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SUBJECT : LICA
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PROJECT : RELAXATION OSCILATOR
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BY D.SUVARNALATHA
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ROLLNO :611620

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 PROJECT : RELAXATION OSCILLATOR
INTRODUCTION
OSCILLATOR :
An Oscillator is a sine wave signal source of known
Frequency. It produces an output signal yet it
required no external input signal. The only external
Input connection to an oscillator is for the dc power
source.

Feedback and an oscillator circuit

 The total output is equal to input signal
Positive feedback
 Negative feedback stables the output and
decreases Gain
 Positive feedback unstables the output and
increases Gain
 We have to make sinusoidal wave for which
positive feedback is increased till input signal’s
impact become zero
Av = G/(1-GB)
Here,
G = amplifier voltage gain without feedback
B = feedback factor
 If feedback becomes zero the output become
180 degress out of phase with respected input
signal
 If we increase the feedback by increasing the
value of B, denominator tends to zero due to
which voltage gain tends to infinity respectively
Relaxation Oscillator :
Definition :
An Oscillator in which sharp, sometimes
aperiodic
oscillations results from the rapid discharge of a
capacitor or inductor.
In electronics a relaxation oscillator is
a nonlinear electronic oscillator circuit that
produces a nonsinusoidal repetitive output
signal, such as a triangle wave or square
wave.
The circuit consists of a feedback
loop containing a switching device such as
a transistor, comparator, relay,op amp, or
a negative resistance device like a tunnel
diode, that repetitively charges
a capacitor or inductor through a resistance
until it reaches a threshold level, then
discharges it again.The period of the oscillator
depends on the time constant of the capacitor
or inductor circuit.
The active device switches abruptly between
charging and modes waveformelectronic
oscillator, or linear oscillator, which uses
an amplifier with feedback to
excite resonant oscillations in a resonator,
producing a sine wave. Relaxation oscillators
are used to produce low frequency signals for
applications such as blinking lights
and electronic beepers and in voltage
controlled
oscillators (VCOs), inverters and switching
power supplies, dual-slope analog to digital
converters, and function generators.
Comparator - based relaxation oscillator :
Alternatively, when the capacitor
reaches each threshold, the charging source
can be switched from the positive power supply
to the negative power supply or vice versa.This
case is shown in the comparator-based
implementation here.
This relaxation oscillator is a hysteretic
oscillator, named this way because of the
hysteresis created by the positive
feedback loop implemented with
the comparator (similar to an operational
amplifier).

A circuit that implements this form of

hysteretic switching is known as a Schmitt
trigger.
Alone, the trigger is a bistable multivibrator.
However, the slow negative feedback added to
the trigger by the RC circuit causes the circuit
to oscillate automatically. That is, the addition
of the RC circuit turns the
hysteretic bistable multivibrator into an astable
multivibrator.
 A comparator-based hysteretic oscillator

Example : Differential equation analysis of a

comparator-based relaxation oscillator
 V+ is set by Vout across a resistive voltage

divider :
V+ = Vout/2
V- is obtained using ohm’s law and the
capacitor differential equation :
(Vout – V+)/2 =CdV-/dt
Rearranging the V- differential equation into
standard form results in the following :
dV-/dt + V-/RC = Vout/RC
V-=A
Where A is a constant and dV-/dt =0
A/RC=Vout/RC
A=Vout
 Transient analysis of a comparator-
based relaxation oscillator.
Frequency Oscillator:
First let's assume that Vdd = -Vss for ease of
calculation. Ignoring the initial charge up of the
capacitor, which is irrelevant for calculations of
the frequency, note that charges and
discharges oscillate between Vdd/2 and
Vss/2 .For the circuit above, Vss must be less
than 0. Half of the period (T) is the same as
time that Vout switches from Vdd. This occurs
when V− charges up from –Vdd/2 to Vdd/2  
V- = A+Be-1/Rc(t)
Vdd/2 =Vdd(1-3/2e-1/RC)
1/3=e-1/RC(T/2)
ln(1/3)=-1/RC(T/2)
T=2ln(3)RC
f = 1/(2ln(3)RC)
When Vss is not the inverse of Vdd we need to
worry about asymmetric charge up and
discharge times. Taking this into account we
end up with a formula of the form:
T=(RC)[ln(2Vss-Vdd/Vss)+ln(2Vdd-Vss/Vdd)]
Which reduces to the above result in the case
that Vdd = -Vss
DESCRIPTION :
Relaxation Oscillators are generally used to
produced low frequency signals for such
applications as blinking lights, and electronic
beepers and clock signals in some digital
circuits,and in voltage controlled
oscillators(VCOs),inverters and switching
power supplies ect…
Circuit Diagram:
 Here we are giving probes across at Vout ,at
capacitor (Vc),at resistor(VR) to get output.
Simulation results: