
1920s</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Equipment">Equipment</span></h2>
href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Tennis
technology</a></div>
<p>Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for
play. Beginners need only a <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket
(sports equipment)">racket</a> and balls.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rackets">Rackets</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports
equipment)">Racket (sports equipment) § Tennis</a></div>
<p>The components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected
to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly
pulled strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were made of
wood and of standard size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood
construction yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century
until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter
metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the
production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile, technology
led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added
durability.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Reket_Franje_Pun%C4%8Deca.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reket_Franje_Pun
%C4%8Deca.jpg/220px-Reket_Franje_Pun%C4%8Deca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reket_Franje_Pun
%C4%8Deca.jpg/330px-Reket_Franje_Pun%C4%8Deca.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Reket_Franje_Pun
%C4%8Deca.jpg/440px-Reket_Franje_Pun%C4%8Deca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-
file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Reket_Franje_Pun%C4%8Deca.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Racket of <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Pun%C4%8Dec"
title="Franjo Punčec">Franjo Punčec</a> in a wooden frame – late
1930s</div></div></div>
<p>Under modern rules of tennis, the rackets must adhere to the following
guidelines;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally
uniform.</li>
<li>The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches (74 cm) in
length and 12.5 inches (32 cm) in width.</li>
<li>The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight
distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the rackets.</li>
<li>The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice
to the player during the match.</li></ul>
<p>The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering
advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of the frame had been 32
inches (81 cm) until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches
(74 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets. Wilson, Head and
Babolat are some of the more commonly used brands; however, many more companies
exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be
provided. (September 2018)"><span style="padding-right:0.1em;">example
needed</span></span></a></i>]</sup> The same companies sponsor players to use
these rackets in the hopes that the company name will become more well known by the
public.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jp
g/220px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls
.jpg/330px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg/440
px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A tennis racket and balls</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Balls">Balls</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">Tennis ball</a></div>
<p>Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread
and stuffed with feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Modern tennis balls are made of hollow
<a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized
rubber">vulcanized rubber</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>
coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic
yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility.
Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, <a
href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation
(engineering)">deformation</a>, and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The
International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41–
68.58 mm (2.575–2.700 in). Balls must weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 g
(1.98 and 2.10 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-ball_43-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ball-43">[43]</a></sup> Tennis balls were traditionally
manufactured in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United
States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Although the
process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100
years, the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the <a
href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. The relocation is due to
cheaper <a href="/wiki/Labour_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour
costs">labour costs</a> and materials in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-44"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Tournaments that
are played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the
International Tennis Federation (ITF) and be named on the official ITF list of
approved tennis balls.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</span></h3>
<p>Advanced players improve their performance through a number of accoutrements.
Vibration dampeners may be interlaced in the proximal part of the string array for
improved feel. Racket handles may be customized with absorbent or rubber-like
materials to improve the players' grip. Players often use sweat bands on their
wrists to keep their hands dry and head bands or bandanas to keep the sweat out of
their eyes as well. Finally, although the game can be played in a variety of shoes,
specialized tennis shoes have wide, flat soles for stability and a built-up front
structure to avoid excess wear.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manner_of_play">Manner of play</span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_court_imperial.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/
220px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="451"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.s
vg/330px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/440px
-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="820"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_court_imperial.svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The dimensions of a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court"
title="Tennis court">tennis court</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG/22
0px-Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG
/330px-Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG/440px-
Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1472" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Two players before a <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)"
title="Serve (tennis)">serve</a></div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For individual terms,
see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis
terms">Glossary of tennis terms</a>.</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Court">Court</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Tennis court</a></div>
<p>Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 <a
href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a>
(23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.2 m) wide for singles matches and
36 ft (11 m) for doubles matches.<sup id="cite_ref-TCS_46-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCS-46">[46]</a></sup> Additional
clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun
balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the
baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a cord or metal
cable of diameter no greater than 0.8 cm (<span class="frac
nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-
ITF_Rules_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-
47">[47]</a></sup> The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) high
at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) high in the center.<sup id="cite_ref-TCS_46-
1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCS-46">[46]</a></sup> The net
posts are 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a
singles net, 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the singles court on each side.
</p><p>The modern tennis court owes its design to Major <a
href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter
Clopton Wingfield</a>. In 1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the
current one for his <a href="/wiki/Stick%C3%A9" title="Stické">stické tennis</a>
(sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists
today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with the <a
href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> shape of his court changed
to a rectangle.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_court_history_48-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Tennis_court_history-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces.<sup
id="cite_ref-ITF_court_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_court-
49">[49]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass
court">Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">hardcourts</a> of concrete or asphalt
topped with acrylic are the most common. Occasionally carpet is used for indoor
play, with hardwood flooring having been historically used. <a
href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a> courts can
also be found.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lines">Lines</span></h4>
<p>The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline
(farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the
center of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the center mark.
The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines; they
are the boundaries for doubles matches. The lines to the inside of the doubles
sidelines are the singles sidelines, and are the boundaries in singles play. The
area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the
doubles alley, playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the center of a
player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be
delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side.
Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a
serve.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_50-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>The line dividing the service line in two is called the center line or
center service line. The boxes this center line creates are called the service
boxes; depending on a player's position, they have to hit the ball into one of
these when serving.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51">[51]</a></sup> A ball is out only if
none of it has hit the area inside the lines, or the line, upon its first bounce.
All lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) in width,
with the exception of the baseline which can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide,
although in practice it is often the same width as the others.<sup id="cite_ref-
ITF_Court_rules_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-
50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Play_of_a_single_point">Play of a single
point</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">Point (tennis)</a></div>
<p>The players or teams start on opposite sides of the net. One player is
designated the <i>server</i>, and the opposing player is the <i>receiver</i>. The
choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided
by a coin toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between
the two players or teams. For each point, the server starts behind the baseline,
between the center mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their
side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will <a
href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">serve</a>, although the receiver
must play to the pace of the server.
</p><p>For a service to be legal, the ball must travel over the net without
touching it into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but
lands in the service box, this is a <i>let</i> or <i>net service</i>, which is
void, and the server retakes that serve. The player can serve any number of let
services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault
is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the net.
There is also a "foot fault" when a player's foot touches the baseline or an
extension of the center mark before the ball is hit. If the second service, after a
fault, is also a fault, the server <i>double faults,</i> and the receiver wins the
point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service.
</p><p>A legal service starts a <i>rally</i>, in which the players alternate
hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of a player hitting the
ball so that it falls in the server's court, before it has bounced twice or hit any
fixtures except the net. A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The
ball must travel over the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the
net during a rally is considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the
opposite side of the court. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return
loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the
start of a new point.<sup id="cite_ref-Terminology_52-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Terminology-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Scoring">Scoring</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Tennis scoring
system</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Break point" redirects
here. For software term, see <a href="/wiki/Breakpoint"
title="Breakpoint">Breakpoint</a>.</div>
<h4><span id="Game.2C_set.2C_match"></span><span class="mw-headline"
id="Game,_set,_match">Game, set, match</span></h4>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Game">Game</span></h5>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Game_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis
score">game</a> consists of a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)"
title="Point (tennis)">points</a> played with the same player serving. A game is
won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two
points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a
manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as
"<i>love</i>", "<i>15</i>", "<i>30</i>", and "<i>40</i>", respectively. If at least
three points have been scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at
40 apiece, the score is not called out as "40–40", but rather as "<i>deuce</i>". If
at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point
than his opponent, the score of the game is "<i>advantage</i>" for the player in
the lead. During informal games, "<i>advantage</i>" can also be called "<i>ad
in</i>" or "<i>van in</i>" when the serving player is ahead, and "<i>ad out</i>" or
"<i>van out</i>" when the receiving player is ahead; alternatively, either player
may simply call out "<i>my ad</i>" or "<i>your ad</i>" during informal play.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_v
s_Saulnier.jpg/220px-Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg" decoding="async"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Final_Score_Andy_Roddic
k_vs_Saulnier.jpg/330px-Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Sau
lnier.jpg/440px-Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048"
data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The scoreboard of a match between <a
href="/wiki/Andy_Roddick" title="Andy Roddick">Andy Roddick</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Cyril_Saulnier" title="Cyril Saulnier">Cyril
Saulnier</a></div></div></div>
<p>The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player's
score first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g.,
"<i>15-love</i>") after each point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also
announces the winner of the game and the overall score.
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Set">Set</span></h5>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Set_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis
score">set</a> consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating
between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria.
Typically, a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games
more than the opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an
additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins
the set 7–5. If the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6–6) a <i><a
href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiebreak (tennis)">tie-
break</a></i> is played. A tie-break, played under a separate set of rules, allows
one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7–6.
A "love" set means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a
'jam donut' in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
53">[53]</a></sup> In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the
winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read
with the winning player's score first, e.g. "6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5".
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Match">Match</span></h5>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Match_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis
score">match</a> consists of a sequence of sets. The outcome is determined through
a best of three or five <i>sets</i> system. On the professional circuit, men play
best-of-five-set matches at all four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"
title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments, Davis Cup, and the final of
the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and best-
of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set
matches at all tournaments. The first player to win two sets in a best-of-three, or
three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.<sup id="cite_ref-54"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Only in the final
sets of matches at the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French
Open</a>, the Olympic Games, and <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect"
title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a> are tie-breaks not played. In these cases, sets are
played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, occasionally leading to
some <a href="/wiki/Longest_tennis_match_records" title="Longest tennis match
records">remarkably long matches</a>.
</p><p>In tournament play, the chair <a href="/wiki/Referee"
title="Referee">umpire</a> announces the end of the match with the well-known
phrase "<i>Game, set, match</i>" followed by the winning person's or team's name.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Special_point_terms">Special point
terms</span></h4>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Game_point">Game point</span></h5>
<p><span class="anchor" id="game_point"></span><span class="anchor"
id="set_point"></span><span class="anchor" id="match_point"></span><span
class="anchor" id="championship_point"></span>A <i>game point</i> occurs in tennis
whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win
the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point),
and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is
serving has a score of 40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set
point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game
points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not
announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Break_point">Break point</span></h5>
<p>A <i>break point</i> occurs if the receiver, not the <a
href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">server</a>, has a chance to win
the game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because <a
href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">serving</a> is generally
considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are
serving. A receiver who has one (score of 30–40 or advantage), two (score of 15–40)
or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances to win the game has <i>break
point</i>, <i>double break point</i> or <i>triple break point</i>, respectively. If
the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the
receiver, and the receiver is said to have <i>converted</i> their break point. If
the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a <i>failure to
convert.</i> Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as
<i>breaking serve</i>, as the receiver has disrupted, or <i>broken</i> the natural
advantage of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a
break point it is referred to as <i>breaking back</i>. Except where <a
href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Scoring_a_tiebreak_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis
score">tie-breaks</a> apply, at least one break of serve is required to win a set
(otherwise a two-game lead would never occur).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rule_variations">Rule variations</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Types of tennis
match</a></div>
<ul><li><b>No ad</b></li></ul>
<dl><dd>From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by <a
href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen" title="Jimmy Van Alen">Jimmy Van Alen</a>. The first
player or doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the
player or team is ahead by two points. When the game score reaches three points
each, the receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or deuce court)
the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game-deciding point. Utilized by
<a href="/wiki/World_Team_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team
Tennis">World Team Tennis</a> professional competition, ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF
Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Pro set</b></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one "pro set". A pro set
is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two games, instead of first to 6 games.
A 12-point tie-break is usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10). These are
often played with no-ad scoring.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Match tie-break</b></li></ul>
<dl><dd>This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tie-break (also
called <i>super tie-break</i>) is played like a regular tie-break, but the winner
must win ten points instead of seven. Match tie-breaks are used in the <a
href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a>, Grand Slams (excluding
<a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" title="The Championships,
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics"
title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> for mixed doubles; on the
<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis
Professionals">ATP</a> (since 2006), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"
title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> (since 2007) and <a
Federation">ITF</a> (excluding four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"
title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments and the <a
href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>) tours for doubles and as a
player's choice in USTA league play.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Fast4</b></li></ul>
<dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fast4_Tennis" title="Fast4 Tennis">Fast4</a> is a shortened
format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and four
rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tie-breakers apply at three
games all and the first to four games wins the set.</dd></dl>
<p>Another, however informal, tennis format is called <a
href="/wiki/Canadian_doubles" title="Canadian doubles">Canadian doubles</a>. This
involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team. The single
player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team.
Conversely, the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot. The
scoring is the same as for a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any
official body.
</p><p>"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis, is
played with similar rules to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_doubles" title="Canadian
doubles">Canadian doubles</a> style, only in this version, players rotate court
position after each game, each player taking a turn at playing alone against the
other two. As such, each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a
match, with the singles player always serving. Scoring styles vary, but one popular
method is to assign a value of 2 points to each game, with the server taking both
points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break
serve.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair tennis">Wheelchair
tennis</a> can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a
wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is permitted. This rule makes it possible
to have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team
to consist of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as "one-
up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an able-bodied player.
In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Officials">Officials</span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_umpire.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tennis_umpire.jpg/220px-
Tennis_umpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tennis_umpire.jpg/330px
-Tennis_umpire.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tennis_umpire.jpg/440px-
Tennis_umpire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_umpire.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/wiki/Referee"
title="Referee">umpire</a> informing two players of the rules</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official
(tennis)</a></div>
<p>In most professional play and some amateur competition, there is an officiating
head judge or chair <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">umpire</a> (usually
referred to simply as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to one side of the
court. The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire
may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within
the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a
net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The
umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure
that a clear mistake has been made.<sup id="cite_ref-officials_57-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officials-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>In past tournaments, line judges tasked with calling the serve were
sometimes assisted by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line
judge">electronic sensors</a> that beeped to indicate an out-of-bounds serve; one
such system was called "<a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(computer_system)" title="Cyclops
(computer system)">Cyclops</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Cyclops has since largely been replaced
by the <a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a> system.<sup
id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> In professional tournaments using this
system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional
appeal in the tie-break to challenge close <a href="/wiki/Line_call" title="Line
call">line calls</a> by means of an <a href="/wiki/Instant_replay" title="Instant
replay">electronic review</a>. The <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open
(tennis)">US Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Masters" class="mw-redirect"
title="Miami Masters">Miami Masters</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Open_Series"
class="mw-redirect" title="United States Open Series">US Open Series</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/World_Team_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team Tennis">World
Team Tennis</a> started using this challenge system in 2006 and the <a
href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> and <a
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> introduced the system in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-61"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> In clay-court
matches, such as at the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French
Open</a>, a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's
impact on the court surface.
</p><p>The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority
about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the
referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated
(question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact.
If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the
umpire's decision. (This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at
the World Group level, when a chair umpire from a non-neutral country is in the
chair).<sup id="cite_ref-officials_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
officials-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ball_boy" title="Ball boy">Ball boys and girls</a> may be
employed to retrieve balls, pass them to the players, and hand players their
towels. They have no <a href="/wiki/Adjudicative" class="mw-redirect"
title="Adjudicative">adjudicative</a> role. In rare events (e.g., if they are hurt
or if they have caused a hindrance), the umpire may ask them for a statement of
what actually happened. The umpire may consider their statements when making a
decision. In some leagues, especially junior leagues, players make their own calls,
trusting each other to be honest. This is the case for many school and university
level matches. The referee or referee's assistant, however, can be called on court
at a player's request, and the referee or assistant may change a player's call. In
unofficiated matches, a ball is out only if the player entitled to make the call is
sure that the ball is out.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Junior_tennis">Junior tennis</span></h2>
href="/wiki/Junior_tennis" title="Junior tennis">Junior tennis</a></div>
<p>In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a
parent or guardian. Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have
documents signed by a parent or guardian. These players, however, are still
eligible to play in junior tournaments.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International
Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF) conducts a junior tour
that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an <a
href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis
Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a> (ATP) or <a
href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis
Association">Women's Tennis Association</a> (WTA) ranking. Most juniors who enter
the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and
Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit. The latter three circuits
also have adults competing in them. Some juniors, however, such as Australian <a
href="/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt" title="Lleyton Hewitt">Lleyton Hewitt</a> and Frenchman
<a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Monfils" title="Gaël Monfils">Gaël Monfils</a>, have
catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior
scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in
professional tournaments.
</p><p>In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater
participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one
combined tally.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
62">[62]</a></sup> Junior tournaments do not offer <a
href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a> except for the <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam
tournaments</a>, which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn
income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.
Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of
ranking points, culminating with Grade A.
</p><p>Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the <a
href="/wiki/Junior_Davis_Cup_and_Junior_Fed_Cup" title="Junior Davis Cup and Junior
Fed Cup">Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup</a> competitions. To succeed in tennis often
means having to begin playing at a young age. To facilitate and nurture a junior's
growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior
development system. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on
all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play. Talented juniors may
also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Match_play">Match play</span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_m
atch.jpg/220px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_afte
r_match.jpg/330px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.
jpg/440px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Convention dictates that the two players <a
href="/wiki/Handshake" title="Handshake">shake hands</a> at the end of a
match.</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Continuity">Continuity</span></h3>
<p>A tennis match is intended to be continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_63-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-63">[63]</a></sup> Because
stamina is a relevant factor, arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases,
service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous
point.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-
63">[63]</a></sup> This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change
ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-minute break is permitted between
sets.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-
63">[63]</a></sup> Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced
by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged footwear, damaged
racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball. Should a player be deemed to be
stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by
subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of the match for the player
who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.<sup id="cite_ref-64"
</p><p>In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external conditions halting
play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same score as at the time of
the delay, and each player at the same end of the court as when rain halted play,
or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different
court.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ball_changes">Ball changes</span></h3>
<p>Balls wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in <a
Professionals">ATP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"
title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> tournaments, they are changed after
every nine games with the first change occurring after only seven games, because
the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up.<sup id="cite_ref-
ball_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-43">[43]</a></sup> In
<a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis
Federation">ITF</a> tournaments like <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect"
title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, the balls are changed after every eleven games (rather
than nine) with the first change occurring after only nine games (instead of
seven). An exception is that a ball change may not take place at the beginning of a
tiebreaker, in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the
second game of the next set.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Rules_47-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-47">[47]</a></sup> As a courtesy to the
receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of
the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using new balls.
Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-
up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the re-
warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is
resumed only when play resumes.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="On-court_coaching">On-court coaching</span></h3>
<p>A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a
match.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> This has been
introduced in women's tennis for <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA
Tour</a> events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per
set.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
69">[69]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stance">Stance</span></h2>
<p>Stance refers to the way a player prepares themselves in order to best be able
to return a shot. Essentially, it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve
a particular stroke. There are four main stances in modern tennis: open, semi-open,
closed, and neutral. All four stances involve the player crouching in some manner:
as well as being a more efficient striking posture, it allows them to <a
href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise#Isometric_presses_as_preparation_for_explosive_power
_movements" title="Isometric exercise">isometrically preload</a> their muscles in
order to play the stroke more dynamically. What stance is selected is strongly
influenced by shot selection. A player may quickly alter their stance depending on
the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play. Any given stance also
alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic
movements and shifts of body weight occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-
0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-
70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-
71">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Open_stance">Open stance</span></h3>
<p>This is the most common stance in tennis. The player’s feet are placed parallel
to the net. They may be pointing sideways, directly at the net or diagonally
towards it. This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add
significant power to the stroke. This process is sometimes likened to the coiling
and uncoiling of a spring. i.e the torso is rotated as a means of preloading the
muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke: this is the coiling phase.
When the stroke is played the torso rotates to face forwards again, called
uncoiling, and adds significant power to the stroke. A disadvantage of this stance
is that it does not always allow ‘for proper weight transfer and maintenance of
balance’<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-70">[70]</a></sup> when making powerful
strokes. It is commonly used for forehand strokes; double-handed backhands can also
be made effectively from it.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Semi-open_stance">Semi-open stance</span></h3>
<p>This stance is somewhere between open and closed and is a very flexible stance.
The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net. It allows for a lot of shoulder
rotation and the torso can be coiled, before being uncoiled into the shot in order
to increase the power of the shot. It is commonly used in modern tennis especially
by ‘top professional players on the forehand’.<sup id="cite_ref-72"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> Two-handed
backhands can also be employed from this stance.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Closed_stance">Closed stance</span></h3>
<p>The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main stances. One foot
is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it; there is a
diagonal alignment between the feet. It allows for effective torso rotation in
order to increase the power of the shot. It is usually used to play backhand shots
and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it. A stroke from this stance may
entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being
transferred entirely to the front foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-70">[70]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Neutral_stance">Neutral stance</span></h3>
<p>This is sometimes also referred to as the square stance. One foot is positioned
closer to the net and ahead of the other which is behind and in line with it. Both
feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net. The neutral stance is often
taught early because ‘It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and
rotation of the body.’<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-
71">[71]</a></sup> Forehands and backhands may be made from it.<sup
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Shots">Shots</span></h2>
href="/wiki/Tennis_shots" title="Tennis shots">Tennis shots</a></div>
<p>A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in his or her repertoire: the
serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead smash, drop shot, and lob.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grip">Grip</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Grip_(Tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip (Tennis)">Grip
(Tennis)</a></div>
<p>A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The
grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the ball and influences the
pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play,
including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-
eastern or full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and Western (semi-western or
full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change grips during a
match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves
call for a Continental grip.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serve">Serve</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve (tennis)</a></div>
<p>A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point.
The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually
near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without
touching the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand although underhand
serving remains a rarity.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> If the ball hits the net on the first
serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and
the server gets two more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if
the server serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-
ITF_Rules_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-
47">[47]</a></sup> If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a
let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.
</p><p>Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to
maximize its power and placement. The server may employ different types of serve
including flat serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve.
A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite the
natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-
handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will curve right from the
hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.<sup id="cite_ref-76"
</p><p>Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point;
however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve. A
winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Forehand">Forehand</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></div>
<p>For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right
side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with the ball, and
ends on the left side of the body. There are various <a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)"
title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a> for executing the forehand, and their popularity
has fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the <i>continental</i>,
the <i>eastern</i>, the <i>semi-western</i>, and the <i>western</i>. For a number
of years, the small, frail 1920s player <a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(tennis)"
title="Bill Johnston (tennis)">Bill Johnston</a> was considered by many to have had
the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a
<i>western</i> grip. Few top players used the <i>western</i> grip after the 1920s,
but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment
changed radically, the <i>western</i> forehand made a strong comeback and is now
used by many modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are
generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine
players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American
player <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Segura" title="Pancho Segura">Pancho Segura</a> used a
two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful
players. Players such as <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica
Seles</a> or France's <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Santoro" title="Fabrice
Santoro">Fabrice Santoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Bartoli" title="Marion
Bartoli">Marion Bartoli</a> are also notable players known for their two-handed
forehands.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Backhand">Backhand</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhand.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Ba
ckhand.jpg/180px-Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canada_2010_Andy_Murray
_Backhand.jpg/270px-Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhand.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhan
d.jpg/360px-Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-
file-height="4256" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Canada_2010_Andy_Murray_Backhand.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Andy_Murray" title="Andy Murray">Andy
Murray</a> hitting a two-handed backhand</div></div></div>
<p>For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side
of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and
ends on the right side of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or
with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand.
For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using
either an <i>eastern</i> or a <i>continental</i> grip. The first notable players to
use two hands were the 1930s Australians <a href="/wiki/Vivian_McGrath"
title="Vivian McGrath">Vivian McGrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bromwich"
title="John Bromwich">John Bromwich</a>, but they were lonely exceptions. The two-
handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg"
title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evert" title="Chris
Evert">Chris Evert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy
Connors</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Mats_Wilander" title="Mats Wilander">Mats
Wilander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marat_Safin" title="Marat Safin">Marat Safin</a>
used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best
players, including <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael
Nadal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena
Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate a slice
shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce. Reach is
also limited with the two-handed shot. The player long considered to have had the
best backhand of all time, <a href="/wiki/Don_Budge" title="Don Budge">Don
Budge</a>, had a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted
topspin onto the ball. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken
Rosewall</a>, another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very
accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number of players,
notably <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a>, use two
hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_shots">Other shots</span></h3>
<p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">volley</a></i> is a
shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally
performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion to
hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The <i><a
href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">half volley</a></i> is made by hitting
the ball on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of
the net, and played with the racket close to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-79"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The <i>swinging
volley</i> is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net. It is an
offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns
the ball into the opponent's court much faster than a standard volley.
</p><p>From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the <i><a
href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">lob</a></i> can be used as either an
offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's
court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win
the point outright by hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit
deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may then hit
an <i><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">overhead smash</a></i>,
a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.
</p><p>A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the
backhand side of a player. When the contact point is higher than the reach of a
two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball
or sideways). Fewer players attempt the backhand sky-hook or smash. Rarely, a
player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air. A
successful execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with
less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands, since this shot is a
break in the regular pattern of play.
</p><p>If an opponent is deep in his court, a player may suddenly employ an
unexpected <i><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">drop shot</a></i>, by
softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in
fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop
shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less
forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards towards the net, thus
making it even more difficult to return.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Injuries">Injuries</span></h2>
href="/wiki/Tennis_injuries" title="Tennis injuries">Tennis injuries</a></div>
<p>Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-80"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> When an isolated
large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight
apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle, <a
href="/wiki/Muscle_strain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strain">muscle
strain</a> can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-:4-81">[81]</a></sup> Inflammation and bleeding are
triggered when muscle strain occurs, which can result in redness, pain and
swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-
81">[81]</a></sup> Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels.
<a href="/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List
of muscles of the human body">Muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage"
title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect"
title="Nerves">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knee_bursae" title="Knee
bursae">bursae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligaments" class="mw-redirect"
title="Ligaments">ligaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tendons" class="mw-redirect"
title="Tendons">tendons</a> may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a
particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is the most common cause of
injury.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-
81">[81]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tournaments">Tournaments</span></h2>
href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_tournaments" title="List of tennis tournaments">List of
tennis tournaments</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Centre_Court.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/220px-
Centre_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/330px-
Centre_Court.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/440px-
Centre_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Court.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A tennis match at <a
href="/wiki/Centre_Court" title="Centre Court">Centre Court</a> in <a
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championship" class="mw-
redirect" title="2007 Wimbledon Championship">2007</a></div></div></div>
<p>Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common
tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles,
where two players play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be organized for
specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for
senior players. Example of this include the <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Orange_Bowl"
class="mw-redirect" title="Dunlop Orange Bowl">Orange Bowl</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Les_Petits_As" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Petits As">Les Petits
As</a> junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with
disabilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair
tennis">wheelchair tennis</a> and deaf tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-82"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> In the four <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a>
tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender.
</p><p>Most large tournaments <a href="/wiki/Seed_(sports)" title="Seed
(sports)">seed</a> players, but players may also be matched by their skill level.
According to how well a person does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating
that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches. For example, the <a
Association">United States Tennis Association</a> administers the National Tennis
Rating Program (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association#NTRP_Ratings"
title="United States Tennis Association">NTRP</a>), which rates players between 1.0
and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club players under this system would rate
3.0–4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grand_Slam_tournaments">Grand Slam
tournaments</span></h3>
<p>The four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand
Slam</a> tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the
world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the <a
href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimbledon
Championships">Wimbledon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US
Open (tennis)">US Open</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games"
title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis
Cup">Davis Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed
Cup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a>, they are
the only tournaments regulated by the <a
Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF).<sup id="cite_ref-Slams_83-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slams-83">[83]</a></sup> The ITF's
national associations, <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Australia" title="Tennis
Australia">Tennis Australia</a> (Australian Open), the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d
%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération
Française de Tennis">Fédération Française de Tennis</a> (French Open), the <a
href="/wiki/Lawn_Tennis_Association" title="Lawn Tennis Association">Lawn Tennis
Association</a> (Wimbledon) and the <a
Association">United States Tennis Association</a> (US Open) are delegated the
responsibility to organize these events.<sup id="cite_ref-Slams_83-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slams-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry
larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of
ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the <a
href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour
Masters 1000">Masters 1000</a> (men) and <a href="/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"
title="WTA Premier tournaments">Premier events</a> (women).<sup id="cite_ref-
Rankings_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings-
href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Another distinguishing feature is the
number of players in the singles draw. There are 128, more than any other
professional tennis tournament. This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other
players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive
invitations through <a href="/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)" title="Wild card
(sports)">wild cards</a>. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set
matches while the women play best-of-three. Grand Slam tournaments are among the
small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the <a
href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="BNP Paribas Open">Indian
Wells Masters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Open" class="mw-redirect"
title="Sony Ericsson Open">Miami Masters</a>.
</p><p>Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have <a
href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">mixed doubles</a>
contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis
tournaments and <a href="/wiki/Junior_tennis" title="Junior tennis">junior
tennis</a> competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies.
For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. <a
href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a> chose to skip
Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly
its "predominantly white" dress code.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> Wimbledon has its own particular
methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex
procedures to obtain tickets.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a
</p>
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="background:#f7f8ff;
border:gray solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<caption><b>Grand Slam Tournaments</b>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th style="width:125px;">Date
</th>
<th style="width:120px;">Tournament
</th>
<th style="width:100px;">Location
</th>
<th style="width:125px;">Surface
</th>
<th style="width:150px;">Prize Money
</th>
<th>First Held
</th></tr>
<tr style="background:#ffc;">
<td>January–February</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian
Open</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Plexicushion" title="Plexicushion">Plexicushion</a>)</td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/A$" class="mw-redirect"
title="A$">A$</a>55,000,000 <small>(2018)</small></td>
<td>1905
</td></tr>
<tr style="background:#ebc2af;">
<td>May–June</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>39,197,000
<small>(2018)</small></td>
<td>1891<sup>*</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background:#cfc;">
<td>June–July</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimbledon
Championships">Wimbledon</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect"
title="£">£</a>31,600,000 <small>(2017)</small></td>
<td>1877
</td></tr>
<tr style="background:#ccf;">
<td>August–September</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> (<a href="/wiki/DecoTurf"
title="DecoTurf">DecoTurf</a>)</td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect"
title="US$">US$</a>50,400,000 <small>(2017)</small></td>
<td>1881
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><small>* The international tournament began in 1925</small>
</p>
<h3><span id="Men.27s_tournament_structure"></span><span class="mw-headline"
id="Men's_tournament_structure">Men's tournament structure</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Masters_1000">Masters 1000</span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP
World Tour Masters 1000">ATP World Tour Masters 1000</a> is a group of nine
tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is
held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points. When
the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of
Tennis Professionals">ATP</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan"
title="Hamilton Jordan">Hamilton Jordan</a>, began running the men's tour in 1990,
the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> events,
as "Super 9" events.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
88">[88]</a></sup> In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in
2004 the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_Series" title="ATP Masters Series">ATP Masters
Series</a>. In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight
players compete in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Finals" class="mw-redirect"
title="ATP World Tour Finals">ATP World Tour Finals</a>, a tournament with a
rotating locale. It is currently held in <a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-
redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89"
</p><p>In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were
introduced in 2009. The Masters Series was renamed to the "Masters 1000", the
addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the
winner of each tournament. Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was
not reduced from nine to eight and the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Masters"
class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Carlo Masters">Monte Carlo Masters</a> remains
part of the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory
player commitment. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Masters" class="mw-redirect"
title="Hamburg Masters">Hamburg Masters</a> has been downgraded to a 500-point
event. The <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Open_(tennis)" title="Madrid Open (tennis)">Madrid
Masters</a> moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in <a
href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> took over Madrid's former
indoor October slot. As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are
combined ATP and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's
Tennis Association">WTA</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="250_and_500_Series">250 and 500
Series</span></h4>
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<p>The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by the <a
href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_500_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour
500 series">ATP World Tour 500 series</a>, consisting of 11 tournaments, and the <a
href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_250_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour
250 series">ATP World Tour 250 series</a> with 40 tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-
season_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-season-
91">[91]</a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000"
class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour Masters 1000">ATP World Tour Masters
1000</a>, these events offer various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer
to the amount of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament.<sup
id="cite_ref-Rankings_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings-
84">[84]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships"
title="Dubai Tennis Championships">Dubai Tennis Championships</a> offer the largest
financial incentive to players, with total prize money of <a href="/wiki/US$"
class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2,313,975 (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-92"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> These series have
various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles. It is
mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events, including at least
one after the US Open.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline"
id="Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments">Challenger Tour and Futures
tournaments</span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">Challenger
Tour</a> for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the <a
Professionals">ATP</a>. It is composed of about 150 events and, as a result,
features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.<sup id="cite_ref-93"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> The majority of
players use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their
way up the rankings. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre
Agassi</a>, between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No. 141 and
used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the
rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
94">[94]</a></sup> The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between <a
href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>25,000 and US$150,000.
</p><p>Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, events on the <a
href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_Circuit" title="ITF Men's Circuit">ITF Men's
Circuit</a>. These tournaments also contribute towards a player's <a
href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a>
points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000 and
US$15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
95">[95]</a></sup> Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each
year.
</p>
<h3><span id="Women.27s_tournament_structure"></span><span class="mw-headline"
id="Women's_tournament_structure">Women's tournament structure</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Premier_events">Premier events</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments" title="WTA Premier
tournaments">Premier</a> events for women form the most prestigious level of events
on the <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">Women's Tennis Association
Tour</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam
(tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments. These events offer the largest rewards in
terms of points and prize money. Within the Premier category are Premier Mandatory,
Premier 5, and Premier tournaments. The Premier events were introduced in 2009
replacing the previous Tier I and II tournament categories. Currently four
tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are Premier 5, and twelve
tournaments are Premier. The first tiering system in women's tennis was introduced
in 1988. At the time of its creation, only two tournaments, the <a
href="/wiki/Lipton_International_Players_Championships" class="mw-redirect"
title="Lipton International Players Championships">Lipton International Players
Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/WTA_German_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="WTA German Open">German
Open</a> in Berlin, comprised the <a href="/wiki/Tier_I" class="mw-redirect"
title="Tier I">Tier I</a> category.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="International_events">International
events</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/WTA_International_tournaments" title="WTA International
tournaments">International tournaments</a> are the second main tier of the WTA tour
and consist of 31 tournaments, with a prize money for every event at U.S.$220,000,
except for the year-ending <a
href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Tournament_of_Champions" class="mw-redirect"
title="Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions">Commonwealth Bank Tournament of
Champions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, which has prize money
of U.S.$600,000.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Players">Players</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Professional_players">Professional
players</span></h3>
<p>Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports
personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements. Like players of other
individual sports such as golf, they are not salaried, but must play and finish
highly in tournaments to obtain prize money.
</p><p>In recent years, some controversy has surrounded the involuntary or
deliberate noise caused by players' <a href="/wiki/Grunting_(tennis)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Grunting (tennis)">grunting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span
title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers">Singles
and doubles professional careers</span></h4>
<p>While players are gradually less competitive in singles by their late 20s and
early 30s, they can still continue competitively in doubles (as instanced by <a
href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina
Navratilova</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John
McEnroe</a>, who won doubles titles in their 40s).
</p><p>In the Open Era, several female players such as <a
Navratilova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret
Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina
Hingis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena
Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus
Williams</a> (the latter two sisters playing together) have been prolific at both
singles and doubles events throughout their careers. <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe"
title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a> is one of the very few professional male
players to be top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time,<sup
id="cite_ref-nyt20000130_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20000130-
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> and <a
href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov" title="Yevgeny Kafelnikov">Yevgeny Kafelnikov</a>
is the most recent male player to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and
doubles during the same period of his career.
</p><p>In terms of public attention and earnings (see below), singles champions
have far surpassed their doubles counterparts. The Open Era, particularly the men's
side, has seen many top-ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in
doubles, while having "doubles specialists" who are typically being eliminated
early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament.
Notable doubles pairings include <a href="/wiki/The_Woodies" title="The
Woodies">The Woodies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Todd_Woodbridge" title="Todd
Woodbridge">Todd Woodbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Woodforde" title="Mark
Woodforde">Mark Woodforde</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Brothers" class="mw-
redirect" title="Bryan Brothers">Bryan Brothers</a> (identical twin brothers <a
href="/wiki/Bob_Bryan" title="Bob Bryan">Robert Charles "Bob" Bryan</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Mike_Bryan" title="Mike Bryan">Michael Carl "Mike" Bryan</a>).
Woodbridge has disliked the term "doubles ‘specialists’", saying that he and
Woodforde "set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in around that", although
later in Woodbridge's career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles
ranking fell too low that it was no longer financially viable to recover at that
age. Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that they don't
need to nor want to play doubles, he suggested that lower-ranked singles players
outside the Top Ten should play doubles to earn more playing time and money.<sup
id="cite_ref-tennis.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennis.com-
99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tennismash.com_100-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennismash.com-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Olympics">Olympics</span></h4>
<p>The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a
doubles pairing be from the same country, hence several top professional pairs such
as <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Murray" title="Jamie Murray">Jamie Murray</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Bruno_Soares" title="Bruno Soares">Bruno Soares</a> cannot compete in
the Olympics. Top-ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the
professional circuit, such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Becker" title="Boris
Becker">Boris Becker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stich" title="Michael
Stich">Michael Stich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger
Federer">Roger Federer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka" title="Stan
Wawrinka">Stan Wawrinka</a> have formed a rare doubles partnership for the
Olympics. Unlike professional tennis tournaments (see below) where singles players
receive much more prize money than doubles players, an Olympic medal for both
singles and doubles has similar prestige. The Olympics is more of a priority for
doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament.<sup
id="cite_ref-tennis.com_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennis.com-
99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tennismash.com_100-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennismash.com-100">[100]</a></sup>
While the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points,
WTA players voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-articles.latimes.com_101-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-articles.latimes.com-
101">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2000_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2000
Olympics">2000 Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raymond" title="Lisa Raymond">Lisa
Raymond</a> was passed over for Team USA in favor of <a
href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> by captain
<a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a>,
even though Raymond was the top-ranked doubles player in the world at the time, and
Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection.<sup id="cite_ref-
articles.latimes.com_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
articles.latimes.com-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Prize_money">Prize money</span></h4>
<p>In professional tennis tournaments such as <a
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, the singles competition receives the most prize money and
coverage, followed by doubles, and then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest
monetary awards.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
102">[102]</a></sup> For instance in the <a
href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)#Prize_money" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a> as
of 2018, the men's and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for
80.9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles
(US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed
doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.0 percent,
respectively. The singles winner receives US$3,800,000, while the doubles winning
pair receives $700,000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US$155,000.<sup
id="cite_ref-Prize_money_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prize_money-
103">[103]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grand_Slam_tournament_winners">Grand Slam
tournament winners</span></h3>
href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records
and statistics">Lists of tennis records and statistics</a></div>
<p>The following players have won at least five singles titles at <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam
tournaments</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Active players in <b>bold</b></i></li></ul>
<div>

<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Women
%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img
alt="Australia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_
%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_
%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted
%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret
Court">Margaret Court</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;">24
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img
alt="United States"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.sv
g/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-
Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"
/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena
Williams</a></b></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img
alt="Germany"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen
Wills Moody">Helen Wills Moody</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evert" title="Chris Evert">Chris Evert</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">18
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia"
title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic
.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23"
height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Repub
lic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/
45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span>/<span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States"
title="United States"><img alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina
Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean
King</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Connolly_Brinker" class="mw-redirect"
title="Maureen Connolly Brinker">Maureen Connolly Brinker</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"
title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_
%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_
%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-
1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>/<span class="flagicon"><a
href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-
Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px
-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-
Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"
/></a></span>/<span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United
States"><img alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Molla_Bjurstedt_Mallory" class="mw-redirect"
title="Molla Bjurstedt Mallory">Molla Bjurstedt Mallory</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-
Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne
Lenglen</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/
23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.s
vg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-
Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lambert_Chambers" class="mw-
redirect" title="Dorothea Lambert Chambers">Dorothea Lambert Chambers</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-
Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bueno" title="Maria Bueno">Maria Bueno</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley"
title="Evonne Goolagong Cawley">Evonne Goolagong Cawley</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus
Williams</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img
alt="Belgium"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil
%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_
%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil
%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-
file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Justine_Henin" title="Justine
Henin">Justine Henin</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bingley_Hillyard" class="mw-
redirect" title="Blanche Bingley Hillyard">Blanche Bingley Hillyard</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Hart" title="Doris Hart">Doris Hart</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Osborne_duPont" title="Margaret Osborne
duPont">Margaret Osborne duPont</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nancye_Wynne_Bolton"
title="Nancye Wynne Bolton">Nancye Wynne Bolton</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brough_Clapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise
Brough Clapp">Louise Brough Clapp</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lottie_Dod" title="Lottie Dod">Lottie
Dod</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_Sterry" class="mw-
redirect" title="Charlotte Cooper Sterry">Charlotte Cooper Sterry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst_Cozens"
class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne Akhurst Cozens">Daphne Akhurst Cozens</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Jacobs" title="Helen Jacobs">Helen Jacobs</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Marble" title="Alice Marble">Alice Marble</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Betz_Addie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline
Betz Addie">Pauline Betz Addie</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img
alt="Switzerland"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16
px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg
/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-
Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina
Hingis</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova" title="Maria Sharapova">Maria
Sharapova</a>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a
Professionals">Men</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img
alt="Switzerland"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16
px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg
/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-
Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"
/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger
Federer</a></b></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"
/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael
Nadal</a></b></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px
-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="630"
/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak
Djokovic</a></b></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras" title="Pete Sampras">Pete
Sampras</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Emerson" title="Roy
Emerson">Roy Emerson</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rod_Laver" title="Rod
Laver">Rod Laver</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilden" title="Bill Tilden">Bill Tilden</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry" title="Fred Perry">Fred
Perry</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken
Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia"
title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic
.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Repub
lic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/
45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lendl" title="Ivan Lendl">Ivan
Lendl</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Renshaw" title="William
Renshaw">William Renshaw</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sears_(tennis)" title="Richard Sears
(tennis)">Richard Sears</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Larned" title="William Larned">William
Larned</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cochet" title="Henri Cochet">Henri Cochet</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lacoste" title="René Lacoste">René
Lacoste</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Newcombe" title="John
Newcombe">John Newcombe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mats_Wilander" title="Mats Wilander">Mats Wilander</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
class="thumbborder"
height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Doherty" title="Laurence
Doherty">Laurence Doherty</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img
alt="New Zealand"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23
px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg
/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-
Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilding" title="Anthony Wilding">Anthony
Wilding</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Budge" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald
Budge">Donald Budge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Crawford_(tennis)"
title="Jack Crawford (tennis)">Jack Crawford</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img
alt="Germany"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Becker" title="Boris Becker">Boris Becker</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Edberg" title="Stefan Edberg">Stefan Edberg</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="Australia"
data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sedgman" title="Frank
Sedgman">Frank Sedgman</a></td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
alt="United States"
class="thumbborder"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Trabert" title="Tony Trabert">Tony Trabert</a>
<p>
</p>
</td>
href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Margaret_Court_backhand_19
70.jpg/220px-Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Margaret_Court_backhand
_1970.jpg/330px-Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jp
g/440px-Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Court_backhand_1970.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret
Court">Margaret Court</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_Garros,_Paris,_France.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Ro
land_Garros%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/220px-Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_Garros
%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maria_Sharapova_at_2009
_Roland_Garros%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/330px-Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_Garros
%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_
Garros%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/440px-Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_Garros%2C_Paris
%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1656" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Maria_Sharapova_at_2009_Roland_Garros,_Paris,_France.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"
title="Maria Sharapova">Maria Sharapova</a> in action at <a
href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, <a
href="/wiki/2009_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles" title="2009 French Open –
Women's Singles">2009</a></div></div></div>
<p>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greatest_male_players">Greatest male
players</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Tennis_male_players_statistics" title="Tennis male players
statistics">Tennis male players statistics</a> and <a
href="/wiki/World_number_one_male_tennis_player_rankings" class="mw-redirect"
title="World number one male tennis player rankings">World number one male tennis
player rankings</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Roger_Federer_(26_June_2009,_Wimbledon)_2_new.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_
%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/160px-Roger_Federer_
%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="160"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_
%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_
%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Roger_Federer_(26_June_2009,_Wimbledon)_2_new.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer"
title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a></div></div></div>
<p>A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the
greatest male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an <a
href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> poll in
1950 named <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilden" title="Bill Tilden">Bill Tilden</a> as the
greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-104"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> From 1920 to
1930, Tilden won singles titles at <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"
title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> three times and the <a
href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">U.S. Championships</a> seven
times. In 1938, however, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Budge" class="mw-redirect"
title="Donald Budge">Donald Budge</a> became the first person to win all four major
singles titles during the same calendar year, the <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a>, and
won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge "the finest
player 365 days a year that ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> In his 1979 autobiography, <a
href="/wiki/Jack_Kramer" title="Jack Kramer">Jack Kramer</a> said that, based on
consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever.<sup id="cite_ref-106"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Some observers,
however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was
among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s
and early 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Trabert" title="Tony Trabert">Tony Trabert</a>
has said that of the players he saw before the start of the <a
href="/wiki/Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era">Open Era</a>, Kramer was
the best male champion.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg/1
60px-Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="262"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bill_Tilden_in_color.jp
g/240px-Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="265" data-file-height="434" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Tilden_in_color.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilden" title="Bill Tilden">Bill
Tilden</a></div></div></div>
<p>By the 1960s, Budge and others had added <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Gonzales"
title="Pancho Gonzales">Pancho Gonzales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Hoad" title="Lew
Hoad">Lew Hoad</a> to the list of contenders. Budge reportedly believed that
Gonzales was the greatest player ever.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's
game was at its peak nobody could touch him. ... I think his game was the best
game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more shots than anybody. His
two volleys were great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis
mind with the most natural tennis physique."<sup id="cite_ref-109"
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Paris-FR-75-open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-
21.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris-FR-75-
open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg/160px-Paris-FR-75-
open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg" decoding="async"
width="160" height="213" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris-FR-75-
open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg/240px-Paris-FR-75-
open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paris-FR-75-open_de_tennis-2-
6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg/320px-Paris-FR-75-open_de_tennis-2-6--17-
Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Paris-FR-75-open_de_tennis-2-6--17-Roland_Garros-Rafael_Nadal-
21.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"
title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a></div></div></div>
<p>Before and during the Open Era, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Laver" title="Rod Laver">Rod
Laver</a> remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year
Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> and also the calendar year
Professional Grand Slam in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> More recently <a href="/wiki/Bj
%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras"
title="Pete Sampras">Pete Sampras</a> were regarded by many of their contemporaries
as among the greatest ever. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre
Agassi</a>, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a <a
href="/wiki/Career_Golden_Slam" class="mw-redirect" title="Career Golden
Slam">Career Golden Slam</a> in singles tennis (followed by <a
href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a>), has been called
the best service returner in the history of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-cba_112-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cba-112">[112]</a></sup><sup
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> He is the first
man to win grand slams on all modern surfaces (previous holders of all grand slam
tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a number
of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time.<sup
id="cite_ref-cba_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cba-
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> Both Rod Laver
and Ken Rosewall also won major <a
href="/wiki/Major_professional_tennis_tournaments_before_the_Open_Era" title="Major
professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era">Pro Slam tournaments</a> on
all three surfaces (grass, clay, hard court) Rosewall in 1963 and Laver in
1967.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
118">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the early twenty-first century, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer"
title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> is considered by many observers to have the
most "complete" game in modern tennis. He has won 20 grand slam titles and 6 World
Tour Finals, the most for any male player. Many experts of tennis, former tennis
players and his own tennis peers believe Federer is the greatest player in the
history of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup><sup
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> Federer's
biggest rival <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a> is
regarded as the greatest competitor in tennis history by some former players and is
regarded to have the potential to be the greatest of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-
125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup><sup
126">[126]</a></sup> Nadal is regarded as the greatest clay court player of
all time.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
127">[127]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak
Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a>, a rival of both Nadal and Federer, is also considered
to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-128"
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greatest_female_players">Greatest female
players</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/World_number_1_women_tennis_players" class="mw-redirect" title="World
number 1 women tennis players">World number 1 women tennis players</a> and <a
href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of
WTA number 1 ranked players">List of WTA number 1 ranked players</a></div>
<p>As with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female
singles player of all time with <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi
Graf">Steffi Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina
Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams"
title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> being the three players most often
nominated.
</p><p>In March 2012 the TennisChannel published a combined list of the 100
greatest men and women tennis players of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-129"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> It ranked Steffi
Graf as the greatest female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by <a
Navratilova</a> (4th place) and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret
Court">Margaret Court</a> (8th place). The rankings were determined by an
international panel.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Serena
Williams July 2008"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Serena_Williams_July_2008.
jpg/170px-Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Serena_Williams_July_20
08.jpg/255px-Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg/3
40px-Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Serena_Williams_July_2008.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena
Williams">Serena Williams</a>, July 2008</div></div></div>
<p>Sportswriter John Wertheim of <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports
Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a> stated in an article in July 2010 that <a
href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> is the
greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that "Head-to-head, on a
neutral surface (i.e. hard courts), everyone at their best, I can't help feeling
that she crushes the other legends.".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> In a reaction to this article Yahoo
sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis players of
all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.<sup id="cite_ref-131"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> This top-10 list
was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also
ranked Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-
</p><p>Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. <a
href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> said in
1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time."<sup
id="cite_ref-NYT_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-
133">[133]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina
Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> has included Graf on her list of great
players.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-
133">[133]</a></sup> In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female
tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the <a
href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.<sup
134">[134]</a></sup> Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book <i>The Greatest
Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century</i>, named her as the best female player of
the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova.<sup id="cite_ref-135"
</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)" title="Tennis
(magazine)">Tennis</a></i> magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest
female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-136"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup><sup
137">[137]</a></sup> Tennis historian and journalist <a
href="/wiki/Bud_Collins" title="Bud Collins">Bud Collins</a> has called Navratilova
"arguably, the greatest player of all time."<sup id="cite_ref-138"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> said
about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles
player who's ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular
culture</span></h2>
<ul><li>"Tennis balles" are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare"
title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> in his play <a
href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)"><i>Henry V</i></a> (1599), when
a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and
playfulness.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster
Wallace</a>, an amateur tennis player himself at Urbana High School in <a
href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-
Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man-140">[140]</a></sup> included tennis
in many of his works of nonfiction and fiction including <a
href="/wiki/A_Supposedly_Fun_Thing_I%27ll_Never_Do_Again" title="A Supposedly Fun
Thing I'll Never Do Again">"Tennis Player Michael Joyce's Professional Artistry
as a Paradigm of Certain Stuff about Choice, Freedom, Discipline, Joy,
Grotesquerie, and Human Completeness,"</a> the autobiographical piece <a
href="/wiki/A_Supposedly_Fun_Thing_I%27ll_Never_Do_Again" title="A Supposedly Fun
Thing I'll Never Do Again">"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley,"</a> and <i><a
href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i>, which is
partially set at the fictional "Enfield Tennis Academy" in <a
href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</li>
<li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> series <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tennis" title="The Prince of Tennis">The Prince of
Tennis</a></i> revolves around the tennis prodigy <a href="/wiki/Ryoma_Echizen"
title="Ryoma Echizen">Echizen Ryoma</a> and tennis matches between rival
schools.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums" title="The Royal Tenenbaums">The Royal
Tenenbaums</a></i> (2001) features Richie Tenenbaum (<a href="/wiki/Luke_Wilson"
title="Luke Wilson">Luke Wilson</a>), a tennis pro who suffers from depression and
has a breakdown on court in front of thousands of fans.<sup id="cite_ref-141"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_(film)" title="Wimbledon (film)">Wimbledon</a></i>
(2004) is a film about a discouraged pro tennis player (<a
href="/wiki/Paul_Bettany" title="Paul Bettany">Paul Bettany</a>) who meets a young
woman on the women's tennis circuit (<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten
Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a>) who helps him find his drive to go and win <a
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup></li>
<li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Squid_and_the_Whale" title="The Squid and the
Whale">The Squid and the Whale</a></i> (2005), Joan (<a href="/wiki/Laura_Linney"
title="Laura Linney">Laura Linney</a>) has an affair with her kids' tennis coach,
Ivan (<a href="/wiki/William_Baldwin" title="William Baldwin">William Baldwin</a>).
In a symbolic scene, Joan's ex-husband, Bernard (<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Daniels"
title="Jeff Daniels">Jeff Daniels</a>), loses a tennis match against Ivan in front
of the kids.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
143">[143]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s <i><a
href="/wiki/Match_Point" title="Match Point">Match Point</a></i> (2005) features a
love affair between a former tennis pro, Chris Wilton (<a
href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rhys_Meyers" title="Jonathan Rhys Meyers">Jonathan Rhys
Meyers</a>), and his best friend's fiancé, Nola Rice (<a
href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a>).
A scene of the movie includes a brief comparison between <a
href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Tim_Henman" title="Tim Henman">Tim Henman</a>, with Chris Wilton
calling both of them "geniuses".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Confetti_(2006_film)" title="Confetti (2006
film)">Confetti</a></i> (2006) is a <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary"
title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> which sees three couples competing to win the
title of "Most Original Wedding of the Year". One competing couple (<a
href="/wiki/Meredith_MacNeill" title="Meredith MacNeill">Meredith MacNeill</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mangan" title="Stephen Mangan">Stephen Mangan</a>) are a
pair of hyper-competitive professional tennis players holding a tennis-themed
wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
145">[145]</a></sup></li>
<li>There are several tennis video games including the <a
href="/wiki/Sports_games_in_the_Mario_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports
games in the Mario series"><i>Mario Tennis</i></a> series, the <a
href="/wiki/Top_Spin_(video_game)" title="Top Spin (video game)"><i>TopSpin</i></a>
series, the <i><a href="/wiki/Virtua_Tennis" title="Virtua Tennis">Virtua
Tennis</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Sega_Superstars_Tennis" title="Sega
Superstars Tennis">Sega Superstars Tennis</a></i>, <i><a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_Tennis" title="Grand Slam Tennis">Grand Slam Tennis</a></i>
and <i><a href="/wiki/Wii_Sports" title="Wii Sports">Wii Sports</a></i>.<sup
href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output
.portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output
.portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output
.portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output
.portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-
width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-
style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-
row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-
cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output
.portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em
0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"
class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/28px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/42px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/56px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263"
/></a></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis
portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Outline of
tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis
terms">Glossary of tennis terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_games" title="Tennis games">Tennis games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_injuries" title="Tennis injuries">Tennis
injuries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Tennis
strategy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Tennis
technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis
statistics">Tennis statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batting_(cricket)" title="Batting (cricket)">Batting
(cricket)</a>, also involves hitting balls that have bounced</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Baker (1988). "Sports
in the Western World". p. 182. University of Illinois Press,</span>
</li>
2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998"
class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <span class="cs1-lock-
registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill"><i>Tennis :
A Cultural History</i></a></span>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University
Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/n130">117</a>. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3121-X"
title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3121-X"><bdi>0-8147-3121-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+
%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square
%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&
amp;rft.isbn=0-8147-3121-
X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-
style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output
.id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-
Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6
5/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-
output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-
parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-
2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d
6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-
output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-
2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a
a/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output
.cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-
output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-
output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-
logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4
c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-
size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-
code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-
output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-
format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-
wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output
.cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-
selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Newman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Newman_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_3-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFNewman2001" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Paul B. (2001). <i>Daily
life in the Middle Ages</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 163. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0897-9"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0897-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-0897-
9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pla
ce=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=McFarland+
%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0897-
9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gillmeister-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Gillmeister_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
Gillmeister_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister,
Heiner (1998). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration
required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill"><i>Tennis : A
Cultural History</i></a></span> (Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press.
pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/17">17–21</a>. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+
%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-
21&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&a
mp;rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0195-
2&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFJohn_Moyer_HeathcoteC._G._HeathcoteEdward_Oliver_Pleydell-
BouverieArthur_Campbell_Ainger1901" class="citation book cs1">John Moyer Heathcote;
C. G. Heathcote; Edward Oliver Pleydell-Bouverie; Arthur Campbell Ainger (1901). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennis01ainggoog"><i>Tennis</i></a>. p. <a
href="https://archive.org/details/tennis01ainggoog/page/n36">14</a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1901
&rft.au=John+Moyer+Heathcote&rft.au=C.+G.
+Heathcote&rft.au=Edward+Oliver+Pleydell-
Bouverie&rft.au=Arthur+Campbell+Ainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org
%2Fdetails%2Ftennis01ainggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?
term=tennis">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. 10 June 1927<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span>
2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pu
b=Etymonline.com&rft.date=1927-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com
%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crego, Robert. <i><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=XCl1c2yy5ooC&pg=PA115&dq=%22real+tennis
%22+and+tenez&hl=en&ei=GrD8S8GtIcT68Abk173KBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&a
mp;ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22real%20tennis
%22%20and%20tenez&f=false">Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th
Centuries</a></i>, page 115 (2003).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Perris-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Perris_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perris_8-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Perris
(2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=HA0kwGCARc0C&pg=PA8&dq=lawn+tennis+created+in+19th+century+england+Wingf
ield&hl=en&ei=bxd-
TrH9BsvE8QO04cyXAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0
CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Grass tennis courts: how to construct and
maintain them</a> p.8. STRI, 2000</span>
</li>
9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Broadcasting
Corporation's Radio National <i>Ockham's Razor</i>, first broadcast 6 June
2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-countrylife-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-countrylife_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text">Tyzack, Anna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tenn
is.html">The True Home of Tennis</a> <i>Country Life</i>, 22 June 2005</span>
</li>
href="http://www.theharrygemproject.co.uk/">"The Harry Gem Project"</a>.
theharrygemproject.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Harry+Gem+Project&rft.pub=theh
arrygemproject.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theharrygemproject.co.uk
%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LTC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
LTC_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leamington-tennis-
squash.co.uk/club-history">"Leamington Tennis Club"</a><span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leamington+Tennis+Club&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.leamington-tennis-squash.co.uk%2Fclub-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.leamingtonrealtennis.co.uk/history-of-the-game/leamington-and-
tennis.html">"Leamington Tennis Court Club"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leamington+Tennis+Court+Club&rft_i
d=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leamingtonrealtennis.co.uk%2Fhistory-of-the-game%2Fleamington-
and-tennis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFE._M._Halliday"
class="citation magazine cs1">E. M. Halliday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/sphairistik%C3%A9-
anyone">"Sphairistiké, Anyone?"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage
(magazine)">American Heritage</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Sp
hairistik%C3%A9%2C+Anyone%3F&rft.au=E.+M.+Halliday&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fsphairistik%25C3%25A9-
anyone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/walter-wingfield">Major Walter
Clopton Wingfield</a> International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved 24 September
2011</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wingfield-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Wingfield_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
Wingfield_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-
text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniver
sary.museum/index.html">"125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to
modern marvels"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2011</span>
</li>
17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<i>Tennis: A Cultural
History</i> by Heiner Gillmeister]</span>
</li>
18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsley1971"
class="citation book cs1">Grimsley, Will (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/9"><i>Tennis:
Its History, People and Events</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/9">9</a>. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-903377-7"
title="Special:BookSources/0-13-903377-7"><bdi>0-13-903377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis%3A+Its+History
%2C+People+and+Events&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs
%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall
%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-13-903377-
7&rft.aulast=Grimsley&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org
%2Fdetails%2Ftennisitshistory00grim%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/09/04/98626184.pdf">"Lawn-
Tennis on Staten Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York
Times</i>. 4 September 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=L
awn-Tennis+on+Staten+Island&rft.date=1880-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine
%2F1880%2F09%2F04%2F98626184.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Heiner Gillmeister <i>Tennis: A
Cultural History</i>]</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USTA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
USTA_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030214640/http://www.usta.com/communitytenni
s/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437">"History of United States Tennis
Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?
iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437">the original</a> on 30 October 2007<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+United+States+Tennis+Associ
ation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usta.com%2Fcommunitytennis%2Ffullstory.sps
%3FiNewsid%3D95424%26icategoryid%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
</li>
href="http://www.ri.gov/facts/trivia.php">"Fact & History"</a>. <i>Rhodes
Island Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhodes+Island+Government&rft.at
itle=Fact+%26+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ri.gov%2Ffacts
%2Ftrivia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131646/http://2011.usopen.org/en_US/about
/history/history.html">"History of the U.S. National Championships/US Open"</a>.
USOpen.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://2011.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/history.html">the original</a> on
3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2
May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+U.S.
+National+Championships%2FUS+Open&rft.pub=USOpen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2F2011.usopen.org%2Fen_US%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RG-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
RG_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526061334/http://www.tennistours.com/event_p
ages/french/history.asp">"History of the French Open"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.tennistours.com/event_pages/french/history.asp">the original</a>
on 26 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+French+Open&rft_id=
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennistours.com%2Fevent_pages%2Ffrench
%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-History-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
History_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp">"History of
Tennis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International
Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a><span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tennis&rft.pub=Internat
ional+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fabouttheitf
%2Fworldwide%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TS1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
TS1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_26-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_26-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS1_26-
3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.tennisserver.com/lines/lines_99_10_31.html">"Suzanne Lenglen and
the First Pro Tour"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suzanne+Lenglen+and+the+First+Pro+Tour
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisserver.com%2Flines
%2Flines_99_10_31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://archive.today/20120906072321/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/gran
dslm.shtml">"Originality of the phrase "Grand Slam<span class="cs1-kern-
right">"</span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.hickoksports.com/history/grandslm.shtml">the original</a> on 6
September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Originality+of+the+phrase+
%22Grand+Slam%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hickoksports.com%2Fhistory
%2Fgrandslm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
auto_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFBensen2013–2014" class="citation web cs1">Bensen, Clark (2013–2014). <a
href="http://www.tenniscollectors.org/journal/number30/tca30_text_p467.pdf">"The
World Championships of 1913 to 1923: the Forgotten Majors"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tenniscollectors.org</i>. Newport, RI, United States:
Journal of The Tennis Collectors of America. p. 470<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.
<q>Number 30</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tenniscollectors.org&rft.atitle
=The+World+Championships+of+1913+to+1923%3A+the+Forgotten+Majors&rft.pages=470&
amp;rft.date=2013%2F2014&rft.aulast=Bensen&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=htt
p%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenniscollectors.org%2Fjournal
%2Fnumber30%2Ftca30_text_p467.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint:
date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1
maint: date format">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
href="https://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/history.aspx">"ITF:
History"</a>. <i>ITF Tennis</i>. London, United Kingdom: International Tennis
Federation. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITF+Tennis&rft.atitle=ITF
%3A+History&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fabout
%2Forganisation%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153610/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.as
px?pgID=867&hof_id=126">"James Henry Van Alen in the Tennis Hall of Fame"</a>.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=126">the
original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Henry+Van+Alen+in+the+Tennis+Hal
l+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisfame.com%2Ffamer.aspx%3FpgID
%3D867%26hof_id%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/history/history/overview.aspx">"Olympic
Tennis Event"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Tennis+Event&rft.pub=ITF&a
mp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Folympics%2Fhistory%2Fhistory
%2Foverview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.sportspundit.com/tennis/articles/1192-the-tennis-and-olympics-
love-affair">"The Tennis and Olympics Love Affair"</a>. SportsPundit.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tennis+and+Olympics+Love+Affair&am
p;rft.pub=SportsPundit.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportspundit.com%2Ftennis
%2Farticles%2F1192-the-tennis-and-olympics-love-affair&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/davis-cup-history.aspx">"Davis Cup
History"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Davis+Cup+History&rft.pub=ITF&
rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviscup.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fdavis-cup-
history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedcup.com/en/history/fed-
cup-history.aspx">"Fed Cup History"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fed+Cup+History&rft.pub=ITF&rf
t_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedcup.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Ffed-cup-
history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.tennisserver.com/lines/lines_01_03_01.html">"History of the Pro
Tennis Wars Chapter 2, part 1 1927–1928"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Pro+Tennis+Wars+Chapter
+2%2C+part+1+1927%E2%80%931928&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisserver.com%2Flines
%2Flines_01_03_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
text"
href="http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,0
0.html">Open Minded</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031090952/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cig
ar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,00.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2007 at
the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback
Machine</a> – Bruce Goldman</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-class-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
class_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_37-
id="CITEREFHenderson2008" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Jon (10 December
2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/dec/10/tennis.news">"Middle-class
heroes can lift our game"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Middle-
class+heroes+can+lift+our+game&rft.date=2008-12-
10&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2006%2Fdec%2F10%2Ftennis.news&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Magee2008"
class="citation web cs1">Kate Magee (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/830579/FRONT-PAGE-
Max-Clifford-help-shed-tennis-middle-class-image/">"Max Clifford to help shed
tennis' middle-class image"</a>. PR Week<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Clifford+to+help+shed+tennis
%27+middle-class+image&rft.pub=PR+Week&rft.date=2008-07-
10&rft.au=Kate+Magee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandrepublic.com%2FNews
%2F830579%2FFRONT-PAGE-Max-Clifford-help-shed-tennis-middle-class-image
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518085009/http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfa
me.aspx?pgID=866">"International Tennis Hall of Fame Information"</a>. Archived
from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfame.aspx?pgID=866">the original</a> on 18
May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Tennis+Hall+of+Fame+Info
rmation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisfame.com%2Ftennisfame.aspx%3FpgID
%3D866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixii.asp">"ITF
Tennis – Technical – Appendix II"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Technical+
%E2%80%93+Appendix+II&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com
%2Ftechnical%2Frules%2Fequipment%2Fappendixii.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/racket.asp">"ITF
Tennis – Technical – The Racket"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Technical+
%E2%80%93+The+Racket&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com
%2Ftechnical%2Frules%2Fhistory%2Fracket.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsley1971"
class="citation book cs1">Grimsley, Will (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/14"><i>Tennis:
Its History, People and Events: Styles of the Greats</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/14">14</a>. <a
title="Special:BookSources/0-13-903377-7"><bdi>0-13-903377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis%3A+Its+History
%2C+People+and+Events%3A+Styles+of+the+Greats&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs
%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Prentice-
Hall&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-13-903377-
7&rft.aulast=Grimsley&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org
%2Fdetails%2Ftennisitshistory00grim%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ball-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
ball_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ball_43-
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/index.asp#2006">"History of
Rule 3 – The Ball"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Rule+3+
%E2%80%93+The+Ball&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com
%2Ftechnical%2Frules%2Fhistory%2Findex.asp%232006&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/balls/other/manufacture.aspx">"Balls-
Manufacture"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balls-
+Manufacture&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical
%2Fballs%2Fother%2Fmanufacture.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://www.itftennis.com/media/298557/298557.pdf">"ITF Rules of Tennis"</a>
<span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Tennis Federation<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis&rft.pub=Intern
ational+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia
%2F298557%2F298557.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TCS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
TCS_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCS_46-
href="http://www.sportsknowhow.com/tennis/dimensions/tennis-court-
dimensions.html">"Tennis court dimensions"</a>. Sportsknowhow.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+court+dimensions&rft.pub=Sp
ortsknowhow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsknowhow.com%2Ftennis%2Fdimensions
%2Ftennis-court-dimensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ITF_Rules-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ITF_Rules_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
ITF_Rules_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITF_Rules_47-
id="CITEREFInternational_Tennis_Federation" class="citation web cs1">International
Tennis Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://assets.usta.com/assets/1/15/ITF%20-%20RoT%202010.pdf">"ITF Rules of
Tennis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Tennis
Association Website</i>. USTA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Tennis+Association+We
bsite&rft.atitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis&rft.au=International+Tennis+Federation
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.usta.com%2Fassets%2F1%2F15%2FITF%2520-%2520RoT
%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tennis_court_history-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Tennis_court_history_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp">"Tennis
court history – Grass"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+court+history+
%E2%80%93+Grass&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com
%2Ftechnical%2Fequipment%2Fcourts%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ITF_court-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-ITF_court_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-
descriptions.aspx">"Surface Descriptions"</a>. International Tennis Federation<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+Descriptions&rft.pub=Inter
national+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical
%2Ffacilities%2Ffacilities-guide%2Fsurface-descriptions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">"ITF
Rules of Tennis – Rule 1 (The Court)"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Rule+1+
%28The+Court%29&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">"ITF Rules of Tennis –
Rule 17 (Serving)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITF<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis+
%E2%80%93+Rule+17+%28Serving%29&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F107013%2F107013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Terminology-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Terminology_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/6145343">"Tennis Terminology"</a>.
cbs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31
December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tennis+Terminology&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Ftennis%2Fstory%2F6145343&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennis.com/stats/men_6-
0.aspx">"ATP Most Jam Donuts Served"</a>. Tennis.com<span class="reference-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+Most+Jam+Donuts+Served&rft.pub
=Tennis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennis.com%2Fstats%2Fmen_6-
0.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From 1984 through 1998, women
played first-to-win-three-sets in the final of the year-ending <a
href="/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="WTA Tour
Championships">WTA Tour Championships</a>.</span>
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082726/http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?
article_id=626">"WTT Firsts & Innovations"</a>. WTT.com. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?
article_id=626">the original</a> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTT+Firsts+
%26+Innovations&rft.pub=WTT.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtt.com%2Fpage.aspx
%3Farticle_id%3D626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixiv.asp">"Alternati
ve Procedures and Scoring Methods"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+Procedures+and+Scoring+Met
hods&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical%2Frules
%2Fequipment%2Fappendixiv.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-officials-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-officials_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
officials_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-
href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">"ITF Rules of Tennis –
Appendix V (Role of Court Officials)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.
ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis+
%E2%80%93+Appendix+V+%28Role+of+Court+Officials%29&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F107013%2F107013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/tennis/features/newsid_3001000/30017
68.stm">"Cyclops and speed guns"</a>. BBC. 20 June 2003<span class="reference-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyclops+and+speed+guns&rft.date
=2003-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsportacademy%2Fhi%2Fsa
%2Ftennis%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_3001000%2F3001768.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/24/tennis">"Cyclops knocked off
centre as Wimbledon adopts Hawkeye"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 24 April
2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cyclops
+knocked+off+centre+as+Wimbledon+adopts+Hawkeye&rft.date=2007-04-
24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2007%2Fapr
%2F24%2Ftennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009"
class="citation news cs1">Evans, Richard (27 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jun/27/tennis-hawk-eye?
INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487">"Hawk-eye Vision"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hawk-
eye+Vision&rft.date=2009-06-
27&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2009%2Fjun%2F27%2Ftennis-hawk-eye%3FINTCMP
%3DILCNETTXT3487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124064901/http://www.wtatennis.com/page/OffC
ourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2475719,00.html">"The History Of Hawk-Eye"</a>. WTA Tour. 7
October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2475719,00.html">the
original</a> on 24 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+Hawk-
Eye&rft.pub=WTA+Tour&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wtatennis.com%2Fpage%2FOffCourtNews%2FRead%2F0%2C
%2C12781~2475719%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_1693_original.PD
F">"ITF Announce Combined Junior Rankings"</a> <span class="cs1-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Announce+Combined+Junior+Rankings&
amp;rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fshared%2Fmedialibrary
%2Fpdf%2Foriginal%2FIO_1693_original.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ITF-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
ITF_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITF_63-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITF_63-
href="http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_30333_original.P
DF">"The ITF states this in Rule No. 29"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ITF+states+this+in+Rule+No.
+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fshared%2Fmedialibrary%2Fpdf
%2Foriginal%2FIO_30333_original.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/109832/109832.pdf">"Code of Conduct for 2012
ITF Pro Circuits Tournaments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITF<span
2012</span>. <q>The first violation of this Section shall be penalised by a Time
Violation warning and each subsequent violation shall be penalised by the
assessment of one Time Violation point penalty.</q></cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Conduct+for+2012+ITF+Pro+Circu
its+Tournaments&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expert-tennis-
tips.com/tennis-on-court-coaching.html">"Tennis On-Court Coaching"</a>. Expert-
tennis-tips.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+On-
Court+Coaching&rft.pub=Expert-tennis-tips.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.expert-tennis-tips.com%2Ftennis-on-court-coaching.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505073501/http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Im
prove_Your_Game/Archive/Tennis_Tips/Rules_and_Line_Calls/Coaching_during_a_match.as
px">"Coaching during a match"</a>. USTA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Improve_Your_Game/Archive/Tennis_Tips/Rules_a
nd_Line_Calls/Coaching_during_a_match.aspx">the original</a> on 5 May 2010<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coaching+during+a+match&rft.pub=US
TA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usta.com%2FUSTA%2FGlobal%2FImprove_Your_Game
%2FArchive%2FTennis_Tips%2FRules_and_Line_Calls
%2FCoaching_during_a_match.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5441281">"Tennis
Coaching Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect"
title="National Public Radio">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Coaching+Debate&rft.pub=NPR
&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId
</li>
href="http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=2620446">"Does on-court
coaching have a future?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+on-
court+coaching+have+a+future%3F&rft.pub=ESPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fsports%2Ftennis%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid
</li>
text" href="http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-
Archive/Archive/AboutTheTour/rules.pdf">WTA 2012 Official Rulebook</a> Chapter
XVII/H</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tennis_Stances-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="external text" href="https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-
stances.htm">"Tennis Stances"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Stances&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.optimumtennis.net%2Ftennis-stances.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-71"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-
0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_71-
href="https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-techniques-for-beginners.htm">"Tennis
Techniques for Beginners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Techniques+for+Beginners&rf
t_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optimumtennis.net%2Ftennis-techniques-for-
beginners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-
stances.htm">"Tennis Stances"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Stances&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.optimumtennis.net%2Ftennis-stances.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woooiii.com/tennis-footwork-
different-hitting-stances-explained/">"Tennis Footwork: Different Hitting Stances
Explained"</a>. 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Footwork
%3A+Different+Hitting+Stances+Explained&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Fwoooiii.com%2Ftennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained
</li>
href="http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/instruction.aspx?
articleid=1337">"Grip Guide — A Grip on Your Game"</a>. Tennis.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grip+Guide+
%E2%80%94+A+Grip+on+Your+Game&rft.pub=Tennis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.tennis.com%2Farticles%2Ftemplates%2Finstruction.aspx%3Farticleid
</li>
href="http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french09/columns/story?
columnist=garber_greg&id=4173388">"Chang refused to lose 20 years ago"</a>.
ESPN.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chang+refused+to+lose+20+years+ago&amp
;rft.pub=ESPN.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fsports%2Ftennis
%2Ffrench09%2Fcolumns%2Fstory%3Fcolumnist%3Dgarber_greg%26id
</li>
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4229090.stm">"Serves"</a>. BBC.
12 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serves&rft.date=2005-09-
12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Ftennis%2Fskills
%2F4229090.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511130748/http://www.tennisone.com/magazine/
iwells/07/smith/2-fh/2fh.php">"The Two-handed Forehand Revisited"</a>. TennisONE.
href="http://www.tennisone.com/magazine/iwells/07/smith/2-fh/2fh.php">the
original</a> on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Two-
handed+Forehand+Revisited&rft.pub=TennisONE&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.tennisone.com%2Fmagazine%2Fiwells%2F07%2Fsmith%2F2-fh
%2F2fh.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDamir_Popadic"
class="citation web cs1">Damir Popadic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_27759_original.P
DF">"Two-Handed is Superior to One-Handed Backhand"</a> <span class="cs1-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two-Handed+is+Superior+to+One-
Handed+Backhand&rft.pub=ITF&rft.au=Damir+Popadic&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fshared%2Fmedialibrary%2Fpdf%2Foriginal
%2FIO_27759_original.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2011"
class="citation book cs1">Grasso, John (2011). <span class="cs1-lock-limited"
title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a
href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00gras"><i>Historical Dictionary
of Tennis</i></a></span>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00gras/page/n152">128</a>. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tennis&rft.p
lace=Lanham
%2C+Md.&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isb
n=978-0-8108-7237-0&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00gras&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFAbramsRenstromSafran2012" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Geoffrey
D.; Renstrom, Per A.; Safran, Marc R. (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/7/492">"Epidemiology of
musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sports
Medicine</i>. <b>46</b> (7): 492–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091164">10.1136/bjsports-2012-
091164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN
(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0480">1473-0480</a>. <a
href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID
(identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22554841">22554841</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&
amp;rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+musculoskeletal+injury+in+the+tennis+player&rft.
volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=492-498&rft.date=2012-06-
01&rft.issn=1473-0480&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22554841&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-
091164&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+D.&rft.au=Renstrom
%2C+Per+A.&rft.au=Safran%2C+Marc+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjsm.bmj.com
%2Fcontent%2F46%2F7%2F492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-
0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-
id="CITEREFLevangie,_P._K.,_&_Norkin,_C._C.2011" class="citation book
cs1">Levangie, P. K., & Norkin, C. C. (2011). <i>Joint structure and function:
A comprehensive analysis (5th ed.)</i>. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803623620"
title="Special:BookSources/9780803623620"><bdi>9780803623620</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joint+structure+and+function
%3A+A+comprehensive+analysis+%285th+ed.
%29.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=F.A.
+Davis+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780803623620&rft.au=Levangie%2C+P.
+K.%2C+%26+Norkin%2C+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple
names: authors list (<a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1
maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205021146/http://www.lta.org.uk/PlayAndCompe
te/DisabilityTennis/DisabilityTennisHearing.htm">"Lawn Tennis Association Deaf
tennis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.lta.org.uk/PlayAndCompete/DisabilityTennis/DisabilityTennisHearing
.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawn+Tennis+Association+Deaf+tennis&am
p;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lta.org.uk%2FPlayAndCompete%2FDisabilityTennis
%2FDisabilityTennisHearing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Slams-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Slams_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slams_83-
href="http://www.itftennis.com/about/grand-slams/overview.aspx">"Grand Slams
Overview"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Slams+Overview&rft.pub=ITF&a
mp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fabout%2Fgrand-slams
%2Foverview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rankings-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Rankings_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_84-
href="http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx">"ATP Rankings
FAQ"</a>. ATP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+Rankings+FAQ&rft.pub=ATP&r
ft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpworldtour.com%2FRankings%2FRankings-
FAQ.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119124913/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com
/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?file=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyericssonwtatour.com
%2F3%2Fglobal%2FPdfs%2Frankings%2Fhowitworks.pdf">"WTA Tour Rankings"</a> <span
class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?
file=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/Pdfs/rankings/howitworks.pdf">the
original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2008<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTA+Tour+Rankings&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.sonyericssonwtatour.com%2F3%2Fglobal%2Fincludes%2FTrackIt.asp%3Ffile
%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyericssonwtatour.com%2F3%2Fglobal%2FPdfs%2Frankings
%2Fhowitworks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Holt2005"
class="citation news cs1">Sarah Holt (15 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4088298.stm">"What not to wear at
Wimbledon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC
Sport</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16
March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=What+not+t
o+wear+at+Wimbledon&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft.au=Sarah+Holt&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ftennis%2F4088298.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615193839/http://www.wimbledondebentureholde
rs.com/articles/ten_ways_to_grab_a_seat_at_wimbledon">"10 Ways to Grab a Seat at
Wimbledon 2010"</a>. Wimbledondebentureholders.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.wimbledondebentureholders.com/articles/ten_ways_to_grab_a_seat_at_
wimbledon">the original</a> on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Ways+to+Grab+a+Seat+at+Wimbledon+20
10&rft.pub=Wimbledondebentureholders.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wimbledondebentureholders.com%2Farticles
%2Ften_ways_to_grab_a_seat_at_wimbledon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp">"History of
Tennis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16
March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tennis&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fabouttheitf%2Fworldwide%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info
</li>
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6264650.stm">"London to host World
Tour Final"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a>, Piers
Newbery. 3 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=London+to+host+World+Tour+Final&amp
;rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ftennis
%2F6264650.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.coretennis.net/majic/pageServer/0p0100006b/en/ATP-Tour-
2009.html">"ATP Tour 2009"</a>. Coretennis.net<span class="reference-accessdate">.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+Tour+2009&rft.pub=Coretennis.n
et&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coretennis.net%2Fmajic%2FpageServer%2F0p0100006b
%2Fen%2FATP-Tour-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-season-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
season_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tournaments/Tournament-Landing.aspx">"ATP World
Tour Season"</a>. ATP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+World+Tour+Season&rft.pub=ATP&
amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpworldtour.com%2FTournaments%2FTournament-
Landing.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/Dubai.aspx">"Dubai Duty Free
Tennis Championships"</a>. ATP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dubai+Duty+Free+Tennis+Championships&a
mp;rft.pub=ATP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpworldtour.com%2FTennis%2FTournaments
%2FDubai.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227095535/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tourna
ments/Challenger/ABOUT.aspx">"About the Challenger Circuit"</a>. <a
Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tournaments/Challenger/ABOUT.aspx">the
original</a> on 27 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+the+Challenger+Circuit&rf
t_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpworldtour.com%2FTournaments%2FChallenger
%2FABOUT.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon06/news/story?
id=2506393">"An appreciation of Andre Agassi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN"
title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, Matt Wilansky. 1 July 2006<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+appreciation+of+Andre+Agassi&amp
;rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fsports%2Ftennis
%2Fwimbledon06%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2506393&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.itftennis.com/mens/circuitinfo/index.asp">"About the ITF Men's
Circuit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International
Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+ITF+Men
%27s+Circuit&rft.pub=International+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmens%2Fcircuitinfo%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nyt20000130-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-nyt20000130_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Rubinstein,
Julian (30 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.julianrubinstein.com/john.html">"Being John McEnroe"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The
New York Times Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft
.atitle=Being+John+McEnroe&rft.date=2000-01-
30&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.julianrubinstein.com%2Fjohn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029220802/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-
famers/john-mcenroe">"John McEnroe"</a>. <i><a
Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/john-
mcenroe">the original</a> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Tennis+Hall+of+Fame&a
mp;rft.atitle=John+McEnroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennisfame.com%2Fhall-of-
famers%2Fjohn-mcenroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2011"
class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Matthew (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=J6M0AEe3xA0C&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=mcenroe+%22greatest+doubles
%22&source=bl&ots=4AjDPjAb5G&sig=8NctZ15zDcc6PxzL9VmNJiD1E44&hl=en&
amp;sa=X&ei=EJRuUrvYM6f8iQKOmIH4Cg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=mcenro
e%20%22greatest%20doubles%22&f=false"><i>Epic: John McEnroe, Bjorn Borg, and
the Greatest Tennis Season Ever</i></a>. Wiley. p. 144. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic%3A+John+McEnroe
%2C+Bjorn+Borg
%2C+and+the+Greatest+Tennis+Season+Ever&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Wiley&rft
.date=2011-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-118-01595-
7&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6M0AEe3xA0C%26pg%3DPA144%26lpg%3DPA144%26dq
%3Dmcenroe%2B%2522greatest%2Bdoubles%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D4AjDPjAb5G%26sig
%3D8NctZ15zDcc6PxzL9VmNJiD1E44%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DEJRuUrvYM6f8iQKOmIH4Cg
%26ved%3D0CCsQ6AEwADgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmcenroe%2520%2522greatest%2520doubles
%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tennis.com-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-tennis.com_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
tennis.com_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-
href="https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/04/doubles-specialists-face-unusual-
pressure-atmosphere-in-olympic-tennis/58267/">"Doubles specialists face unusual
pressure, atmosphere in Olympic tennis"</a>. <i>Tennis.com</i>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennis.com&rft.atitle=Doubles+s
pecialists+face+unusual+pressure%2C+atmosphere+in+Olympic+tennis&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennis.com%2Fpro-game%2F2016%2F04%2Fdoubles-specialists-face-unusual-
pressure-atmosphere-in-olympic-tennis%2F58267%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tennismash.com-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-tennismash.com_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-tennismash.com_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="external text" href="https://tennismash.com/2017/03/14/woodbridge-doubles-
specialists-tennis-players/">"Woodbridge: Doubles 'specialists' or tennis
players?"</a>. <i>Tennismash</i>. 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennismash&rft.atitle=Woodbridg
e%3A+Doubles+%27specialists%27+or+tennis+players%3F&rft.date=2017-03-
14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennismash.com%2F2017%2F03%2F14%2Fwoodbridge-doubles-
specialists-tennis-players%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-articles.latimes.com-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-articles.latimes.com_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-articles.latimes.com_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-06-sp-
65453-story.html">"Raymond Is Taking Issue With a Doubles Standard"</a>. <i>Los
Angeles Times</i>. 6 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ra
ymond+Is+Taking+Issue+With+a+Doubles+Standard&rft.date=2000-08-
06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-aug-06-sp-
65453-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
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href="https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-
wimbledonprizemoneylist">"Wimbledon Prize Money"</a>. Associated Press<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wimbledon+Prize+Money&rft_id=ht
tps%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Ftennis%2Fnews%3Fslug%3Dap-
wimbledonprizemoneylist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Prize_money-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Prize_money_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="https://www.usopen.org/en_US/visit/prize_money.html">"2018 US Open Prize
Money"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States
Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a><span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+US+Open+Prize+Money&rft.pub=U
nited+States+Tennis+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usopen.org%2Fen_US
%2Fvisit%2Fprize_money.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web
href="https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016509.html">"ESPN.com: Tilden
brought theatrics to tennis"</a>. <i>www.espn.com</i>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.espn.com&rft.atitle=ESPN.co
m%3A+Tilden+brought+theatrics+to+tennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com
%2Fsportscentury%2Ffeatures%2F00016509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426051252/http://www.authentichistory.com/19
30s/sports/1937_Don_Budge_on_Davis_Cup_SF_Win_Over_Von_Cramm.html">"Don Budge's
Comments After 1937 Davis Cup Semi-final Match Against Baron Gottfried von Cramm
(1:07)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/sports/1937_Don_Budge_on_Davis_Cup_SF_W
in_Over_Von_Cramm.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2007<span class="reference-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Budge
%27s+Comments+After+1937+Davis+Cup+Semi-
final+Match+Against+Baron+Gottfried+von+Cramm+%281%3A07%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.authentichistory.com%2F1930s%2Fsports
%2F1937_Don_Budge_on_Davis_Cup_SF_Win_Over_Von_Cramm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFKramerDeford1979" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Jack; Deford, Frank
(1979). <i>The Game, My 40 Years in Tennis</i><span></span><i>. <a
title="Special:BookSources/0-399-12336-9"><bdi>0-399-12336-
9</bdi></a>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game
%2C+My+40+Years+in+Tennis&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-399-12336-
9&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Deford
%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
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741940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://www.chrisevert.net/flink.html">"Exclusive Interview with Steve Flink
about the career of Chris Evert"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusive+Interview+with+Steve+Flink+a
bout+the+career+of+Chris+Evert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisevert.net
%2Fflink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226164217/http://www.tennis.com/features/40g
reatest/index.aspx">"40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)" title="Tennis (magazine)">Tennis</a></i>. Archived
href="http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/index.aspx">the original</a> on 26
February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennis&rft.atitle=40+Greatest+P
layers+of+the+Tennis+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennis.com%2Ffeatures
%2F40greatest%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://blogs.tennis.com/thewrap/2005/10/redemption_has_.html">"Redemption Has
to Start Somewhere"</a>. Tennis.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redemption+Has+to+Start+Somewhere&
rft.pub=Tennis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.tennis.com%2Fthewrap
%2F2005%2F10%2Fredemption_has_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFCollins,_Bud2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Bud (2008). <i>The
Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book</i>.
New York, N.Y.: New Chapter Press. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942257-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-942257-
41-3"><bdi>0-942257-41-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bud+Collins+History+of+Tennis
%3A+An+Authoritative+Encyclopedia+and+Record+Book&rft.place=New+York
%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=New+Chapter+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.
isbn=0-942257-41-3&rft.au=Collins%2C+Bud&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFBonnie_DeSimone2006" class="citation news cs1">Bonnie DeSimone (11
September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2578105">"Act
II of Navratilova's career ends with a win"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN"
title="ESPN">ESPN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Act+II+of+Navratilova
%27s+career+ends+with+a+win&rft.date=2006-09-
11&rft.au=Bonnie+DeSimone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fsports
%2Ftennis%2Fusopen06%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2578105&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man-140"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man_140-
href="https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/magazine/extra/node/66410">"Brief
Interview with a Five Draft Man"</a>. <i>Amherst Magazine</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amherst+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bri
ef+Interview+with+a+Five+Draft+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amherst.edu
%2Faboutamherst%2Fmagazine%2Fextra%2Fnode%2F66410&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265666/">"The Royal Tenenbaums"</a>.
IMDB.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Tenenbaums&rft.pub=IMDB.
com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0265666%2F&rfr_id=info
</li>
href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0360201/">"Wimbledon"</a>. IMDB.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wimbledon&rft.pub=IMDB.com&rft
_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0360201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0367089/">"The Squid and the Whale"</a>.
IMDB.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Squid+and+the+Whale&rft.pub=IM
DB.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0367089%2F&rfr_id=info
</li>
href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416320/">"Match Point"</a>. IMDB.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Match+Point&rft.pub=IMDB.com&r
ft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0416320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427089/">"Confetti"</a>. IMDB.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confetti&rft.pub=IMDB.com&rft_
id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0427089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505031131/http://2ksports.com/games/topspin4
">"Topspin 4 Official Website"</a>. 2K Sports. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.2ksports.com/games/topspin4">the
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topspin+4+Official+Website&rft.pub
=2K+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ksports.com%2Fgames
%2Ftopspin4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis"
</li>
href="http://mariotennisopen.nintendo.com">"Mario Tennis official website"</a>.
Nintendo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Tennis+official+website&rft.
pub=Nintendo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmariotennisopen.nintendo.com&rfr_id=info
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output
.refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-
left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output
.refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns
references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width:
30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li>Barrett, John. <i>Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships</i>
(HarperCollins, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-
0-00-711707-9">978-0-00-711707-9</a></li>
<li>Collins, Bud. <i>History of Tennis – An Authoritative Encyclopedia and
Record Book</i> (New Chapter Press, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
0-942257-70-0">978-0-942257-70-0</a></li>
<li>Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.). <i>The Fireside Book of Tennis</i>
(Simon & Schuster, 1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
0-671-21128-8">978-0-671-21128-8</a></li>
<li>Doherty, Reginald Frank. <i>R.F. and H.L. Doherty – On Lawn Tennis</i>
(Kessinger Publishing, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
1-167-08589-5">978-1-167-08589-5</a></li>
<li>Dwight, Eleanor. <i>Tie Breaker – Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th
century</i> (Scala Books, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
1-905377-40-4">978-1-905377-40-4</a></li>
<li>Gillmeister, Heiner. <i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i> (Continuum, 1998) <link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0195-2">978-0-7185-0195-2</a></li>
<li>Grimsley, Will. <i>Tennis – Its History, People and Events (Prentice-Hall,
1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
903377-7">0-13-903377-7</a></i></li>
<li>King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia. <i>We Have Come a Long Way</i> (<a
href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>,
1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
034625-9">0-07-034625-9</a></li>
<li>Whitman, Malcolm D. <i>Tennis – Origins and Mysteries</i> (Dover
Publications, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
43357-9">0-486-43357-9</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks
sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0;
background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b
style="display:block;">Tennis</b>at Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister
projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul
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auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width:
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-
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vertical-align: middle;"><a
href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="wikt:Special:Search/Tennis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block;
width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-
Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-
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style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align:
middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="commons:Tennis">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-
logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-
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href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="n:Special:Search/Tennis">News</a> from Wikinews</span>
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-
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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="q:Special:Search/Tennis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-
logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-
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Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"
href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="s:Special:Search/Tennis">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-
logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-
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Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"
href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="b:Special:Search/Tennis">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-
en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-
en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-
Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"
href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw"
title="v:Special:Search/Tennis">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<dl><dt>International organizations</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.itftennis.com">International Tennis Federation (ITF)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.atpworldtour.com">Association of Tennis Players (ATP) – men's
professional tennis organization</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtatennis.com">Women's
Tennis Association (WTA) – women's professional tennis organization</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Team competitions</dt></dl>
href="http://www.daviscup.com">Davis Cup</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedcup.com">Fed
Cup</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Other</dt></dl>
href="https://curlie.org/Sports/Tennis/">Tennis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie"
class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
href="http://www.tennisfame.com">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a></li>
href="http://www.grandslamhistory.com/">Tennis Grand Slam tournaments
history</a></li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tennis"
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of
tennis">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis
terms">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Match
types</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis
records and statistics">Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_players" title="Lists of tennis
players">Players</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_umpires" title="List of tennis
umpires">Umpires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Women's
tennis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Basics</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-
left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
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spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Scoring
system</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point
(tennis)">point</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Strategy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)" title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serve_and_volley" class="mw-redirect" title="Serve and
volley">serve and volley</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Equipment
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">ball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports
equipment)">racket</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(tennis)" title="Strings
(tennis)">strings</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Technology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line
judge">electronic line judge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(computer_system)" title="Cyclops (computer
system)">Cyclops</a></li></ul></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_court" title="Carpet court">Carpet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Tennis_shots" title="Tennis shots">Shots</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Backspin" title="Backspin">Backspin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">Drop shot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(tennis)" title="Flat (tennis)">Flat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundstroke" title="Groundstroke">Groundstroke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">Half volley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">Lob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Passing_shot" title="Passing shot">Passing shot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(tennis)" title="Ace (tennis)">ace</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">Smash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topspin" title="Topspin">Topspin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">Volley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image"
rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Tennis Racket
and Balls.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jp
g/170px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls
.jpg/255px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg/340
px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-
height="2304" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam
(tennis)">Grand Slams</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian
Open</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" title="The Championships,
Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Stats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_related_tennis_records" title="List of
Grand Slam related tennis records">Records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam
singles finals">Singles finals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />tours</th><td
style="width:1%">Men</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">ATP Challenger
Tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_Circuit" title="ITF Men's Circuit">ITF Men's
Circuit</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WTA_125K_series" title="WTA 125K series">WTA 125K
series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="ITF
Women's Circuit">ITF Women's Circuit</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Team_tennis" title="Team
tennis">Team tennis</a><br />tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laver_Cup" title="Laver Cup">Laver Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_TeamTennis" title="World TeamTennis">World
TeamTennis</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wightman_Cup" title="Wightman Cup">Wightman Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Cup" title="World Team Cup">World Team Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League" title="Champions Tennis
League">Champions Tennis League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Premier_Tennis_League" title="International
Premier Tennis League">International Premier Tennis League</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport<br />events</th><td
style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer
Olympics">Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair
tennis at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Tennis at the Youth
Olympic Games">Youth Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Universiade" title="Tennis at the Summer
Universiade">Universiade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tennis at the
Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Island_Games" title="Tennis at the Island
Games">Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Tennis at the
Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_African_Games" title="Tennis at the African
Games">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Tennis at the Asian
Games">Asian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Tennis at the Pacific
Games">Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Tennis at the Pan
American Games">Pan American</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of
Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis
Association">Women's Tennis Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis
Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="image"><img alt="Tennis
ball.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/16px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/24px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/32px-
Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="Outline"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-
Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15p
x-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-
Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a
href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Outline</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-
logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-
Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-
height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis"
class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennis">WikiCommons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Summer_Olympic_sports"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports"
title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template"
shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer
Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-
shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external
text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Summer_Olympic_sports&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Summer_Olympic_sports"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports"
class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympic sports">Summer Olympic
sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Core program</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic
sports">Aquatics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronised_swimming" class="mw-redirect"
title="Synchronised swimming">Artistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of
athletics">Athletics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3
basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe
sprint</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain
bike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road
cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track
cycling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show
jumping</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association
football">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic
gymnastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic
gymnastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining"
title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern
pentathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach
volleyball</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic
weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle
wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman
wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020
addition</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a
href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport climbing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic
sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-
redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="Tennis_records_and_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennis_records_and_statistics"
title="Template:Tennis records and statistics"><abbr title="View this template"
shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Template
talk:Tennis records and statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a
class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Tennis_records_and_statistics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit
this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-
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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennis_records_and_statistics"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records
and statistics">Tennis records and statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a
href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_related_tennis_records" title="List of
Grand Slam related tennis records">Records</a></li>
<li>Champions
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam men's singles champions">Men's singles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_men%27s_Grand_Slam_tennis_champions"
title="Chronological list of men's Grand Slam tennis
champions">Chronological</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_singles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam women's singles champions">Women's singles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_women%27s_Grand_Slam_tennis_champions"
title="Chronological list of women's Grand Slam tennis
champions">Chronological</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_doubles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam men's doubles champions">Men's doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_doubles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam women's doubles champions">Women's doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_mixed_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand
Slam mixed doubles champions">Mixed doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_boys%27_singles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam boys' singles champions">Boys' singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_girls%27_singles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam girls' singles champions">Girls' singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_boys%27_doubles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam boys' doubles champions">Boys' doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_girls%27_doubles_champions" title="List of
Grand Slam girls' doubles champions">Girls' doubles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_champions_by_country" class="mw-redirect"
title="List of Grand Slam champions by country">Champions by country</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_champions_by_country" title="List
of Grand Slam singles champions by country">Singles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam
singles finals">Singles finals</a></li>
<li>Open Era singles
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Open_Era_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_finals"
title="List of Open Era Grand Slam men's singles finals">Men's finals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Open_Era_Grand_Slam_women%27s_singles_finals"
title="List of Open Era Grand Slam women's singles finals">Women's
finals</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_champions_in_Open_Era_with_age_of_first_titl
e" title="List of Grand Slam singles champions in Open Era with age of first
title">Age of first title</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-
align: left;">Men's</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>Singles
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles"
class="mw-redirect" title="Open era tennis records – men's singles">Open
era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-time_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles" title="All-
time tennis records – men's singles">All-time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_male_players_statistics" title="Tennis male players
statistics">Misc.</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Rankings" title="ATP Rankings">Rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_records" title="ATP Tour records">Records</a></li>
<li>Elite champions
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_Tour_Top-level_tournament_singles_champions"
title="List of ATP Tour Top-level tournament singles champions">Singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_men
%27s_Grand_Slam,_Olympic_and_ATP_Tour_Finals_and_Masters_Series_doubles_champions"
title="List of men's Grand Slam, Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series
doubles champions">Doubles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour
Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li>
<li>No. 1 rankings
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players"
title="List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players">ATP singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_doubles_tennis_players" title="List
of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players">ATP doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_number_1_ranked_male_tennis_players" title="World number 1
ranked male tennis players">All-time</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Top players
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_singles_tennis_players" title="List of male
singles tennis players">Singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_doubles_tennis_players" title="List of male doubles
tennis players">Doubles</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Open Era
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Open_Era_men
%27s_singles_tennis_players_by_career_match_wins" title="List of Open Era men's
singles tennis players by career match wins">Match wins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_Masters_1000" title="ATP Tour Masters 1000">Masters
Series</a></li></ul></li></ul>
align: left;">Women's</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>Singles
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_women%27s_singles"
title="Open Era tennis records – women's singles">Open Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-time_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_women%27s_singles" title="All-
time tennis records – women's singles">All-time</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a>
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title="Теннис – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a
href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Тэніс –
Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a
href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81"
title="Тэніс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask"
hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская
(тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a
href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис –
Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a
href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Bavarian" lang="bar"
hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a
href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA
%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD
%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏན་ནེ་སི་སྤོ་ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article
badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Bosnian"
lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a
href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Breton" lang="br"
hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a
href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Catalan" lang="ca"
hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a
href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Czech" lang="cs"
hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a
href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Welsh" lang="cy"
hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a
href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Danish" lang="da"
hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a
href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Pennsylvania German"
lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a
href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – German" lang="de"
hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Estonian" lang="et"
hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE
%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7"
title="Αντισφαίριση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a
href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Spanish" lang="es"
hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a
href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniso" title="Teniso – Esperanto" lang="eo"
hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a
href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Extremaduran" lang="ext"
hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Basque" lang="eu"
hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="‫ – تنیس‬Persian"
lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a
href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif"
hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a
href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Faroese" lang="fo"
hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – French" lang="fr"
hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a
href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Western Frisian"
lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead
%C3%B3g" title="Leadóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Galician" lang="gl"
hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a
href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83" title="網球 – Gan Chinese"
lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi
%C3%B3ng-khi%C3%B9" title="Mióng-khiù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak"
class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED
%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4" title="테니스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB
%D5%BD" title="Թենիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a
href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8"
title="टेनिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-
target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Croatian" lang="hr"
hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a
href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniso" title="Teniso – Ido" lang="io"
hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a
href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Iloko" lang="ilo"
hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis –
Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa
Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a
href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nnis" title="Ténnis – Interlingue"
lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a
href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Icelandic" lang="is"
hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Italian" lang="it"
hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="‫ – טניס‬Hebrew"
lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<עברית‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T
%C3%A8nes" title="Tènes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a
href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniisi" title="Teniisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp"
hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D
%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn"
hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D
%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩოგბურთი – Georgian"
lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a
href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw"
hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a
href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Swahili" lang="sw"
hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a
href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht"
hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten
%C3%AEs" title="Tenîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a
href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniludus" title="Teniludus – Latin" lang="la"
hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniss" title="Teniss – Latvian" lang="lv"
hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a
href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Luxembourgish"
lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a
href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisas" title="Tenisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt"
hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a
href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Limburgish" lang="li"
hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a
href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Lingua Franca Nova"
lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca
Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a
href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennissu" title="Tennissu – Livvi-Karelian"
lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-
Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisz" title="Tenisz – Hungarian" lang="hu"
hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a
href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис –
Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D
%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെന്നീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml"
hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8"
title="टेनिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a
href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C
%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩოგანბურთი – Mingrelian"
lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a
href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3" title="‫ – تنس‬Egyptian
Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<مصرى‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Malay" lang="ms"
hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T
%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD
%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Dutch"
lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a
href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8"
title="टेनिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-
target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9" title="テニス –
Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a
href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Norwegian Bokmål"
lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Norwegian Nynorsk"
lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a
href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Occitan" lang="oc"
hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a
href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Uzbek" lang="uz"
hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a
href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%9B
%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੇਂਦ-ਛਿੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa"
hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a
href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="‫ – ٹینس‬Western
Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<پنجابی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a
href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Picard" lang="pcd"
hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a
href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Low German" lang="nds"
hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a
href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Polish" lang="pl"
hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T
%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a
href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Kara-Kalpak"
lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis –
Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a
href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Romansh" lang="rm"
hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Теніс –
Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a
href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a
href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Samoan" lang="sm"
hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a
href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF
%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE"
title="टेनिस्-क्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">संस्कृ तम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"><a
href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5"
title="ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a
href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Sardinian" lang="sc"
hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Scots" lang="sco"
hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a
href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenisi" title="Thenisi – Northern Sotho"
lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa
Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a
href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Albanian" lang="sq"
hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a
href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Sicilian" lang="scn"
hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a
href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E
0%B7%8A" title="ටෙනිස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-
link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Simple English"
lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple
English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Slovak" lang="sk"
hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty
%C5%84is_%C5%BAymny" title="Tyńis źymny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-so"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyaarta_Teeniska"
title="Ciyaarta Teeniska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B3" title="‫– تێنس‬
Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<کوردی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис –
Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Sundanese" lang="su"
hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Finnish" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Swedish" lang="sv"
hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Tagalog" lang="tl"
hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE
%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="டென்னிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD
%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D
%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="టెన్నిసు – Telugu" lang="te"
hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E
0%B8%AA" title="เทนนิ ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a
href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81"
title="Теннис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy"><a
href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D
%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy"
hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a
href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Turkmen" lang="tk"
hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"
title="good article badge"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Теніс –
Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="‫ – ٹینس‬Urdu"
lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<اردو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu
%E1%BA%A7n_v%E1%BB%A3t" title="Quần vợt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"
title="Tennis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a
href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisse" title="Tenisse – Walloon" lang="wa"
hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a
href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – West Flemish"
lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Waray" lang="war"
hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%90%83" title="网球 – Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="‫– טעניס‬
Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<יִידיש‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a
href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACs" title="Tẹ́nìs –
Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a
href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83" title="網球 –
Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a
href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniswan" title="Teniswan – Zazaki" lang="diq"
hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-
smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C4%97sos" title="Tenėsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs"
hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%90%83" title="网球 – Chinese"
lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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