;+:yfkslk+ M k'ik/Tg ;fu/, k"0f{sfhL tfd|fsf/, /Tgdfg l;+ t'nfw/, s'n wd{/Tg t'nfw/

bF ^(, NofM !!, Yo+NofM @&^ g];+= !!$) l;Nnf÷rpnf lj=;+= @)&^ kmfu'g

;Nnfxsf/
;DkfbsLo
k|f= do\h' k|]dzflGt t'nfw/
Yj x] j+u' k|m] a'c/L @! tfl/v s'Gx' xln+ Go+s ;sn efiff
efliflkg; yjyju' dft[efiffof lbj; xgf df+ efiffof ;+/If0f j
;~rfns ;ldlt ;Dj4{g ofgf Rjg . emLyf; lj=;+= @)@@ ;fn lg;]+ g]kfn efiffof
efh' k'ik lrqsf/
cfGbf]ng GXofsf Rj+u' ult ypF dGyg h'of jg . ysflnlk+ GXgf jg
efh' ltns k|sfz
Gx"nu'k:' tf+ yju' df+ efiffoft nf]nd+sfj jg . 5]v
F fklts+ df+ jf}lkG;+
efh' gjLg lrqsf/ x] yj drfvfrf gfk ljefiff oft an ljof Gjfgf h'n . u'lsof nj
efh' k'ik/Tg t'nfw/ sof /fHo+ gfk+ g]jfn ;Dkbf, Oltxf; j ;+:s[ltoft Gx+su] ' hs dv'
g]jfn j:tL x] Gx+su] ' cleofg GXofsf xof Rjg . t/ emL g]jfto
;Dkfbs tyf k|sfzs yj+ yj] x] 5Kk+ h'O dk'mu' g+ 5u'ln ljbDjgf vj . ljb]zLt yg jof
do\h' ?lSdgL >]i7 emLu' efiff, ;+:s[lt cflbof af/] ljBfjfl/lw ofjjofRjg t/ emLlk+
æTjfMb]jf of sf];+ dt+ dv+sfÆ GXon+ Ajfgf Rjgflk+ h'n . xln+of
sfo{sfl/0fL ;Dkfbs x/]s b]zof ;sn gful/soft dft[ efiff+ lzIff sfo]u' clwsf/ b' .
efh' k"0f{ tfd|fsf/ t/ yg dft[efiff+ lzIff sfo]u' nf 5' dft[ efiff Nxfo]u' ts+ sf]Xo+lgu'
do\h' k|]dlx/f t'nfw/ sy+ y'Osf Rjgflk+ emL g]jfn h'n . df+ efiff+ lzIff sfo]jn] u'ln
Joj:yfks lk+ ofsg+ Wjf y'Ou' vj pln ljefiff+ y'Os] yfs' . g]jfn efiff+ /fli6«o
efh' s'Gbg k|;fb >]i7
efiff+ d]+ 5k' xfnf dft[ efiff lbj; xg]j+ hs emLu' efiff DjfOdv' .
efh' ;'/]Gb| eQm >]i7 ps]+ yju' dft[efiff+ lzIff sfo]u' ljOu' j yj drft gfk+ GXofan]g
df+ efiff+ x] vFNxf jNxf Sjft's] kmt;f hs emLu' efiff Djfgf RjlgO
efiff Djft;f hs g]jfn hflt g+ Djfgf RjlgO . cfj g+ GXon+ Ajfgf
sDKo'6/ 6fOk–n]cfp6 æRjgf b] b'MvL Gogf b] ;'vLÆ tfo]sf ljefiff oft gfnf Rjg;f g]kfn+
cfgGb /fpt g]jfn t tgfj jlgO . ps]+ On;+ x] emL 5Kk+ ;ts{ h'of @)@@
;fnof y]+ hf]z lksfodfn . emLu' efiff, ;+:s[lt, j Oltxf; Djfsfj
yfs"÷d'b|s to]u' emLu' bfloTj vj . emLu' efiff j ;+:s[lt Djfgf Rjg;fhs
lxl; ckm;]6 lk|G6;{ g]jfn hfltof cl:tTj Nogf RjlgO . xlndo g]jfnof d'No j
hdn, ;]tf]9f]sf, o]F . dfg]tfg+ bof RjlgO gfk+ emLu' uf}/j g RjhfO{ . cn] hs emL;+
kmf]g g+= $@@^$!^, dft[efiff lbj; xgfu'of cf}lrTo bO .
(*$!#&@))% yf}+sGx] kl/jf/

;Dks{ sfof{noM !^% 8fFkm] dfu{ aa/dxn sf=d=g=kf= !!, kmf]gM %&)%!^$, df]afOnM (*$!*)&%%@
d"= %).– tsf Od]nM thaunkanhe@yahoo.com, shrestharukmani@yahoo.com
US$ 2.00÷ef=?= %).– ;k"m w's" ef]tflxlt o]F ltnsk|sfz Vjk–* Sjf5]F . kmf]g M ^^!@$!%
yf}+sGx] no\kf}
k'ik lrqsf/, lxl; ckm;]6 lkG6;{, hdn . df]= (*$!#&@))% 1
 wn M
x:tfIf/
leIf' dxfgfd sf]ljb #

lrgfv+
Gx"bF ljBf lrqsf/ %
uhn afa'sfhL ;'jfn …ljs]z lg/fzLÚ ^
xfOs' wd{/fh /fhsl0f{sf/ ^

afv+
;To tYo p4a df:s] &
lh uf]lkrGb| hf;'; uf]ljGb >]i7 !)

JolQmTj Dxl;sf
g]kfof Gxfkf+Dx s[liflj1 ld;fDx ck{0ff k|wfg !!

;+:s[lt
xf]nL -kmfu'_ kj{ xl//fh hf]zL !%
g]jfM ;dfho\ Olxof Joj:yf ?sld0fL >]i7 !*

Oltxf;
Nxf;fo\ 5'–l;+–:ofM s'yL
-sdndfg t'nfw/h"of n'd+lt 5wfM_ b]ljrGb| >]i7 #@

lgofqf
d'lQmgfy ofqf 5u' n'dGtL–! wL/h cdfTo #&

v“UjM Dxl;s] #(

a'v“ $)
x:tfIf/

leIf' dxfgfd sf]ljb

leIf' dxfgfd sf]ljb g]=;+= !)#( df3 s[i0f & s'Gx' s]n 6f]no hGd h'Dx leIf' hLjg xgf snstfo\ Rjgf
ljHofjn]of cGt/+u ;Dkfbs cn] wdf]b{ o g]=;+= !)^* lg;]+ !)*) ts ;Dkfbgofgf af}4wd{ j g]kfn efiff
RjGXofs]t cfhLjg s'tMofgflbODx wdf]b{ o;efof ;lrj g h'of ljHofDx vM j;sn+ wd{;DaGwL ;k"m j
n]vt g]jfM efiff lksof ljHofu' b' . g]=;+= !!!^ lrNnfuf @ lj=;+= @)%@ kmfu'0f @$ ut] lbj+ut h'of
ljHofu' h'n .

yf}+sGx] no\kf} 3
 ‘nf]e, nfnr j k|nf]ego\ tdSog],
cfM n}l·s lx+;f lj?4 nu] h'O ;sn]+’
‘;dGjo, ;xsfo{ j ;fem]bf/L ;/sf/ M
n}l·s lx+;fof cGTo dfgj clwsf/’
‘;Lk, ;[hgf j /f]huf/L ;lxt G≈ofMjg] M
n}l·s lx+;f j b'Jo{jxf/ emL;+ ;x dofo] .’
ænf]e, nfnr / k|nf]egdf gkf/f}+,
caM n}l·s lx+;f lj?4 nfuf} ;a .Æ
æ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ;/sf/ M
n}l·s lx+;fsf] cGTo dfgj clwsf/ .Æ
æ;Lk, ;[hgf / /f]huf/L ;lxt cl3 a9f}+ M
n}l·s lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/ xfdL g;xf}+ .Æ

g]kfn ;/sf/
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu

4 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
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Gx"bF
g]kfn;+at !!$) of Gx"bF jn .
emL ;sn]+ t;s+ no\tfM .
emL;+ Gx"bF tMlhs xgf .
ltly sy+ nIdLk'hf, Dxk'hf, lshfk'hf xgf Û
SjMk'hf, lvrf k'hf g+ ofgf .
emL ;sn]+ t;s+ no\tfM .
ahfM jgfM l;;fa';f j dl/rl/ Gofgf
tMl;, :of+u'ln j VjMl;+nf dbo]s dufM .
Ujo\:jf+, tˆjM:jf+of dfM xgf .
v]n'OtfM Rofsf, l;km+ n'gf,
v]Fo\ ;u+ sof
yMyMu' 5]Fo\ ;sn 5]FhMlk+ gfk
yMyMu' tlhnlh sy+
:jlGt gvM tMlhs xgf .
5]F 5vf+ lemlnldln dt RofsfM
Gx"bFof le+t'gf h'n';o\ g+ Ajlt sof
;sn]+ ;sn]+ no\tfM
:jlGt gvM Sjrfn .
km];a'so\ oSjl;g+
Gx"bFof le+t'gf sfnlan oft
km];a's j o"To'ao\ oSjl;g+
ljBf lrqsf/
-bNn' cfjf;_
yMlk;+ xgfu' Gx"bF j :jlGt gvMof
lskf j n" to]u' oft .
km];a's j o"To'a :j:j+ g'uM sfFOof ldg
g'uM t;s+ lxO;] Rjgf jn .
Gx"bFof le+t'gf h'n';o\ jMlk+
Nofo\Dx, Nof;]t;]+ g+ yMu' df+efo\ dNxfM
aMrfwLlk+ d:to;+ g+ yMu' df+efo dNxfM
df+ca'+ yMd:t gfk yMu' df+efo\ dNxfM
HofyMlhlylk+ chf clhlk;+ g+
yM 5o\ 5'O d:t gfk yMu' df+efo\ dNxfM
d;M d;M vo\efo\ Nxfo]t :jofRjg .
emLu' tlhnlh+ emLt lxo:ofgf Rjg,
emLu' efo\ t+sfM
emL;+ yMu' Dxl;Osf t+sfRjgf .
Yj n" :j:j+ d]lk+ lGxnfRjg .
d]lk;+ dv' emL;+ emLt lxo:ofgf Rjgf,
yMDx+ yMt Sjy'y'gf Rjgf,
lGxgo\ x] Dxu;o\ Dx+sf Rjgf,
emL u'ano\ GXo+n+rfOu' <
yMu' Dxl;Osf u'sy+ No+sf to]u' <
á á
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 5
lrgfv+

afa'sfhL ;'jfn …ljs]z lg/fzLÚ wd{/fh /fhsl0f{sf/

uhn xfOs'
!= £oM rfs' ;+Nx'
GXofSj :jM;f+ :jo] dufM, lx:;L nfMu' 5+u' VjM . …leGt'gfÚof v'l; afM
lyª Rjlg t'dnfy]ª, Gofs'+ rfMu' 5+u' VjM ..!.. lkTof dRjLs' Û !.
@ nfuf k'n]j+
;bf+ lhtf n'dM jf]Ou', B]+;f+ bf+;f+ 5 x] hs ;sn]+ vF ;ofj,
GXof]no\ h';f+ vª Rjlgu', tM kfMu' 5+u' VjM ..@.. Nxf ofSj Kjfno\ .@.
# a'n' ns;
rfGxo\ lhtf GXof] djf], lGxgo\ lkTof dh'n a'n'O w'+s" ldvf
ugf jª 5'oª Njd+s]u', tM xfMu' 5+u' VjM ..#.. Gx"u' ;'nr+ Û .#.
$ Wojf vg]j+
g'uM lxO:;] Rjª jf]Ou', 5+tf ugf+ dvfgls lns;+ Rj+Dx do\h'
lhtf x] dfn Rjªy]+, dltgf+ hfMu' 5+u' VjM ..$.. GXo' Vjf jofu' Û .$.
% Gxfo\k+ lnSs;+,
lh x] 5+tf of]y]ª Rjlg, 5+u' ldvf vflgan] e'lh+t xf jofRj+u'
lkTof rfMy]]ª vfg] btM, P]nf+ sfMu' 5+u' VjM ..%.. :j}t hs o} < .%.
á á
^ af;f]of Aof+rf
-n]vsof Vjk efo\ uy] vM cy] x] tofu'–;+=_
lt+Gx'n ls jf+G5\jn <
;M b' 5\ofDk|f+s Û .^.
á á
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6 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
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efis/of kf]v/f rflxn] ;fa of] . 5'+ dv';fg+
Dxlt g+ bl5of 5sM kf]v/f rfXo' jg]dfM . 6' gfO6
y|L 8]hof lx;fa+ – z'qmjfM jgL zlgjfM 5Gx'
lGx5L rflxln cn] cfOtjfM lnxfF j} . kf]v/fo
bsdg+ rflxn] w'+s;f g+ ch g+ rflxn] of] . j}t
kf]v/fof k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ hs dv' cgof 6fpg
Knflg+uof k|z+zs . 5]F 5u" tNnf hs h';f
/+u /f]ug ofgf 5]F lrl6Ss tou' kf]v/]nL to\u'
5u" laz];tf x] vM;f ;/;kmfO{no g+ plts+
Wofg b' . 3l/ 3l/ jf j}an] pQ/+ blIf0f kfv]
kfMn'u' kf]v/f zx/ of kmf]x/ bSj r'Osf o+lsan]
emg ;kmf ;'3/ . coh'of g+ kf]v/f efis/oft
rflxn]u' 5u" uGtAo vM;f clt Ao:tu' hLag
of emf;' ng]u' yfo y]+ h"u' b' .
yf}+ x] ltgL kf]v/fo\ Yo+u' . v'3f} 6'l/:6
a;of ofqf+ Dx t;t+ Gonf xf]6]no k|m]z h'of
n]s ;fO8o\ rfx" j} Rjg . ebf} of tfGj O{ h";f
g+ gsltgL hs jf jo] Aofo\ w'Gsu'ln+ gfs+
tfGj dh' . ;GWofsf h'Ow'su'lnF g+ l;l/l;/L
kmo\ jo]u' z'? h"n . yafo\tL rflxn]u' GXo}k" .
n]s ;fO8of ;8s x'n x'n ;f hMvMof k;n]
j nF of h=v= of n7fo\ dtM Rofo] w'+su'ln+
emg\ x] n]s ;fO8 emMemM wf . nFo h"of Rj+lk
nFh'aftou' rfn afn j k'gftu' j;M vlgan]
g]kfM b] ;'gf+ u/Lau' b] wfO < 6'l/:6ou' dl:tof
v+nf emg\ vF Nxfgf+ dAof .
p4a df:s]
efis/ nFo\ jj+ j+ 5yfo\ df]afOn j
On]S6«f]lgs;\ of k;M vg]j+ 6Ss lbt . j}t nf
;6{j]e afFo\08 b'u' /]l8of] 5uM dfnf Rj+u' n'd+;]
jn . yf}sGx] ;6{j]e Go]lglk x] dGt, PkmPd
bo]j+ufM . dv';f l6eL cyjf df]afOn :jn .
jof la1fkg hs j}u' Pkm=Pd= Go]g]x do]n .
axlg ;dfrf/ :jof dv' Gogf b\og]u' aflg .
pls;+g axlg &=$% ah] ;6{j]eo\ lala;L of
lxGbL ;dfrf/+ z'? h'O . jgln *=#) o\ Od]h
Go"h PkmPd HogL, ( ah] /]l8of] g]kfn, pls+
lnkf hd{gL :6]zg\ bfr'len], rfOlgh :6]zg
l;=Pg= Pg= . Pj+k|sf/+ axlg !! ah] bo\gL .
o]o\ tMyfo :j] w'+sn t/ lrQa'em] h'u'
/]l8of] n'Os] dk'm . yg b}nf w}u' pT;'stf+ k;Mn]
b'xfjg . dt emMemM w}Rj+u' k;n] rng rNtL
of gfgf sy+of df]afOn j On]S6f]lgS; ;fdfg
:j:j+ j+an] 5yfo\ /]l8of] Ajoftu' v+x] v+sn .
tMtf dw] lrlsrfUjMu' r6Ss Rj+u' /]l8of] 5uMn]
ldvf jg – ;f]gL – kf]6]{an /]l8of]– cfO=l;=Pkm\
#)^ . psL ;6{j]a, Pkm=Pd=, d]l8od j]a afF8
b';f An'q'y, j o'P;aL kf]6{ g+ b' .
Nofo\Dx ;fx'ofs] ef:s/+ efM Gog .
æd]lk+t :jLGof; vM t/ ;/ofn :jbf]
hn sf .Æ d';'lGxnf ;/ wsf ;Daf]wg ofu'
vMgf efis/ ch'rfn – dfgf} ;fx'+ j}t Dxl;p
y]+ . yf}sGx] k;n] GXofDx]l;gg+ u|fxsofn ;/
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 7
wfo]u' afnfu' rng b' t/ ;fx' ofu' v+uf]n] a8f]
cflTdotf tfosn .
æ;6{j]a u'lnt l6k]h' y] <Æ
ædHhf+ l6k]h' ;/ .Æ wfwf+ ;6{j]a
vf]n]oft . yafotL d]u' :6]zg nf 5' j}, lala;L
cGu|]lh+ ;dfrf/ jMu' l6k]ofu' Go+sn . hfkflgh
;f]gL vM;f g+ dn]l;ofo bosu' h'of Rjg .
ef:s/oft d]u'nf lrQa'e]m h" t/ cf eltrf
lrQa'em] dh'n . ;/ wfu'ln+ j}t df]ntf]n ofo]
dl5+;] tfn .
æ5sM larfM ofo . sfo]u' h";f sGx] j] Gx]
efO{ .Æ
æ;/ ug Rjgflbof <Æ ;fx"F ch ch'rfosn .
j ug Rjgf w}u' ;fx'oft ;/f]sf/ b'u' v+ x] dv' .
5fo Go+u' vM < ef:s/ c;dGh;o\ nft . cy]
h";f g+ wofF 5' :ogL w}y] j+ xf]6]n of gf+ wof
k;n+ v'?Ss lkxfjn .
ysfnL /]:6'/]G6o\ hf gofM xf]6]n] x]
jof5f]n . sf]7fo\ jof n+ km]/]oft cn] nf;fo
uf]t'nf df]afOn] PkmPd dfn . 5u" :6]zgo\
;dfrf/ n'Osf Go]g]u' oft .
knv hfo]j+ n'vfo\ ;Mjy]+ tfn . 38L :jn
– axlgl;of cf7 ah] h'n . xfg+ ;= jg .
yafotL ;' nft wfwf+ vfkf rfos jg . lkn]
d';'+ lGxnf bgfRj+Dx dg"nf jx] /]l8of] k;Mof
;fx' ;sf nfgf Rjg .
æ;/ gd:sf/ .Æ
æco ;fx'hLnf . emf; emf; – b'g] emf;F .Æ
sf]yfo\ b'xfjn . efis/ t;t ch'rf . 5fo
ju'vM j+ coyo wfo dkmt .
ælb;F .Æ sf]yfof ;f]kmfo km]t'Ot Ogfk
oft .
8 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
æ;/ oft 5u" ;/k|fOh .Æ wfwf+ n'vf+ lkg]
:jof ;Mtn – æ;l/tf, co ;l/tf .Æ
;l/tf b'xfjn . ;l/tf vg] dfq+ efis/
emg\ ch'rfn . jnf j+ sn]ho\ Aj+s'Dx lab\ofyL{
;sf nfgf Rjg .
æ;/ gd:sf/ .Æ jf:oflGxnf ;l/tf b'xfjn .
eltrf Nxjf]gf emg\ af+nfgf Rjg . t/ Dxl;s]t
yfs' dh' . Snf;] bsn] af+nfs AjlgDx lab\ofyL{
h"u'ln+ lemb lemlgb+ GxfkfofDx h";f g+ efis/+
j}t af+nfs Dx:o'lg .
æco ;l/tf . 5' b' < dvgfu' oSj bt
5+t .Æ
æbM 7Ls h" ;/ . ;/ oftn] <Æ jx] Gxfkf y]+
jf:ofF lGxnf sf]yfo b'xf jn .
æbM g+ 7Ls h", jf km]t' .Æ
æ;/ jos lhld hxfg ;'/]z . jos+ l5
kf]v/fo emfMu' b' w}lbu'ln+ 5sM gfknf j}u' .Æ
æOlxkf ofgfu' lemb+ bow's
+ n yf}+ ts g+ ;/ of
u'gufg ofo]u' TjMt'u' dv'lg Yj+ . ;/+ Aj+lsu' ;f/}
afnf, ;/ ;f/} enfbdL, lab\ofyL{ lk+t s]x+] lshflk+
y] Aoaxf/ ofgflbu' cflb OToflb . ;/of km]; a's
k|fk] mfOn vf]n] ofgf bM a/f]a/ Sogf t' Rjlg .Æ
y'ln wfo dfq+ ef:s/+ y'n ls ;'/]z+ k;n]
j}t km]; a's+ Dxl;su' h'ofRjg .
ævMlg . ;/+ ofgf x] df:6/ ofgf yf}+
sn]h] Aj+s] b'u' . dv';f lhnf lalaP;;+
yfO{Dx . æ;l/tf+ yMu' b'Ao]:tf lGxyg . y'ln
wof ;l/tf efa's h'n . lnkmMk'nf ldvfo
ju' Vjla x'n .
æ;l/tf sn]h] Aj+sf Rjgfsf dv'nf co;f <
bM t;t v'zL nu]hn ' Æ efis/+ v'zL h'of v+ 5n]
ofo]y+] wfn .
 æ;/oft Yj lrlsrfw+u' n'd+ltof lr+ .Æ
;l/tf+ Xof+u' /fk/+ e'gftMu' a§f 5uM efis/ of
Nxfto nMNxft .
æu'? blIfgf .Æ ;'/]z+ Vof ofo]y]+ wfn .
æl5 GXofu' w}lb;+ Û ;/of u'0f oft lh+
GXofjAj Ao';f g+ ufO{dv' . xnf ;/ <Æ
æUj lh+nf 5+' x] dl;n . lh+ 5'+ ofgf y]+ dRj+
t/ l5slk;+ tfl/km of kxf8 x] bgflbn .Æ
æ:j}lb;=== lab\jfgto\t k|;+;f ofOu' u'ln
dof] t/ l5 h'n+ ;'gfg+ k|z+;f dof;f g+ yMt
yMDx+ v'a k|;+;f ofgflbdf .Æ ;l/tf+ ;'/]zoft
stfIf oft .
æbM 5+ u'an] g+ k|;+zf dof;f, dg to]t
h';f+ lh+ yMt yMDx+ k|;+zf ofo]x] dfnlg . dv'nf
dv' a? lhldu' ;/ k|ltof tw+u' cfb/of lr+
vM .
efis/ uafots /]l8of] :jof Rjg .
:j:j+ efa's h'n . pls Rjoftu' g'uMv+ KosM
GofsM ln;f ln;f sof Ajg . lhGbuL e/
cWofkg ofgf 5' bt < wsf GXo;M ofO{lk+t
Dx't'O{ b+s ln;M la dfl:tjn – :j bf+ sdfo\
ofo] dkm;f g+ cfTdLo sy+ Yj dfof, j
;befa, Yj cfb/, Yj ;Ddfg 5' sd < yhfu'
dfof, ;befj, dfg, ;Ddfg GXofsf Woaf
b';f g+ ug b} <
efis/+ yy] larfM ofofF ua{ 5ftL km'n]oft .
á á
ubmaskey@gmail.com

;/ <Æ ;'/]z+ g+ ;l/tfof stfIf of ln;M pu' x]

sy+ lan .
æl5slk lgDxltk'+ l;of 5\ofsfl5sL kxM
vgf+ l5slklgu' bfDkTo hLjg ;f/} z'vdo y]+
tfn . ;bf+ yy] x] h'of Rjg]dfn .Æ efis/ t;t+
notfn .
æ;/of ;'jfM ;bf+ nu] h'Odfn .Æ ;'/]z+
gf6sLo sy+ hju' NxfkfM 5flt tof 5\o+ sf]5'sf
y'ln 5' wfn, km'Ss+ x/// ofgfM lGxn .
æ;/ cfM lhlk+ jg] .Æ ;l/tf+ gd:sf/ ofgf
labf ˆjg .
æl5slk+t lrof 5u" sk ts+ elks] dkm't .Æ
efis/+ yMu' nfrfl/tf lGxyg .
æ5'+ v+ db' ;/ . ;/of yhfu' dfof x] 5'
sd .Æ y'ln wof lgDxltk" g+ sf]yf+ lkxfjg .
Olk+ hs jg]j+ efis/+ Kofs]6 Kjnf :jn .
Kofs]6 b'g] ax] ;f]gL kf]6]{an /]l8of] v+gf j
jftf rfn . pls Rjof tn – Yj /]l8of] /]l8of]
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 9
jfv+
lh uf]lkrGb| hf;';
lh+ a"6 nfsf+ GXofgf . cf]e/sf]6 lkmgf . x}6
g+ k'of . 5sM Gxfo\s+ :jof . dufMlg vlg+ tf]lKj
cem g+ . lh+ xfs'u' df:s tof . xfs'u' x] rZdf
tof . xfsg+ Gxfo\s+ :jof . lhn . aNn . Dx;L
dv't cfM sfrfSs ;'gf g+ .
lh ahfM rfMXo" jgf .
5yfo\ h'n'; jofRjg tMlhu' . t/ h'n';of
gf/f lh+ dy'n . ævfv'F Pstf lhGbfjfb ÛÆ, æbfv'F
Pstf lhGbfjfb ÛÛÆ 5' wfMu', 5' wfMu' < h'n';
wfTy]+ vfv'Fto\u' x] vM jf bfv'to\u' vM jf lhu'
tfM;' hs ult dnfMu' vM <
5Dx alUndf/f+ lhtM YofSs x] Dx;Lsn . lh+
g+ joft TofKk Hjgf jof lDxrfo\ lg+ jf:ofˆjf:of
ofgfM :jof . lDxrf+ ;lR5j+u' :jkfM j Goo\tsf
j+u' KokfM n'of jn . æ5+t ufl8ef8f sf YjÆ
wsfM Goo\tsf j+u' 5kfM lh+ jof lDxrfo\ t'+ tof
laof . d]u' hs yMu' lDxrfo\ :jygf .
eltrf y'v] a'/f 5Dx]l;of kml; afuM Gofgf
lwaf aLt :jMu' . lDxrf vfln . jof lwaf cjZo
lDxrfGt/ h'of lhu' lDxrfo\ Yog] w'+s"u' h'Odf .
vF DxfOk' lg, x nf < cy];f+ 5' ofo\ <
yf}+ af¥xah]lg;]+ lg3f} rSsf hfd\ xF . rSsf
hfdof dfu yy] b' M–
vFUjM cfvM UjM cfvMUjM NofM
k]6«f]n\of k+ko\ k] 6«f]n\ of k+ ko\ % wfo\ GXof] lh k;n+ lkxfF g+ jof 5\jof .
dlrs+ofu' k+k\ g+ d lr s+ of u' k+k\ g+ &
to] dfn xF t o] df n xF % á á
10 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
uf]ljGb >]i7
GofuM, Gxo\uM GofuM . xfOs' y]+ dRj+ nf
dfu < u'ln uxg efj g+ . k]6«f]no\ dlrs+ Njfs
5\ofo\u' vF Û x]F x]F x]F x]F ===== Û
5Dx gSslnDx Woflª\u|rf co\nfMof t'Dn]6
Aos'+ Rofgf bgfRjg . 5sM jof co\nfM lh+ wno\
Kj+sf laofu' b' . t/ t'Dn]6o\ No+ blgu' eltrf
co\nfM b' lg lhu' 5\ogo\ sf n'gf Ao"u' j+ td+ .
t:;s+ ævqfDxÆ ld;f j . em08n] lhu' hflu/
gfk+ gofAo"u' j+ pano\ .
bnfO nfdfof kf]tfnf b/jf/ :jof g+ eJo
wof, emLyfo\of 3f]6fnf b/jf/t . 5y" b'xfF jgf
ys{o\ ofo] dfl:t j lhtM . kfs]6\ vr{ ;f+ jO
lg elt elt, djO nf < t/ UofM lh Û cg
nlxgf tOlk+ ‰ofDnfË] lvrft vgf lh t;s+
UofM .
Vo'+ Vo'+ wfn . lh cfM 5u" el§ k;no\ b'xfF
jgf . cfgGb+ ˆot'gf To+s gof . lgu" lslTn YjF
g+ Tjgf . t/ Gx"Dx el§ ;fx'+ lhtM Dxd:o" . lh+
rZdfXjt+ t'+s :jof joft .
ælhtM Dx:o" nf <Æ – lh+ rZdfXjt+ x]
Gogf .
æDxd:o" .Æ – eltrf UofM y]+ ge{; y]+ el§
;fx' .
ælh uf]lkrGb| hf;'; .Æ – lh+ wof . j+ 5'+
gSsf], Tj+Ssf] km's+ kfSsf] .
JolQmTj Dxl;sf
g]kfof Gxfkf+Dx s[liflj1 ld;fDx
bf]nb+ f] bF tk:ofofgf 1fg k|fKt oflk+
Clif dxlif{lk+ kf}/fl0fssfnof lqsfnblif{lk+ wof
tn . ufuL{ g+ 5u" O{ofDx 5Dx ljb'ifL vM . Gxfkf
;+;f/of bSj+ ljifoof 1fg k|fKtDx JolQmoft ljåfg
wfo]uo' f . Kn]6f], ;'s/ft, Pl/:6f]6n, pu' O{oflk
ljåfglk+ vM . jo\slk+ /fhgLlt zf:q, ef}ltszf:q
lg;]+ sfJou'0f ts+of 1fg b'lk+ ljåfglk+ vM . jo\s
lk;+ d:o'u' ljifo 5' x] d? wfO .
Gxfkf 1fgof nfuf tMAof dh" . 1fgof
kl/efiff x] :ki6 d?lg . pls+ ljåfglklgu' Nofg]
Dxf]hs b' . ;f]x|f} ztfAbL kZrft 1fg Aofks
?ko\ vg]bt . b}jLo wf/0ff dfgjLo h'n . lzIf0f
;+:yfg wd{zf:q ljifo; eujfg\of ljifo hs
Aj+s]u' j Ajg]u' dof;] dfgj ljifo g+ b'Yoflsu'
h'n .
la;f} ztfAbL lj1fg tyf k|ljlwof
cfkfn+ ljsf; h'n . Sjyfo\ Rjgf ;+;f/of
vF ;Ls] kmt . a]nfotL ul0ft1 cnfg 6'l/ª
;lxt tMDx j}1flgslklgu' s'tn+ ljB'tLo
sDKo'6/ cflj:sf/ h'n . ;g\ !(&^ dfr{ !)
; cn]Sh]G8/ u|fXdj]n+ 6]lnkmf]g, ;g\ !(&%
; sf]hs sDkgLof OGhLlgo/ :6]eg ;f;g+
l8lh6n Sofd/f, ;g\ !(^& ; hf]g ;]km8jf/f]g+
P6LPd cfljisf/oft . ;g\ !(() ; 6Ld j/g;{
nL g+ OG6/g]6 jN8{ jfO8 j]eof nflu ;ˆ6j]o/
RjofbLn . y'sy+ j}1flgs cflj:sf/+ ;+;f/]
lxpkf xn . -!_
ck{0ff k|wfg
;u/dfyfo\ Gxfkf+ Yo+Dx h'Gsf] tfj]oL,
ef}lts zf:qo\ lgsM gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKtDx
dlxnf j}1flgs Dof8d So"/L cyf{t d]/L So"/L
ljZjof ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfo\ Yo+Dx kf;fª
Nxfd" z]kf{ cGtl/If Gxfkf YoDx Eofn]G6fOg
6]l/:sf]ef cflb ;+;f/ gf+hfld dlxnf Gxon"jflk+
vM .
Gxfkf g]kfno\ df+jf}lk;+ yM DXofo drft 5]+
g] lkxfF jg]t cg'dtL jLdv' . 5]+of ltls‰ofM b'g]
Rjgf lkg]of ;+;f/ v+s]df . yhfu' Ono\ g+
lgDx KoDx dlxnf lk;+ ;lqmo h'of ;flxlTos
l;h{gfof lnw;fo\ yMt ;fj{hlgs kl/ro
ljofbLlk+ b' . /f0ff zf;gsfn of pQ/fw{
kfv] uf]/vfkq j zf/bf klqsf cWoog ofgf
nf]slk|of b]jL, s';'d df]lxgL, a'4df]xg b]jL, dw'
wf/f, lk|o bz{gL, nf]s s'df/L b]jL cflb lk;+
sljtf Rjof lbn . tf/fb]jL Ko+u" ;k"m RjofbLu'
b' . k'0o k|efb]jL j ;Ltf b]jLof n]v lj=;+=
@))# ; uf]/vfkqo\ lbbLalxgLsf] clenfiff
gfk+ k|sflzt h'n . yhfu' x] O{ofDx s]z/L
nIdL ljb]zo\ emfof lzIff xfl;n ofgf lbn .
jo\sn+ lj=;+= @)@^ ; a]nfot l:yt gl6d3d
o'lgel;{6L ljBfjfl/lw ofgfbLu' vM .
do\h' s]z/L nIdLh'+ jfNofj:yfo\ x] dft[zf]s
kmofbL dfn . jo\s kfh'of 5]o+ \ cyf{t\ slj s]z/L
lrqw/ …ÅboÚ of 5]oF \ Ajn+u' vM . kfh' lrQw/h'+ x]
jo\soft cfvMUj Dx;Lsf jLofbLu' vM . lzlIft
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 11
tyf cfw'lgs ljrfofu' kl/jf/+ jo\soft ljb]zo\
emfof cfvM Ajg]u' XjMtf r"nfsf ljof bLu' vM .
jo\sof jf} g+ pu' Ono\ snsQfo\ emfof cfOP
kf;ofgf bLu' vM . s]z/L nIdL jf}of kfv]+ g+ yMt
k|/] 0ff k|fKt h"u' tfo]sfbL .
GXof]vf l:yt sGofdlGb/ xfO:s'no\ do\h'
s]z/L nIdL h'+ ljBfno txdf cWoog Sjrfo]sf
lbn . lq–rGb| sn]h+ cfOP:;L kf;ofgf lbn . pu'
Ono\ lqe"jg ljZj ljBfno\ :yfkgf h'O w'sn .
t/ ljP:;L -B.SC_ k9fO ;'? dh"lg . lnkf k6gf
ljZj ljBfno kfv]+ ;DjGwg k|fKt of;]n + Lhs
la=P:;L txof g+ k9fO ;'? h'n . cno\ s]z/L
nIdL cg+ x] jfof]nf]hL cWoog ofgf lbn .
ef/tl:yt cfGb|f o'lgel;{6L PdP:;L -M.Sc._
kf; ofgfbLDx s]z/L nIdL g]kfof GXFkfDx dlxnf
vM . g]kfofDx jo\s + 5Dx hs dlxnf ljBfyL{
h"ul' n+ jo\soft cgRjlk+ ;+ g]kfnL r]nL wfOu' .
lj=;+= @)@) ;fn kfv] PdP:;L kf;ofgf
emfMDxs]z/L nIdL g]kfM emfof 5]+o\ cy]+ Rjgflbn .
jx] Ono\ s[lif dGqfno cGt/utof jfln/f]u
lj1fg zfvfoft PdP:;L kf; h'Dx 5Dx JolQm
cfjZos h'O . ljz]if1 cefju' Ono\ PdP:;L
kf; ofgf bLDx s]z/L nIdL oft 5]+o\ Yos jof
hflu/ Ao"jO . cgln jo\sn+ jfln /f]u lj1+of
?ko\ nhuf ;'? ofgf lbn .
hflu/ go] w'sf+ g+ cWoogk|lt ?rL dt+Dx
s]z/L nIdL oft sf]nDjf] Nkfg cGt/ut
5fqj[lQ k|fKt h'O . jo\sn+ curf dfnf+ b]urf
n"y]+ tfo]sfbL . g]kfn ;/sf/+ jo\soft lgbFof
nflu j]nfot\ Aj+s] 5\jO .
PdP:;L kf; h'O w's'Dx s]z/L nIdLoft
gl6wd o'lgel;{6Loflk+ k|f]km];/ lk;+ jo\soft
ljBfjfl/lw -PHD_ ofo]u' ;'emfj aL . pls+ jo\sn+
cg+ ljBfjfl/lw x] cWoog ofgf lbn . jo\sof
12 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
…kLPr8LÚ cWoogk|lt s[lif ljefuof tTsflng
lgb]{zs g]qaxfb'/ a:g]t j d+qfnoof ;lrj
s[i0fjd dNn ;sf/fTds h" . t/ tTsflng s[lif
dGqL of lrQ a'emo\ dh'u' h'ofRjg . pls >L %
;/sf/of dGqfno oft …kLPr8LÚ cfjZos dh"
wsf gl6wd o'lgel;{6L kqfrf/ ofO . ;/sf/L
kqfrf/oft jf:tf x] dof;] jo\sn+ yMu' cWoog
GXofsf RjgfbL . yMu' cWoog ljbf :jLs[t
dofu'nL g+ jo\sn+ Wofg tofdbL .
tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb| a]nfot e|d0fof Ono\
s]z/L nIdL g+ cg x] cWoog ofgf RjgfbLu'
vM . /fhfoft a]nfoto\ cWoog/t ljBfyL{lkGt
gfknfs]u' nflu cfof]lht sfo{qmd\ s]z/L nIdL
/fhf oft yMu' ljifo; kqfrf/ h"u' j yMu'
ljBfjfl/lw cWoog ljifo jf/] cjut ofgfbL .
g]kfno\ lzlIft dlxnfof Nof t;s+ Dxf] h'of Rj+u'
Ono\ a]nfoto\ …kLPr8LÚ ofgfRjDx s]z/L
nIdLof cWoog ljbf :jLs[ltof nflu /fhf+ x]
cfb]z jL . …kLPr8LÚ Sjrfo]sf a]nfot+ g]kf emfo]
w's
+ f hs jo\sof cWoog ljbf :jLs[t h'O .
s]z/L nIdL bsno\ Gxfkf+ tTsflng g]kfn
/fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lt:yfg -/f]gfi6_
; lgbF ts k|f1of ?ko\ Hofofgf lbn . g]kfno\
lj1fg ljifoof lj1lk+ t;s+ Dxf]u' Ono\ jo\s
5Dx dlxnf k|f1of ?ko\ Hofofgf lbn . Yj g]kfof
;sn dlxnf ju{of nflu k|/] 0ff h'ofAo"u' b' .
;/sf/L ;]jfo\ s[lif ljefuo\ t]>f] ;]jfo\
nhuf ;'?ofgfbLDx s]z/L nIdL g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb -gfs{_ ; jfln/f]u lj1fg
dxfzfvfo\ k|dv ' of lhDd]bf/L swfgf lbn .
jo\sof sy+ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_
of cjwf/0ff @)#%÷)#^ lnkf+ hs ;'? h"u' vM .
;/sf/L ;]jfo\ a9'jfof nflu gLGXoDx
JolQmlklgu' clws[t ;"rL ;fj{hlgs
ofO . …kLPr8LÚof cltl/Qm gDa/ k|fKtDx s]z/L
nIdLof gf+ bsno\ Rjo\ cyf{t Ps gDa/o\ lkxfF
jO . eg;"g j rfs/L r'SnLof g]kfof hdfgfo\
of]Uotfof 5+'g sb/ dbOu' h'of Rjg . Ps
gDa/o\ gf+ lksfo]u'nL ;IfdDx s]z/L nIdL,
nf]s;]jfof :jLs[t ofs'jno\ jo\sof gf+ rLsf
d]Dxo\l;ofu' gf+ lksof ljn . Yjof GofbFlnkf
bf]>f] >]0fL jof GofbF lnkf hs k|yd >]0fL a9'jf
h"u' vM . Yj jo\sof g]kfM of ;]jfo\ h'of Rj+u'
clgoldttfof cg'e"lt vM . lj=;+= @)$( ;fn+
;/sf/L ;]jf+ cjsf; sof lbn .
s]z/L nIdL+ ;/sf/ kfv]+ tMw+u' ;Ddfgof
ck]Iffofgf bLu' d? . t/ ;Ddfgof nflu of]Uo
dh"Dx JolQmoft uf]/vf blIf0f jfx" y]+ hfu' pRr
;Ddfg k|bfg ofu'nL pRr ;Ddfgof cjd"Nog
h"u' jo\sof dg+ tfo]sfbL .
jfln /f]u lj1fg dxfzfvfo\ jo\sof
sfo{sfno\ g]kfno\ bIf k|fljlws tyf ;fwg >f]t
k/ofKt pknAw dh'lg . lnkf k'nrf]s l:yt
s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\of sfof{no\ v'dn6f/o\
;/o\ h'n . cgnL cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;xh
h'n . Hofofo]t pko'Qm jftfj/0f b'u'nL+ cWoog
cg';Gwfgof sfo]{ cj/f]w g+ dh'n .
g]kfM s[lif k|wfg d'n's wsf ljZjo\ gf+
hf . k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwg k|r'/ dfqfo\ pknAw
ofo]k'm . ljsl;t d'n'so\ s[lqd k|ljlw j pko'Qm
xfjfkfgL ljsf;ofgf s[lif ptkfbg ofgf Rjg .
g]kfno\ k|s[lt x] s[lifof nflu pko'Qm xfjfkfgL
pknAw ofo] k"m . s[lqd pkfoof cfjZos
dh' . xfjfkfgL ljljwf b'u' sf/0f+ g]kfno\ s[lif
ljsf;of oSj ;Defjgf b'u' vM . Yjx] sf/0f+
cd]l/sL lgof]u, o'Pg8Llk+ -UNDP_ s[lif ;+alGw
cWoog cg';Gwfg ofo]t UjfxfnL Jo"u' vM .
g]kfMof nflu Yj t+w+u' pknlAw h"u' b' .
yMu' sfo{ sfno\ x] s]z/L nIdL g]kfno\ jfof]
6]Sgf]nf]hL -h}ljs k|ljlw_ s[lif, s[lif cg';Gwfg,
e]6]g/L, d]l8sn ;fOG;, cflb ;'? ofgf bLu'
vM. jo\sn+ s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbo\ oSj O{
ljsf lbn . jo\sn+ aflnof Njo\ Dx;Ls]u' j
Njo\ pGd'ng of nflu oSj of]ubfg ljof lbn .
Dx"s+ -Rofp_ v]tLof j sMlgof Njo\ klxrfg j
lgoGq0f ;+nUg h'of lbn .
Njr+ sMu' jflnof gd'gf ;+sngof nflu
s]z/L nIdL yM x] g]kfMof tMu' If]qo\ emfof
lbn . cy] emfO jno\ josn+ oSj x] cg'e"j g+
ofgfbLu' b' . gd'gf ;+sngof ‰jno\ 5sM Vjko\
g+ emfof lbn . cg Rjlk+ jfl;Gbflk;+ s]z/L
nIdL 5Dx s[lif ljz]if1 wsfM d:o" . jo\soft
d]l8sn lrlsT;s wsfM Rjg . cgRj+Dx 5Dx
drf Dxdk'mu' h'of Rjg . drfof df+jf} jof yM
Dx+ dk'mDx Dxofooft pkrf/of nflu jo\soft
cg'/f]wofO . Yj h'n jo\sof hLjgof GXofOk'u'
j clj:d/0fLo n'dlGt vM .
g]kfno\ s[lif v]tLof oSj ;Defjgf bofg+
ljsf; h'O k'mu' d?lg . s]z/L nIdL y's]of oSj
x] ;d:ofx] v+sfbL . cfjZostf sy+ cWoog
cg';Gwfg dh'u', cg';Gwfg of nflu :ki6 lglt
lgdf{0f dh'u', lj1 lk;+ yMyMsy+ Hof GXofgf
Rj+u' cflb sf/0f+ oSj ;+efjgf bofg+ g]kfno\
s[lif pGglt dh"u' jo\sof wf/0ff vM .
cfly{s pGglt ljgf b]z ljsf; h'O kmOdv' .
s[lif pTkfbg cfly{s pGgltof d'Vo >f]t vM .
g]kfMof jftfj/0f oft kfo\l5u' kmnk"mn, t/sf/L
tyf cGo jfln blR5 o+s pTkfbg ofo]k'm .
g]kfno\ Go"g vr{ k|;:t cfDbfgL h'Ou'
Dx's+ -Rofp_, lsjL pAhgLof oSj ;+efjgf b' .
h'Dnfo\ :ofp v]lt oSj h'of Rj+u' b' . t/ :ofp
cfoft+ g]kfof w]jf ljb]zo\ GXofsf Rj+u' b' .
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 13
e"kl/j]i7Lt g]kfno\ oftfoftof c;xhtf+ jhfM
of Joj:yf h'O dk'mlg . pls+ pAhgL h"u' :ofp
h'dnfo\ x] hs l;ldt h'of yfgf Rjg . :ofp
tyf :ofp g+ lgld{t j:t' lgof{tofo] kmt wfM;f
g]kfMof cfly{s pGgltof d'Vo >f]t h'Ok'm .
…TjfMb]jfM Sjo\ dt+ dv+, g]jf ;dfho\
k|rlnt pvfg vM. ;+;f/of yMyMu' If]qo\ of]ubfg
ljofbLlk+ GXon'jf dlxnflklgu' jf/] oSj rrf{
ofgf Rjgf . jo\s lklgu' cg's/0f ofo]df wsfM
b;" gfnf Rjgf . t/ yMu' b]zo\ RjDx dlxnfof
ljifono\ emL;+ pln rrf{ ofgf Rjgfu' d? .
8f= s]z/L nIdL dfgGw/ dfOqmf] jfOnf]hL
ljBfjfl/lw ofgfbLDx g]kfMof bsno\ Gxfkf+Dx
dlxnf lj1 vM. josof jf/] emL ;sl;g+ ;Ls]
;o]s] dfDx dlxnf vM . g]kfno\ s[lif pGgltof
nflu jo\sof of]ubfg cTofjZos h" .
14 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
s[lif lj1 s]z/L nIdL k|fl1s lj1 hs dv'
jo\s of of]ubfg ;dfh ;]jf tyf ;flxlTos
If]qog+ ljofbLu' b' . ljof RjgfbLu' b' . lg/Gt/
GXofgf x] Rjlg .
s]z/L nIdL 1fg, u'0f of]Uotf b'Dx dlxnf
vM. t/ jo\sof af/] lh+ yMDx :o"u' lg‰jM
Ko‰jM Rjo]u' cfjZos tfd]sf Rjofu' vM . TjfM
b]jfSjo\ dt+ v+s]dfu' lh+ tfo]sfu' h'n .
;+be{ wnM
!= ;+;f/ abn]sf cfljisf/ M gful/s M
@)&#÷)#÷)$
@= hfuL/ lbg 3/d} cfPsf lyP M ;dfrf/kq M
@)&)÷!@÷@&÷%
á á
-g]=;+= !!#( s5nf Yj !) cfOtaf/
lj=;+= @)&% d+l;/ @ ut], cfOtaf/_
;+:s[lt
xf]nL -kmfu'_ kj{
xf]nL kj{ g]kfn j ef/to k|frLg sfnlg;]+
GXofgf jof Rj+u' 5u" ljlzi6 kj{ vM . Yj kj{
oft dbgf]T;j jf j;Gtf]T;j g+ wfou' ofM .-!_
vf;ofgf Yj pT;j j;Gt Ct'of ;'? gfk
gfk+ dfg]ofOu' h'of j;Gtf]T;j g+ wfo]u' ofMu'
vM .
Yj pT;jof jf/] ljleGg dxfslj lklgu' u|Gyt
uy]ls dxfslj sflnbf;of ædfnljsflUgldqÆ
dxfslj eje"ltof ædfntLdfwjÆ xif{of
æ/TgfjnLÆ cn] /fhz]v/of sk"{/ d~h/L-@_ cflb
pbfx/0fLo vM t/ GXofu' yMh' vf;ofgf Yj
pT;j zLtsfn k'mgf j;Gtof cfFudg gfk+
GXofOk's]u' h'of 5u' sy+ rLs'nfof b'Mv oft
GX+sf dfgjgfk+ k'mSs k|s[ltO g+ lxpkf jof
GXofOk'u' jxf/ jOu' h'of Yj kj{oft ljho of
cj;/ sy+ dfg]ofOu' ljz]if kj{ sy+ gfnftMu'
vFg]b' . Yj vFoft rf}yf] ztfAbL kfv] RjoftMu'
uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLof wfk' sy+ b]zo tw+u'
czflGt h"u' Ono\ kf}if k"l0f{df s'Gx' xf]ln pT;j
ofgf zflGt :yflkt ofu' vF GXoygftMu' b' .-#_
d]u' uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL sy+ xf]ln kmfu' k'lGxs'Gx'
hs dv' blR5of 5'+ g+ lGx jf O{no g+ ofo]
lhpu' v+ GXoygftMu' b' .
xf]nL 5u' k|frLg pt;j vM . y'lsof
k|f/lDes zAb xf]nfsf vM wsf h}ldlgk"j{
dLdf+;f ;"q !.#.!^ ;+ GXoygf tMu' b' .-$_
æsf7u[Xo;"qÆ /fsf xf]nfs] &#! of AofVof
xl//fh hf]zL
6Lsfsf/ b]jkfn+ yy] RjoftMu' b' – xf]nf
5u' sd{ ljz]if vM u'u' ld;fto\u' ;f}efUoof
nfuL ;Dkflbt h'O{ u'h'Hofof /fsf -k"0f{rGb|_
BMh'O-%_ d]lk+ l6sfsf/ t;]+ Yj JofVofoft d]sy+
x] ofgf Rj+u' b' . Yj vF sfd;"qo\ -!.$.$@_
; g+ GXoygf tMu' b' . plsof cy{ 6Lsfsf/
hod+un+ ofgftMu' b'M . kmfu'0fof k'GxL s'Gx'
dg"t z[+u kr'sf+ 5Dx+ d]Dxl;t /+lug nv+
5\jfsf g:jfu' clj/ to]lsu' vM-^_ x]dflb|+
j[xBdof 5u' Znf]soft sof xf]lnsf k'lGx oft
æx'tfzgLÆ woftMu' b' .-&_ afns[8f ofgf k"j+s
dg"tot P]Zjo{ ljOu' kmfu'0f k'lGxoft lnËk'/f0f+
kmfNu'l0fsfof ;+1fljof tMu' b' .-*_ j/fxk'/f0f
cg';f/ æk6jf;ljnf;LgL -cjL/ofv]n_ vM .-(_
kmfu' k'lGx s'Gx' lDxltu' xf]nL kj{of k|fb'ef{j af/]
ljleGg ljrf/t GXoAjoftMu' b'. pls dWo] 5'+
ljrf/ t yg GXoAjofu' h'n–
-!_ bfgj/fh lx/0o slzk'+ yM lji0f'eQm
sfo k|Nxfb oft s]x]F xf]lnsf gfk+ dL tof
Rofs]u' s'tM ofMu' t/ k|Nxfboft dL+ dYo' dL+
dlyOu' j/ sof tMDx xf]lnsf yM :jo+ dL= eid
h'u' 36gf oft sof xf]nL ofgfd+ xf]nL pT;j
dfg]ofgftMu' vM .-!)_
-@_ x]dflb|+ eljiof]Q/ k'/f0f kfv]+ lnsof
5u' cfVofg GXoAjof tn . cfVofgsy+ o'lwli7/+
kmfNu'0f k'lGxs'Gx' xf]nfsf 5fo] Roflsu' wsf GoF
jn] >L s[i0f+ h'h' /3'of jf/] ls+jblGt Go+s'u' b'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 15
hgtfto];+ h'h' /3'ofyfo\ jgf æ9f]9fÆ gf+ ofDx
/fIf];+ rflGx d:to\t VofOu' v+ ph'/ ofj+u'
h'of Rjg . j /fIf];Lof af/] h'h'+ yM k'/f]lxt
kfv]+ dflnlgof Dxofog+ eujfg lzj kfv]+
joft b]j j dg'io hs :ofo]dkmOu' hsdv'
GXofy]ofu' z:q c:q jf udL{ jf 708L jf km;+
g+ ;L dkmo]dfwsf j/bfg softMu' wofu' v+
l;Osn . gfk+ lDxtf Rjlglk d:t kfv]+ g+ zts{
h'of Rjg] dfMu' g+ v+ l;Osn . k'/f]lxt+ Yj g+
wfMu' ls kmfu'0f k'lGx s'Gx' lrs'nf Ct' k'mgf
u|Lid Ct' GXofOu'ln dg cfgGb h'of d:to\;+
v'l; h'of lkg]lkxfFjof l;dfsrf, xM cflb d'+sf
Rofsf ld+oft :jsM rflxnf xfF;v]n ofOu'
kmf]x/ clZng v+t tof d]+xfnf xf]xNnf ckf]
ofgf h'n wfn;f /fIf;Lof d[To' h'O k'/f]lxtof
Yj v+ Gogf h'h'of cfb]zfg';f/ /fIf;L of d[To'
h'u' lGx oft xf]lnsf of gfd ljpu' .-!!_
-#_ ;Djt ;'? ofo]t j j;Gt cfudgof
nfuL ofOu' o1 j ps]kfv] cUgLof clwb]j
:j?k k"hf ofODx cg]sf} zf:qg+ xf]lnsf oft
dfg]ofgf tMu' b' . jx] sf/0f+ u'Dx zf:qsf/
xf]lnsf+ bxgoft Gx'u' ;Djt GXofOu' cUgL
:j?k k/dfTdf oft k'hf ofOu' vM .-!@_
-$_ kmfu'0f k'lGxof lbg rt'b{z dg"dw] 5Dx
l;ofu' hGd lbg h'n . ps] Yj ltyLoft dGjflb
ltlywsf g+ wfOu' ofM .-!#_
-%_ lzj/fqLof rfGxo] eujfg lzjof
Hof]ltlnË of pTklt h'u' wfOu' plsof sf/0f
pu' rf oft wfld{s b[li6 dxTj ljoftMu' ln j
lbg s'Gx' lg;]+ efª wt'/ cflb nfu' gofF dg'+t
ps'Gx' lg;]+ ooMy] ;gf xfnf Kofv+ x'nf dg"t
GXofOk'sLu' . ækmfu'of cj;/] dg"t ;'d]?of lzj
jf+nf /l;of wsfÆ d]+ xfnLu'lng+ Rjo\Gxo\ygfu'
vF oft k':tLofM .
16 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
-^_ uf]lkgL t od"gf v'zL gfªufklt Dxf]
Nx'Ou' rng b' . Yj t;s+ jfdfnfu' wsf >Ls[i0f
uf]lkgL tot r]tgf sfo]s]u' tft'gf loldu' j;M
t bsf] l;dfo\ vfoftofljn lnkf j uf]lklgot
cfjln yy] gfªuf+klt df]Nx'Ou' dofo]u' jfrf
ofsf >Ls[i0f loldu' j ;Mt lnltljpu' h'of
Rjg . ps]+ lr/ :jfOjn] l;dfo ljleGg /+uLg
sfkM t'qmf vfof tOu' vM .
wd{zf:qo GXoygftMu' sy+ xf]nL kj{
RofGx' hs wfOu'of cy{ xf]nL kj{of cj;/]
le+u'Hof ofo]dlhp . pu' Ono yL lhpdlhp
jf hfltof e]befj h'Odv' pu' Ono Gxofu'
ju{oflkg+ ;sn] yjyj] 5k+ h'of d}lqefj+ efO{
efO{of efjgf+ lDxltu' vM . 5u' cfVofgsy
k|flrgsfno Yj kj{ lgDg ju{oflklghs rng
b'u' vM . t/ lbltk'q lx/0o sflzk' yM lji0f'eQm
sfo k|Nxfb oft :ofo]t dLdlyODx s]x]+ of d'n]
k]mt'sf dL Rofsf ljn cn] k|Nxfb l;Ou' h'n
wsf efª wt'/ cflb nfu' gof bfgjt oMoM y]
Kofv+ x'nf;gf h"u' . ps]+ Yj kj{ oft lgDg
juL{o sy+ gfnftMu' t/ cf jof ;j{ Joflk lk|o
h'O w'sn .
xf]nfsf of pT;j lv|i6fAb :jof Gxfkf x]
GXofgf Rjg]w+'snu' vM . sfd;"q j eljiof]Q/
k'/f0f+ Yj kj{oft j;Gt Ct' gfk+ ;+o'Qm ofOu'
ps]+ k'lg{dfof u0fgf sy jiff{of cGto nfMjM .
Yj xf]lnsf x]dGt jf ktem8 of cg\tof ;"rs
sy+ gfk+ j;Gtof Hof k|]ddo nLnfof Bf]ts g
gfnf tMu' b' . j;Gtof cfgGbfleJolQm /+uLg
nM j GXofp+u' /+u, cjL/ of k/:k/ cfbfgk|bfg
l;Ob' .-!$_
cfM tsof cWoog+ l;O b' ls xf]nLsf kj{
g]kfno\ k"j{ dWosflng+ lg;]+ dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u'
vFg]b' . uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnL of sy+ g+ Yj v+ k'li6
h" . g]kfn ;Djt &*! of d]+ ækmfu'g Dx]tfj
sfGx'h' /fwfgÆ g]kfn ;Djt &(@ of d]+ g]kfn
efiff -g]kfn efvf_ d]+ æc+u lg/dn of;] kmfu'0f;
kmfu' Dx]t] bf]noftÆ, g]kfn ;+jt *&@ of
P]ltxfl;s 36fgfjln;+ ækmfu' xf]l/ Dx]tfjÆ wsf
GXoAjof tMu' ln g+ k"j{ dWosfn+ lg;] cljl5Gg
kmfu' xf]ln pT;j GXofgf Rj+u' vFg]b' .-!%_ g]kfn
;Djt (@) of ono led;]g dlGb/o\ ofOu'
ehg lstfj g+ kmfu' xf]nLof j0f{g ofgf tMu' b' .
kmfu'0f z'Ns ci6dL s'Gx' rL/f]Tyfgofgf RofGx'
ts g]kfno kmfu' pT;j ofOu' vM. rL/f]Tyfg
ofOjn] eujfg lzj gfk+ :jfk' b"u' 5k' lxGbL
ehg xflnu' k/Dk/f Gxfkf+lg;] GXofgf Rj+u' g+
vFg]b' .-!^_
a'+Hof sf]rfosf jfnL b'sfo\ w'+sf GXofOk'sL
u' pT;j t osf] b' . jif{of cGto\ h'Ou' xf]lnsf
bxg oft ;Djt Rofs]u' sy+ g+ gfnftMu' wofu'
wfk' b' . j+u' ;Djtof clGtd lGx j jOu'
Gx'u' ;Djt Gxfkf+u' GxL lgu' of pT;j Njfsf
GxofsLu' dXTjk"0f{ hfMu' pT;j sy+ gfnf g]kf
j ef/to g+ ljgf 5'+ e]befj dbos pT;j
ofOu' vM .
kfb l6Kk0fL
!= >L jfT:oftogd'lg k|0fLt æsfd;"qÆ s[i0fbf;
csfbdL, jf/f0f;L, O{=;+ !((& k[= !%&
@= P] P] k[i7 !%&
#= k'g t:o /fh] dxfd'Tkft ej]t\ t:o ;f+lt
s[t kf]io k"0f{dL xf]ln s[td\ t]g ;flGt
ejlt The gopalrajvansavali, Franz steiner
verlag wiesbaden gmbh 1985, P. 29
$= 8f= kf08"/Ë jfdg sf0f], æwd{zf:qsf
Oltxf;Æ -rt'y{ efu_ pQ/k|b]z lxGbL
;+:yfg nvgp, !(*$ k[= *(
%= xf]nf sd{ljz]ifM ;f}efUofo :qL0ff+ k|ft
v'i7Lot] . tq xf]nfs] /fsf b]jtf . of:t]
/fs] ;'dto OTofbL k[i7 *(
^= P] k[i7 *(
&= P] k[i7 *(
*= ækmfNu'0f kf}0f{df;L r ;bf jfnljsfl;gL .
1]of kmfNu'lgsf ;f]r >]of nf]s lje"to]Æ –
lnuk'/f0f P] k[i7 *(
(= kmfNu'g] kf}l0f{df:of+ t' k6jf;ljnfl;g . 1]of
;f kmfNu'gL nf]s] sfof{ nf]s;d[4o] . –
j/fxk'/f0f P]= k[i7 *(
!)= nLnfw/ zdf{, ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf]z /fhkfn
P8 ;G; !((( O{= k[= !)!*
!!= wd{zf:qsf Oltxf; -rt'y{ efu_ k[= ()
!@= s'Fj/ sGx}ofh" ælxGb"cf]+ s] j|t cf}/ Tof}xf/,
;:tf ;flxTo d08n k|sfzg, gO{ lbNnL
O{=;+ @))! k[= !(
!#= P] k[i7 !(
!$= wd{zf:qsf Oltxf; -rt'y{ efu_ k[= ()
!%= Dr. Kamal p. Malla: A dictionary of classical
Newari, chosa pasa, Kathmandu 2000. A.D.
P. 301
!^= ehg uLt
lzj lzj hk dg nfo] ;bflzj
xl/x/ hk dgnfO{ ..w'..
zLif h6f lzj jbg ;'xfo]
lqgog zf]let lje't nufof lzj ..!..
jw] jf3Dj/ 8Da? ahfo
efË wt'/s] kmfFs nufo lzj ..@..
gfrt xl/ug j}+z r9] lzj
uf}/L u0f]z s'df/ ;fy lzj ..#..
z/0f kz'klt sxts lj/
rf/ kbl/y df]Ifkb kfp lzj ..$..
á á

yf}+sGx] no\kf} 17
;+:s[lt
g]jfM ;dfho\ Olxof Joj:yf
Olxkf jf Olxof cy{ ldh+ j ld;fgfk
snfMeft cyf{t bfDkTo hLjg Xag]u' ;+:sf/
wofu' sNkb|'d;+ GXoygftMu' b' . d]u' wfo]u' vM;f
ldh+ j ld;fgfk+ yf}+sGx]of efiff get together
vM . hGd laOlk+ df+ af}of 5]+ g+ stMlk+ 5]Fof
ldh+ drfoft lhDdf laOu' 5u" k|s[of ;+:sf/
vM . xlndo\ k|foM ;sn dfgj hfltof -Olxkf_
Olx ofOu' k|yf b' . yMyMu' ;+:s[lt ljleGg
kl/efiffsy+ GXofgfRj+u' b' . c+u|]hto\ Olx wofu'
5u" ;fdflhs cg'aGw hs vM -Marriage is a
social contract_ t/ lxGb" j af}4 ;+:sf/o\ Olx
k4lt hLljt h'Ot hs dv' k/nf]s h'Ow'+sfM g+
d'lQm ofo]t ;+:sf/ j st{Jooft g+ :jfsftMu'
b' . uy]ls Olxkf w'+sfM bfDkTo hLjg XjgfM
hGd h'Olk+ ;Gtfgkfv]+ d[ts df+ af}oft d'lQm
laOu' ;+:sf/ j st{Jooft :jfsftMu' vM. t/
c+u|]hto -Olxkf_ Olx k4lt :yflkt bfDkTo
;DaGw hs vM . yy] bfDkTo hLjgo\ cfj4
sfg"g j /Lltl/jfhkfv]+ dfGotf h"lklgkfv]+ hGd
h'Olk+ ;Gtfgoft g+ clwsf/ j st{Jo g+ :jtM
bO wsfM klZrdL ljåfg j]j:t/ dfs{ -Webster
Mark_of wfk" vM . pls+ Olx -Olxkf_ wofu' 5u"
zf:qLo ljlwsy+ dfGo ofgf ofOu'oft sfg"gL
¿k+ g+ dfGotf h'O wsfM xlndo\ cKjl;of Olxkf
ofOano\ yMyMu' /Lltl/jfhsy+ ofM;f+ pT;j g+
ofOu rng b' .
18 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
?sld0fL >]i7
k|frLgsfno\ Olx -Olxkf_ k|yf vg]db' . pu'
Ono\ k'?ifk|wfg ;dfh GXofgfRj+u' O{ h'ofM k'?if
ju{of OR5fsy+ gf/Loft kl/rfng ofgftMu'
vg]b' . pu' Ono\ k'?ifju{ gf/Loft yMu' jf;gf
k"j+s]t hs dv', yM kfx'gf kf;flklgu' OR5f k"lt{
ofs]t g+ ;]jf ;Tsf/ ofo]t yM snfMoft k|f]T;fxg
laofM 5\onLu' vM . cem gf/Loft P]lR5s j:t'
hs dv', ;Gtfg bo]s]t k/k'?ifgfk+ lgof]hg
k|ljlwts+ g+ ofgf k|f]T;fxg laofRj+u' l;Ob' .
cy] x] – dxfef/to\ kf08'of snfM s'GtL j dfb|L+
k/k'?iflk+ ;"o{, wd{/fh, OGb| cflbkfv]+ s0f{,
o'lwli7/, ch{'g, eLd, gs'n, ;xb]jlk+ hGd Ao"u'
vF GXoygftMu' emL;+ Ajgf Rjgfu' vM . cltly
;Tsf/of ‰jno\ pklgifbo\ GXoAjoftMsy+
p2fns Clif+ yMu' 5]o\ jofRj+Dx kfx'gf kf;foft
;]jf ofo]t yM snfMoft k|f]T;fxg laofM ;]jf ofs]
Ao'u' Clifk'q Zj]ts]t'oft lrQ a'emo\ dh'of
lj/f]w ofgf lgod bo]sflan . cfj+ lg;]+ ;'+ g+
ld;f 5Dx hs k'?ifgfk Rrg]bO . pan]lg;]+
lxGb" ;dfho\ Olxkf k|yf k|rng h"u' wfOu' . t/
yy] af+nfMu' lgod bo]sf lapDx gf+ hfMDx Clif
k'q Zj]ts]t'of hGd g+ p2fns Clifof r]nfkfv]+
lgof]hg ofgf hGd h"Dx t/ Clif p2fnsof
sfo\ wsfM pklgifb cflbO GoygftMu' b' . cy] x]
w[t/fi6«, kf08', ljb'/ j k~r kf08jlklgu' hGd
g+ ljof]hg k4lt+ x] h'ofRj+u' vM . ld;f wofDx
w/lt -If]qe"t_ vM;f k'?if jLhe"t h"u'ln+ j}lbs
sfn+ g+ lgof]hg ljlwoft ;dfh+ dfgo ofgftMu'
dg':d[lt (÷## ; woftMu' b' –
æIf]qe"tf :d[tf gf/L jLhe"tM :d[tM k|dfg\
If]qjLh ;dfof]uft ;+ejM ;j{b]lxgfd\Æ
pls+ clj:d[lt+ g+ -!(!–!($_ woftMu' b' ls
:qLoft uan]+ alxisf/ ofo] dHo" . ha/h:tL
s/0fL h'of= ue{jtL h"Dx h";f+ g+ cz'4 h'Odv' .
5fo\wfM;f ue{ d'lQm h'Ow'+sfM j x/]s dlxgfo\
/h:jnf h'Ou'ln+ j yM yDx+ x] z'4 h'ofRjgL .
j+ u'u+'sy+ g+ k|folZrt ofo]dfnL dv' . ;TojtL,
cxNof, b|f}ktL, s'GtL, tf/f j dGbf]b/Llk+ yy] x]
ha/h:tL s/0fL uef{wfg h'ofM ;Gtfg pTklQ
ofo]w'+s"lk+ vM;f+ kljq x] gfnfRj+u' b' . cem
;gftg wd{sy+ ;'yo\ lGxlGx y'lk+ k~rsGofof
gf+ sfo]u' lGxlR5of kfk sto\ h'O woftn .
g]jfM ;dfho\ g+ Olxkf yMlklgu' l/ltlylt
sy+ ofM;f+ g+ pT;j g+ ofgf GXofsfRj+u' rng
cflbsfn+ lg;]+ b' wofu' l;Ob' . cn] yy] pT;j
ofgf GXofsfRj+u' Olxkfoft ;dfh+ hs dv'
sfg"g+ g+ dfGotf laofRj+u' b' t/ u'ln+u'ln+
;dfho\ ljs[lt :jefj lkHjofM= yHofMu'
;fdflhs ljjfxoft g+ yf}+sGxo\ c:jfefljs
cdfGo h'ofRj+u' j yHofMu' bDklQkfv]+ hGd
h"lk+ ;Gtfgoft sfg"gL dfGotf dlaofM hGdl;4
clwsf/ gful/s xs cflboft cj/f]w pTkGg
h'ofRj+u'ln+ ;+:sfl/t Olxkf ofgf g+ sfg"gL
/Lt g+ k"j{s]dfMu+' k|fjwfg g]kfn ;/sf/kfv]+
g+ h'ofjMu' b' . cf+M GXofUu' k4lt Tok" hLjg
xlgOlk+t sfg"gL Tok' btf{ -ljjfx btf{_ ofo]dfMu'
afWotf+ 5u" lwl;nfMu' bl;k|df0f h"u' b' . g]jfM
;dfho\ g+ ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ sy+of Olxkf
lxGb" jf af}4 lgu'ln+ ;Dk|bfo;+ GXofgfRj+u' b' .
lxGb"zf:q sy+ Olxkf -ljjfx_ Rofu" sy+ ofOu'
rng b' –
!= a|Dxljjfx – a|Dx"to\ hs GXofsfRj+u'
a|Dxljjfx zf:qfg';f/ sd{sf08 ljlwsy+
:jhftLo ljjfx vM .
@= b]jljjfx – sd{sf08 ljlwsy+ o1 ofgf
blIf0ffgfk+ laof ofOu' ljjfx . k|frLgsfno\
lxGb" k'/f]lxtto\ cKjM rng b'u' ljjfx vM .
#= cfif{ljjfx – j/kfv]+ kz' -;f, d], uf]?
cflb_ sof sGofbfg laOu' ljjfx .
$= k|hfkToljjfx – j/ j jw" gfk+ Rjgf
ljlwljwfgsy+ lgDxl;g+ wd{of cfr/0f k"j+s]dfMu'
wsfM sGofbfg laOu' ljjfx .
%= cf;'/ljjfx – j/ jw" lgDxl;t Sj;M
laof ljlw k'/f ofgf laOu' ljjfx cf;'/ ljjfx
vM .
^= ufGwj{ljjfx – j/ jw" lgDxl;of+ dg
ldno\ h'ofM oMToM h'Osf ljlwk"j{s ofOu' ljjfx .
&= /fIf;ljjfx – jw"of doo]s ha/
h:tL v'of o+sfM jf nfsf o+sfM ofOu' ljjfx
/fIf;ljjfx vM .
*= k}zfrljjfx – jw"oft ha/h:tL s/0fL
ofgfM ljjfx ofOu' k}zfrljjfx wsfM woftn .
Rjo\ GXoAjofu' dWo]o\ Ko+u"oft nf]sdfGo
ljjfxsy+ gfnftMu' b' . ufGwj{ljjfx j
/fIf;ljjfxoft GxfkfGxfkf ;fdGtL j /fhf
/hf}6fto\;+ gfnfRj+u' ljjfx vM . cy] ljjfx
ofgf b'lk+ ;Gtfgoft hGd laODx af}ofu' vfGbfgL
bhf{, y/ jf dfGotf laOu' rng db\ .
(= d]u' cGt/hftLo ljjfx g+ k/Dk/flg;]+
GXofsfRj+u' vg]b' . t/ Gxfkf yy] ljjfx h'of
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 19
hGd h"lk+ ;Gtfgoft j0f{z+s/ cyjf :jhftLo
;dfhb'g] dYofMlk+ sy+ Jojxf/ ofOu' vM .
g]jfMto\ yM :jofM Sjo\ofDx snfM h";f jofkfv]+
b'lk+ ;Gtfg df+ofu' y/o\ x] YofsLu' af}of y/
dlaOu' rng h'ofRj+u' vg]b' . t/ yf}+sGxo\
cfw'lgs ;dfho\ j g]jfM ;dfho\ g+ y'HofMu'
Jojxf/ GxgfM jgfRj+u' b' . cy] g+ :jhftLo
;dfho\ ttMw+u' ;fdGtL kl/jf/of ;+:sf/o\
wfM;f cem g+ cnu x] Jojxf/ ofOu' k/Dk/f
sfod x] hofRj+u' b' .
t/ yy] vM;f+ g]kfno\ Gxfkf Gxfkf yy]
cGt/hftLo ljjfx ofgftMlk+ ;fdGtLto\ ;Gtfg
;dfho\ b'g] k|ltli7tsy+ b'ltsftMlk+ g+ b' uy]
ls – h'h' /0faxfb'/ zfx g+ ljwjf a|Dx0fL
ljjfx ofgf jofkfv]+ b'Dx sfo\ uLjf{0fo'4oft
h'h'of kbjL laofM g]kfM /fHo ;+rfng ofs'u'
b' . cy] x] Clifd'lgt gfk+ kf}/fl0fs h'h'lk;+
cGt/hftLo ljjfx ofgf hGd h"lk;+ yMu' k|e'Tj
Rrhfo]sf jlk b' . dxlif{ k/fz/+ dfemL wLj/of
DXofo\ dT:ouGwfgfk ljjfx ofgf hGd h"Dx
s[i0f å}kfog lnkf rt'j]{bof lgdf{tf h'of lnkf
j]bJof;of gfd ;'ljVoft h'n . cy] x] /fj0fof
df+ sf}sl;+ s'j]/of ca' Clif lj>jfgfk ljjfx
ofgf n+sflwz /fj0f j wdf{lwsf/L ljeLif0f
yhfMlk+ sfo\lk+ hGd h"u' vM . cy] x] jlzi7
Clif 5Dx a]Zofof sfo\ vM .
!)= afnljjfx – afnljjfx j}lbssfn+
lg;]+ h'ofRj+u' vg]b' . t/ j}lbssfn lnkf
:d[ltsfnof afnljjfxof cl:tTj ufSs
vg]b' . pu' Ono\ afnljjfxoft clgjfo{sy+
gfnftMu' l;Ob' . O{zfsfnof z'?lg;]+ afnljjfx
clgjfo{sy+ gfnfxn . k|To]s Ct'sfn h'Oano\
20 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
sGof uef{wf/0f of]Uo h'O . pls+ y'hfMu' Ono\
uef{wf/0f dofM;f jofu' /h gi6 h'O j gi6
h"u' /h e|"0f ;dfg vM . pls+ /h:jnf h'O GXoj
x] df+af}lk;+ sGofbfg ofo]dfM, dofM;f e|"0fxTof
g+ a|DxxTof y]+ kfk nfO . pls+ /h:jnf h'ofM
:jbFts j ljjfx dh'n ;f sGof yDx+ x] a/
dfnfM ljjfx ofo]dfM . …sf}l6NoÚof sy+ !@ bF
b'Dx sGof Jojxf/o\ lgk"0f{ h'O . Yj wfk"sy+
pu' On+ lg;]+ afnljjfxoft k|fyldstf hs
dv' clgjfo{sy+ x] gfnftMu' vg]b' . pu' Ono\
k/fz/:d[ltof &–&–( sy+ sGofoft Gofu" efu
AjynftMu' b' .
!= Gxfkf+Dx sGof – glUgsf u'Dxl;of b'?KjM
vg] bOdv'lg .
@= uf}l/sf – RofbF b'Dx sGof .
#= /f]lx0fL – u'bF b'Dx sGof .
$= aflnsf – lembF b'Dx sGof .
%= aflnsf – !) bF Rjo\ofDx /h:jgf
h'Ow'+s"Dx .
!= Gxfkf+Dx sGof glUgsf ljjfx ofo]t
clt pQd wsfM woftn . a|Dxk'/f0fsy+ z};j
cj:yfofDx sGofoft af}g+ ljjfx ofgf laOdfM .
y'ls+ af}oft ;LsfM :ju{ k|fKt h'O woftn .
@= RofbF b'Dx uf}l/sfoft g+ pQd dfg]
ofgftn . cem y'lsO sfZok Clif Gxo\bF b'Dx
emg\ pQd wsfM woftn . Yj vFoft eljiok'/f0f+
g+ dfGotf laoftn . lembF Rjo\oflk+ sGof
/h:jnf h'Ou' j /h:jnf h'Ow'+s"Dx sGofoft
ljjfx ofgf dAo";f df+af} j ysflnDx bfh'gfk+
g/saf; h'O woftn .
#= u'bF b'Dx /f]lx0fLoft sGofbfg laODx j
sfODx lgDxl;t+ pQd h'O woftn .
 $= !)bF b'Dxoft sGof wfO . Yjoft bfg
ofo]u' g+ pQd x] h'O . t/ !@bF bof g+ ljjfx
dh";f df+af} j ysflnDx bfh'of g/saf; nfO
woftn .
ax'ljjfxof k|yf k/Dk/f, kf}/fl0fs j
b]jb]jLof kfnf+ lg;]+ rng h'ofRj+u' vg]b' .
bIfk|hfklt+ yM DXofo\lk+ @&Dx nf rGb|dfoft
sGofbfg Ao"u' kf}/fl0fs afvgo\ Ajg]b' . cy] x]
hutdftf h'ofRj+Dx kfj{tLof g+ u+uf lny' wfOu'
vM . cy] x] Clifd'lgto\;+ g+ ax'ljjfx ofgfRj+u'
b' . j}lbs sfno\ bz/y+ KoDx snfM ljjfx
ofgftMu' b';f dxfef/to\ s[i0fof GofDx snfM
ljlwsy+ x] ljjfx ofgftMu' vM;f+ d]lk+ !^))
uf]lklg g+ b' wfO . cy] x] kf08', ch{'g, eLd
cflblk;+ g+ ljlwsy+ x] ax'ljjfx ofgftMlk+ vM .
ljwjf ljjfx j k'glj{jfx g+ pu Ono rng b' .
ljwjf ljjfx, k'glj{jfx, ;tLk|yf ;TofbF
GXoMts g+ lxGb" ;dfho\ clgjfo{sy+ GofgfRj+u'
vg]b' . pu' Ono\ ;tL jgLu' 5u" tMw+u' uf}/jof
Hof y]+ tfo]sLu' . ;gftg On+ lg;]+ GofgfRj+u'
/Llt wsfM dfgo\ ofOu' vM;f+ j}lbssfno\
;tLk|yfof rng db'u' t/ O{= k"j{ &))bF ts Yj
k|yf lj:tf/+ GXofgfRj+u' oft ;g\ !*@(bF ts
wd{ zf:qsf/to\;+ dfGotf laof GXofsfRj+u' pu'
Ono\ lxGb';dfho\ IfqLos'nof ;tLk|yf Jofks
h'n ;f ld;fto\t ha/h:tL efMt l;tls+ ;tL
5\jOu' h'n . dxfef/tsfno\ g+ s[i0fof snfMlk+
;tL j+u' b' . g]kfno\ lnR5ljsfno\ ;tLk|yfoft
k|>o laoftMu' db' . t/ dNn sfno\ wfM;f
ufSs+ x] ;tLk|yf GXofsfRj+u' l;Ob' . pu' Ono\
;tLk|yf clgjfo{sy+ hs dv', uf}/j g+ tfo]sLu'
h'ofRjg . t/ gfafns drf b'lk+t ;tL jg]u'
s/ dofM . lnkf rGb| zD;]/of kfno\ sfg"gL ¿k+
;tLk|yfoft Gx+sflan .
cy] x] ljwjfljjfx j k'glj{jfx g+ GXofgfRj+u'
b' . >L/fdrGb|+ afnLoft :ofgfM ljwjf h"Dx
tf/foft xfg+ ;'u|Ljgfk ljjfx ofgf Ao"u' vM .
yy] ljwjfljjfx g]kfnof hghfltlk+ hs dv',
g]jfM;dfho\ g+ k/Dk/f+lg;]+ GXofgfRj+u' b' .
g]kfnof ls/ftsfn+ lg;]+ ljjfx ofo]u' rng
j sfg"gL dfGotf g+ laoftMu' vg]b' . ls/ftLto\u'
wd{ u|Gy …dGwdÚsy+ of]Uo JolQmgfk+ ljjfx
;DaGw :jfsLu' vM . t/ df+ofkfv]+ Ko+u" k':tf j
af}ofkfv]+ lrl/dfof ;Gtfg, bfh'lshfof ;Gtfg
ttfs]x]Fof ;Gtfggfk ssf, sfsLof ;Gtfggfk+
af}of s"nof ;Gtfggfk ljjfx ofo] dHo" . d]u'
s"noflk+ gfk hs pd]/ k'/f h'ofM kfsf]lk+gfk
hs ljjfx ofoHo" . ljlw k'/f dh'Os ljjfx
ofgf b'lk+ ;Gtfgoft af}of ;dfho\ b'YofsL dv' .
yy] b'lk+ ;Gtfg kfh'of lhDdf h'Ou' k|fjwfg b' .
ls/ftsfno\ ld;fldh+of ;dfg xs j Jojxf/
ofOu' h'of ljwjfljjfx j ufGwj{ljjfxoft g+
dfGotf laoftMu' b' .
lnR5ljsfno\ Ko+u" j0f{ a|fDx0f, If]qL,
j}Zo j z'b| wsfM e]b ofgftn . cn] j0ff{>d
Joj:yfoft kIfkftL gfnfRj+lk+ wd{k/fo0f
lnR5ljto\;+ ;dfho\ j0f{Joj:yf sfod ofo]u'
s'tM ofgfRj+u' vg]b' . pu' Ono\ pRr hfltoflk;+
Sjo\of hfltgfk+ ;+;u{ tofM b'lk+ ;Gtfgkfv]+
juL{o j hftLo ;d:of h"u' vg]b' . cy] g+
pRr s"noflk;+ dYofMlk+ snfM UjfMUjfM tof
h'Ou' rng wfM;f ufSs+ vg]b' . pu' Ono\ If]qLo
h'h'lk;+ g+ ax'ljjfx g+ ofOu' rng g+ b' .
dfgb]j+ :jDx snfM ljlwk"j{s x] ljjfx ofgftMu'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 21
b' . t/ ;j{;fwf/0foft wfM;f ax'ljjfx ofo]t
5'6 dAo" . ls/ftsfno\ efMt l;t wfM;f snfMDx
;tL jg]b' . t/ ljwjfljjfx j ;DaGwljR5]b
oft wfM;f sfg"gL dfGotf g+ laoftMu' b' .
h'h\ lji0f'u'Ktof df+ /fHojtL sfo\of cg'/f]w+
;tL dj+u' h'ofRjg . lji0f'u'Ktof dfnL ufdo\
Rj+u' lznfn]vsy+ O{=;+= ^## -;Dat\ %&_of
clen]vsy+ efMt l;O;f, tgf a]kQf h";f, hf]uL
h";f, gk'+zs h";f, kltt h";f d]lk+ ld;fgfk
h";f ;DaGwljR5]b ofgf d]Dx gfk ljjfx
ofo]Ho" . ljjfx h"Dxl;t sf/jfxL ofo]DjfM wsfM
dfkrf]s -pu' O{of cbfnt_of clwsf/Loft
cfb]z laoftMu' vg]b' . y'ls+ ls/ftsfn :jofM
lnR5jLsfnof ;dfh cKjM ;'wf/s v+g]b' .
dNnsfno\ k/Dk/f ljjfxoft dfGotf
laoftMu' vg]b' . /fhf /hf}6fto\ ;j0f{ljjfx
ofOu' b';f ljjfxk4lt zf:qsy+ ljlwljwfg k'/f
ofgf hs h'Ou' vg]b' . dNnsfno\ d]u' 5u"
bf]nfhL k|yf GXofsfRj+u' b' . pu' Ono\ DXofo\drf
s/lklgu' s"nof 5]Fo\ 5\jo]u' yfs'rfof j/oft
yMyfo\ 5]Fo\ xofM ljjfx ofgf laOu' lnkf j/of
y/, uf]q cflb sGofofu' x] h'Ou' k|rng g+ b' .
ljz]if zf;sju{to\ sfo\drf dbofM DXofo\ hs
h";f /fHoof pQ/flwsf/L jf clwsf/L ofgf yy]
b'YofsLu' rng b' . uy]ls – Vjko\ /fhNnb]jLoft
hol:ylt dNnoft bf]nfhL tofM ljjfx ofgf
Ao"u' lnkf /fHoof pQ/flwsf/L h'ofM h'h' h"u'
vF Oltxf;+ sgfRj+u' b' . dNnsfno\ k'glj{jfx
j ljwjfljjfxoft g+ k|>o laoftMu' b' . cn]
lgDxTok"of vtkt h";f a]d]n h";f kf/kfr's]
g+ ofo]b' . yy] kf/kfr'sf Rj+lk;+ xfsg+ ljjfx
ofo]b' .
22 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
zfxsfno led;]g yfkfof kfno\ ljjfx
;DaGwo\ 5u" nfndf]x/ lksfMu' b' . pu'sy+
ls/ft, lnDa', n]Krf j h'DnLto\ bfh' ;L;f
ttfh'oft lshf+ ljjfx ofo]Ho" . pls+ y'lk+ afx]s
d]lk;+ bfh' ;L;f ttfh'oft lshf+ ljjfx ofo]db'
wsfM GXoygftMu' b' .
lj=;+= !(!) kfv] 5u" d'n'ls P]gof ljjfx
;DaGwo\ GXoygftMu' – rf]/Lljjfx, sGofof
bf]xf]/f]ljjfx, /f]uLoft sGof laOdv' wfOu', cn]
ˆj+Dx sGofljjfx ofo]dv' wfOu' ljjfx h'O Gxfkf
d]lk+gfk ;+;u{ h"Dx sGofof af/] GXoygftMu' b' .
psy+ GofbF b'Dx sGofoft ljjfx of]Uo t/ GofbF
Sjo\ofDx sGof laODx j sfODx lgDx+ bf]ifLsy+
b08 ;hfFoof efuL h'O . t/ ljjfx wfM;f ;b/
h'O . cy] x] !$bF b'Dx ld;fdrf+ OR5f ljkl/t
ljjfx ofo]dv' wfM;f s/ ofo]db' . ljjfx ofo]t
Ujo\ laof kSsf ofgfM blR5of b'g] ljjfx dofM;f,
ldhg+ xfg+ j sGofk|lt bfjL ofo]db', ofM;f
dfGo h'O t/ sGofof OR5f ljkl/t rf]/Lljjfx
h"u' vM;f b08 ;hfFo h'O . SjMl5gf to]w'+s"u'
sGof xfg+ d]yfo\ laOu' ofM;f g+= df+af}oft b08
;hfFo h'O . cn] !^bF Sjo\oflk+ ;Gtfg b'lklg
efMt l;O;f ;tL jg]DjfMu' g+ Joj:yf h'ofRj+u'
b' . t/ ;tLk|yfoft wfM;f sfod x] ofgftMu' b' .
gf/b:d[lt -!@÷(&_ j k/fz/:dlt -$÷!)_
ofsy+ dg"to\ :j+u" C0f+ d'Qm ofo]t ljjfxof
d'Vo p2]Zo vM woftn . u'ls+ ;Gtfgof cefj+
ld;fto\t ljleGg kl/l:ylt+ xfg k'glj{jfx ofo]
Ho"u' vF g+ pu' :d[ltu|Gyo\ GXoygftMu' h'n . yy]
wd{zf:qo\ GXoygftMu'ln+ Jojxf/o\ g+ ljleGg
;dfh\ ax'ljjfx j k'glj{jfxof k|rng h'ofRj+u'
vg]b' . pls+ dg':d[lt $÷!*^;+ g+ woftMu' b' –
;j{>]i7 wd{ x] cfTd ;+/If0f, cfTd ;+j4{g, nf]s
;+/If0f j nf]s ;+j4{goft ltaM laOu' vM . Yj x]
cfwf/o\ >L /fdrGb|+ nf]ssNof0f ofo]t ;Ltfoft
Tofu ofMu' pbfx/0f h"u' b' . Yj l;4fGtoft
k/fz/ :d[lt &÷$@ ;+ GXoAjoftMu' b' .
g]jfM;dfho\ Olxkf :j+u"sy+ GXofsfRj+u' b' .
efh' xl//fd hf]zLh' CUj]b !)*%of cfwf/o\
g]jfM ld;fdrft KosM Olxkf h'O wsfM wfMu'
b' . != Gxfkf+ rGb|dfgfk @= cg+ uGwj{ wsfM
afx|fMVofM gfk #= cg+ ;"o{gfk ofgf clUg
wsfM afx|fM lksfO $= bsn] lnkf dg'iogfk
h'Ou' Olxkf vM . y'sy+ g]jfM ;dfho\ Olx sd{
GXofsfRj+u' vg]b' .
! Olx – ld;fdrf /h:jnf h'O GXoj x]
sGofbfg ofo]dfM dh";f df+af}oft bf]if jO wofu'
;gftgL ;+:sf/oft j ;+:s[ltoft lgi7fk"j{s
g]jfM;dfho\ Olxk|yfoft GXofsfRj+u' vg]b' . Yj
Olxk|yf zf:q ;Ddtof cfwf/o\ sfTofog ;'q j
sNkzf:qof lgb]{zgsy+ s'z08L o1ljlw ofgf
ld;fdrf Gxo\bF lg;]+ u'bF tsoflk+t ;'j0f{s'df/oft
ljjfx ofgf laOu' ljlw x] g]jfM ;dfhof Gxfkf+u'
Olxljlw vM . yy] Olx ofgf to]w'+s"lk ld;fdrf
u'an] ljwjf h'Odv' . ;'j0f{s'df/gfk+ a]n g+ tofM
sGofbfg laOu' h'ofM Yj Olxljlwoft a]nljjfx
g+ wfo]u' ofM . AofM -a]n_ 5uM kljqu' u'an]+
k" dh'Ou'ln+ a]noft sGofbfg laOano\ sGof
u'an]+ j[ifln -rf08fngL_ jf ljwjf h'Odv' wsf+M
cfZjfgn tGq j cflbTo k'/f0fo\ g+ GXoygftMu'
h'n . Yj a]nljjfx Olxk|yf xlndo\ ug+ db'u'
k|yf wsfM gfnf Rjgfu', t/ yy] x] a]nljjfx
k|yf blIf0f ef/tof gfo/ hfltto\ b'u' vF 8f=
sdnk|sfz dNn+ anb]j h'h'of g]jfM ;+:s[lt
;k'mltO e"ldsfo\ RjofbLu' h'ofRjg . Yj
Olxljlw ofgf sGofoft ;fdflhs kl/ro laOu'
g+ vM . Yj ;+:sf/ dh"tn] ld;fdrf XofpFdrf
;/x x] Jojxf/ h'Ou'ln+ ;dfho\ lgodj4 h'Ot
;+:sf/sy+ Gxfkf+u' ljlw Olx ofo]u' rng h"u'
vM . Yj Olx ofo]w'gls ld;fdrf ;dfh b'g] wd{,
;+:sf/o\ b'YofO . Yj Olx ofOu' ljlwsy+ KoGx'
GXoM kfh', lglglk+yfo\ hf gs]u' wsfM Vo]Fo;u+,
wf};u+ sfkM;u+ laofM u'lnl;of Ejo\ gsL,
u'lnl;of hf gsf xOu' /Llt b' . Yj Olxsd{of
Hof ofsMasM ofo]dl5+, GofDx sd h'Os ofo]
dHo"u' h'of 5]Fo\ d'+sLlk;+ GofDx sGof vfsfM
ofOlk+ g+ b' . yy] ofo]ano\ ljlw tfxfsMu' gfk+
vr{ g+ oSj dfnLu'ln+ yfo\yf;o\ u'ly jf ;+3
;+:yf+ bFo\b;+ Olx d'+sfM ofOu' rng b' . uy] gfnf
eujltof yfo\ u'ly y]+ x] bo]sftMu' b' . x/]s
jif{o\ cIfo t[ltofs'Gx' ;fd"lxs Olxsd{ Hof
GXofsLu' h'ofRj+u' ;n+;MbF bo]w'+sn . cfMts
g+ lg/Gt/ h'ofRj+u' b' . cy] x] o]+ ljzfnahf/o\
/f]6/LSna+ GXofsfRj+u' b' . ono\ g+ a+unfd'vL
a/fa/ GXofsfRj+u' b' . Yj Olxof Hof‰jno\
Gxfkf+u' lbgoft b':jsd{ wfO . y's'Gx' Olx
ofODx sGofoft k~ruJo+ :gfg ofsfM gL;L
ofgf gLu' j;t+ k'+sfM lt;f g+ by]k'my]+ ltOsf
af+nfsfM Olxljlw ofo]t o1d08k bo]sftMu'
yf;o\ cfof]hsof ysfln glsg+ O{sfkMsf+ lkofM
tfMrfKjfFo\ j km+ Tjof nMwfM xfo]sf n;s';
ofgf o1d08ko\ :j:tLsfzgo\ to]o+sL . y's'Gx'
cfof]hskfv]+ gflGbs>f4 -cyjf jo/+ >f4_
ofgf lkt[u0foft cfdGq0f ofo]dfMu' ;+:sf/
b' . Yj Hof l;wnls dfMu' sd{ Hof GXofsL .
Yj b':js'Gx' d'Vo Hof Olxdrfto\t z'l4 ofgf
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 23
n'l; Wog]u' j t'ltO cnM to]s]u', ;dfM ofgfM
u'?d08nf k"hf ofgfM wn+ b+sLu' vM . Yj Hofof
‰jno\ d'Vou' Hof b':jsd{ wsfM s'DxMsf Dxf;'u'
sf+ -Yj sf Olx dofgLDx s'df/L drf+ x] `Fto\
ˆogfM tOu' vM ._ Olxdrfof 5\og lg;]+ t'ltO
tsof gfksy+ ;lR5 j RofsM ts Dx w'lR5
bfgf plsO dfM bo]sf j sfo\ lemtf j:t'
KjMlrgf wfgftOu' vM . y'lsoft ;tj[GbLsf
wfOu' vM . lemtf j:t' yy] vM – != kfn' @= lr
#= rfs' $= lds'l;+ %= dbgˆjM ^= zf]efo\ˆjM
&= Gof *= tfo\ (= UjfM j !)= cfv] . Yj lrh
k|To]s HogfnKt]o\ KjMlrgf ;tj[GbLsfo\ 3fgf
Olxdrfoft Sjvfo]lsOu' vM . Yj dfnfoft
/Iffdfnfsy+ gfnftMu' b' . ;lR5 j Roft'of cy{
;lR5 j RofbFof cfo' h'Odf wsfM cflzsf ofOu'
vM . k+= jb|L/Tg jh|frfo{of wfk"sy+ Yj Olxljlw
a]nljjfx wfM;f+ ljjfx dv', ljlwsy+ Gxfkf+u'
;+sNk hs vM . pls+ g]jfM ;dfho\ wfTy]+u' ljjfx
h'Oano\ ;F Kofs]u' ljlw g+ b' . pu' Ono\ Yj
;tj[GbLsf g+ dfM . d]u' afx|fM tof lksfOano\ g+
Yj ;tj[GbLsf dfM . Yj lgu'ln+ sd{ ofOano\ Yj
s'DxMsf -;tj[GbLsf_ clgjfo{sy+ skfno\ lxgf
laOu' vM . pls+ Yj sfoft /Iff ;"qsy+ hs
dv', ;fdflhs /Lltl/jfhof HofvFo\ clgjfo{¿k+
lglj{jfb kfngf g+ ofo]dflnOu' 5u' ;fdflhs
jGwg g+ vM . b':jsd{of ‰jno d]u' d'Vou' Olx
ktfl; nMNxfgf laOu' vM Olx sd{ of d'Vo Hof
Olx ktf;L vM . Yj Olx ktfl; ci6dft[sfof
k|tLssy+ cv08 zf}efUoof lr+sy+ softMu' vM .
Yj ktfl; ;sn Olxdrfto\t ysfln glsg+
nMNxfgflaO, d:to\;+ Yj ktfl; l;gfM yMyMu'
yf;o\ RjgL . Yj Olx ktfl; o]F pbfo\ ;d'bfo b'g]
24 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
nfMlk+ l;Gb'/fsf/ y/lk;+ hs yfOu' ofgfRj+u' vM
t/ yf}+sGxo\ Yj Olx ktfl; yfo]u' Hof aGb h'ofM
k|rng ¿k+ sd h"Ow'+sln+ yf}+sGxo\ Olx ktfl;of
kn];f bf]kQf ktfl; l;+sLu' rng h'ofM jofRj+u'
b' . b':js'Gx' ysfln glsg+ Olx kQfl; nMNxfgfM
laOw+'sfM e'Ol;Gxn+ l;+rf]o\ to]sf laOu' vM .
y's'Gx' b':jsd{ l;wo]sf ysfln+ ro\Kotf Bf;f
b'u' yfoe'O Olxdrfto\t Ejo\ glsO . Yj e'O
Rj+u' ef]hg ;'d]? kj{tof k|tLs vM . u'lsO ;j{
b]ju0f, ci6dft[sf, ci6e}/j, cGgk"0f{, j;'Gw/f
b]jL cflb b]jb]jLof k|tLs gfnftMu' y'lk+ kfv]+
drfoft /Iff ofgftO wofu' efjgf vM . Yj yfo\
e'O ef]hg ofo] l;wo]sf sn+ jfo]u' cflb Hof
ljlwsy+ Sjrfo]s]w'+snls y's'Gx'of Hof SjrfO .
sGxo\s'Gx' drft km'sl;t+ gL;L ofsfM d08ko\
oyf:yfgo\ to]xO . s'zl08sf k4ltsy+ xf]d
ofgfM clUg;+:sf/ ofgf clUgoft ;fIfL tofM
;'j0f{s'df/oft Olxdrft af}lk;+ sGofbfg laOu'
Hof GXoflsO . y'u' Hof k"j+s]t xfg+ 5sM gflGbs
>f4 ofOu' ljlw b' . o1s'08n 5rfn+ a|Dxf,
lji0f', lzjzlQm, u0f]z, OGb|, ci6lr/l~hjL
gfu, nIdL, oIf oIfgL cflb zlQmb]jof
k|tLsfTds snzgfk+ Ogfo\BM, Pln+BM cflb
k"hf ofgf sf]Nnfo\ ;'j0f{s'df/ :j¿k slrn'F
tof plsO BMg] AofM tofM ljlwk"j{s k"hf ofgf
af}Dxl;g+ yM DXofo\ Olxdrf d'no\ tof k"hf
ofgf AofMoft sGofbfg laOu' Hof ofO . Yj
km's+ Hof Sjrfnls k'/f]lxt+ AofM 5uM5uM ;sn
Olxdrftot nMNxfgflaO gfk+ ysfln glsg+
drfto\u' 5\ogo\ e'o'l;Gxn+ l;Grf] 5foflaO . Yj
Olxof Hof‰jno\ sGofbfg ofo] GXoj drfto\u'
skfno\ k"0f{snz nIdLof k|tLs lrGx b'u' lrq
5kfM 5kfM g+ ltsf tO;f ;nfMkfM nMNxfgflaO
gfk+ Pln+BM k|ltd"lt{oft k"hf ofsfM sGofbfgof
Hof Sjrfo]sL . sGofbfgof Hof Sjrfo]sf afx|fM
5'Ou' Hof h'O . Yj afx|fM 5'Ou'ln df+, yMlylt,
kfh'vnM, lglgvnM, j;Mgfk+ hfls, kmnkm"n tof
:jkf;M :jkf;M laof cfzLjf{b g+ laO . Gxfkf
hflsof kn];f ;?jfls laOu' rng b'u' vM . cfM
yf}+sGxo\ hfls x] laOu' h'n .
y's'Gx' Olxdrfto\t lr;jfM glsO dv' .
kml0falh gs]u' wsfM tfo\, b'?, dlx|, kmnkm"n
cflb gsL . Yj g;f 5u"sy+ p;fFo\of Nofv+
plrt h" . Yj cfd]if ef]hgy]+ u|:t dh";]
xNsf h" . Olx ofOlk+ drft GofbF lg;]+ u'bF
tsoflk+ cKjM bOu' j lgGx'ts aflGx dofs
Bf+nfgf Rjg]dfMu'ln+ u|:t -heavy food_ g;f
gs]ano\ z/L/o\ lnRrM nfgf b'v h'Okm' . pls+
yy] xNsfu' lg/fd]if ef]hg ofs]u' rng hofRj+u'
l;Ob' . y's'Gx' g+ /Lltk"j{s drft yMu' 5]Fo\ lnxfF
jlgano\ 5]Fo\ lkvfnv'O xfg+ afx|f+ 5'gf hs 5]Fo\
b'xfF jgLu' vM .
y'sy+ Olxsd{ Sjrfo]lsO . ;'j0f{s'df/y]+
z'4 j cd/ AofM y]+ lgisn+s z'4 h"y]+ eljio
g+ yy] x] lgisn+s j z'4s/ gfk+ hLjg ofkg
ofo]bO wsfM afnljjfxoft lglZqmo ofgfM g]jfM
;dfho\ ljjfxof k"j{sfo{ o1ljlw Gxfkf+ x] k"j+sf
clåtLo ;+:sf/ g]jfMdfq+ GXofsfRj+u'oft cem
lg/Gt/tf ofgfM g]jfM;+:s[lt DjfsfM to]u' Hof
emL g]jfMhfltof bfloTj g+ vM . O{sy+ kl/dfh{g
ofgf k/Dk/foft Djfs]u' x] g]jfM;+:s[ltof uf}/j
vM .
g]jfM ;d'bfo b'g] u'ln+ hfltof Olx sfo{ljlw
ofo]DjfMlk+ g+ b' . uy]ls /fhf]kfWofo, /fhynf,
wf]la, skfnL, kf]8] j gfo\ hfltof Yj sd{
ofo]DjfM . t/ yf}+ lDxuM afnljjfxoft sfg"g+
lgl:qmo ofgf laOw'+s"u'ln+ sGofdrfoft /h:jnf
h'O GXoj ljjfx ofo]dfM wfOlk a|Dx', If]qLt;]+
g+ afx|fM to]w'+sfM hs Olxof ljlw ofgf ljjfx
ofgf laOu' /fhf]kfWofo ;d'bfolk+;+ g+ cy] x]
ofgfRj+u' l;Ob' . cy] x] d]lk a|Dx", If]qLto\;+ g+
ofgfM xofRj+u' b' .
@= afxfM sd{ – g]jfM;dfho\ afx|fM ljlwoft
ljjfxof 5u" c+usy+ gfnfMtMu' b' . u'lnl;g+
afx|fM to]u' wofu' ld;fdrfoft ;"o{gfk ljjfx
ofOu' wsfM wfo]u' ofM . afx|fM to]u' af/]
lglZrt¿k+ zf:qo\ ug+ g+ GXoygftMu' db' .
cy] g+ ;dfho\ b'g] a|fDx0f, If]qL, j}Zo j z'b|
;sl;g+ DXofo\drf k|yd /h:jnf h'Oj+ !@Gx'
;"o{ofu' hM ts+ dSo+;]+ ldh+to\u' VjfM g+ dSo+;]
Sjyfo\ s'gftO . lem+lgGx' b's'Gx' lksofM ljlwsy+
;"o{k"hf ofgf ;"o{bz{g ofsLu' vM . g]jfM;dfho\
g+ lemlgGx's'Gx' lksofM ;"o{bz{g ofsfM xfg+ 5sM
ysfln glsg+ l;Grf] 5fo]sf ljjfxsy+ x] Hof
k"j+sLu' vM . k|yd /h:jnf h'ofM afx|fM tOano\
g]jfM ;dfho\ bfh'lshf km'sLto\ ;sl;of
ho\laln dfnLu' cn] yy] h'Oano\ tMw+u' HofvF
k"hf cflb z'4u' Hof 5'+ g+ ofo] dHo"u' ;'ts
nuo\ h'Ou' vM . pls+ g]jfMto\ cKjl;of yy] Hof
kgL wsfM /h:jnf h'O GXoj x] ;fOt :jsf Hof
dk+s afx|fM tOu' rng h'ofRj+u' vM . t/ k|l;4
Hof]ltif sLlt{a|DxfgGb+ afx|fM to]u' ljlwaf/] 5u"
;k"m lksof lbOu' b' . u'lsO jo\sn+ wof lbOu'
b' afx|fM to]t ;fOt :jo]u' wofu' zf:q ;Ddt
dv' gfk+ Hof]ltif lgodsy+ ldno\ dh" . pls+
afx|fM to]u' wofu' /h:jnf h'Osf hs to]dfM .
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 25
cn] yf}+sGx]of jftfj/0f j O{sy+ lemlgGx' dt;]+
GofGx' hs afx|fM to]u' ;dofg's"n ;fk]If h"
wsfM woflbOu' vM . Yj wfk" pko'Qm h"u' vg]b' .
jo\sMof wfk"sy+ KoGx's'Gx' DjMNx'of rf]vf] h'Osf
Sjlrs+ ;fo]s]u' Hof k"j+s]u', GofGx's'Gx' lksofM
;"o{bz{g ljlw k'/f ofgf afx|fM lksfo]u' Hof
Sjrfo]s]u' x] pQd h" .
k/Dk/fsy+ afx|fM tOano\ axlg drfoft
gL;L ofgf rf]vf] ofgf VofM ;fIfL tofM k'hf ofgf
lg/fd]if wf};u+ laofM drfoft Sjyfo\ tOu' vM .
cn] KoGx' jf v'Gx' b's'Gx' DjMNx'sfM rf]vf] ofgf
Sjlrs+ ;fo]lsO . ps'Gx'lg;]+ yMlylt, kfh' lglg
vns+ 5':ofd':of gsM jO . Sjlrs+ d;fo]s'tn]
lr;jfM glsO dv' . Sjlrs+ ;fo]s] w'gls
lr;jfM glsO . t/ cdo\ lrh nf, 8f, Vo]Fo,
dfo\, d':of, Kofh, 5fM cflb glsdv' . DxfOk'
5\on]t kf;flk+ jof lDxt]u', Kofv+ x'n]u' cflb
h'of RjlgO . lem+lgGx' b's'Gx' lksof ljlwsy+
k"hf ofgf l;wnls kfh' lglg yMlyltlkG;+ afx|fM
5'Ot jO . ;sl;t+ Ejo\ gsf5\jO, kf;flk+t g+
Ejo\ gsf5\jO . Yj ljlwoft g+ ljjfxof 5u"
c+u gfnfMtMu' h'n . Yj ljlw g+ ysfln glsg+
xfsg+ 5sM afx|fM drfoft l;Grf] to]lsu' vM .
pls+ Yj ljlwoft lgsMu' ljjfx woftn .
g]jfMhflt dWo]o\ u'lnl;of+ afx|fM to]DjfMlk+ g+
b' . kf]8] hfltof afx|fM to]u' rng db' . t/ g]jfM
a|Dx' /fhf]kfWofolklg sfo\drfoft so\tfk"hf
ofOano\ a'/f+ to]u' wsfM KoGx' s'gf tOu'ln
Dofo\drfoft RofGx' hs afx|fM tOu' rng b' .
afx|fM to]u' wofu' 5u"sy+ ld;fdrf jo:sof
nFk'O Yo+u' h'of y'u' Ono\ plrt 1fg laO dkm'tls
unt nFk'O nfgf lhGbuL aaf{b h'O wsfM ;r]t
26 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
ofo]u' ljlw vM . /h:jnf h'Ou' k|fs[lts lgod
vM . Yj lgodoft lxn] g+ kmOdv', lxn] g dHo" .
plsof lnRjM Yj z/L/oft x] af+dnfOu' vM .
pls+ k|fs[lts b]goft gfnfM O{sy+ kl/dfh{g
ofgfM Hof]ltif sLlt{a|DxfgGbof wfk" 5\on]u'
;do;fk]If h";f y'ls+ cfly{s ef/gfk+ :jf:Yoof
g+ ;'wf/ h'Ou' vg]b' . Yj afx|fM lksfOano\ g+
5u"sy+ ljjfxof lgu"u'sy+ gfnftMu'ln+ edrfy]+
x] ;dfM ofgf j;M lt;f+ kl/k"0f{ ofOu' vM . cn]
k"hf ljlw Sjrfo]sf ro\Kotf 3f;f b'u' yfo\e'
clgjfo{ gs]u' ljlw g+ b' .
#= Olxkf -ljjfx_ – ld;fdrf sGofof
bsn] lnkf+u' cyf{t\ wfTy]+u' dfgj hLjgof ef]u
ofo]dfMu' ljjfx bsn] tMw+u' sfo{ljlw ;+:sf/ vM
Olxkf . ;'+g+ JolQmof sfo\ Dofo\drfof pd]/ hfofM
jof Olxkf ofo]u' of]Uo h'n wfM;f sfo\drf h";f
ef}drf dfn]u', DXofo\drf h";f lhnfh+ dfn]u'
Hof nldof dfWod+ Hof GXofsLu' rng g]jfM
;dfho\ b' . u'lnl;of yMlyltkfv] dfn]u' s'tM
ofO . of]Uolk+ DXofo\drf jf ldh+ r"nft wfM;f
/Lltsy+ vF5'gf o+lsO . lgvn+l;of lrQ a'em]
h'nls hftM sfnlan h'O gfk+ ldno\ h'nls
k/Dk/fsy+ kSsf ofo]t Ujo\ laOu' sfo]u' Hof
h'O . yf}+sGxo\ hftM :jofM ljjfx ofOu' rng
sd h'Ow'+sn . t/ k/Dk/foft gfnfM Rj+lk;+
hftM :jo]u'oft g+ GXofsfRj+u' blg . Ujo\ laOu'
lbg lglZrt h'n ls lbg SjMl5gfM Ujo\ o+s]u'
sfo]u' Hof h'O . Gxfkf Ujo\ laOano\ nfanf
GXoM x] laOu' vM t/ yf}+sGxo\ l9nf h";f RofGx'
GXoj dv';f KoGx' GXoM hs Ujo\ sfo]laOu'
rng jn . yf}+sGxo\ klZrdL ;+:sf/sy+ Ujo\
laO sfo]ano\ OGu]hd]G6 wsfM ldh+ g+ jgLu' gfk+
c+u" GXofsfM jOu' rng b' . jf:tjo\ emL g]jfM
;dfho\ OGu]hd]G6 wsfM Hof GXofsfRj+u O{sy+of
lxpkfM jMu' h";f+ cfly{s sdhf]/lk+t ;d:of
h'Ou'ln+ yMu' k/Dk/f ;+:sf/oft kl/dfh{g ofgf
o+s]u' x] ;+:s[lt DjfsfM to]u' h'O . g]jfM;+:s[lt
b'g] rng bofRj+u' x/]s lrhljh j 5\on]u'
O{AoMof dxTj yMu' x] sy+ xlndo\ HjM db'u'sy+
GXofgfRj+u' b' .
Gxfkf Gxfkf Ujo\ sfo]laOu' Hof SjMl5Ow'g
ls laro\of nld ljjfx Hof k"dj+tn] t;s+
;ts{ h'ofRjgL . Ujo\ sfo]laOu' Hof k"jgls
ljjfx dh"tn]of ljrd\ 5'+ b'3{6gf h'O jf
eljtJo b'3{6gf h";f nld lhDd]jf/ h'Odflnu'
HofvF x] vt/fo\ nfgf ld;fvnM l;O;f ldhkfv]+
sfhlqmof ofo]dfMu' k|fjwfg b' . pls+ yy] 5+'
36gf h'O wsfM nld ;ts{ h'ofM Hof k"j{s]u'
s'tM ofOu' vM . 5'+ h";f nld b'v+ Rjg]dfnLu'
wofu' wfk" b' .
k/Dk/fsy+ Ujo\ laOt dfMu' ;/hfd –
!= tUjMu' Ujo\ lem+lguM, @= k'hf 5HjM –
:jf+l;GxM, caL/, w'+, w'kfFo\, hfls, tfo\, #= wf}
5uM, $= n'Fl;GxM 5ktf, %= jxMofu' l;Gb'/aQf
5uM ^= kft sfkM 5s", &= bf+ 5tsf, *= j;M
5h" -Gxfkf n+ 5kf tofM plsO Ujo\ KjMlrgf
laOu'_, (= lt;f 5u" -c+u", r'/f, ltnx/L dWo]
5u"_, !)= l;;fa';f 5u" ls:tL, !!= dlx| 5u"
ls:tL, !@= ;dfMHjn+ 5u" ls:tL, !#, d;nf 5u"
ls:tL, !$ cDaM, ao/, ;ltjo/ 5u" ls:tL .
yy] laOu' rngoft tRrM h'n wsfM h'4
zD;]/+ !((# ;fn+ 5u" ;gb kf; ofgf lkt
Ao"u' b' . pu'sy+ Ujo\ laOano\ o+s]u' ;/hfd
Sjo\ GXoygfsy+ b' . t/ yf}+sGxo\ k/Dk/f j
Ol:txf/ :jofM :jb'u+ Kob'u+ ;fdfg osLu' rng
h'ofjn . u'ls+ lgDg cfo b'lk+t t;s+ dsf{
h'ofRj+u' b' .
Ol:txf/ sy+ dfMu' Hjn+ –
!= Ujo\ lemuM, @= k'hf 5HjM, #= wf} 5uM,
$= bf+ 5tsf, %= l;;fa';f 5u" ls:tL, ^= dl/
5u" ls:tL .
yy] Uao\ laOano\ nldgfk+ s'ldlk+t s'lasf
osLu' vM . ld;fkfv]+ s'ld, nldoft afnfs Ejo\
gsfM xOu' . u'lnl;of dfh' h'ODx jgfM ef}drf
h'ODxl;t l;GxM ltsfM Ujo\ nMNxfgf jOlk+ g+ b' .
Hofk' hfltof yy] ofOu' vM . Ujo\ laofu' Hof
Sjrfnls nfvf laOu' Hof h'O . Ujo\ laOu' Hof
kSsf ofo]t vM;f nfvf laOu' Hof Gxfkf+ Olx
ofMano\ ;'j0f{s'df/ h"Dx cfM Aofxf ofODx j x]
vM . jofu' lr+ Yj nfvfdlx|of lhlg; vM wsfM
laOu' vM . pls+ nfvfdlx|of ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/
lji0f'of Hj+;fgfk+ HjMnfsftMu' b' . uy]ls –
!= hLk|;fb 5u" ls:tL -Yj lji0f'of Hj+;f
kn]:jf+of k|tLs_,
@= Hjk|;fb 5u" ls:tL -lji0f'of rqmof
k|tLs_,
#= klrtfdlx -P]+yf_ 5u" ls:tL -lji0f'of
z+vof k|tLs_,
$= Ujf/fdlx| 5u" ls:tL -lji0f'of Hj;f
ubfof k|tLs_ yf}+sGx] Ujf/fdlx| dto]w'+sn .
cfsf/ g+ dl;Ow'+sn .
%= dydlx| 5u" ls:tL, ^= ;tjnL 5u"
ls:tL, & et'dlx| 5u" ls:tL, *= Aof+dlx| 5u"
ls:tL, (= ªf dlx| 5u' ls:tL, !)= lrs+ckf
-dlx|_ !, !!= u'ndlx| 5u' ls:tL, !@= lhG;L
dlx| 5u" ls:tL, !#= kmnk"mn cDaM, ;taonL,
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 27
aonL, !$, b'?bfO{, !%= ;'Gtnf, kfl;, vfOl;
cflb 5u" 5u" ls:tL, !^= ef]uTof lguM, !& t',
!*= n}+, !(= n=l; kfl;, @)= d;nf, @!= k'hf
5u", @@= wf} 5uM, @#= cQ/ tof :jf+ .
Rjo GXoygfu' dlx| dWo] rv'+av'+, Aof+, ªf
dlx|of k|df0f vM – Yj uan]+ afof dRrgLlk+=
GXofan]+ ltk"gfk+ gfk+ RjgLlk+ vM . cfM ljjfx
h'Olk+ j/ jw" g+ yy] x] cfhLjg gfk+ Rjg]u' vM
wsfM k|0f ofo]u'sy+ gfnftMu' vM . dx|L kmnk"mn
5u' 5u' ls:tL Roftf Roftf dx|L j kmnk"mn
g+ tOu' vM;f tMhLsy+ tOu' ln 5kfls:tL !@
tf+ jf+ !^ tf tOu' t;+s+ tMhL sy+ gfnfM tMu'
b' . yy] tRj h'Ou' tOu'ln+ h'4 zD;]/+ Yj nfvf
tRrM h'n wsfM plsO g+ SjkfnfM Gx"u' lgod
bo]sflan . lj=;=+ !((# of Ol:txf/sy+ hs
laOb'u' ofMu' vM . cy];f+ nfvf sfOlk;+ 5nfvf,
afnfvf wsfM yMlk+t dfSj sfo]u' dTjMt" . t/
:o:oM ;dfho\ cKjl;g+ nfvf sfo]u' TjMtf
xo]w'+sn . t/ u'ln+ d]lk+ hfltof wfM;f nfvf
sfo]u' laOu' TjMt"u' db'lg . pbfo\, u'efh', zfSo
j d]d]lklg nfvf sfo]u' rng dTjMt'lg .
Ol:txf/sy+of Hjn+–
!= $ kfp b'u' nfvf 5u" ls:tL, @= s]/f
5kmF, #= Gof erf, $ wf} 5uM, %= k'hf 5u", ^=
b'?bfO @ dfgf hs .
Gxfkf nfvf sfOlaOano\ 5nfvf÷afnfvf
wfOu', u'lnl;of yMlklg hxfg yMlylt cfkfM
b'lklg lgu" :ju" nfvf g+ sfOlk+ b' . yy] cKjM
nfvf sfOlk+ pbfo\, u'efh', zfSo j Hofk' hfltof
rng b' . :o:oMto\ 5u" nfvf jf afu" nfvf
hs rng b';f hxfg :jofM cKjM dfM;f yMlk;+
x] cnu 5' 5' dlx| dufMu' vM j hs yMlk;+ x]
28 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
aGbf]j:t ofgfM yMlyltlk+t nfvf Ogf laOu' vM .
Gxfkf Gxfkf Kou"sy+of tf}n b'u' nfvfof rng
b' . 5u" nfvfof tf}n 5kf dlx| x] !@ kfp Uo+u'
h'O;f afnfvfof tf}n 5kf dlx| !) kfpof j
* kfpof Uo+u' h'O . cg+ Sjo\of nfvf ^ kfp
Uo+u' h'O . y'lsO !) kfp j * kfpof nfvf
cKjM rng rNtL b' . ^ kfp b'u' nfvfoft
t;s+ SjXo+ tfo]lsu' vM . DXofo\drfof kfv]+
yMlyltlk+t ;lQ tfkfM gftf :jofM ttfu' lrtfu',
aftfu', rs+l5 ofgf nfvf Ogf laOu' vM . Yj
nfvfof k|sf/ cfsf/ :jofM Sj;M laOlk;+ cy]
x] tMlh rLlhofu' laOu' vM . :ofMGofMlk kfh',
lglg, ssf, ttf cflblk+t ttfMu' 5tf hf]k|;fb,
hLk|;fb cflb laOu' vM;f tfkfM gftflk+t aftf
jf rs+l5 cflb juL{s/0f ofgf laOu' rng b' .
yM :ofMGofMlk+ kf;fefOlk+t g+ lrtfMu' h";f 5kfM
jf tkfMu' h";f aftf nfvf laOu' rng b' .
Gxfkf cfly{s cj:yf Eofjo] dh"lk;+ nfvfof
kn];f bf+ sfo]u' g+ rng b' . t/ y+y] ofgf
DXofo\drfoft ldh+ kfv]+of 5]hMlkG;+ t;s+ x]nf
ofOu', Woaf+ Gofgf xofDx wsfM g+ 3'ls{ gsLu'
hs dv' RoM, Ejflt+ y]+ Jojxf/ ofOu' g+ rng
b' . pls+ k|foM ;M:o"lk;+ cfly{s sdhf]/ h";f+
lnkf nfvf wofu' x] dsfo]u'sy+ :o:oM ;dfho\
;'wf/ ofgf Gx+sfxMu' vg]b' . u'ln+u'ln+l;g+ Yj
k/Dk/f Gx+s] dHo" wsfM sofRj+lk+ g+ blg . Yj
nfvfk|yfoft :o:oM ;dfh Gx+sfxMu' l;O bo]s
nfvfof lhlg; UjMu" sy+of bo]dfMu' vM yf}+sGxo\
dlx|of lhlg; -tflh_ tgfM jg]w'+sn hs dv' .
yf}sGx]oflk;+ gf+ g+ d:o", bo]s] g+ d;o]w+'sn .
uy]ls – Ujf/fdlx|, lrs+ckfdlx|, cfltdlx+ wfMu'
gf+ j cfsf/ ts+ dl;Ow'+sn .
 sNof+ GXofs]u'
Gxfkf Gxfkf nfvf sfo]laOu' Hof l;wnls
ef}drf sfMjg]u' 5Gx' GXoj jf pv'Gx' x] Xj+lsOu'
;fOtkf}gfk+ sNof+ GXofs] o+s]u' rng b' . Yj
rng nfvf sfo]laOu' ofgf Rj+lklg cfM g+ blg .
:o:oM ;dfho\ Yj k|yf dbo]sf 5\jo]w'sn ;f
u'ln+l;g bSj x] /Lt k'/] ofo]dfM wsfM nfvf
sofM g+ sNof+ GXofs]u' g+ ofgfRj+u' b' . Gxfkf
sNof+ GXofs] o+s]t dfMu' Hjn+ Sjo\ laof y]+
vg]b' .
!= SjtM k"hf 5HjM, @= slndlx| tof gf+rf
-sl;O ci6d+un Rjof tOu'_ – !, #= alh
lgkmf, $= hf]k|;fb v'kf, %= Aof+, eQ', Gof dlx|+
5u" ls:tL, ^= hLk|;fb v'kf, & dyMdlx| v'kf,
*= P]+yfdlx| v'kf, (= lhlg; dlx| 5u" ls:tL,
!)= u'ndlx| 5u" ls:tL, !!= b'?bfO kml5, !#=
s]/f lgkmF, !$= cDaM 5u" ls:tL, !%= ao/ 5u"
ls:tL, !^= wf} 5uM, !&= avtof kmnkm"n 5u"
ls:tL, !*= jxM jf n'Fof sNof 5HjM .
y'ln ;fdfg HjgfM nld j Hof;M a/] 5Dx
ef}drfof 5]Fo\ jgfM dfMu' /Llt k'/f ofgf ef}drfoft
Hof;M a/]+ sNof+ GXofsf ylsO . Yj sNof zfSo
hfltlklg ldh+of kfh' h"Dx jgf GXofsf ylsu'
vM;f /fhf]kfWofolklg ldh+of 5]Fof ysfln
gls+ jgf GXofsfM ylsO . /fhf]kfWofo, zfSo,
u'efh'of Yj sNof KoGx' GXoj GXofsfM yls;f
lrqsf/to\ RofGx' GXoj GXofsM jgLu' rng b' .
t/ t08'sf/to\ sNof do+s";] l;;fa';f gsMjg]u'
wsfM s' Hjgf jgLu' vM . Yj sNof o+sLano\
tofM osLu' gf+rfo\ -sl;rf_ b'g] Rj+u' dlx|oft
sNofdlx| cyjf lnsMdlx| wfOu' vM . Yj dlx|
nfvfdlx| Hofo\jno\ rfkf jOu' of 6'qmf6fqmLoft
a'sf ;fvno\ jfnf Ujf/f bo]sf tOu' vM . pls+
lnsMdlx| g+ wfOu' vM . t/ yf}+sGxo\ Yj dlx|oft
Ujf/fdlx wsfM wfo]u' ofgfxn . === Ujf/fdlx|
nfvfdlx|of Hjngo\ u2fof k|tLssy+ Ujf/fnfvf
x] tOu' vM . yf}+sGxo\ nfvfof Hjngo\ Yj dlx|
dto]w'+sn . pls+ dlx|sl;O Rj+u' dlx|oft x]
Ujf/fdlx| wofRrg . laof5jODx DXofo\drfof
yMlyltlk;+ nfvfof k|sf/ :jofM Sj;M laOu'
rng b' . GXofSj x] Woaf b'Dx tMldDx h";f+
nfvfof juL{s/0fsy+ 5tf÷aftf÷rs+l5 cflbof
juL{s/0fsy+ x] Sj;M to]u' rng b' . tMldDx
wsfM rs+l5 nfvf sfMDxl;g+ km'FO{ ofgf tMtfu'
Sj;M tOdv' . Yj g]jfMto\u' k/Dk/fof dfkb08
vM . yf}+sGxo\ nfvf laOu' rng g+ db'u'ln+ dg"to\
Sj;M laOt yMu' x}l;otoft dNjo]s k|lt:kwf{
ofgf tOu' h'n . y'ls+ ofgf g]jfM;dfho\ ljs[lt
g+ cKjofM jofRj+u' vg]b' . y'ls+ ofgf b'lklgu'
k|lt:kwf{of ‰jno\ db'Dxl;t dsf{ laOu' h";f+
x}l;ot db';f+ jfWotfj; vr{ ofo]dfnLu' cj:yf
g+ h'ofRj+u' b' . u'ls+ yf}+sGxo\ dg"to\u' g}ltstf
g+ tgfM jgfRj+u' cfly{s cj:yf bfjf+8f]n h'of
c;dfgtfof jftfj/0f g]jfM ;dfho\ vg]bof
jofRj+u' b' .
b" w+s] 5\jo]u' –
edrf nF:jMjg] 5'+ O{ GXoj b" w+s] 5\jo]u'
ofO . Yj Hof ofOano\ Sjo\ laofsy+ ;fdfg
tof o+lsu' Gxfkfof rng vM .
!= b"w+l;F 5u", @= d':ofM @KjfM, #= 5':ofM @
KjfM, $= tMUjMu' ;'s'Gbf @KjfM, %= b" sfkM !, ^=
-rLkfMu' SjtM k'hf !, &= Ujo\aftf !-rLUjMu'
Ujo\+ hfo]s tof_, *= HjMsf]tM tMkfMu' @ -5u'ln
wf}klt, l;GxMd" j Dxf;' l;GxM Vjnf, d]u'ln
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 29
s'ds'd, sf]lrs+, Ujo\r'+, UjfMr'+ tOu'__ (= b's'
ld;f lgDx, !)= ;u+k';f !, !!= Bf+rfo !@
tf dlx| tof, !@= ;fdbfgL @u" -;Ldt_, !#=
afh+–k~r]afh+ 5HjM . yy] b" w+s] jgLano\ SjtM
s'laODx Hofk'+ ;Fo\n+ lkmgfM jo]u' rng b' .
y'lsof cy{ ldh+ vnM Nxf;f Jofkf/L wsfM km'FO
SogLu' vM . Yj ;fdfgo\ g+ h'4 zD;]/+ Sjkfnf
Sjo\ laofy]+ hs o+s]u' wsfM Ol:txf/ hfx]/
ofgfAo"u' b' .
Ol:txf/sy+ –
!= b" kmf+uf != @= bFo\kf} !, #= t'ltaUuL
5HjM, $, d}galQ @, %= d':ofM @KjfM, ^= 5':ofM
@KjfM, &= Tjfh+ afh+ 5HjM, *= d;nf UjfM
nF:jMj:lkGt Og]t .
ofo]dHo"u'–
!= jxMof ;fdfg o+s]db', @= nF:jMjgLlkGt
afh+vnM gfk+ !))Dx hs, #= nF:jMjgLlkGt
r'/f]y laOdb', $= af5fOafh+ to]db', %= df]6/
aUuL o+s] db', ^= d}gjlQ $KjfM, lr/fu @%KjfM,
8]nfO $KjfM hs og]b' . y'lsO g+ h'h' dx]Gb|of
kfno\ nF:jMjgLlk %! hs o+s]b' wsfM @)@)
;fn+ ;fdflhs ;'wf/ P]g nfu" ofgf Ao"u' vM .
Dofodrf lkt laOu' –
nF:jMjo]w'+sfM DXofo\drfoft lkt laOGXoM
ljlwk"j{s k'hf cflb k"j{s]w'+sfM Dofo\drfoft
yfo\e'O ef]hg ofsfM df+af}, yMlylt ;sl;g k't'
Ujo\ sfo]l;kosf afMh' h'ODx]l;g+ edrfoft
t'ltaUuL GXofsflaO . df+af}g+ HjnfGxfo\s+ j
l;GxMd" laof labf laO . bfh', af} jf ysflnlk;+
n's'+l5gfM lkvfnv'O b'lnO toflaO . u'lnl;of
t'ltaUuLof ;§f jxMof sNnL GXofsLu' rng
b' . yy] ljz]if pbfo, u'efh', dfgGw/, lrqsf/
30 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
cflblklg rng b' . Olxkfof Hof‰jno\ eDrf
lktlaO w'+sfM ldh+of 5]Fo\ ofOu' d"Hof‰jM Sjo\
laofy]+ h'Ou' vM .
!= edrf nF:jofM b'ln jf df]6/o\ tof xof
ldh+of 5]Fo\ n;s'; ofgf b'sfo]u' . @= b'sof
tno\ o+sfM Xj+s]u' Hof gfk+ :joDa/of Hof
h'Ou' #= ;+ Kofs]u' Hof, $= Sjyf larfM 5\jof
xOu', %= j+hnf jgL'u, ^= VjfM :jMjOu', &=
lhnfh+ b'rfo]s]u', *= lnnfw" jg]u' .
yf}+sGxo\ ldh+t ld;fof 5]Fo\ nF:jMjgf
:joDa/ g+ ofgf xOu' rng b'u'ln+ n;s'; ofgf
b'sfo] w+sfM Xj+s]u' Hof hs h'Ou' vM . :joDa/
ljlw ld;fof 5]Fo\ x] k"j+sf jOu'ln xfg+ ljlw
ofgf Rjg]DjfM . nF :jo]t efh' dj+u' h";f 5]Fo\
edrf b'sfo]w'+sfM :joDa/of Hof gfk+ Jx+s]u'
Hof g+ 5sn+ ofOu' rng b' . yy] g lgtf+
ofOano\ snz :jgfM u'? k'/f]lxt+ ljlwk'j{s
:joDa/ ofsf eDrfoft l;GxM 5fo]s]u' Hof
g+ h'O cg+ lnkf Xj+s]w'sfM ;xef]hg *$tf
Jo~hg tof lgDxl;t+ 5kfM yfo\e'O k+ru|f;
ofsf ef]hg oflsO . y'ln Hof l;wnls efh'of
5]FhMlk+t eDrfkfv]+ Ujo\ ;fo]lsO . yy] Ujo\
;fo]sLano\ u'ln+ k'msLto\;+ eDrfofs] Ujo\
dsfM;f ef}drfoft Oldu' ;dfho\ :jLsf/
dofMu'sy+ gflnO . cn] l;Oa'Oof 5'+ g+ Jojxf/
g+ ofOdv' . pu' kl/jf/ gfk+ Aofun+ h'O, gftf
TjfMbO . Ujo\ sfM;f ;dfho\ s'no\ b'sfO .
cn] gftf yMlyltlk;+ Vo]Fo\;u+, wf};u+, sfkM;u+
cflb laofM gftfof :jfk' Sjft'lsO . yf}+sGxo
yy] gftf Tjfyn]u' Hof sd x] hs h'Ow'+sn .
5fo\wfM;f cGt/hftLo ljjfxof rng h'ofjMu'ln+
Tok" hLjgoft ;Tsf/ ofgf k/Dk/fof ;fdflhs
/Lltoft sd ofgf xofRj+u' yf}+sGx]of ;dfho\
lxpkfM jMu' vM . 5u"sy+ O{ j jftfj/0fsy+
;dfho\ k/Dk/foft hs GXofsfM Yj j}1flgs
o'uoft dNjo]w'+s"ln+ g+ lxpkfM jOu' :jfefljs
x] vM .
#= eDrf b'sof KoGx's'Gx' yM5]Fkfv]+ ;FKofs]u'
Hjn+ 5\jof xOu' k/Dk/f ljjfxof ‰jno\ b' . Yj
Hof nfvf sfo]u' dofo]w+'s"u'ln+ cKjl;of rng
dbo]w+'sn . cy]g+ pbfo, u'efh', zfSolklg
nfvf sofRj+lklg Yj ;FKofs]u' Hof GXofsfRj+u'
b' . Yj ;FKofs]u' ‰jno\ efh'+ do\h'oft ;dfM
ofsLu', ;kM KofsLu' cflb Hof k'/f]lxt Rjgf
ofsLu' vM .
$= ;FKofs]u' Hof dh";f eDrf b'sof
sGx]v'Gx' j+hnf jgLu' wsfM kL7o\ k'hf ofgf
kL7BMof GXoMg] xfg+ 5sM efh'+ do\h'oft l;Grf]
5fo]s]laO . cg+ k'hf ofgf l;wo]sf lgDxTok"oft
Vo]Fo\;u+ laofM ;do jf Ejo\ gofM 5]Fo\ lnxfFjO .
%= y's'Gx' axlg jf ljjfxof KoGx'+s'Gx'
yM5]F vns+ DXofo\of VjfM :jMjOu' vM . y'u'
VjfM :jMjOano\ sNofs" y]+ t'+ ;/;fdfg
nfvfdlx|, kmnkm"n cflb gfk+ Dofo\oft j;M
lt;f HjgfjO . af}Dx]l;g+ DXofo\oft l;GxM ltsf
j;M nMNxfgflaO . sNof+ GXofsftMu' TjsfM ldh+
vnMoft lnt laO . plsof kln;f Gxfkf jxMof
df} -r'/f_ GXofsLu' yf}+sGxo\ nF'of r'/f GXofsLu',
h'ofjMu' b' . yMlylt bfh'lshf yM5]F vnMoflk+
;sl;g+ uR5] cg';f/ Woaf tofM VjfM :jO .
Yj Woaf lnkf NofMvfgf KjMlrgf efh'of af}oft
jf ysflnDx bfh'oft laO . lyld;+ lnt laO
sfOdv' . af}g+ DXofo\oft x] KjMlrgf laOu' vM .
VjfM :jo] l;wnls DXofo\drf j lhnfh+oft
5]Fo Ajgfo+sL . cn] lhrfefh'oft Sjyfo\ tofM
;;MvnMof kl/jf/ Dxl;Os]t Ujo\ ;fo]lsO . Yj
Hof l;wnls efh'oft DXofo\gfk+ tof wf};+u,
Vo]Fo\;u+ laof sfkM;u+ g+ laO . efh'of kf;f
jMDxl;t g+ nldoft g+ ;u+ laofM ;sl;t Ejo\
gsfM UjfM, d;nf gfk+ P]+yfdlx| tMlhu' 5kf 5kf
g+ yo]sflaO . axlg ;sn] DXofo\drf g+ lnxfF
jlgO . sGx]s'Gx' DXofo\oft yM5]F kfv]+ sfMjlgO .
yano\ efh'of 5]FhMlk;+ dfh' afMh', bfh'lshf,
ttfs]x]+, lk+ln dfo\ln ;sl;g+ yMlklgu' b:t'/sy+
lt;f j;M laofM le+u' af+nfMu' tMlh j;M k'+sfM
laoflaO . edrf+ ;sl;s]+ /Llt cg;f/ labf
sof yM5]Fo\ lnxfF jO . Olxkfof Hof‰jM y'ln Hof
h'Ow'+sfM SjrfMu' h'O .
;Gbe{
!= g]jf ;+:s[ltdf 3f]lTnFbf – xl/z/0f /fhf]kfWofo
k|sfzg g]kfnL ;flxTo dlGb/ eQmk'/,
@)&$
@= g]jf Olxkf ljlw /Ltf/fhe08f/L – g]kfn
d08n wMrf w's" g]kfn efiff s]lGb|o ljefu
on Wjfsf g]=;+= !!@@
#= ;lQ k|yf – xl//fd hf]zL – hf]zL l/;r{
Oli6Ro'6 @)^*
$= lxGb' ljjfxsf] Oltxf; dw';'bg ;'j]bL @)%^
%= pbfo Olxkf – /Tgtf/f tfd|fsf/, pbfo
;dfh – @)&)
^= ;+:sf/ j ;+:s[lt lemu' hxfF /dfklt/fh zdf{
&= lxGb' ljjfx k4ltsf] j}1flgstf b]jLk|;fb
nD;fn k|flrg g]kfn ;+:sf/ @)%^
*= ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g lgodfjnL
@)## sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
á á
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 31
Oltxf;
Nxf;fo\ 5'–l;+–:ofM s'yL
-sdndfg
t'nfw/h"of n'd+lt 5wfM_
g]jfMt;]+ Nxf;fs'ly Jofkf/of cltl/Qm Hofv+
ofgfM g]kfn j ltJjt lgu'ln+of ;dfho\ gf+hfDx
s'lyjfn cyjf Jofkf/L emL;+ 5Dx+ 5Dxhs
So+gk] mof Rj+u' b' . j vM wd{dfg t'nfw/ -wdf+
;fx'_ . ltJjt eflifs bvn b'Dx g]jfM 5Dx h'of
j+ofMu' ;dfh ;]jf …SofG5f nfdfÚ g]kfn ofqf
cj;/; jofu' ltJjtL a'4wd{ k|jrgoft g]kfn
efiff+ g+ -cg'jfb_ efo\lxnf ;]jf ofgfM g]jfM ;dfh
j Nxf;fo\ gfk+ jo\ jo\ h'n . xfsg+, jofu' x]
s'ly 5'–l;+–:ofM kfv]+ Ujxfln h'of ef/tof k|l;4
af}4 ljåfg\ /fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogoft yMu' x] ;+/If0fo\
g]kfn+ Nxf;f o+sfM …ef]6 ljBfÚ cyf{t\ ef/to\
32 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
b]ljrGb| >]i7
Tibetology :yflktofo\t Ujxfln ljpDx g]kfnof
Jofkf/L wd{dfg -wdf+ ;fx'_ of of]ubfg g]jfM
;dfh+ nf]ds + ] dHo" . k/Gt', wd{dfg yDx+x] wf;f,
5'+ x] RjofM cyjf Rjsfys"uw' f;f vg]db' . Yjof
gfk+ :jo+e' :t"kof hL0ff]å{ f/, Hofv+o\ ltJjtL
nfdfh'of of]ubfgoft g]jfM ;xsdL{ g+ yM x] h'ofM
5u" ztfAbL ts Yj x] sLlt{dfg sfod h'Okmt
y'lsof g+ g]jfM ;dfh+ sb/ofMu' lh+ dvgflg .
y'yfo\ g]kfno\ >L # rGb| zdz]/ /f0ffof s7f]/
zf;g h'ofM g+ y'lsof dfMsy+ k|rf/–k|;f/
h'Odk'mu' cj:yf g+ emL;+ cfM y'Os]dfn .
yHofu' cltl/Qm Hofv+ gfk+ Nxf;fo\
5'–l;+–:ofM wofu' g]jfM s'lyof :j+u' k':tfofDx
s'lyjfn sdndfg t'nfw/h"ofs] ylg+ lemlgb+Gx\oM
lhln;]h"u' vNxfjNxfof b:tfj]h k'OsfM jo\sMof
y'u' n'd+lt yg Gx\oJaof Rjgfu' b' . jo\sM
sdndfg t'nfw/h' lj= ;+= @)&! dfu{ @! s'Gx"
lbj+ut h'Ow'+sn . pls+ :j= sdndfg t'nfw/
h"of x] 5'+ n'd+lt sy+ Yj cfn]v Gx\oJaofu' b' ._
æ;+b]zof /fhwflg Nxf;fo\ 5u" s'lyof gfd+
x] kfnfof g+ gf+ Rj+j+u' s'ly vM 5'–l;+–:ofM .
y'sy+ 5u" s'lyof gf+ hfofM jx] s'ly+ kfnf g+
u7g ofgftMu' lj:s+ jgo\HofvnM gfk+ woftMu'
d]yfo\ p:t vg]db' . cfM Yj s'lyof gf+ hfo\sf
ljpDx ;fx' vM wd{dfg t'nfw/, ;+If]k+ wdfF
;fx' . vnf jo\sM :jof Gxfkf x] yg s'ly
ykgf h'ofM jo\sMof ssflk+ ygs'yL g]kfn+
jo\jg] Hofh'of Rj+u' vM. lnkto\ lhld afHof+
yMu' x] lj:s+ s'tn+ Yj s'lyoft RjGXofsf
rfn"ofgflnx] gf+ hfo\sf ljn .Æ
Yj wfk" vM wdf+ ;fx'of 5o\ sdndfg
t'nfw/ofu' .
wdf+ ;fx'+ yMu' Hofs'lyof n'd+lt Rjof tMu'
cyjf ;'Ot+ RjsftMu' Gog] db' . jof :jDx
sfo\lklg k':tf+ g+ yyMu' n'd+lt 5'+sy+ bo\sftMu'
dbofM 5o\drfof k':tfo\jofM Yj 5k" n'd+lt
;f+ Rjofljdfn . y'ls+ Gxfkfof vSjh'Sj v+nf
lkxfFjo\t yfs'Ou' x] tfof Rjgfu' b' . pls+
sdndfg t'nfw/h"oft lh+ GXo;M tofM .
æNxf;fo\ l5slklg s'lyof k[i7e"ld 5Sjlg+
lhtM sgflb;+ /] l5+ x] l;Sjhs h";f+ .Æ
æGxfkf Gxfkfofv+ lh+ cfkn+ x] d:o" . lhtM
sgftu' g+ db' . lhld s'n 5] wfM;f ªto\
k;M glgvM. ªto\ k;M glgof ;fx' vnMto\ g+
Nxf;fo\ oSsf] s'lyt Gxfkflg;]+ b'u' vFnf o]+
ckf]l;g+ :o" . ªt+ afofMltlg ToM/o\ Wjfvfjxfn+
j+tf lkg];+ t+nfl5 wofyfo\ Rj+jMu' vM .
ælhld afHof wdf+ ;fx' ;+ o\ efo\ Nxfo\ u'
hs dv' , Yjef;+ Ajg] Rjo] jfF nfSs x] g+
;MDxvM . josMof u' ? Nxf;fo\ zfSo
u' Djfof d' Vo nfdfh" x] vM wfO . y' Dx u' ?
nfdfh" oft …zfSo] + –5L+ wf ;+ o\ ef;+ wfOu'
h' ofRjg . pls+ x] SofF 5] nfdf Nxf;f+ g] kfno
lty{ ofqL h' ofM j Mano\ josn+ ;+ o\ ef;+
ofgfbLu' wd{ b] zgfoft g] jfM ef;+ plw| do\
pNyfofgfM ygof >f] tfju{ oft g] jfef;+
sg] u' Hof afHof+ x] ofgflbn . y' ls+ ofgfM
wdf ;fx' oft 5u" k| l;l4 x] ljn .Æ
cfM sdndfg t'nfw/h"+ yM jfHof ofu'
Nxf;f s'lyof v+ cyf{t\ 5'–l;+–:ofM s'lyof
n'd+lt y'sy+ GXofsf lbn M
æNxf;fo\ yMlklg s'lyof Hof lj:tf/
ofo\t jfHof+ ef/tof snsQfo\ g+ yMu' x]
s'ly to\dfn . snsQfo\ …lrlgklx+Ú wofyfo\ …
wd{dfg–k"0f{dfg of gfd+ kmd{ 5u" rfo\sfbLu'
h'ofRjg . k"0f{dfg wofDx lhld x] cj'h'n .
jfHofof :jDx sfo\lk+ dWo] jo\sM rLlwsDx
vM . vnf tMlwDx sfo\ lq/Tgdfgof gf+ kmd{o\
wfs]dfu' vM . cy] vM ;f+ jfHofof 5fo\:jjno\
t"–dt" ljrfM ofODx h'of yy] 5fo\ :jMjno\
yM lrlwDx sfo\df gfdo\ t"u' v+sfM y'sy+ …
wd{dfg–k"0f{dfgÚ wsf snsQfo\ jgoHof
s'lyof gf+ 5"u' lh+ Gogftofu' vM .Ú
ælnkf j Jofkf/ kmd{ x] aGb h'n lgSju'
dxfo'4of -Second great war_ lnRjM sy+ pyfo\
xln+ o'4 h'ofRj+jno\ snsQfo Jofkf/
h'Oyfs'n . y'lsof lnRjM lhldths dv' d]d]
lkGtMg+ plQs+ x] nfMu' vg]b' .Æ
cfM ;+b]z kfv]/of v+ M
Nxf;f+lkg] ;+bz
] of d]du] ' Jofkf/ s]Gb|o\ g+ lhld
jfHof+ yMu' s'ly rfo\sf lbn . k'nf+u' Jofkf/ s]Gb|
l;ufT5] lhldu' s'lynf j+hfMths 5\jof x] GXofsf
Rj+u' vM . cgofDx lhld;+ k|aGws -Manager_ of
x}lot ljoftofDx dg"oft ;+ot\ ;] :ofgf ljpu'ln+
ofgfM cgof s'ly x] jGb ofo\dfn . cgFln, Gx"u'
Jofkf/ s]Gb| …Uof~r]Ú wofyfo\nf+ lhldu' s'ly
lnkfts+ blgu' lh+x] l;pm . cgnf lhg+ Rjg]wg' . .
Yj Uof~r]of lhldu' s'lyoft …Uoflnª 5f]SkfÚ wsf
;+o\ ef;+ wfOu' vM .Æ
æxfsg+ d]u', lhld jfHof+ x] ;+b]zln;] cfkn+
:jfk"b'u' sfZdL/ /fHo cGt/ut n2fv wofyfo\
g+ yMu' s'lyof lj:tf/ofgf bLu' vM . pv]/ g+
ylklg j+hfMt hs 5f]of x] s'ly Gxofs"u' wfO{ .Æ
æy'sy+, ;+b]z+ k|efljt d]d]u' Jofkf/ s]Gb|o\
g+ yMu' x] sRrf s'lyt b'u'ln+ ofgf lhldu'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 33
Nxf;f s'lyoft cyf{t\ 5'–l;+–:ofoft jgo\5'of
v+o\ oSsf] Ujfxflnh" jg .Æ
æy'lndl5 v+nf wdf+ ;fx'of kfno\of
h'n . cfM 5SjM yMu' x] v+lg+ sgflb;+Æ wsfM
lh+x]Gxo\;M t;]+ln sdndfg t'nfw/h'+ yMu'
lj:s+ vFGXofsf lbn y'sy+ M
ælhtMnf lem+:jb+lt pd]/hs Yo+jno\ x]
lhld ca' k"0f{dfg+ yMgfk x] Nxfofo\ Ajgf o+s"u'
vM .Æ
ælhu' hGd;fn v+ !((^ ;fn vM -O{ !(#(_
Yjof+ bl5 GXoM x] jfHof wdf+;fx' k/nf]s h"u'
h'of Rjg . pls+ lh+nf jfHofoft Dxx] d:o" .
g]kfno\ @))& ;fnof Xo"kf l;wo\ j+ @))*
;fn -O{= !(%!_ lhtM Nxf;fo\ Ajgf o+s"u' vM .
pyfo\ lhld tlwAjf lq/Tgdfgoft kfM lxn]dfnfM
x] lhlk+ sfln+kf]ªh'sfM Nxf;f jgfu' vM .Æ
ælhlk+ yMu' x] s'lyof tfy]t -ef/];n_
uofM ;+b]zof kmf/L emf]ªofu' nFk"lngfM jgfu'
vM . kmf/Loft TjtfM lhlk+ yMu' x] Uof~r]of …
Uof–lnª 5f]SkfÚ s'yL jgfM Rjgfu' h'n . lhlk+
cg Yo+s'Gx' x] 5YjM lrlgoft g+ Nxf;f jg]t
sfln+kf]ªF -ef/t_ kmf/L h'sfM cg Yo+sM ju'
h'ofRjg . lhlk+ln;] Uof~r] gfknfgf jf+nfs
x] v+ h'n lrlgof sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ /fhgLltoft
Nxf;fo\ k|j]z ofs]u' vf; p2]Zo HjgfM jMlk+
Yj lrlgof bn x] Gxfkf+u' h'ofRjg .Æ
æNxf;fo\ 5' l;+ :ofM s'lyof lj:s+u'
sf/f]jf/ 5'+ b' nf ls <Æ
ælhlk g+ Nxf;fo\ ;fdfGo Jofkf/Lof x}l;ot
sy+ x] -General Merchant_ Rjgfu' vM . lhldyfo\
k;n] g+ Sj]lrgsfkM ltGvfM j j]nfoltdfn
slZd/f sfkt+ tofM x] Jofkf/ h'ofRjg .Æ
ælhld tMlwJjf lq/Tgdfg t'nfw/ gfk
snsQfo\ Rjgf jno\ xL/fdf]ltof h'xf/ft
34 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
k/LIf0f ofo\u' Hof g+ ;o\sf lbn . pls+ Nxf;fo\
g+ xL/fdf]lt+ h'xf/ftof jgo\Hofo\ g+ Nxf
toflbn . y'u' Jofkf/ lhldu' s'lyof lj:s+u'
sf/f]jf/ wfM;f+ lhpm .Æ
æcfM l5slklg 5'–l;+–:ofM kfnfofu' v+ g+
5'F eltrf sgflb;+ .
æNxf;fo\ lhld kfnf 5]+ cnu x] b' vlg .
cg lhld kfnfof cfh' BM gfub]jtf wofDx vM .
Jofkf/o\ wgkf] oft dxTj ljof Yjoft /Ifs
gfu BMoft dfgo\ofu'v+ lh+ y'Osf . k/Gt', cg
lhldu' kfnf 5]Fnf d]d]u' j]rNtL kfnfof BM t g+
xofM tOu' h'of Rjg uy] ls Gxfkf cg 3ª :ofM
kfnf, sflsdf kfnf wofu' b' wfO{ . y'lk+ kfnfof
s'ly y'jfM ;'+ dbof aGb h'of jg . . y'ldu'
kfnfof Bt hs lhldu' kfnf 5] xofM toftn
vlg . cy] x] cg ;Sjof u'efh' jh|frfo{ lklg
jh|;Tj kfnf :jgftu' h'ofM Yj kfnfof cfh'
jh|;Tj d"lt{ gfk+ lhld kfnf 5]F x] to\s] ljof
tMu' h'ofRjg .Æ
æl5 Nxf;fo\ u'ln Rjgflbofu' v < cn],
cg Rjgfjnol;of ljz]if v+ 5'+ bM;f g+ wof
lb;+ .Æ
ælh Nxf;fo\ YogfM cfkf O{ db'lgjno\
lhld s'lyoft x] 5u" tMw+s xfYof GXon"jn .
jvM lhld 5'–l;+–:ofM s'ly Rjgf Rj+u' 5]+ g+
lhldt ygf xn .Æ
æg]jfM jgo]ldt;]+ Nxf;fo\ k;M 5]of jfM
Jo"tn] y'ldt yg]db' wofu' Gxfkf+ lg;]+of zt{
x] v+M . k/Gt', lnkf 5]+ y'jf ;ld+g+ j 5]F bo\s]
le+s]dfn wsfM lhldt 5]F g+ ygf ljn . lhlk+
Rjg]t nf cg 5'–l;+–:ofM, kfnfof 5];+ Rjg]dfn .
æ5'F O{ lnkf j 5]of dd{t h'of g+ lhldu'
s'lyoft yfo\ x] dljn . lhld x] Gxfkf ªt
k;Mglgoflk+ ;fx'to\o ljn . y'sy+ yMlklgs'ly
rno\ofo\t yfo\ db'jno\ lhnf lhld lglgof
sfo\ s?0ff/Tg bfh"of yfo\ 3f]/:ofM s'yLjgfM
Hof;gf Rjg]df+n . yy] h'of ;+= @))( ;fn
lg;] x] lhldu' 5'–l;+–:ofM s'ly x] rfn" h'O
dk'mt wfM;f Ho" .Æ
ælhld jf} k"0f{dfg wfM;f cg yMu' x]
JolQmut ?k+ d]d]u' jgo\Hof ofgfM O{ 5\onf
Rjg .Æ
æyy]t' KobFlt 3f]/:of s'yL RjgfMln ;+=
@)!$ ;fn+ -O{= !(%^_ Nxf;fTjMtf lh g]kfno\
Sjxf+jofu' vM .Æ
ælh g]kfno\ SjxfFjo\w'+;]ln Nxf;fo\
lrlgof g]t[Tjoft ;ld+t;]+ xfYof x] ljofM Njfk'
v+ lksfn . pyfo\nfs 5'–l;+–:ofM s'lyof gfd+
k|To]sdfg bfh"+ g+ Jofkf/ ofgf :jMu' vM t/,
lnkf h" ln;] cg lrlgoft ln;] Jojxf/ ofo\
g+ yfs'of jn Nxf;f+ bnfO{ nfdf ef/t\o :jo+
lgjf{;g j+:o]ln cg g]jfMto\t tRjs+ x] Hof
dl5gf jn . g]jfM t;]+ tMhf]lvd df]no\ofgfM
ef/tkfv]+ xofu' Jofkf/ j:t'of d" x] ;fos]
djLu'sy+ lrlgof Jojxf/ h'n .Æ
æcn], k|To]sdfg bfh" g+ yMlklg s'ly x]
jGbofgfM ;+= @)!^ ;fn+ g]kfno\ Sjxf+ emfn .
lhld ca' k"0f{dfg wfM;f rLg j ef/tof bYjL
åGbl;wo\sf g+ Nxf;fo\ RjgfRjg . jo\sM nf
;+= @)@) ;fn ltlg Nxf;fof sd{If]qoft
;bf+of nflu TjMtf yM b]zo\ lnxfemfn .Æ
sdndfg t'nfw/ h"+ yMu' v+ Sjrfy]+
Rj+sflb . t/ lhtM wfM;f cg 5'–l;+–:ofM
s'lyof e"ldsf :ki6 dh"lgy] tfofM eltrf
cndn h'of Rjgf . cn], Yj s'lyof 5u"
tflnsf bo\sf, sdndfh" oft Sogf M
o]+ k;M glgof
Nxf;f 5'–l;+–:ofM s'lyof xfdf tflnsf
wdf+ ;fx' -wd{dfg t'nfw/_
;+= !(!* – !((%
lq/Tgdfg 1fgdfg k"0f{dfg
k|To]sdfg
snddfg
:jo+e"dfg
-;'ªdf_
;j{1dfg t]hdfg
-sfln+kf]ª_ ef/t
pko'{St tflnsf cg';f/ 5'–l;+–:ofM
wofu' Nxf;f s'lyof :j+u" k':tf v+s] k'm . t/,
jof+GXoof xfdfto\u' v+ 5'+ x] yg Sog] dk'mt .
Yj v+oft sdndfg t'nfw/ h"+ ;sf/ x] ofgf
lbn .
wdf+ ;fx' wofDx >L # hËaxfb'/ sf+lng
Jofkf/L vg]b; ' f+ jof Jofkf/ sd{ If]q ckf]ofgf
>L # jL/ zdz]/ sflng vg]b' . t/, y'jno\of
Nxf;fo\ g]jfMs'lyof cj:yf lrq0f h'Odk'mlgu' lh+
tfof . sdndfg h"+ g+ y'u' tfsof yMlklg s'lyof
b:tfj]h 5'+ x] Sog] dk'mu' nfrf/L kf]s
+ f lbn .
sdndfg t'nfw/ h"of n'd+lt RjRj+
ofgfjno\ Nxf;fo\ wdf{ ;fx'of sfo{sfn wfM;f
k|i6 h'Os] dk'mt . jo\sM Nxf;fo u'jn] ts
Rjgf lbn Yj O{ g+ :ki6 dh"lg .
pls+ lhu' GXo;M xfsg 5SjM
æwdf+ ;fx'of Nxf;f sfo{sfn 5Sj l5+
k|i6ofgf bLdk"mnf Yjo\sM u'jn]lg;]+ Nxf;f
djg <Æ
cfM jo\sMof yy]h'n
æef/t+ dxfkl08t /fx'n ;f+s[Tofdg\ ;+b]zo\
jf}4 u|Gyof cg';+wfg ofot Nxf;f jg]wsf
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 35
g]kfno u'Kt ?k+ Yo+sM jn . pu' jvto ef/t+
;+b]zof /fhwflg Nxf;f jg]t l;lSsd /fHo
5'lDj pkTosf h'sf jg]u' n+k" rfo\ w'+s"u' vM .
k/Gt', Nxf;fo\ ;'+ 5Dx l+xGb':tfgL x] b'dsfou'
;Fo\ ;/sf/of gLlt x] 5v]/ b';f d]v]/+ /fx'n
k+l8t 5Dx sDo'lgi6 ljrf/wf/f sof Rj+Dx
c+u|]h lj/f]wL g+ vM . yy] h'of c+u|]hL ;sf{/of
k|ltlglw c•ft b'u' n+k" h'sfM /fx'n Nxf;fo\
jg]kmO dv' . pls+ yfs';f+ g]kfnof n+k" s'lt
h'sf Nxf;f jg]wsf o]+ Yo+sM jn vlg . joft
Nxf;fo\ uf]Kosy+ 5jo\u' Uj;fM lhld af+Hof+ x]
ofgfljn . joft lhldu' 5'–l;+–:ofM s'ly 5Dx
j+hfM wsf dfMyfo\ ts jxfgf bo\sf ljn .
y'ls+ joft Nxf;fo\ g+ oSsf]+ x] Ujxfln h'n .Æ
ef/to\ lxGbL ef;+ /fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogh"+ yMu'
ltJjt ofqfof ;+:d/0f ;k"m k|sflzt oft . psL
k|;u+ jz wd{dfg ;fx'of gfF j jo\sMof Ujxflnoft
sofM /fx'nh"+ kfo\l5 x] v+ RjoftMu' g+ vg]b' .
Yjx] s'yL j+hfsy+ Nxf;fo\ Rjgf bLDx
wd{/Tg oldh'+ cgx] /fx'n ln;] ;+utofo\vg .
jo\sn+ oldh"oft ufSs+ x] k|efljt oft . oldh"+
g+ /fx'noft af}4u|Gyt dfn]u'Hofo\ oSsf] x]
Ujxfln ofgf lbn . y'ls+ /fx'nh" j oldh"of
bYjL cfkn+ ljrf/ sfnljnh'n . Yj ;Djw+
GXofjj+ lnkf /fx'nh"+ …old+oft sofM 5u"
lrws+ lxGbL+ ;k"m x] Rjof ljn . :joflb;+–
æwd{/Tg …oldÚ cfhs] g]kfnsf /fhgLlts
l;kfxLÆ
-O{= !(%$_
g]kfnln;] /fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogh"of :jfk"oft
sof yg oSj Hof;g]dflgu' blg . y'ls+ g]kfnof
af}l4s Vono\ ufSs+ ltjM h'Ou' x] lh+ tfof Rjgf .
cfM sdndfg t'nfw/h"of clGtd wfk"
blgM
36 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
æo]+, k|l;4 :jo+e" :t"koft Nxf]g]u' Hof g+
;+b]zof nfdfh"kfv]+ h'n . psL g+ lhld afHof+
x] dfSj Ujxfln ofgf lbpu' vM . Yj :jo+e"
:t"kof tMw+u' x] hL0ff]{4f/ Hof vM . yjno\
:jo+e"of dxfofg af}4 k/+k/fsy+ qof]bz
e"jgof k|tLsfTds Hof ;DkGg h'n . yf}ts
g+ bsno\ lnkfof emLu' :jo+e" Nxf]g]Hof Yj x]
vM .Æ
t/, pko'{Qm wfk"of dd{ lh+wfM;f dy"lg .
y'u' wd{lqmof ;+= !(&%–&^ ;fn kfv]of vM
wofu'hs lh+ y" . t/ YjHofo\ Nxf;fof u'u'
u'Daf kfv]+ cfly{s Ujxfln jMu' vM Yj lh+
dl;plg . yg ;';' nfdfh"lk+jofM y'u' Hofo\
;/f]sf/ Kj+sfljn wofu' v+o\ g+ lhs] cWoog
5'+ eltrf db'lg . Yj Hofo\ g]kfMldto\ k|ltlglw
wdf+ ;fx' g+ ;+= !((% ;fn+ lbj+ut h'n . cy]
g+ yg :yfgLo TjfMjxfno\ 5u" ph+ lh+ j/f]j/
x] Gogf–
nfdfh'of bf+
wdf+;fx'of gf+
hf]ujL/ gfoM sf+
:jsldt bSj+ Wjf+ ..
y'u' ph+of dd{ 5' vM lh+wfM;f 5\ofo\
dk'mlg .
á á
lgofqf
d'lQmgfy ofqf 5u' n'dGtL–!
ofqf lgu' sy+ h'O{ . 5u' wfld{s ofqf d]u'
;fxl;s ofqf . Yj lhu' wfld{s ofqfof k|;Ë
wfo]dfn wfn;f o]F :jlgud of d7, dlGb/,
b]jb]jLlklgu' k"hf, k|fy{gf gfk+ bz{g g+ ofgf
Rjgfu' b' . cy] x] af}4 r}To, u'Daf ljxf/o g+
a/f]j/ bz{g ofo]t jgf Rjgfu' b' . t/ ;fxl;s
ofqf wfn;f z'Go x] y] h'of Rjg . :jlgun+lkg+
knf~rf]s eujlt bf]nvf eLd;]g j dgsfdgf
nf tsf]dl5 x] bz{g ofjgf Rjgfu' vM . cy] g]
pQ/ blIf0fkfv] osf] x] k|l;4 wfld{s :yn t
bz{g ofjg] dkmof Rju' b' .
plsdWo] k|l;4 wfld{s :yn d'lQmgfy g
5u' vM . jf:tjo d'lQmgfy eujfgof bz{g
ofqfo\ jg]t yfs' wofu' Gogftofu' . t/ ;+of]u+
eujfg d'lQmgfyof bz{gof jg]u' df}sf 5Gx'
>Ldltof kfh'of kfv]+ r"nfjn .
@)^( ;fn r}q #) ut] d'lQmgfy ofqf GXofs]u'
sf]lhpu' h'n . ofqfo jg] GXoj dfMu' ;/;fdfg
hf]/hfd ofo]u' ofgf . ofqfo\ jlglk+ ;sn] v'l;
j'F :yfgo d'gd] fMu' . lh j >Ldlt on+ jg]u' h'of
gofFjhf/] 5Gx' GXoM jxlg ;M;M kfh'of 5]F rflxp
jgf . jxlg a]l+ n l;wosf Bg] Gxoj 5]g+ + Hjgf
jofu' emf]nf rfo]sf :jof jn] >Ldlt of df]afOn
j :j]6/ tof xo] nf]ds + n vlg . t/ df]jfOn lhu'
g b' Hof sfo]t 5'+ k+u' nf db' . cy];f >Ldltof yMu'
x] df]jfOn dfn wsf g'uM dl5+sf Rjg;f :j]6/nf
d':tfªuo lrs'u' yf;o lkmOt dfMu' x] h'n . 5'ofo]u'
wL/h cdfTo
5]+ sfo j DXofo lgDxl;t 5]F of efnf ljof ysfu'
cfM5'ofo]u' wsf >Ldlt -snf_ trfof km6km6 ofgf
5]+ sfo oft kmf]gofgf Tjlkmpu' ;dfg ;'y] Gxfkf
xof ljp wsf wof 5f]n .
sGx]sG' x' r}q #) ut] ;'y] Gxfkf+ bgf lgTo sd{
l;wosf Rof Tjgf Rjgfjn] sfo efh' Tjlkmpu'
;fdfg Hjgf 6'Kn'Ss Yo+s jn . wGg] snfof Vjf
rSsg Tjlkmpu' ;fdfg sof emf]nfo\ tn . O{
ToMu'ln ;sn]+ v'l;j'O+{ Yos+jg]t tof/ h'of . Gof;]
jgf nfOdv'wsf kfh'of sfo g+ v'l;j'+ ts df]6/+
tofljO wsf df?lt Eofg GXog]lbs]xn. ;sn]+ df]6/]
Rjgf jgf v'l;j'O+ jgf l/he{ ofgftMu' df]6/ ^ jh]
Yo+x] xn . ;sn]+ yMyMu' l;t dfnf j;o\ b'g] Rj+jg .
dn]h' gfk+ ltl/doh' j hLg+ j;o b'g] l;6o Rj+jgf
lhdLu' l;6 GXof]g] KoDx Rjg]l5+u' yf;o h'ofRjg
hLkL:jDx gfk+ ;xofqL s]x+] doh' 5Dxg lhkL gfk+
x] ldn]ho' f Rj+jn . vnf;L+ hLdLu' emf]nfbsf]+ 5Mto\
to o+sn . j; GXofs]t 8«fOj/+ ;+s6] ljn . hLldt
a; :6ko\ ts tMjMlk+ kfh', j ;;Mlshflk+ gfk+ sfo\
efh' g+ ;sn]+ hLldt ljbfljof lnxf+ jg . lhlk
ofq' t hdf #) Dx j;o Rjgf jgflk+ d'lQmgfyof
ofqf GXoft . lhdLu' Yj ofqf @)^( r}q #) ut]
sf7df8f}+ v'l;+ j'+ dfu{ GXofu' vM . j; lji0f'dltof
lsgf/+ lsgf/+ h'gf 6]s+' sflndf6L YoFjn] noF lgDx
bfh' j s]x+] lkof Rj+lkGt a;o\ b'sfn, lylklgDx
gfk+ cf d'lQmgfy ofqf jgflk+ #@ bt . a;o
ofqfofgfjgflk+ d's+ g]jf h";f ljleGg y/ oflk+ b'u'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 37
h'of Rjgf . 8«fOe/ nfdf vM;f kf;fDx IfqLh'of
Rjg d]lk+ k'mSs+ g]jfM t cy]+ ;f GxofOk's hLldu'
ofqf Gxofgf jg hj+ vj+ b[iofjnf]sg ofof+ a;
GXofgf Rjg . yfgsf]6 k'nw] j+' n] hfdo nfOnf wsf
wGbf sof Rjgfu' hfdo Rjg]Djfos ofps a;
Gxofgfjg uh'/L, 8'd]| wflbª dn]v' h'of v}/gL6f/
Yog . cg YoF jn] dgsfdgf jlglk+ s]an ' sf/
jf/kf/h'of Rj+u' n" vg]+ bt . s]jn ' sf/ :j :j+
jgf Rjgfu'ln lhldu' j; l6s6of sfOyfo 9f]sf
b'x+ f+ j+jn] lhldt dgsfdgf bz{g ofsf o+lsu'nf
wsf dgo n'Osf dg ofpsf j;+ sf]xf+ jof . t/
cy] dv'vlg hLkL+ofq' tot hfy'of go]u' Joj:yfof
nfuL a; kfls{ªofMu' h'of Rjg .
vnf dgsfdgf b]jLof bz{gnf hL
Gofsf]ts ofo]wg' fu' vM . lgsf]nf # 306f hs
kfMuof bz{gofgf; . :jsf]n+ f s]an' sf/] Rjgf jgf
bz{gofgf jo]wg' u'vM . drft j a'9fa'9Lt wfM;f
sd x]hs j+u' vg]b' . cfMnf cli6«of+ bo]sf ljpu'
s]jn' sf/] drft j a'9fa'9L g jg] kmOu' h"u' b' .
hLldu' ofqfof cfof]hs z]if dxh{g j;o\ tof xMu'
ynjn e"t" l;lnG8/ lkslgs :k6o\ Nxoo]sf vfgf
bo]su] ' jGbf]j:t ofgf Rjg . u'ln+ d:of{ªl\ 4 v';L kfv]+
rflxpjg u'ln+ v'l;l;yo Rjgf t:jL/ sofRjg .
bfFk'n]dfMu' lkslgs yf;] z]ifdx{hgoft
ld;flk+ ;xofqL lkG; UjxfnL ofgf Rjg .
u'lnl;of+ t/sf/L Noo]u' u'lnl;of l;nfljOu',
d;nf lggfljOu' cflb Hofo UjxfnL ofgf Rjg
hL= g+ nfef kfn' 5ofgf UjfxfnL ofgf . yy]
;sn]+ hfgf Hof ofo]u' GXofOk';]+ Rj+ . hf go]
dToMgLu'ln ;sl;t+ lkTofu' t+s]t b'? db'u' Rof
Tj+sn u'lnl;g+nf 5]+ g x] conf HjgfjMlk+g+ b'u'
h'of Rjg elt elt Tj+lk+ g+ b' .
ofqfo\ jgflk+lg u'lnl;of+ d:t g Ajgf xMu' b' .
lkslgs:k6of gfk+ g+ d:of{ªb\ L v';L b'ul' n d:t
38 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
g+ v'l;l;yo lDxtM jg . cg yfo yf;] v'l; df]
n'Odt] wsf Rjof tMu'ln+ cleefjslk+ yM d:tot
;r]t ofgf v'l; d5f];] yMlk gfk+ x] to]u' oft .
go]u' Hj/] h'u' g tof/h'n ;sn] ldn] h'of go
lgO ofgf . ynan l;n]ul' n ;sl;g+ UjxfnL ofgf
l;wosf df]6/] yf;o to o+su] ' Hofg+ ;sl;g+
UjxfnL ofgf k" jg . dgsfdgfof 8fF8f :jof cg+ x]
df+ dgsfdgf b]jL oft n'ds + f dg+ dg+ bz{gofgf .
cfof]hs z]if dxh{g ;sn] j;o Rjg]t Ogfk ofo]j+
;sn] ofq' t yMyMu' yf;o Rj+jgf . a; s'l/g6f/
of k|jz ] åf/ lkxfF jof kf]v/f :jof Gxoft . j;o
b'g] 8«fOe/+ dgf]/h
+ gof nfuL d]+ g+= xfosf o+sn .
a; yMu' ult Gxofgf jgfRjg ujn]+ d]lkGt lngf
xg{ljpljp Gxfkf nfsf Rjg;f ujn]+ d]lkGt n+ ljof
yM lnkf Rjgf a; Gxofgf Rjgf . nFof hM vM of
b[io:j:j+ lhlk j;o b'g] cg]s ukm ofgf GxofOk'sf
Rjgf . Nofodlk+ dWo] 5Dx ;'/z ] efO g+ b' jof ;F
nlxgflnpg] ;j{t y'gf tMu' ps]g r:df g tof
tMu' Dx nfosDx GXofOk's VofM ofODx h'of Rjg .
josM v cfof]hs z]if dxh{gof leGrf h'of Rjg .
j; b'g] GXofOk'sf jgflk+ bdf}ln ahf/ k'nfjgf
n]vgfy lhNnf k'nfjn] sf:sL lhNnfof 9f]sf 5u'
v+gf . 9f]sfo\ cg Rjlk+ :yflgo dg"t;] /+lur+uL
t'n tofRj+u' . cg YoF jn] l;n lgGx' lnkf Gx' bF
@)&) Solgu' h'of v'l;ofln ofo]t kf]v/fof k|jz ]
åf/+ lg;]+ t'n tofjof Rjlk+ h'of Rjg . kf]v/fo\ a;
b'ltg . k[YjLrf]s, l;{hgf rf]s, ;xLb nvgrf]s
YoFjn] lhldu' j; ha kfv] kmlxsf GXoft . !* bF
GXoM kf]v/fo jgf jn] j yfooft dx]Gb|rf]s wfOu'
cn] dx]Gb|of ;flns g b'u' vM . @)^@÷)^# of
hgcfGbf]ng dx]Gb|of ;flns lnsof ;xLb nvg
yfkfof ;flns tMu' h'of Rjg .
á á
qmdzM
v“UjM Dxl;s]
d"n zAb pRrf/0f vo\ efo\ c+u|]hL
lemDxDx lemDx bzf}+ JolQm tenth person

lemlnldln lemlnldln emNndNn bright/gli!ering

lem+emfbg] lem+emfbg] p/f7 nfUg'÷Gof;|f] nfUg' to be melancholy/become sad mood

e'm e'm l;d a wet land

e'mldg] e'mldg] nfl6g', lgbfpg' to be numb

e'mld e'mld cb[Zo lkzfr invisible spirit, gnome

e'ms' e'ms' 7"nf] cfGb|fe'F8L large intrails

e'mldg e'mld+ tfGb|f walk in unconsious state

e'm? Ajfo\ e'm?Ajfo\ xfdkmfNg' to jump down

e'mn e'mn e"mn mosquito net

e'mn rfo] e"mrfo] lgy|'Ss lelhg' to be wet, drenched

e'm;] e'm;] e'm;L brimful

e'mn'+uf e'mn'+uf emf]n'ª\uf]÷sf]qmf] a swinging cradle

em]lnofxf em]lnof÷e]mNof÷e]mNnf hfnL kmtfxf a pra!ler, swindler

emf]n emf]M k+lQm÷qmda4 a row, a line, a queue

emf]nnfSs emf]MnfSs tfFtL a row, a line, a queue

emf]n5'o] emf]M5'o] nx/} a:g' to bring into line

emf]nlng+ emf]Mnln+ nx/} glj/fOsg to follow a line, go down in a line

emf]n'+uf tf emf]n'+uf tf emf]n'+u] k'n a suspension bridge

‰jo] ‰jo] r/fpg' to graze

emjo]lko] ‰jlko] lryg'{ to scratch

emjfsn emjfsM vf8n, C0f swanp, to be in trouble

emjfsn] b'g] ‰jfsn] b'g] C0fdf 8'Ag' to be in troubles

‰jftf ‰jftf k|ltdf statue

‰jfgTof+ ‰jf+Tof+ nfd6fË] too tall (of a person)

em+jfgTof+ ‰jf+Tof+ -emjf+Tof_ kGofnf] to thin (of curry)

emjfn em\jfM cf]Olng' fading, to fall leaves

emjfnf emjfnf em/gf waterfall, spring

yf}+sGx] no\kf} 39
 a'v“
!= j+u' kmfu'0f @ ut] z'qmaf/ s'Gx' o]+ 5u' Hof
‰jno lj/f6gu/ emL k'rMof Aoj:yfkgo\
;'bz{g slknf 6«i6 kfv]+ lgbFo 5sf] ljOu'
sy+ y'u; ' L gL:j+u' l;/kf bsn] Gxfkf+ xg]jxDx
jfª\do ztfAbL k'?if 8f= ;todf]xg hf]zL
oft lgu' nv gfk+ ;Ddfgkq nMNfxgf x+u'
vM . xg]u' Hof ‰jno k'nf+Dx /fi6«klt efh'
/fdj/0f ofbj+ hf]zL h'oft j]tfln+ lrsfM
;Ddfg nMNxfgflbOu' vM . g]kfn efiff If]qo\
bsn] ckf] wg/fzLof Yjl;/kf vM .
@= g]jf d'lQm df]rf{ jfdkGyL cfGbf]ng ln;]
g]jfM GXon'jf k|f= dfl0fsnfn >]i7oft
df]rf{of :jsf]u' /fli6«o ;Dd]ng Sjrfu'
Ono xg]u'Hof h'u'ln josM lj/fdL
;dd]ngo\ Ajlt sfo dk'mu'ln+ df]rf{of
5k'r k|ltlglwyL gfk+ gfof] kjgdfg >]i7
josMof 5]+ emfof xgfkf} nMNxfu' vM . jos+M
g]kfof jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngoft GXon'jf gfk+
jfdkGyL a'l4hLjL cflbjf;L hghfltof
cfGbf]ngof g+ GXon'jf gfk+ df]rf{of ;+/Ifs
h'of lbODx vM .
#= g]kfn efiff nf]s ;flxTo kl/ifboft jfª\do
ztfAbL k'?if 8f= ;Todf]xg hf]zLh'+ yMu' s'n
5]+ yMu' efuo nfMu' @ cfgf @ k};f @ bfd huf
nf]s ;flxto ejg bo]st] bfg ljoflbOu' b' .
pu' yf;o Rj+u' josM RjgflbOu' 5]+ y'gf
KotMhfM ofgf Gx'u' 5]+ bo]sf 5]l8of tNnf
nf]s;flxTo kl/ifbof Hofs'ly cg Rj+o dft+
tNnf jfª\do ztfAbL k'?if hf]zLh' RjgflbO .
:jtM hfMno ;k"m w's" KothfM no hf]zLh'
d'sf lbOu' clen]v, ;k"m, cflb to]u' of]hgf
bo]sfM tMu' b';f jOu' c;f/ tsof b'g] ejg
bo]s] s]u' v+ kl/ifbof gfoM k|d] fzflGt t'fnw/+
sgf lbOu' b' .
40 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
$= j+u' kmfu'0f # ut] kgf}lt g]jf kqsf/
/fli6«o bj" sfe|] srfkfv]+ 5u' Hof ‰jno
;+:s[ltljb\ 1fgsfhL dfgGw/ oft xg]u'
Hofh'u' b' . gfk+ g]jf kqsf/ /fli6«o bj"of
s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/LlkGt g+ xg]u' Hof h"u' vM .
sfe|] srfof gj lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/LlkGt
bl;kf} g nMNxfu' vM .
%= j+u' kmfu'0f @ ut] zlgaf/ ;M 5u"of !% SMu'
lrjfv+ d"FHof Sjrfu' b' . pu' d'Hofo :jDx
jfv+ Rjldlk+ gMln jh|frfo{, sflz/fd lj/;
j /fduf]kfn cfz'if]if lk+; Dxlt ªfk' jfv+
Go+s'u' vM . b'u' jfv+oft ;flxTosf/ 8f=
k'ik/fh /fhsl0f{sf/+ ;dLIffofgf lbOu' vM .
Uj;fMvnM of b'hM ;'lw/ Vjlj+ ;|:tf lkGt
dltgflr+ nNxfgf lbn;f Ujnfk|yfo Ajlt
sfMlk+ dWo] ?l0ft jh|frfo{ oft dltgfof
lr+ nNxfu' b' .
^= dft[efiff lbj;of pknIf Gx" hM k':tsfno
j 6f]vf gu/kflnsfof ;+of]hg;+ /fli6«;ef
u[xno h'u' Gx" hM /fli6«o o'jf sljtf
k|ltof]lutf @)&^ ;+ !^) k' sljtf
b'YofMu'ln #! 5Dx l;ofu' sljtf kf7
h"u'ln Gxfkf nfDx c3f{vfFrLof o'jf slj
lszf]/ cfrfo{ lnpnfDx emfkfof o'jfslj
s]zj e§/fO{ cy] x] lnoflnp nfDx /;'jfo
hLjgcf/f]xL lkGt syx+ %), #), @) xhf/
gfk+ /f}6xt of dgf]hs'df/ ljZjsdf{oft
;fGtf]gf k'/:sf/ !) xhf/ tsf j b;L kf}
pkk|wfgd+qL O{Zj/ kf]v/]n j 6f]vf g=kf=of
pkk|d'v 1fgdfof 8+uf]n nMNfgfljOu' vM .
pu' x] Hof ‰jno slj k"0f{ j}Boft Gx"hM
k|ultlzn ;flxTo k'/:sf/ ?= %),))).–
gfk bl; kf}g] nMNxfMu' vM .
á á