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of treat antiquity to which may famous, more
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k|:t'lt x] cGttM ofqf;flxTo÷lgofqf h"jO .
cy]g+ u'Dxu'Dx:of+ ofqf;flxTo j lgofqfo\
e]b SogfRj+u' blg . uy]ls j]bJof; pkfWofoof
sy+ ;'+ ;[hgzLn ofqL+ ofqfof ‰jno\ v+u–' ef]u]
ofMu' ljljw kl/b[Zo, 36gf–k|;Ë j d'+s"u'
cg'ejoft lghfTds /Ë+ /Fu]ofgfM efjgf j
sNkgfof oyf]lrt ;dGjoof ln;]+ dgf]xf/L z}nL+
cfTdk/s 9Ë+ lnlka4 ofgftMu' oyfy{k/s uB
s[lt x] ofqf;flxTo vM cn] lgofqf rflx+
ofqfsf/of k|uf9 cfTd/fu/l~ht j cg'el" tk|an
95
g]kfnefiff
ofqfj0f{g vM, u'sL ofqfut j:t'tYo n]vsLo
cfTdk/stfln;]+ Psfsf/ h"u' bO -pkfWofo,
@)^^M%!_ .
cem u'ln+ u'ln+ nf bSj ofqf ;+:d/0foft
lgofqfof ?ko\ sfo\t tof/ x] db' . 8f= tf/fgfy
zdf{+ bSjsy+of ofqf ;+:d/0foft lgofqf wsfM
wfMu'oft e"n tfo\sfbL . jo\sn+ wofbL — emL
Ajldlk+ hs dv' cNofv RjldlkG;+ j
;DkfbslkG;+ g+ ;fdfGo ofqf j0f{g -ofqf j[QfGt,
e|d0fj[QfGt jf ko{6sLo JofVof cyf{t\ tKo+u'
ef} u f] l ns l:ylt, ;jf/L;fwg, cfjf;,
ef]hgk|flKtof ;'r_+ oft x] e|djz lgofqf wofxMu'
b' . lgofqf ofqfj0f{gof kof{ojfrL vx]dv' . u'u+'
g+ ofqfj0f{g+ lgofqfof :t/o\ Yog]t s[lqd j
j:t'ut JofVofoft TjMtfM afv+, pkGof; jf
lgaGw+ y]+ x] lgtfGt lghL cg'el" toft dxTj
aLdfM, u'u' yfo\of j l:yltof aofgo\ uy] n]vs
jx] yfo\ j l:yltln;] lghfTds ?k+ k"js+ cfTd;ft\
h"u' bO j joft AjFAj+ jg]ano\ Ajld+ yMt k"js +
NjMd+sfM noj4 j ultdo h'ofM Rjld x] yM y]+
h'ofM cg'el" tO 8'a] h'OdfM -zdf{, @)^&_ .
g]kfnL ;flxToo\ ljz]if ?k+ lgofqf wOu'
Gx"u' gf+oft oSj:of+ oo\su" ' vg]b' . bSj vFUjM
cflv/o\ ;+:s[tof tT;d x] h"ul' n+ g]kfnefiffo\
Yj ljwfoft Dx;Ls]t yMu' x] sy+of, bSj:of+
oOsy+of vFUjM dn"tn] GXofu' zAboft sfM;f+
Ho" . g]kfnL ;flxTosf/lklg oMu' j lrsLxfsMu'
h"ul' n+ g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ g+ lgofqf wOu' vFUjM
x] sfM;f+ dkfOu' vg]b' . co\;f+ u'u' lgaGw jf
;k"m k'nf+u' sy+of j u'u' Gx"u' sy+of wsfM NofMvfgfM
Ajyn]u' ;+ej db' 5fo\wfM;f GxfkfGxfkf RjoftMu'
;+:d/0fo\ g+ efjoft lgif]w ofgftMu' db', cn]
cfM g+ ljj/0f ljgf lgofqf Rjo\u' ;+ej db' . Yj
lgtfGt JolQmut z}nL j 5Dxl;of x] cj:yf j
96
s[ltof nDafOln;] :jfk" b"u' k|fljlws vF g+ h"ul' n+
ljj/0f j efjof ;Gt'ngoft lgaGwfTds
:jtGqtf wsfM sfo\l5+ .
gf+ GXofu' x] laoftM;f+ y'ls+ Yj ofqfln;]
;DalGwt cn] ;flxlTos wsfM So+ . cn] :jefljs
?k+ Yj kBfTds :jofM uBfTds h'O . Yj ;'Vvf,
k|fljlws j cfo\a; ' R] j+u' j0f{g hs dv;] n]vsof
lghfTds efjgf, eg'el" t, wf/0ff j ljrf/ln;]
g+ :jfk" bofRjgL wsfM nueu bSj n]vs
;dfnf]rslk+ ;xdt h" . t/ psL u'ln k|ltzt
j0f{g cn] u'ln k|ltzt efj bO wOu' vFo\ wfM;f
O{, ljifoj:t', n]vsLo :jefj jf z}nL+ lg0f{o
ofO .
ofqf;flxToof ljsf; plndl5 h'Ow's + fM g+
Yj cnUu ljwf vM nfls lgaGw x] hs vM wOu'
wf/0ff+ ;dfnf]rslkGt HjgfRj+u' vg]b' . u'ln+
u'ln+ ;dfnf]rst cfM g+ y'lsof cnUu cl:tTj
:jLsf/ ofo\t tof/ vg]db'lg . cfw'lgs ;flxToo\
Yj ljwf ug nfM wOu' 5nkmn h'ofRj+u' cfkfM
bt . Yj :jod\ x] 5u" sy+of lgaGw h"ul' n+ Yj
lgaGwof 5u" e]b h'ofRjg]u' nfls y'lsoft Gx"u'
cnUu ljwfof ?ko\ ljsl;t ofgfo+su] ' wOu'
yf}o+ f d'2f vM . lgjGw yM x] Aofks ljwf h"ul' n+
cn] xfg+ Yj g+ plts+ Aofks vofM g+ ofqfln;]
uan]+ dafOu' :jfk" b"ul' n+ y'lsoft yMu' sy+ x]
klxrfg aLu' s'tM yLyL ;flxTosf/lk+ kfv]+
h'ofRj+u' b' .
@=# g]kfno\ ofqf;flxTo
g]kfnL ;flxToo\ ofqf;flxTo lj;+ !%%)o\
RjoftMu' woftMu' æ/fhf uugL/fhsf] ofqfÆ
-k|sflzt @)#(;fn_ ln;]+ ljsf; h'n wfo\u'
rng b';f+ lj;+ !(!) RjoftMu' æhËaxfb'/sf]
a]nfot ofqfÆoft Yj ljwfof dxTjk"0f{ cfn]vof
?ko\ GXoAjo\u' ofM .

ejfgL leIf'+ …l;dnf;DdÚ -!(((, zf/bf_
Rjo\j+ ofqf ;lxTo cfw'lgs sfno\ b'ltg wfO .
jof+lnkf kmn]Gb|ljqmd /f0ffof …e]8faf/L ofqfsf]
Ps emnsÚ -!(((, zf/bf_, nIdLk| ; fb
b]jsf]6fof …kxf8L hLjgÚ -nIdL lgaGw ;ª\ux| ,
@))@_, n}gl;+x jfªb]nof o'/f]ksf] lr7L -@)!$_,
wd{/fh yfkfof d]/f] g]kfn e|d0f -@)!^_ cflbof
k|sfzg h"ano\ ts y'ls+ oSj z}nLut ljsf;
g+ oft . h'h'+ @)@^;fno\ tf/fgfy zdf{of
ofqf;flxlTos /rfgfto\u' d'gf æa]nfotlt/
a/fln+bfÆ lkbg]j+ y'ls+ 5u" Gx"u' cfofd xn cn]
ult g+ sfn . cfM nf ;femf k|sfzg+ hs x] @^u"
ofqf;flxToof ;k"m lkyg]ws +' n . ln;]+ dw'ks{ j
ul/df nufotof ;flxlTos kqklqsf+ lgofqf
ljif]zfÍ g+ tMsM lkyg]ws +' n .
ygtsof ofqf ;flxToof ljsf;+ g]kfnL
efiffo\ 5u" :ki6 WjM lsofj+u' vg]b' . Gxfkf+
Gxfkf+ ofqf;flxToof gfdo\ ;fdfGo j0f{g jf
hfgsf/L aLu' hs Hof h'ofRj+u' vM;f cfM cg
yHofMu' j0f{goft ;flxToo\ yfo\ laofRj+u' db' .
cyjf, Gxfkf j:t'ut j0f{gof rdTsf/+ AjldlkGt
nf]e] ofo\u' wf/ k|rlnt h'ofRj+u' vM;f cfMjofM
Rjld+ cg 5' vg j :jofM cHofMu' b[io vg]j+ jf
cHofMu' kl/l:yltO yM nfo\j+ jofu' g'uno\ uHofMu'
efjgf Ajng plsoft dxTj aLu' wf/ jMu' b',
cn] ;flxTo+ g+ y'lsoft dxTj laofxMu' :ki6
vg]b' .
;d;fdlos g]kfnL lgofqfsf/lklgu' gf+
sfo\ano\ Sjo\ laoftoflk+ ;flxTosf/lklgu' gf+
GXoMg] b+jO – n}gl;+x afªb]n, tf/fgfy zdf{,
b]jLrGb| >]i7, hgsnfn zdf{, ofbj v/]n, /d]z
ljsn, d~h'n, uËfk|;fb pk|t] L, ljho rfln;],
eLid pk|t] L, >Lcf]d >]i7 /f]bg, o'j/fh gofF3/],
w=r= uf]tfd] j 3gZofd /fhsl0f{sf/ cflb .
g]kfnefiff
#= ofqf;flxToof tTj
efo\ bSj+ jfª\do dv' cn] jfª\do bSjoft+
;flxTo wfo\dHo" . ;flxTooft hLjg j hut\of
x] snfTds jf ;f}Gbo{+ lalnlaln hfMu' cleJolQm
wfO . cy]hu" l' n+ ug ;To, lzj j ;'Gb/ bO, cg
;flxTo bO wsfM wfo\u' rng b' . plsof BMg]
cfM ;flxTo hLjgof lg+lt+ h"ul' n+ Ajldlklgu'
hLjgoft s'nfAo";f hs ;flxTo h'O wsfM g+
wfo\u' rng b' . 5'lsoft ;flxTo wfo\u' j 5'lsoft
;flxTo dwfo\u' < Yj rrf{ cgGt sfnts GXofgf
x] RjgL .
Rjo\ wofy]+ lgofqfo\ 5' 5' tTj bO, jf 5'
5' tTjt TjMdlkmtls plsoft lgofqf wfO cn]
5' 5' tTjof cefjo\ ;'ofu'+ 5'+ ;flxlTos s[lt+
yMt lgofqf vM wsfM bfaL ofo\kmOdv' wsfM Yj
Vono\ wfo\ kmOdv' . lgjGw yM :jod\ x] g+
:jtGq ljwf h"u'ln+ Yj ldvfs'ln+ :jo\ano\
;fdfGotofM lgaGwo\ bOu' tTjt — uy]ls
lghfTdstf, cg'el" tdotf, cfTdLotf, :jR5Gbtf,
cgf}krfl/stf, sNkgf, /;fTdstf, /f]rstf,
lrqfTdstf, cg'ej, lrGtg, sf}tx" n, xflb{stf
j efjgfof pR5ng cflb — y'lsO bo\dfM . y'ls+
x] 5'+ /rgfoft lgofqf bo\sLu' dv';f+ y'ls+ ;'ofu'+
s[ltO ;flxlTos /Ë yg]u' Hof ofO, ;flxTofg'/fuL
Ajldlklgu' dgoft lrgfto\t ;kmn h'O .
t/ lgofqf wOu' ;fdfGo lgaGw :jofM kfM .
cy] h'ofM y'ls lgaGwo\ bo\dfMu' u'0f nf dlhdufMu'
x] h'n, plsof ln;]+ Sjo\ laofu' u'0f jf tTjt g+
btwfM;f pls+ ofqfof ;'jf; tgL, ;fdfGo
lgaGwoft lgofqf bo\sL .
-!_ ultzLntf M ofqfsf/ 5yf;+ d]yfo\ jg]dfM .
ljgf ofqf lgofqf, ofqf;+:d0f jf ofqfljj/0f 5'+
g+ tof/ h'OkmOdv' . ofqf wOu' ldx]gt vM,
;+3if{ vM, Djfo\u' sf]lz; vM . y'lsof cfwf/o\
97
g]kfnefiff
tof/ h"u' ;flxTo hs ofqf;flxTo h'OkmO .
ofqfof ‰jno\ g+ 5yfo\ x] oSj lb+ts Rjgfof
ljj/0f+ Ajldoft cfo\aO' sL . u'ln oSj rfMlxn
pln oSj ljj/0f bO, pln oSj Gx"Gx"u' cg'el" t+
g'uno\ afo\ sfO, plsof k|:k'm6g x] lgofqf
h'oflaO .
-@_ :yfgLotf M ug ug ofqf ofgf, cg cgof
:yfgLo k|sl[ t, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt j /fhgLltof
;jfM AjldlkGt laOdfM . ofq' j Gx"u' yf;o\ YogLu'
nf :jefljs x] h'n . plsof ln;]+ j+ lgofqf
Rjo\u' wOu'of p2]Zo jof AjldlkGt g+ j yf;o\
o+su] ' vM . cy]hu" l' n+ n]vs j yfo\of af/] hfgsf/
h'OdfM, cn] cgof :yfgLo ljz]iftf 5tf 5tf
Ajldoft GXoMg] tofaLdfM . ofq' nFo\ Gofl; jgfu'
j0f{g Rjo\ano\ yMln;]+ ln;]+ jof Ajldlk+ g+ No"No"
jofRj+u' b' wsfM NjMd+s] dHo" .
-#_ tYofTdstf M ofqf x] of;]l+ n Ajldlk+ n]vs
ln;] ln;]+ jO, pls+ joft sf]/f sNkgfof p8fg
hs dla;]+ yfo\of oyfy{ hfgsf/L g+ dfn .
Ajldoft rfMlxOs] o+su] ' x] h';l+] n cgof Oltxf;,
e"uf]n, snf, ;+:s[ltof af/] erf erf tYo nf
dfM . j dGt wfM;f Ajld+ yM cg Yo+u' j Gx"u' 5'+
n'Osfu' cg'ej ofo\kmOdv' .
lgaGwo\ n]vsof pkl:ylt clgjfo{ wfO .
yg nf ofqfof d"kfq n]vs :jo\ h'O x] dfn cn]
j+ yMu' cg'ej k|yd k'?if jf ælhÆ dfkm{t x]
Ajo\dfn . cy] wOu' lgofqf cfTdk/s h'Odfn .
plsof ln;]+ ofqf;flxTooft ;'Gb/ j ?lrk"0f{
bo\st] psL kfqof pkl:ylt dfn, j kfqtln;]
n]vsof xflb{s ;fldKo dfn, Ono\ Ajono\
vFNxfaNxf dfn . yg vFNxfaNxf ofo\ano\
/fhgLlts yHofMu' u+eL/ j ;+jb] gzLn ljifoof
vF plk+ kfqlklgu' Dx't+' gdjfs";f af+nfO . cHofMu'
JolQmut vFNxfaNxf lgofqfo\ pnfaLu' clwsf/
98
n]vso\ bOdv' . ofqf HjMl5of rfs'u' j vfo'u'
cg'ej dfn, yfs'u' j cMk"uo' f ld>0f dfn,
kl/>d j pknlAw dfn . df};d j kl/l:yltof
j0f{g+ Ajldoft ;fnfRjgL, Ajld+ yMRjg]u' yfo\
:jofM kfMu' cg' l e" l t ofgfRjgL . psL
cf}kGofl;stf tg]u' Hof ofgfM Ajldoft d]u' x]
ljwfof ;jfM g+ y'sL aLkmO . u'Dx:of+ p2]Zoljlxg
ofqfof n]vg cf]hk"0f{ h'Odv' wfO, u'Dx:of+ p2]Zo
tofM ofgftMu' ofqfof n]vgo\ ;flxlTostf Dxf]
h'O wfO .
n]vs+ yMu' yfo\afo\ NjMd+sd] Ho" . cy] yMu'
:jofM af+nfMu' yf;o\ YogfM plsof /demdo\ hs
e'n] h'n wfM;f jofu' n]vsLo wd{ 8udu] h'O .
jofu' ljj]s+ cHofMu' cj:yfo\ emg\ joft yMu' b]o\
kl/j]z+ lnt'dt'lngfRjgL cn] :jefljs ?k+ j+
yMu' kl/j]z j cfM vgfRj+u' kl/j]zoft ngfRjgL .
ug+ ug+ yMu' b]o\ peg+ af+dnfMu'of sf/0f g+
dfnfRjgL jofu' ljj]s+ .
lgofqf ykfo\ xfsM h'OdfM wOu' db' .
;fdfGo lgu" :j+u" k]hof lgaGw lg;]+ lg;M–:j;M
k]hofu' ;k"m bSj+ lgofqf x] h'O . 5'lsoft u'ln
tfxfsM ofo\u' wOu' n]vsLo :jtGqtf b'g] nfM .
Ajldoft ;fnfo+s] k'm;f tMxfsM ofo\u' a]z h'O .
lrsLxfsMu' lgofqf+ clwsf+z Ajldof KofrfM
ngLdv', n]vs+ g+ yMu' cg'el" toft ulx/fOno\
Yo+s dfnfM dfMxg] kmOdv', ;/;/L j0f{g hs
h'O . y'sL ukfo\ xfsMu' ofqf wOu' vF g+ lg0ff{os
h'Okm' . lgGx' rfMlxnfu' ofqfof ;l5kf} b"u' ;km"
cn] :jnfts lemu' b]o\ rfMlxnfu'of lgofqfoft
lemu" k]hof lgaGw+ Gofo ofo\ kmOdv' .
ljifoj:t' n]vsof lg+lt+ oftfoftof ;fwg
vM . ;'+ n]vs lg?2]Zo ;fOa]l/ofof lgh{g kmfF6o\
Konfts rfMlxnfRjg wfM;f plsof ljj/0f+
Ajldto\t oSj lrgfto\ kmOdv' . cn] ljgfsf/0f

tMw+u' zx/o\ lGx+lGx+ lnxf+ lyxf+ hs h'ofRj+u' j0f{g
g+ Ajldoft kfRo h'Odv' . p2]Zo tMu' h'Ok'm —
cWoog, kf;f jf yMlylt gfknfo\u,' wfld{s tLy{ofqf,
;]ldgf/, pkrf/ cflb . plsof RjM Hjg]kmt;f
hs Ajld Rjldk|lt ;xfg"et" h'ofRjgL .
wofRjg] dfnL dv', efiff ;flxToof Hofg
vM . eflifs ;/ntf j ;f}Dotf dGt ls Ajldof
hf go\ano\ lkm jO, ;fM;f+ go\ kmOdv' . xfg+
b"u' ofqfof cg'ej j cg'el" toft uy]ofgfM, u'u'
z}nLO Kj+su] ' wOu' n]vsLo :jtGqtf bof nf
RjgL, t/ g+ plsof Joj:yf dh'n ls Ajld+ u'u'
sfo\dfMu' vM j sfo\u' kfv]+ jlGrt h'O . y'lsof
z}nL cfVofgfTds, ljj/0ffTds ;+:d/0ffTds
h'Ok'm t/ Yj lg/; j k|fljlws dh'Odf wsfM
larfM ofo\dfM . y'lsO yMu' efj lr¶Ldfkm{t
pnfSog]u' Hof lrQw/h'+ af;MbF GXoM x] ofgfM
Sog]ws+' u" ' emL;+ vgfRjgf .
$_ ofqf;flxToof Ajynf M juL{s/0fof rrf{
ofo\u' hfoh vM;f+ Yj oSj x] k|fljlws vF vM .
cn] 5Dx n]vs+ lh+ Yj ju{o\ nfMu' lgofqf
RjofRjgf wsfM ;r]t h'ofM Rjo\u' :jofM yMDx+
yMu' ljifoof k|sl[ t :jofM l;h{gf ofgfo+s;
" f
af+nfM . lnkf y'lsof juL{s/0f ofo\u' lhDdf
;dfnf]rslklgu' h'O .
ofo\t nf ;dfnf]rslkG;+ cfGtl/s ofqf
j cGt/f{li6«o ofqf wsfM g+ juL{s/0f ofo\u'
rng b' . t/ ug jg]u' wOu' d"Vo vF dv' . o]oF \
' L Rj+Dx 5Dx ofqL n]vsof lg+lt+ 8Nn',
nfo\sn
88]nw'/f, lbNnL jf 8]gdfs{ bSj+ uGtAo h'O .
t/ Ajld :jefljs ?k+ yMu' yfo\afo\ j ;+:s[lt
:jofM kfMu' yfo\of, dg"to\u' af/] Ajg] OR5f
ofO . xfg+ uBfTds j kBfTds wsfM g+
ofqf;flxTooft Ajyn] l5+ . t/ ofqf ;flxToof
;jfno\ wfM;f kBfTds k|of]ufTdssy+ 5Dx
g]kfnefiff
lgDx:of+ Rjof:jMu' hs vg]b;
' f+ y'lsof ;jfM
nf uBo\ x] b' .
cy];f+ yLyL ljåfgto\u' larfM Tofo\sofM
ofqf ;flxTooft 5\jf;'Ss yy] wsfM juL{s/0f
ofo\l5+ M
!= ef}uf]lns M Gx"u' yfo\of ef}uf]lns cj:yfof
j0f{g j psL n]vsof yMu' cg'el" t b'YofMu', cKjM
wofy]+ lgofqf yHofMu' x] h'O . ef}uf]lns cj:yfof
vF db';f AjldlkGt Gx"u" yfo\of ofqf ofgfRjgfy]o+ f
cg'el" t aLkmOdv' . cy];f+ u'ln+ u'ln+ lgofqf
y'sL hs tSogfRjg]oM .
@= P]ltxfl;s M Gx"u' yf;o\ jg]ano\ cgof
P]ltxfl;stfo\ b'gfM RjfoftMu' . 5'+ af+nfMu' j
k'nf+u' ;Eotf b"u' yf;o\ ofqf ofo\ano\ cgof
P]ltxfl;s vFoft s'nfM Sog]u' ljz]if vF dv', t/
u'ln+ u'ln+ n]vsto\;+ yMu' ;Dk"0f{ Wofg cgof
k|frLg jf P]ltxfl;s vFof j0f{g ofo\oM .
#= ;fdflhs M Gx"u' yfo\of ;fdflhs agf]6 j
cgof ;fdflhs hghLjg j yMu' kl/j]zof
t'ngf h'ofRj+u' . clwsf+z n]vslkG;+ Gx"u' yf;o\
jg]ano\ cgof ;dfhln;] ;fIffTsf/ ofO, cn]
cgof ;dfh j yMu' ;dfho\ oSj leGgtf b';f
plsof rrf{ yMu' ;dfhof ldvfs'ln+ :j:j+ ofO .
$= wfld{s M ljz]if ofgfM 5u" wd{ln;] ;lQDx
ofqL pu' wd{of tLy{o\ jgLano\ jOu' >4fefj
j pu' tLy{of cf:yf NjfsHofMu' j0f{g b"u' .
ljz]if ofgfM wfld{s tLy{ofqf jg]ano\ cgof
b]uM, k"hfljlw, bfgblIf0ffof rng, j wfld{s
;Dk|bfoof hLjgz}nLof af/] cWoog j rrf{
ofO . yHofMu' rrf{ ljz]if ofgfM j x] wfld{s
;Dk|bfoof AjldlkGt nIf ofgfM RjofRjgL .
%= ;flxlTos M vo\t nf bSj lgofqf ;flxlTos
x] vM, co\;f+ u'u+' ofqf ;flxlTos h'ofRjgL .
99
g]kfnefiff
;flxTosf/lk+ln;] ofo\u' ofqf jf ug+ tfkfSs
d] l klgu' ;flxlTos Hof‰jno\ Ajlt
sfMjgfano\ofu' cg'ej bofRj+u' . uy] ls ug+
/fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o ;flxTo ;Dd]ngo\ Ajlt
sfMjg] a no\ cgof ;flxlTos jftfj/0f j
;flxTosf/lk+ln;] h"u' ;flxlTos rrf{of ljz]if
j0f{g ofgfRjgL .
^= ;fxl;s M ;fx;, cbe't\ ofqf+ Ajldoft
;fnfRjgL . pld;+ yDx+ ofo\dk'mu' Hof n]vs+
ofMu' Ajg] OR5f ofgfRjgL . y'lsof k"lt{ ;fxfl;s
ofqf;flxTo+ ofO . ljifd ef}uf]lns cj:yf, uy]ls
;u/dfyfof Rjsfo\ jgfu', lzsf/ ofgfu', w'oF f
Dx't+' ar] h'ofM jgfu', jfkmo\ jMu', v'l;+ v'l;+
jgfu', go\lkTofM ;xofgfu' OToflbof j0f{g b"u' .
y'sy+ :jo\ano\ xfg+ x/]s af+nfMu' lgofqfo\
Yj bSj x] tTj bofRjgL wfM;f+ kfOdv' .
%= g]kfnefiffo\ ofqf;flxTo M g]kfnefiff ;flxTo
ljZjof x] 5u" gf+ sfo\axu' ;flxToof ?ko\
g]kfnefiff ;dfnf]rslkG;+ Ono\ Aono\ GXoAjo\u'
ofM . ;fdfGottofM g]kfnefiffoft ;g\ !!!%
-g];+ @#%_ lg;]+ :jtGq cleJolQmof dfWodsy+
5\on]u' oft wfO . cn] ;g\ !#&$ -g];+ $($_
lg;]+ g]kfnefiffo\ u|Gy jfªdoof k/Dk/f z'?
h'n wfO . ;flxlTos /rgfo\ g]kfnefiff+ ;g\
!%)% -g];+ ^@%_ lg;]+ knfMtMu' k|dfl0ft h'n .
cy]vM;f+ ljz]if ofgfM dNnsfno\ /fHo Joj:yfof
x] ltaM b"ul' n+ g]kfnefiff ;flxToof oSj ljsf;
h'Ovg . yLyL wfld{s afv+, Do] j gf6sof RjHof
Yj Ono\ ljåfg hglk+kfv]+ hs dv' :jod\ h'hl' k+
kfv]+ x] h'ofjg . t/ :jlguMoft ;g\ !&^*o\
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx+ TofsfM sfo\j+ a'nx' F' y'lsof
k|efj g]kfnefiff ;flxToof ljsf;o\ g+ nfM jg .
lnkf /f0ffsfno\ nf ;g\ !($)kfv] g]jfMef;+
RjOlk+ ;h{sto\t yLyL Tjx tofM h]no\ ts+
100
tn . xfg+ k~rfot sfno\ g+ g]kfnefiffoft
SjTon]u' h'ofRj+ul' n+ ;flxTo l;h{gf g+ Dxf] hs
h'n . lnkf ;g\ !(()o\ b]zo\ ax'bnLo k|hftGq
jo\j+ ltlg g]jfMto\t yMu' ef;+ Rjo\u' :jtGqtf
b"ul' n+ yM o;]+ y'lsof ljsf; ofo\vg .
g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ ofqf ;flxToof kbfk{0f
oSj GXoMlg;]+ x] h"u' vg]b' . wfld{s afv+t
l;+x;fy{afx' j a'u+ BM g]kfno\ xMu' afvgo\ ofqfof
k|;u+ b' . nf]sDo] l;n'Do] j l;tnf dfh'of Do]
cflb Do]o\ g+ ljifo k|;u+ o\ yLyL yfo\of j0f{g
cfjZostf sy+ h"uo' ft g+ yg GXoyg]ax h" .
yLyL h'hl' kG;+ yMu' lznfn]vo\ yMu' ofqfof j0f{g
ofgfys"u' b' .
%=!= g]kfnefiff ofqf;flxToof 5'+ ;k"mt M
g]kfnefiffo\ ;flxToof k'gh
{ fu/0f h'Oj+ yg
yLyL ljwf b'xf+ jn . cem emLu' ef;o\ 5' 5' ljwf
db' j j cefjk"lt{ ofo\dfn wsfM dfQ'dfnfM
Rjo\u', Rjs]u' ts+ h'n . t/ ofqf;+:d/0f,
ofqflgjGw j lgofqf wfM;f t;s+ x] Dxf] hs
l;h{gf, k|sfzg h'n . x/]s ofqf ;k"mof k|sfzg
ln;]+ plsof e"ldsf jf dGtJo Rjo\u' ‰jno\
;dfnf]rs jf k|sfzs+ Yj ljwfo\ emLyfo\ oSj
;k"m db', Rjo\dfn wOu' larfM Kj+sfbL, t/ y'lsof
ult wfM;f uy] vM cy] x] hs h'ofRjg .
g]kfnefiffof Oltxf;o\ bsno\ Gxfkf+ ofqf
;flxTo wfo\axu' ;k"m RjoflaHofMDx h'h' k|tfk
dNn h"jMu' b' . j;kf]n+ g];+ &&* -O;+ !^^(_o\
yM b]zljb]zo\ tLy{ofqf jgfM jo\ws +' fM plsof
clen]v to\u' p2]Zo+ Yj ;k"m ætLy{hfqfÆof
/rgf ofgflaHofMu' vg]b' -kGt,@)^(M!_ . cfM
y'lsof wfy]D+ x /rgfsf/ j;kf]n yM :jod\ x] vM
jf j;kf]nof ;]jfo\ jOlk+ cgof ljåfgt vM
wofu' wfM;f j;kf]n+ RjoflaHofMu' wofjofRjgfu'
oSj ;k"mto\u' ljifoo\ y]+ dbe]b bo\km', bof g+
Rjg]dfM .

h'h' k|tfk dNnof tLy{ofqf !^^( O{=;+=
wOu' gf+ laofM Vjko\Rj+u' /fli6«o snf;+ux| fnoof
zf]s; ] o\ 5u" ;k"m toftMu' b' wsfM Yj ;k"mof
lj:t[t cWoog dx]z/fh kGth'+ k"l0f{df NofM
!@&o\ lktlaofbLu' b' . jsy+ y'sLO $!u" b]z] fj/of
tLy{of gf+ Yj tLy{hfqfo\ b'YofgfRj+u' b' . xfg+
$^u" tLy{of gf+ Yj tLy{hfqfo\ ljeLif0fl;l4tLy{
b' g ] jMu' b' wsfM g+ jo\ s n+ wofbLu' b'
-kGt,@)^(M!$_ . jof+ Sjo\ xfg+ %^u" tLy{of gf+
jofRj+u' vg]b' -kGt,@)^(M!^_ . tLy{gfd:t'lt
+ fM j;kf]n+ Gx"kv
w's ' l" nO dxf:gfg ofo\t tof/
ofgftMu' ;ÍNkjfSo b'YofsftMu' b' . cg+ ^$
lnª\uof gf+ j yfo\afo\ RjoftMu' b' . jfª\doof
ofqf Nofv+ Yj g]kfnefiffof 5u" sf];Njx+ vM .
ofqf wOu' jgfjofM d]lkGt plsof af/] ;';l" rt
ofo\u,' hfgsf/L aLu' cn] plsof clen]v to\axu'
Hof vM wsfM Yj Yof;k'mlt+ yf}+ :jofM #$$ bF
GXoM x] h'h' k|tfk dNn+ SogflaHofMu' vFo\ ;Gb]x
db' . y'lsoft g]kfnefiff ;flxTosf/lkG;+ k|/] 0ff
j dfu{lgb]z { g sy+ sfMu' b', sfo\dfM . cy];f+
y'sL ofqfof j0f{g, cg'ej jf kyk|bz{gof 5'+
c+z g+ plsoft sofM RjoftMu' n]vo\ vg]db'ul' n+
Yj ;k"m yg ofqf;flxToof ;k"mof wnvo\
b'YofgfRj+u' db' .
yg g]kfnefiff+ ofqf;flxTo wfo\NjMu'
;k"mto\u' hs hfgsf/L aLu' h'O . ln;]+ ofqf
k|;u+ b'YofMu' 5u" lgu" ;k"mof af/] g+ vF NXjg]u'
h'O .
;+ejtM g]kfnefiffo\ bsno\ Gxfkf+ ofqf
;flxTooft k|sfzg wdf]b{ o+ g];+ !)^* -lj;+
@))#_o\ oft cZj3f]if >fd0f]/of æ>Ln+sf j
kl/j]0fÆ gf+u' lgaGw lkyg . ;k"mof ?ko\ wfM;f
wdf{nf]s :ylj/+ dxfrLg ofqf lkygfM y'lsof
wls+ pnflbn .
g]kfnefiff
-s_ wdf{ n f] s :ylj/of ædxf rLgofqfÆ
-g];+ !)&)_
;g\ !(%) -g];+ !)&)÷lj;+ @))^_o\ lkb+u'
wdf{nf]s :ylj/of ædxf rLgofqfÆ ;DejtM
g]kfnefiffof Gxfkf+u' cfw'lgs ofqf;flxTo h'O .
OGb| dfnLh'+ g+ emLu' ;flxTo Vono\ ofqf ;flxToof
k|f/De Yj x] ;k"mlg;]+ h"u' ;+st] ofgfbLu' b'
-dfnL,!!#@Mu_ .
Yj wOu' ejfgL leIf'ofu' æl;dnf;DdÆ
-zf/bf, jif{ *, cÍ !, lj;+ !((( j}zfv_, j
n}gl;+x jfªb]nofu' o'/f]ksf] lr7L -lj;+ @)!$_
lkb+u' by'ofu' O{ vM . cy] O{of Nofv+ g]kfnLO ofqf
;flxTo+ cfw'lgs ?k sofRj+u' x] Ono\ y'lsof
k|sfzg h'n . Yj Nofv+ g]kfnefiffof ofqf cfw'lgs
ofqf;flxTo g]kfnL :jofM oSj Sjsfln dh" .
wdf] { b o ;ef, sflnDkf] Ë , bflh{ l nË+
k|sfzgofMu' Yj ;k'mltO !%* kf} b' .
pu' Ono\ 5Dx wfld{s JolQm+ ykfo\lh lj:t[t
ofqfj[tfGt Rjo\u' wOu' ;fdfGo vF dv' . y'ls+
g]kfnefiff ;flxTo hutoft x] 5k' Gx"u' nF
Sogflan . ofqf;flxTooft g+ g]kfnefiffof 5u"
;flxlTos ljwfof sy+ :yflkt ofgflbn, jo\sn+
rfo\s+ drfo\s . jo\sMof n]vg z}nL ;/n h'ofM
g+ /f]rs h" .
dxfkl08t /fx'n ;+:s[Tofogoft x]nDa'
jg]u' Joj:yf ldn]ofgfAo"ano\ofu' 5u" 36gfof
;hLj lrq0fof 5u" b;' M æcfM uy] ofgf jg]u'
wofu' dtL jof ;'+ dg" b';f s'AjLsf x] o+s] dfln
wsf k;n] jgf :jM jg]ano\ b}j;+of]u+ cg k;n]
;fk anfMDx tMlwsMDx tfdfË 5Dx Rjgf Rjg .
jofs] 5+ dg" 5Dx s'laof x]na+ ' ts tof aL
km'nf wsf Gogfan] u'ln Hofnf aL wsf wfn . 5+
u'ln sfo\ wsf wofan] gof lGx+ 5tsf wfn cYo
101
g]kfnefiff
h";f Ho" g' wsf lh+ wof . s'aLDx dg" ug b'
wsf Gog . Sj] b' wsfM wof . :j] wsf wfn . g'
wsf Sog] Ajgf xof . jof :jt . ckfo\lwsMDx
/fx'nhLoft s'laof :jt . j+ wfSj Hofnf laofu'ln+
gxL+ dwf:o Ho" lh+ s'laof o+s] wfn . jof g+
v' z L emL g+ v' z L, lgDxl;of+ v' z L h' n Æ
-:ylj/,!)&)M^ _ .
jo\sMof d]u' GXoyg]axu' k|;+u wofu'
jo\sMof d~h'>L gfknfo\u' s'tM vM . æGxfkf+
cgof d"nu' >L dxfd~h'>L laHofsftMu' u'Dafo\
jgf, cg Yo;]l+ n u'Dafo\ ;seg+ :jof . can]
lhu' dg] cg DjfDx x] d~h'>L b} w}u' . d~h'>L
u'? uf] wsf Gogf .Æ-:ylj/,!)&)M!)^_
Yj x] Ono\ yLyL yf;+ g]kfnefiff+ kqklqsft
lkyg]u' Hof h'n . cg g+ ;flxTosf/lkG;+
efiffg'/fu+ j ;flxTofg'/fu+ yLyL sy+of lgaGwof
ln;]+ ofqf;flxToo\ g+ Rj;f GXofsfo+sn . g];+
!)&#of g]kfn NofM !)o\ l;l4r/0fof ;Sj hfqfof
af/] æBf] yfxfF laHofOu'Æ lgaGw lkbgfRj+u' b'
u'lsO hfqf j ;flxTo uf]i7Lof ln;]+ ofqfof ;jfM
g+ jofRj+u' b' . wdf]b{ o cflb cano\of kqklqsfo\
k'm6s/ lgaGw ofqfn'dlGtof sy+ nf lkbgfRjg
t/ cHofMu' n'dlGt RjOlk+ lgaGwsf/lkG;+ y'lsoft
ljz]ifLs/0f ofgfM 5kfM ;k"mof ?k laofdbL jf
pln aLt ufSs RjofdbL .
-v_ j0f{ j h| jh| f rfo{ o f æd' l Qmgfy ofqfÆ
-g];+ !)*!_
wd{of ;k"m RjofbLDx j0f{jh| jh|frfo{+ @)!&
] +
kmfu'0f @# ut] d'lQmgfyof ofqf ofgflbn . ef]bF z
emfMlklgu' k'rno\ @$Dx b'hMlk+ b' .
jo\sn+ d'lQmgfyof bz{g ofgfu' y'sy+
GXoAjoflbn — æ!! ut] ;'y ;lR5 j Rofk' !)*
lxlt df]Nx'of d'lQmgfy bz{g ofgf . kftfn uËf
102
:jof . g/l;+x u'Daf tMw+ u'Daf :jof . HjfnfdfO{
bz{g ofgf . Pslj+zlt tf/f k'hf ofgf . cgt'+
afo Rjgf .Æ -jh|frfo{,!)*!M&_
g];+ !(*!o\ EjFt+ n]vs yM j d]dl] k+ k|sfzs
h'ofM Yj ;k"m lkygfbLu' b' .
d's+ * kf} b"u' Yj ;k"moft 8f= sdnk|sfz
dNnh'+ yMu' æg]kfnefiffof £jfgf;k"mof wnMÆ
;k'mltO wfld{s ofqf wsfM AjynfbLu' b' . g];+
!)(& tsof b'g] g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ vg]bu" ' j
;"lrs[t h"u' lgu" ofqf ;flxTodWo] 5u" h"u'
Nofv+ Yj ;k"mof dxTj g]kfnefiff ofqf;flxToof
cWoog cg';Gwfg ofOlklgu' lg+lt+ dxTjk"0f{ h" .
-u_ lrQw/ x[boof ædxfrLg] g]kfn ;+:s[ltÆ
-g];+ !)*$_
jof+lnkf Yj Vono\ lrQw/ x[boof gf+ jO .
jo\sM ;g\ !(%^ h'nfO $ -g];+ !)&^ t5nf ufM
!!_ v'g' rLg emfn g]kfMof 5u" k|ltlglw d08nof
b'hM h'ofM . cn] plsof x] lnRjMsy+ jo\sMof
ofqf ;+:d/0f ædxfrLg] g]kfn ;+:s[ltÆ g];+
!)*$o\ lkygf lbn .
rLgof ljleGg zx/o\ v+u' afaf+nfMu' j
GXoOk'u' cno\ ljz]if ofgfM af}4 ;+:s[lt j
:df/st vgfM k|efljt h'ofM jo\sn+ RjofbLu'
Yj ;k"m vM . b}lgsL j kqfTds z}nLO jo\sn+
yMu' ofqfoft ;flxToof ?k laoflbn . d]u' ;fdfGo
;+:d/0f x] vM;f+ y'lsof TjMlkms]dHo"u' vF wofu'
jo\sn+ yM hxfg 1fgk|efoft xf]6n cflb yf;+
RjofHo"u' kf}t vM . plsO pu' yfo\oft sofM
yMu' lghfTds cg'el" t pnfHo"u' vM;f plsof
ln;]+ oMDx gfk afofM rfMlxnfof 5'+ d" db' wsfM
yMu' ljof]uoft g+ AjofbLu' b' .

yDx+ v+u' vF jo\sn+ yy] j0f{g ofgfbL —
æd]u' tFo\ sf, skfo\, sfkM, sdLh, Anfph,
l5gftMu', 5fk]ofgftMu' sfkM, pgL s:d]/f, /u,
sf/k]6, un}r + f, gfn'of k|sf/ – af]/f, lvkM OToflb,
/];d sL, /];d sf, /];d sfkM, nfsf+ Tjfon]6
u'8;\ , la:s'6 lkk/d]G6 j ;/jt\ cflb Tjg]u'
j:t', d]gf], xf/df]lhod, a]xnf, sf/g];, sgf7
cflb ;+uLt jfB, ;fOsn, lsfk, k]G6LËof ;fdfg,
v]ns"bof ;fdfg j :6]zg/L ko{Gt AjoftMu' .Æ
-x[bo,!)*$Mkf}_ .
ofqfof ‰jno\ jo\sn+ hxfg n'd; + ] jnls
hxfgoft kf} RjofbL, yHofMu' efj'stf+ hfMu' kf}
x] g+ jo\sMof ofqf ;+:d/0fof TjMlkms]dHo"u' Aj
h'O . jo\sMof kf}of 5u" b;' — æ5u" vF, yg
GXofyfo\ :jM;f+ 1fgof y]u+ ' nf pg, cHofu' x]
ldvf, Dx't' OToflb vg]b,' vM, 1fg y]+ HofMlk+ ;'+
dvgf, xfg+ 1fgof y]u+ ' af]ln Û j nf bOu' x]
dv'u' lh x] lhn .Æ-x[bo,!)*$M@@_
Yj ;k"moft sofM kml0fGb|/Tg jh|frfo{+ yy]
Rjoflbn, æyM rLg e|d0f jgfano\l;ofu' ofqf
j0f{g hs lnsofM ædxfrLg] g]kfn ;+:s[ltÆ
gfd+ tMkfMdl5 lskf tofM ;k"m lksoflbn . leIf'
wdf{nf]s dxf:ylj/of ædxfrLg ofqfÆ lnkf
g]kfnefiffo\ rLg ofqfof j0f{g b'u' Yj ædxfrLg
g] k fn ;+ : s[ l tÆ lgu' u ' ofqf;flxTo vM .Æ
-jh|frfo{,!!@^M@^^_ .
lrQw/ yDx+ k|sfzg ofgfbLu' Yj ;k'mltO
&@ kf} b' .
yg+ lnkf g]kfnefiff ;flxToof t;s+ ljsf;
h'n . ljleGg ljwfo\ ;k"mt lkbg, ;flxTo ;Dd]ng
g+ h'n . t/ jo\sM w'+sfMof t;s+ RjGXofMu'
g]kfnefiff ;flxTo Von+ y'u' ljwfoft NjMx] d+sn
dwf;] dufM . lgaGw ljwf+ Yj lnkfof Ono\ af+nfs
ljsf; ofM;f+, yLyL lgaGw ;k"m lkbg]u' j l;/kfM
g]kfnefiff
sfo\u' Hof h";f+ ;d:t ?k+ wfo\u' vM;f g]kfnefiff
VoM Yj ljwfo\ ;k"mof ?ko\ n'Os] kmOu' cj:yf
tMbF ts djn . ljif]z ofgfM @)@@;fno\
g]kfnefiff ;flxToof ultljlw nf h'n t/ y'ls+
ofqf;flxToof 5u" g+ ;k"m lkt aLdvg .
pu' Ono\ 5Dx lgDx RjldlkG;+ yMu' ;k'mltO
ofqfof vF :jfgftMu' GXoyg]ax h" . z'lznf zfSo+
æcgfufl/sf wd{rf/L tyf pkffl;sf/fdof
;+lIfKt–kl/roÆ -g];+ !)((_o\ cgfufl/sfof
hLjgL Rjo\u' ‰jno\ j;kf]n a'4uof, snsQf
j jdf{ts laHofMu' vFof ljj/0f b'YofsfbLu' b' .
g];+ !!)!o\ km0fLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{+ ækf} ;'v–b'vofu'Æ
lkygflbn . y'sL @)#^.#.!^o\ RjofbLu' kmf]S;'Gbf]
jgfjofu' w}u' kf} ofqflgaGwof ?ko\ b'ltgfRj+u'
b' . leIf' ;'zf]egof n'dlGt ;k"m ælDxuMof n'dlGtÆ
-g];+ !!)(_o\ g+ kf]v/f, tfg;]g, yfONof08,
l;+ufk'/ cflb ofqfof vF pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' .
-3_ leIf' cZj3f]ifof æk]lsª :jf:Yo lgjf;Æ
-g];+ !)*$_
leIf' cZj3f]ifof yM Ifo/f]uof la/fdL h"ano\
rLgof k]lsª jgfM jf;M ofs]dfMu' cj:yf jn .
rLg jg]u' g+ jo\sMof 5u" Dxu; h'ofRjg . Yj x]
em\jno\ jo\sn+ cgof e|d0f j cg'ejoft sofM
aMrfxfsMu' ;k"m x] Rjoflbn g];+ !)*$o\ .
ofqfof ljifooft sofM ;km" Rjo\u' k|/] 0ff
db"u' Ono\ Yj g+ 5u" tMw+u' knfM x] vM . ljif]z
ofgfM wd{of Vono\ NxfM GXofsfbLDx cn] yMu'
:jf:Yoof oSj larfM ofo\dfMu' cj:yfo\ g+ yM x]
k|sfzs h'ofM Yj ;k"m lksoflbn . y'sL !% kf}
b' wsfM 8f= dNnh'+ yMu' ;k"m wnvo\ b'YofsftMu'
b' .
8f= dNnh'+ yMu' cWoogo\ ofqfof lgu" ;k"m
wofbL;f+ wnvo\ wfM;f :j+u" ofqf ;k"m pNn]v
h'ofRj+u' b' .
103
g]kfnefiff
cWoogof cGto\ ts Yj ;k"mof k|lt pknAw
dh'ofRjg . a? y'lsof g]kfnL ?kfGt/ wfM;f
æk]Olrª :jf:Yo lgjf; / d]/f] rf}yf] rLg e|d0fÆof
gfd+ !!#) ;fno\ k|sflzt h"u' wfM;f pknAw
h'n . y'sL woftMu' b', æYj k'l:tsfof Gxfkf+u'
;+:s/0f ;g\ !(^@o\ lkb+u' vM .=== lh+ Yj k'l:tsf
lhu' yMu' x] df+efo\ g]jfMef;+ Rjofu' vM .Æ yM x]
k|sfzs h'ofbLu' Yj ;k'mltO d]du] ' n]v gfk+
ofgfM d's+ $* kf} b' .
-ª_ dNn s] ;'Gb/of æn'dlGt lsrMÆ
-g];+ !!)(_
oSj lnkf ;g\ !(*( -g];+ !!)(_o\ dNn
s] ;'Gb/of æn'dlGt lsrMÆ lkbg . Yj jo\sMof
yLyL Ono\ kqklqsfo\ lkb+u' lgaGw d'gf vM .
OGb|dfnLh'of ef;+ wfo\u' vM;f y'lsof k|sfzg+
Gx"u' ;+efjgf rfn, ædxfrLg ofqfÆof nfufoft
TjfynfM emLt kfZrfTo b]zof kl/j]z, ;+:s[lt,
ljsf; j /xg;xggfk to\h' ofsflan . y'ls+
emLu' ofqf ;flxToo\ ædxfrLg ofqf+Æ TjMtfys"u'
knfMoft xfrf+ufofM Gx"u' nFkO' xofAo"u' :jLsf/
dof;] dufM .Æ -dfnL,!!#@Mu_ .
hd{gLO dg"to\ nM dTjF;] sf]s jf lao/
TjgfM KofrfM n+s]u' ofgfRj+u' vgfM n]vsof
k|ltlqmof M æcf]xf] Û g]kfldof hLjg :t/ Û o'/f]k
j g]kfM, ;u{M j kftfM y]+ leGgu' Yj hLjg . t/
Yj c1fgtf dv' cefj vM . Yj a]as'kmL dv',
afWotf j ljjztf vM . kmnk'mnof /; j lao/of
Unf;o\ nfn sfo] TjMtfM Eoftgno\ DjMNx'O emLt
g+ doM . cy] g+ hLjgof Yj ljifdtf, ljkGgtf+
lhtM xL rfo\sn .Æ -dNn, !(*(M^# _ .
y'lsof lksfsM efjgf lkygf+ g+ Yj ;k"mof
yMu' wfo\ul' nO ofqf ;flxTooft æemLu' efiff
Vono\ t:;s+ Dxlt h'ofRju'Æ -dNn,!(*(M_ wsfM
:jLsf/ ofgftMu' b' .
104
jy]+ h'xL ;'jfnofu' æknfvo\ n"u' n'dlGtÆ
-g];+ !!!%_ d]u' GXoyg]axu' ;k"m vM . d's+
JolQmut n'dlGt jf ;+:d/0f vofM g+ ofqfln;]+
:jfk" b"u' ædxf]Q/L lhNnfof 5u" n'dlGtÆ gf+u'
ofqfln;] :jfk" b"u' lgaGw g+ y'sL b' . pkGof;sf/
do\h' zlzsnf dfgGw/+ Gx"u' sy+of pkGof;
lktlaoflbn æhNn lyOu' nFkÆ' . a]nfotof 5u"
xf]:6no\ cWoogof qmdo\ v'nfts RjgfbLu'
cg'ejoft sofM RjofbLu' Yj ;k"moft pkGof;
gf+ laoflbn jo\sn+ . ofqf jf ljb]z a;fFOkfv]+
k|efljt y'u' ;k'mlt+ g+ ofqf;flxTooft tMld x]
ofo\u' s'tM h"ju+ ' b' .
k|sflzt x] dh"lg;f+ ;g\ !((( -g];+
!!!(_o\ g]kfnefiff :gftsf]Q/ tlu+of Rofu"u'
kqo\ l;h{gfTds s[lt sy+ ;'nf]rgf lwtfn
dfgGw/+ n'dlGt lgjGw d'gf æn'dlGtO n]xaF] u' '
lhu' cg'el" tÆ k]z ofgfbLu' b' .
Yj jo\sM hfkfg j rLgof blIf0fL efu
:ofdgkfv]+ ;+3fOno\ tsof hxfhofqf cflbof
n'dlGt vM . plsof ln;+] y'sL jo\sMof clh,
lt;f j lGxk+ tfMxfsMu' gu' yHofMu' af/] lghfTds
lgaGw g+ b'YofgfRj+u' b' . y'lsof k|fSsygo\
jo\sn+ æug+ Yj ofqfoft ;+:d/0foft aM sofM
lh+ yMu' cg'el" t j cjwf/0ffoft lgaGwof ?ko\
GXoAjofu' b' . ps]+ Yj lgaGwo\ lhu' hLjgofqffof
lskf g+ vg]bo\km' ug+ n'd+s] dk'mu' n'dlGtof
lsrM l;Obo\km' Æ wsfM yMu' l;h{gfof kl/ro
laoflbn -lwtfn,!((!M!!_ .
jo\sMof z}nL Yj lg‰jno\ v+sk] mO M æofqfo\
GXofOk'st] j}Dx lh, t/ ofqfof qmdo\ x] Yj yf;+
knfM dGXoflsano\ d[To'af]w+ lhtM :jTfSs lrgfAo"y+]
tfofjO . Yjkfv+] d'Qm h'O ofsg+ ofsg+ knfM GXofs]t
:jo\ emg\ hs knfM tMtM dtM SogL . j Ono\ lhtM
;'ofu'+ Ujxfln dfM .Æ -lwtfn,!((!M*–(_

-r_ wd{ / Tg zfSo ælqz' n LÆof ælhldu'
Dofgdf/-jdf{_ ofqfof ;+lIfKt ;+:d/0f -!!!(_
;k"mof ?ko\ g]kfnefiffo\ ofqf ;flxTo
lkdbgfRj+u' Ono\ tLy{ofqfoft k[i7e"ld bo\sfM
a'4wd{of n]vs wd{/Tg ælqz'nLÆ Dofgdf/
ofqfof ;+:d/0f Hjgfemfn . wfld{s ;k"m tMu' x]
RjofbLDx zfSoh'of Yj Gxfkf+u' ofqf ;k"m vM .
ofqf, cgof cg'ej j wfld{s :ynof hfgsf/L
g+ aLu' p2Zo+ Yj ;k"mof /rgf h"u' b' . cy];f+
u'lnv]] rfs'u' vfo'u' j efj's bo\sfaLu' cg'ej
y'sL KjMlrgftMu' b' . ;fdfGo j0f{gfTds z}nL
vM;f+ y'sL Rjldof lghfTdstf af+nfs lkn"jMu'
b' .
jo\sMof n]vg z}nL yy] vg]b' — æaxgLof
Wofg Rjg]u' l;w]sf :jofano\ lhg/lSvt
-/Tgdfg_ dvgf j}u' 6r{nfO6 g+ cg x] b'ul' n+
ug+ b}nf wsf k|ltIff ofrfRjgf, ph'+ dj;]l+ n
pv]y+ v' +] :jof ug+ db';l+] n 6r{ Hjgf s'6L jgfan]
cg g+ db' . lnkf cd'No j Hof]ltlk;+ lht ;ofbf]–
ofyfo\ Ajgfo+sn . dg] 5'+ cfsl:ds b'36{ gfof
z+sf hn . cg Yo+sf :jofan] lhg/lSvt nf
rLj/ tf]tf /Tgdfg x] h'of u[x:yL j:q+ k'gftMu'
vg . sf/0f Gogfan] cgof dfF g]kfn] l;lsi6
la/fdL h"ul' n+ 5]RF j+lk;+ t'/Gt jf wofxn wsfM
pm/cf;ef/rf/ ;ofbf] j dfdfldof+ 5Dx
d+qL0fLof sf/ HjgfM sfMjf]u' h'ofRjg . /Tgdfg
j lhlk+ ;sl;of+ dg em\oft'n, cy] g+ d]u' pkfo
db'ul' n+ labf aL x] dfn .Æ -zfSo,!!!(M#)_
Yj ;k"mof d]u' dxTjk"0f{ kIf wOu' y'sL
b'YofgfRj+u' kBfTds ofqf ;+:d/0f vM . ;+ejtM
Yj g]kfnefiffof Gxfkf+u' kBofqf;+:d/0f vM .
cMk"u' kBfTds /rgf+ g+ jo\sn+ ofqfof yLyL
;jfMoft n'ds + u] ' s'tM y'sy+ ofgfbLu' b' —
g]kfnefiff
æsGx]vg' ' ;'yGxfkf+, auf+ tf]tf GXofgf jgf .
kf]Kkf w}yfo\ kxf8] Rj], Rj+u' r}To b'yfo\ jgf ..
;sn]+ Rj] yfxf+ jg, lh hs Sj] RjgfRjgf .
pu'yf;] b]j b]jL, oSj x] b'u' w}tn ..
kf7 ofgf b'u' k'0o, b]j b]jL ;lxt j .
bSj k|f0fLlk+u' lg+lt+, k'0ofg'df]bgf h'n ..
-zfSo,!!!(M$_
-5_ d+undfg zfSoof ædxfrLg ofqfÆ
-g];+ !!@)_
g]kfnefiff ofqf;flxToof NjMd+sd ] kmOu' gf+
h'ofRj+u', wdf{nf]s dxf:yjL/ofu' ;k"m ædxf
rLgofqfÆof gf+ ln;f sofM d+undfg zfSoh'+
g];+ !!@)o\ d]u' ofqf ;k"m HjgfM emfn . g];+
!!)* kf]xn ] fuf kf? lg;]+ rLg /fli6«o oflGqs j
pks/0f cfoft lgof{t ;+:yfg -l; Pg Pd cfO
P l;_of lgdGq0ffo\ n]vs g]kfMof k|ltlglwsy+
yMkf;flk+ln;] rLgof xªsª, SofG6g, ;+3fO,
a]Olhª cflb yfo\ rfMlxnfbLu' j0f{g Yj ;k'mltO
h'ofRj+u' b' . ofqfof em\jno\ v+u' tfMu' vFoft
uy] vM cy] GXoAjofbLu' b', n]vs+ yMu' cg'ejoft
g+ Njfs5\ofgfM .
ofqfof p2]Zo g+ rLgof d'b0| f Joj;fono\
h'ofRj+u' ljsf;of hfgsf/L sfo\u' j n]vsof
yMu' x] g+ Joj;fo h"ul' n+ y'lsO oSj wofy]+
k|;
] of e|d0fof j0f{g h'Ou' c:jefljs dv' .
jo\sn+ v+sfbLu' 5u" k|;
] of cg'ej yHofMu' b' —
ælhldt 5;Lsy+ SoFSo+ ogfRjg . j]e ckm;]6
d]zLg bo]sLu' yfo\ j Hof;no\ 5sM ldvf Ajof .
Hof;Mof hfM $) kmL6lt Aof b' . !)) lkm6lt
bO . ebfo\UjMu' gofu' ;t/L tofM UjoftMu' b' .
Go+seg+ lnu t/Lsf+ lrlsrfUjMu' hLk df]6/ y]+
dg" RjgfRj+u' b' . ps] df]6/o\ y]+ :6]l/ª g+ b' .
SjYo+s oftfKoftf+ h'Os qm]g, d]zLgofu' ttMw+u'
105
g]kfnefiff
kf6{;t\ NxfMt+ NXjg]df]s qm]g stfsfM ug dfn
cg o+sflaOu' Hof j Rjo\ RjgfM x] lnu lnu+
df]6/ y]+ pv]+yv
' ]+ GXofsfM Sjo\ Rj+u' ;fdfgt
o+sflaofRjgLu' h'ofRjg . Æ -zfSo,!!@)M#*_
;k"mof e"ldsfo\ ;Todf]xg hf]zLh'+ wofbL
— lrq0foft ;hLj ofgfM Njo]s cleJolQm Kj+su] '
Rjld efh'of Yj 5u" Sjft'u' n]vg z}nLof
GXoAjo]axMu' b;' h"u' b' . ln;]+ jo\sn+ emLu'
g]kfnefiff ;flxTo; clts+ Dxf] h'ofRj+u' ofqf
;flxTo -Travelogue_ oft zfSoh'+ y'y' ;k"m RjofM
ofqf j[tfGtofu' pkfb]otfoft GXoAjof laHoft,
Yj 5u" emLu' lglDt+ tMw+u' pknlAw ;To ;flat
h"u' b' wsfM g+ wofbLu' b' -zfSo,!!@)Mu_ .
ln;]+ Yj ;k'mltO dfwjnfn sdf{rfo{ j
/fhf zfSoof dGtJo g+ b'YofgfRj+u' b' . *! kf}
b"u' Yj ;k'mltO plsof ln;]+ !$ kf} n]vs j
jo\sMof ;xefuL kf;flklgu' /+uLg lskft
nfgfRj+u' b' . k|fljlws sy+ af+nfMu' r'nu' ' Ej+ j
Vjft'u' lhNnf b"u' Yj ;k"m g]kfnefiffof ;k"mof
k|fljlws u'0f:t/of g+ 5'df+ vM .
-h_ s[i0fb]jL jh|frfo{of æaf}4 lty{ofqf, lhu'
5u" cg'ejÆ -g];+ !!@#_
g]kfnefiff ofqf ;flxTo Nofv+ x] Dxf] pls;+
ld;fRjldlk+ nf vg] x] db' . cHofMu' cj:yfo\
b+emfn s[i0fb]jL jh|frfo{ . af}4 pkf;s h'ofM
ljxf/o\ jg]u,' eGt]lkGt bfg cflb ofo\u' Hofo\
g'uM Sj;fo\sfbLDx jh|frfo{h'of 5sM !!@)
ly+nfuf låtLof v'g' n'lDagL nufot af}4 rf/wfd
woftMu' Ko+u" lty{ofqf ofo\u' cj;/ r"nft .
plsoft jo\sn+ ;o\su] ' ;Ls]u' hs dv' ;k"m x]
Rjo\u' cj;/ sy+ g+ soflbn .
lkg]of jftfj/0f j j}rfl/s dGyg dof;]
cMk's oOk's yMu' cg'ej uy] h'n cy] ;/n
ef;+ ofqfof j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . j0f{gof ln;]+
106
rfMxLs]o + sf ljHofMDx 8f= cgf]hf u'?dfd+
sgflaHofMu' afv+ g+ syx+ sgfbLu'ln+ Yj
ljz]ifofgfM af}4dfuL{ cn] afv+ Ajg]u' Gog]u'
ofgfRj+lkGt oOsy+of z}nL+ RjofbLu' b' . yg
jo\sMof n'lDagL, s'zLgu/, >fj:tL, lklnletf,
xl/åf/, lbNnL, cfu/f, Onfxafb, agf/;, ;f/gfy,
a'4uof, /fhlu/L, gfnGbf, k6gf j a}zfnLof
ofqfof j0f{g h'ofRj+u' b' .
jo\sMof z}nLof 5u" b;' — æyf}+ ;'yo\ l;4fy{
/fhs'df/ af]lw;Tj+ b'is/ rof{ ofgfM tk:of
ofgf laHofMu' yfo\ Sog] o+s] wof laHofMu'ln+
;sn]+ a;o\ Rj+jgf . cn] p?a]n ag :jof jgf .
j yfo\ lhlk+ Rjgfu' ljxf/+ a;+ 53f}lt x] jg]dfM .
!%÷@) ldg]6 kxf8 uo]dfM . ;sn]+ kxf8 uofM
yfxf+ jgf . Rjo\ Yog . cg e–xfo\ UjMu' Njx+of
u'kmf 5u" b' . j u'kmfo\ åfxf+ jg]u' n'vf lrlsrf
hfMu'ln+ Sj5'gfM åfxf+ jg]dfM . gLDxlt dg"t åfxf+
j+ano\ lrQ'Ro'+ sfQ'sfM . cg] b'g] sFnfo\ h'ofRj+lk+
af]lw;Tj lgDx b' . cn] cg b'g] u'?df+lk+ km\ot'gf
laHoft . d]lk+ g+ RofDx, lemDxlt km\ot'n . km\ot'O
dl5+lk+ sfQ'sfM;f+ l5+l5+y] bgfM;f+ Rjgf . al5
dg"t nf lkg]t+' sf . cn] u'?df+g+ a'4k'hf ;'?
ofgf laHoft .Æ- jh|frfo{,!!@#M&^–&& _
Nofo\Dx Nof;]lk+ Rjldlk+ x] emf;'ngfRj+u'
cj:yfo\ &)bFof pd]/o\ RjofbLu' Yj ;k"m Gx"Gx"lk+
j k'nf+lk+ Rjldlklgu' nfuL x] k|/] 0ff h'n . db'Dx
hxfg k/dfgGb jh|frfo{oft kBfTds sljtf+
b]5fgftMu' cn] ln;]+ yMu' x] :jk' sljtf g+ y'sL
b]5fgftMu' h'ul' n+ g+ Yj ;k"m emg\ dxTjk"0f{ h"u'
b' .
yfo\ yf;o\ k|;u+ oft Njo\s lrlrkfu' lskft
g+ tgftMu' b' . d's+ !@* k]h b"u' Yj ;k"mltO
Rjldof cg'ejof ln;]+ leIf' ;'dw] of d+un sfdgf,
leIf'0fL cgf]hfof le+tg' f cn] g]kfnefiff ld;f
vnMof dGtJo g+ b'YofgfRj+u' b' .

pv] tLy{ gf/fo0f dfgGw/+ g];+ !!@& o\
yMu' ;+:d/0f ;k"mM æo]F b]o\ lDxuM j yf}+Æno\
af}4tLy{ofqf j Jofkf/of l;nl;nfo\ snsQf
jgfu'of j0f{g g+ yg pNn]vgLo h" . yHofMu'
yMu' l;h{gfo\ ofqfof k|;+u b'YofgfRj+u' nf
g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ oSj x] bO, b' — Yj lgu"
:j+u" b[i6fGtt hs vM . g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\,
ljz]if ofgfM hLjgL Rjo\u' em\jno\ d"kfqof
ofqf;+3if{of j0f{g clwsf+z yf;o\ h'ofRj+u' b' .
:jtGq ljwfof sy+ ljsf; h'O dk'm;f+ y'lsof
ljsf; jf k|of]u wfM;f g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ h'of
x] Rjg .
-em_ wd{/Tg zfSo ælqz'nLÆof ælhldu' >Ln+sf
e|d0fÆ -g]; !!@&_
g];+ !!@(o\ Gxfkf+u' ofqf ;k"m lktlaofbLDx
wd{/Tg zfSo ælqz'nLÆh'+ xfg+ yMu' >Ln+sfof
tLy{ofqfoft ljifoj:t' bo\sfM d]u' ;k"m HjgfM
emfn . jo\sMof Yj ;k"mtL @)^@ a}zfv @( ut]
lg;]+ @)^@ h]7 @& ut] ts h"u' n'lDagL j
>Ln+sf e|d0fof ;+lIfKt j0f{g h'ofRj+u' b' .
plsofln;]+ nFo\ nfMu' uf]/vk'/, /]nofqf, db|f;
cflbof k|;u+ g+ y'sL b'YofM .
>Ln+sfo\ wfld{s :ynof j0f{gof ln;]+ cgof
;d'bL| e"sDk+ ofMu' ljgfzoft g+ jo\sn+ v+sflbn .
yy]ofgfM jo\sn+ cgof ljgfzof cg'ejoft
;k'mltO b'Yofsflbn — ælrs'nf an] jiff{ lgu"
On] g+ yMu' ;Ldf k'nf jOdv'u' ;d'bF| y'u' ;fnF
jf]u' ;d'b|L e"sDk+ cfwf306fof ;doof leq}
>Ln+sfof y'u' efu] hs g+ y'ln ljgfz ofO{ wsfM
sNkgfx] ofOdv' HjL . nFo\ yf;+yf;] cfMts g+
;Llk+ GofF gjofRj+u' blg .Æ-zfSo,!!@&M@&_
db'Dx :j= k'ikdfof zfSooft ;dk{0f
ofgftMu' Yj ;k'mltO jo\sMof hLjgL b'YofgfRj+u'
b' . t/ n]vsLo j k|sfzsLo db'ul' n+ 5' k[i7e"ld+
g]kfnefiff
Yj ;k"m lkbg wsfM wfo\ l5gfRj+u' db' .
g]kfnefiffo\ ofqf ;flxTo RjMdb' cn]
RjMlkG;+ g+ ;jfM hs sfo\s] y]+ 5u" 5u" :jofM
cKjM ;k"m Yj ljwfoft aLdkmofRj+u' cj:yfo\
Yj x] ljwfo\ lgu" ;k"m HjgfemfMDx zfSoh' 5Dx
x] hs Rjld vM . cy]vM;f+ zfSoh'+ yMt Yj
;k"mof ;+ux| stf{sy+ hs Dxl;sf laofbLu' b' –
zfob lnpg] lgu" Ko+u" af}4 ;"qt g+ b'YofsfbLu'ln+
vMnf . cn] ;k"mof k|sfzg h"u' ltly ldlt ;d]t
tofdbLu'ln+ Yj ;k"m yano\ x] lkb+u' wsfM wfo\u'
cfwf/ dfn]dfM . ;dk{0f ofgftMDx do\h' zfSo
@)^# cflZjg !% ut] db'ul' n+ Yj ;k"m jof+ lnkf
cyf{t\ !!@&o\ lkbg h'O wsfM cg'dfg hs
ofo\l5+ .
-`_ z]if/fh bnLof ælx/fgfk b]hnfÆ -g];+ !!@*_
;dfnf]rs OGb| dfnLh'+ g];+ !!@*o\ z]if/fh
bnLof ælx/fgfk b]hnfÆ lkb+u' vF GXoygfbLu'
b' . 5u" n'dlGt sy+ hs lkb+u' Yj ;k'mlt+ ofqf
n'dlGt ;flxToof NofMrfno\ 5knfM GXofsflan
wOu' dfnLh'of wfk' b' . jo\sMof sy+ yMu' hLjgo\
yfo\ yf;o\ofu' wfld{s :ynof ofqfo\ g]kfnL
efiffo\ lkb+u' s]bf/dl0f bLlIftof ofqf ;flxTol;s]+
Uo;'Uo+u', OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;TotYo Ajo\u'nL
RjGXofgfRj+u' b' -dfnL, !!#@M3_ .
cWoogof Ono\ ts Yj ;k"mof k|lt pknAw
dh"lg .
-6_ ljdnk|ef jh|frfo{of æa]nfotof n'dlGtÆ -!!@(_
ljdnk| e f jh| f rfo{ + Yj g] ; + !!@(o\
æa] n fotof n' d lGtÆ HjgfM g] k fnefiff
ofqf;flxToof Gx"Dx Rjldsy+ b+emfMu' b' . yM
kl/jf/ln;] ofgfu' a]nfot j k|mfG;of ofqfoft
sofM jo\sn+ plsof ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L aLu' Nofv+
Yj ;k"m RjofbLu' b' .
107
g]kfnefiff
jo\ sn+ yM Dof8d 6' ; f8 ;+ u | x fnoo\
jgfano\ofu' cg'ejoft y'sy+ j0f{g ofgflbn,
æsd}g+ bo\sftMu' d"lt{t u'Dx dg" vM j x] dg"of
;F, Vjfkfof pg, DxlwsM, u+l;, NXj+ uy] vM cy]
x] Rj+ . wfTy]D+ x dg'v+ u'HjMu' n+, nfsf+ jf d]du] '
5' 5' a:t' 5\onLu' vM pHjMu' x] d"lt{O 5\onfM
wfTy]D+ x y]+ Rj+sftMu' b' . Ajof tMu' d"lt{t Gjjfgf
xOnf wOy]+ Rj+s hLjGt h" . yg AjoftMu' d"lt{t
le+u' Hof ofgfM gf+ hfMlklgu' hs dv' af+dnfMu'
Hof ofgf s'Voft h"lk+ dg"to\u' ts+ d"lt{ AjoftMu'
b' .Æ-jh|frfo{,!!@(M$&_
yMu' x] ;k"mof af/] jo\sn+ yy] wofbL —
æa]nfot j k|mfG; jgfu' lGxvF wfo] afo\ cgof
n'dlGtof vF wfo] Yj ;k"m Rjo]u' XjMtfM wOu' cg
jg] v+ul' n+ vM . y'lsof e"ldsfo\ k|d
] zflGt t'nfw/+
yy] Rjoflbn — do\h' ljdn+ Yj ;k'mtL cfTd
cg'el" t Ajo]u' :jof g+ a:t'ut tYooft z"Id
tyf ;xL ?k+ Ajo] u ' ofgfbLu' l n+ jo\ s Mof
cWoogzLntf jo\ sMof :d/0f zlQm, yMu'
cg"e"ltoft :oNnfs Ajo]u' lzNk Yj ;k'mlt+
AjofAo"u' b' .Æ
w/0fLGb| s'ly+ lksfMu' Yj ;k'mltO *^ kf} b' .
-7_ d'gLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{of æad+ Nxfo]dk'mu'
lhGbuLÆ -!!#@_
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3of zflGt sfod ofo\u'
Hof‰jno\ tMbF ts b]z–ljb]z rfMlxn]v+Dx
d'gLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{of d's+ ofqf;DaGwL Rj;'dg' f
æad+ Nxfo]dk'mu' lhGbuLÆ !!#@o\ lkbg . y'sL
##k' lgaGwt jo\sn+ OG8f]g]lzof, leotgfd,
SofDaf]l8of, hfkfg, k"jL{l6df]/ j ckmufg:tfgof
+ fbLu' cg'ejt b'YofM . y'sL oSj wofy]+
e|d0fo\ d's
lgaGwt yLyL Ono\ kqklqsfo\ lkbg]ws +' u" ' vM .
108
ckmuflg:tfgof 8fo/L Rjo\u' ‰jno\
jo\sn+ wofbLu' b', æckmuflg:tfg :jLbF dNofs
o' 4 o\ nfgfRj+ u ' b] z vM . 5rfMv] / hldg+
3]/o] fgftMu' Yj b];o\ GXofAn]+ w'ˆjM bgfM ygof
jftfj/0f :jR5 h'OdkmofRjg . ljb]zL x:tIf]k,
cfGtl/s j}dgiotf, cfly{s clgoldttf+ ofgfM
b]z a]xfn h'ofRj+u' b' .Æ- jh|frfo{,!!#@M^$_
g]kfnefiffof Rjldlk+ Ono\ Aono\ g]kfM lkg]
jgfRj+u' Gog]Ajg] b';f+ t;s+ Dxf] RjldlkG;+ hs
cgof cg'ejoft l;h{gfof ljifoj:t' bo\su" '
vg]b' . Yj Nofv+ jh|frfo{ho' f Yj ;k"m g]kfnefiff
RjldlkGt xfg+ 5sM ldvf s+su] ' s'tM h"ju+ ' b' .
jo\sMof cgof ljifd kl/l:ylt j ljZj /fhgLlt
y'Os]u' k|of;of b;' sy+ Yj ;k"m emLu' ;flxTo
e08f/o\ bgfRj+u' b' .
-8_ /fh]g dfgGw/of æGofld;fof b];o\Æ -!!#@_
/fh]g dfgGw/of æGofld;fof b];o\Æ !!#@o\
lkbg . Rjld+ ;g\ !)!!of cu:6o\ 8]gdfs{of
sf]kgxfu]go\ h"u' P:k]/fGtf] ljZj dxflwj]zgo\
Ajlt sfo\t 8]gdfs{ j hd{gLof ofqf ofgfbLu'of
n'dlGt vM Yj ;k"m .
jo\sM lnxf+jo\ GXoMofu' dgl:yltoft yy]
Ajoflbn — ækf;flk+ wOu' x] afo\t vM;f kf;flk+
g+ b x] db';f+ Ho" lg . cn] ofqf wofu' x] lnxfF
jg]u' vM;f ug+ ofqfo\ dj+;f Ho"lg . t/ yLyL
/+uof yLyL ljz]iftf, hLjgo\ g+ yLyL df]8of
dxTj bO . yy] tfkfgfof DxfOk' dh'Ou' vM;f
gfknfgfof GXofOk'of g+ nf dxTj bOdv' h'O
lg . gfknfo\u' wOu' afo\t, afo\u' wOu' xfg+
gfknfo\t dv';f dg" dg"of by'O u'u'+ sy+of
:jfk"of g+ d" bOdv' .Æ -dfgGw/,!!#@M!^$_
y'lsof e"ldsfo\ OGb|dfnLh'+ æemLu' ofqf
;flxToof Vono\ æGofld;fof b];o\Æ ;k'mln+ u'u'

knfM l5t, efiff z}nOoft TjMtfM cfTdLotf,
sNkgfzLntf, ;f}Gbo{bl[ i6, ;+jb] gf, 1fg ;Dkbf,
cg'ej j cleJo~hgfof lnw+ ;fo\ b'jfnfM
d"Nof+sg ofo\ano\ y'ls+ 5u" Gx"u' df]8 xo\t s'tM
h"ju+ ' b' Æ wsfM woflbn -dfnL,!!#@M3_ .
lnla Rj;f–ba'ln+ k|sfzg ofMu' Yj ;k'mltO
!&^ kf} b' .
)))
cfMts g]kfnefiff Vono\ ofqf;flxToo\
k':tsf/o\ vg]bu" ' s[ltt y'ln x] vg]b' . yg ofqfof
cfwf/o\ ofqfln;] ;DalGwt ;k"mt bSj+ b'Yofs]u'
jf wnM vfs]u' s'tM h"u' :jLsf/ ofgf . cy];f+
ofqfof em\jno\ /rgf ofgftMu' sljtft jf
ofqfof k|;u+ jMu' d]du] ' ;flxToof l;h{gfoft
wfM;f b'dYofsf . Yj :jofM cKjM ug+ ;'gf+g+ b';f
plsof af/] Rjld, ;dfnf]rslkG;+ oyfzSo
ljj]rgf ofo\dfn . cn] y'sL b'g,] yg pNn]lvt
;k"mt u'sy+ u''u' Bfdo\ nfM j xfg+ d]lk+
;dfnf]rslkG;+ AjynfbL wOu' en;f sof .
] zflGt t'nfw/h'+ yMu' ;k"m æg]kfnefiff
k|d
;flxToof Oltxf;Æo\ ofqf;flxTooft cnu
ljwfsy+ :jLsf/ ofgfdbL, lgjGwof yLyL k|sf/
dWo] æofqf ljj/0f ;DaGwL RjvF Æ wsfM
Sogflbn . jo\sn+ yMlklgu' rLg e|d0fof
;+:d/0fof ?ko\ RjoftMu' leIf' wdf{nf]sof
ædxfrLg ofqfÆ, lrQw/of ærLg n'dgfÆ cy] x]
;Todf]xg hf]zL+ ælrs+nfkfof 5]ÆF gf+u' RjvFlg;]+
yHofMu' k|j[ltof z'?jft h'n wfo\dfM wsfM
woflbn . ln;] + jo\ s n+ Sjo\ laoftoflk+
n]vslklgu' gf+ g]kfnefiffof ofqf ;DaGwL RjvFof
Rjldlk+ sy+ laoflbn M s[i0frGb| l;+x, dNn s]
;'Gb/, h"lx ;'jfn, ;'nf]rgf dfgGw/, 3gZofd
/fhsl0f{sf/ cflb .
g]kfnefiff
z}nLof ljifoo\ æyMlklg ofqfof j0f{g ofo\u'
yHofMu' lgaGwof d" Wo]o vofM g+ :jcg'el" t
Ajo\uo' f gfk+ yf}o+ f l:ylt k|lt l6sf–l6Kk0fL ofo\u'
Hofo\ g+ Yj k|jl[ tof Rjldt pln x] ;lqmo ;zQm
h"u' b'Æ wsfM wofbLu' b' . cn] ofqf ljj/0f
;DaGwL RjvF g]kfnefiffo\ t;s+ Dxf] hs
jfMrfo\ s fbLu' b' . jo\ s n+ lrQw/ x[ b oof
ædxfrLg] g]kfn ;+:s[ltÆ j dNn s] ;'Gb/h'of
æn'dlGtof lsrMÆ -n'dlGt lsrM_oft lgaGw ;k"m
wsfM wofbLu' b' . -t'nfw/,!!@)M@!%_
| fb cdfToh'+ yMu' g]kfnefiff jfªdo ;"rLO
k"0f{k;
ofqf;+:d/0fof Rjldlk+sy+ Sjo\ laoftoflk+ Rjldlk+
j jo\sMlklgu' s[ltof wnM yy] b'YofsftMu' b' M
x leIf' wdf{nf]w — dxfrLg ofqf . sflnDkf]ª
M wdf]b{ o ;ef, g];+ !)&), !^* kf} .
x dNn s] ;'Gb/ — n'dlGt lsrM . sflGtk'/
M efjgf lkygf, g];+ !!)(, !!$ kf} .
x ;fo\ld, dy'/fs[i0f — n'dlGt . sflGtk'/ M
k|bLKt k|sfzg, g];+ !)*#, &$ kf} .
 — nld M n'dlGtof tF;f . sflGtk'/ M
e/tnfn k|wfg, !)**, ^^ kf} .
x l;+x x+;dfg — n'dlGt % kf;M . o]F M
k| s fzdfg l;+ x , !!!!, &( kf} .
-cdfTo,!!!&M@%# _
t/ cWoogof ‰jno\ ;fo\ldh'of lgu'ln+
;k"m ofqf;+:d/0f dv;] JolQmut ;+:d/0f hs
h"u' vg]bt . xfg+ Yj ;"rLO j0f{jh| jh|frfo{of
æd'lQmgfy ofqfÆ -g];+ !)*!_ j lrQw/of
ædxfrLg] g]kfn ;+:s[ltÆ -g];+ !)*$_ oft Yj
wnvo\ b'Yofsf dtn . y'lsoft kml0fGb|/Tg
ah|frfo{h'+ ;Dkfbg ofgfbLu' ælrQw/ x[boof
lhu' hftMÆ wfM;f ofqf;flxTo wsfM jlu{s/0f
] lx/f t'nfw/h'+ g]nfk Ct'kf}
ofgftMu' b' . xfg+ k|d
109
g]kfnefiff
%$M@ no\ y'lsoft lgaGw ;+ux| of sy+ GXAjofbLu'
g+ GXoyg]ax h'Okm' .
d] v ] 8f= sdnk| s fz dNnh' + yMu'
æg] k fnefiff £jfgf;k" m of wnMÆvo\ ofqf
;flxTooft yfo\ laofbLu' vg]db' . cem jo\sn+
nf u}/;flxlTos ;k"mof lh wsfM bo\sfbLu' wnvo\
ofqfoft g+ b' Y ofsfM cHofMu' ;flxlTos
dv' u ' ;km" lgu" b" u ' pNn] v ofgfbLu' b'
-dNn,!)((M#@_ . wnvo\ wdf{nf]s :ylj/ofu'
ædxfrLg ofqfÆoft j leIf' cZj3f]ifof æk]lsª
:jf:Yo lgjf;Æoft ofqfof ljwfo\ j j0f{ah|
ah|frfo{ho' fu' æd'lQmgfy ofqfÆoft wfld{s ofqf
ljwf cGt/ut toftMu' b' -t/ lrQw/ x[boof
ædxfrLg] g] k fn–;+ : s[ l tÆoft lgaGw sy+
GXoAjofbLu' b'_ . oBlk jo\sn+ !)@) lg;]+ !)(&
tsof &&bF b'g] nf}lss ;k"m cGtu{t d's+ !#&u'
u}/;flxlTos ;k"m, #$$ u" ;flxlTos ;k"m j
##u" afn;flxTo ;k"mof lkb+yfo\ ofqf;flxTo d's+
lgu" hs b' wsfM cano\ x] -cfM :jofM ##bF GXoM
x]_ SogfbLw's + u" ' vF yg GXoyg]ax h" .
%=@ g]kfnefiff ofqf ;flxToo\ k'm6s/ lgaGw j
Rjldlk+
;k"msy+ ofqf ;k"m oSj lkb+u' vg]db';f+
g]kfnefiffo\ ofqf ;flxToof RjldlkGt yLyL
;flxlTos kqklqsf+ yfo\ aLu' vg]b' . ;k"m cfsf/o\
lkbg]dnfMu' jf dk'mu' cn] yLyL ;k'mltO ts+
b'dYofMu' ofqf ;+:d/0f OToflboft yHofMu'
kqklqsf+ yfo\ laofM jo\ s Mlklgu' /rgf
AjFldlkGyfo\ts Yo+sfaLu' b';f j x] sy+ yHofMu'
k'm6s/ n]voft g+ ;dfnf]rslklgu' ldvf GXoMg]
ts tofM g]kfnefiff ;flxToof ljljwtfof kl/ro
g+ aLu' b' .
yLyL Ono\ yLyL yf;+ g] k fnefiffof
kqklqsft lkxf+ jofRj+u' h'n . psL O{ j yfo\
110
:jofM yLyL n]vslkG;+ ofqfof n'dlGtoft
lgaGwof ?ko\ RjofbLu' b' . yg :j+u" ;flxlTos
klqsfo\ lkxf+ jMu' /rgft j plsof n]vslklgu'
af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L aLu' h'O .
-s_ wdf]b{ o M g]kfnefiff+ g]kfno\ Rjo\t, ;k"m
lkyg]t jlh{t x] ofgftMu' cj:yfo\ ef/tof
;f/gfyo\ gL:jgftMu' ;+:yf wdf]b{ o ;ef+ g];+
!)^&o\ wdf]{bo gf+ u' klqsf lkyg . y'ls+
g]jfMefo\of cfkn+ Rjldlklgu' hGd ofMu' h'n .
jy]t+ +' yg ofqf n'dlGtof lgjGwoft g+ yfo\ aLu'ln+
Yj ljwfkfv] g+ oSj RjldlkG;+ snd GXofs"u'
vg]bt . yg hs $&k' ofqf Rj;' lkb+u' vg]b' .
wdf]{bo klqsfo\ ofqf lgaGw RjofbLlk+
Rjldlk+ y'sy+ b' M a'4jL/l;+ pkf;s, ?k/Tg
pkf;s, s'n wd{/Tg, rqmdfg rfns, 8d/
axfb'/, tfd|fsf/ k"0f{sfhL, gljg s'df/, Gx'R5]
axfb'/, k"0f{sfhL, k"0f{si[ 0f, ljdnf b]jL, cfgGb
sf}zNofog ebGt, clg?b| leIf', leIf' cd[tfgGb,
leIf' cZj3f]if, dxfgfd leIf', hLtaxfb'/ dfgGw/,
Gx'R5]axfb'/ ah|frfo{, w'of:jf+ ;fo\ld, kmQ]axfb'/
l;+ x , wDdfnf] s :ylj/, :joDe" n fn
-tfd|fsf/,!((!M!$%–!$^ _ .
g]kfnefiffo\ bsno\ Gxfkf+ ofqf ;flxTooft
k|sfzg ofo\u' >]o wdf]{booft j+u' vg]b' .
wdf]b{ oof NofM %, cy]wOu' g];+ !)^* l;Nnf
-wdf{nf]s :ylj/of ædxf rLgofqfÆ lkbg] lgbF
GXoM cZj3f]if >fd0f]/of æ>L n+sf j kl/j]zÆ
gf+u' lgjGw lkbg .
j;kf]n+ >Ln+sfof eflifs clwsf/of af/]
sgfM g]jfM AjldlkGt efiffof vFo\ ;hu ofgfbLu'
b' —æ;fwf/0ftM Rj] sgf y]+ n+sf b]z] :j+ue ' fiffof
rng b' – c+uh]| to\ c+uh
]| L efo\, 8«flj8to\ 8«flj8
efo\ j l;+xnLto\ l;+xnL efo\ . :s"n j sfn]h
ljBfyL{to\;+ /fhefiff+ x] vF Nxfo\dfM w}u' db' .

u'Dxl;g+ u'u' ;M pu'ln+ Nxfo\Ho" . ;'ofu'+ efiff
SjTonf 5\jo w}u' efjgf ygof ;/sf/ofs]
db' .Æ
hfkfg ofqfof af/] hs x] s'n wd{/Tg
-NofM !)&_, ljdnfb]jL -NofM !#&_, Gx'R5]axfb'/
ah|frfo{ -NofM !$), !$!_, k"0f{si[ 0f -NofM !$^_
:jDx:of NxfMj+ul' n+ Yj ljwfo\ Rjldlk+ cano\ x]
cfslif{t h"u' vg]b' .
-v_ l;t' M g];+ !)*$o\ k|]daxfb'/ s;fMof
;Dkfbgo\ lkb+u' l;t' lgnf–kltO g+ Ono\ Aono\
ofqf n'dlGt ;flxTo lkbgfRj+u' vg]b' . NofM &&ts
ofgftMu' cWoogo\ &Dx Rjldlklgu' !)k' lgjGw
lkbgfRjg . yg yMu' Rj;f Yj Vono\ GXofsfbLlk+
vM — g/]Gb|k;| fb pkfWofo, sgs t'nfw/, bfg,
bLks, leIf' cZj3f]if, dNn s]= ;'Gb/, kml0fGb|/Tg
ah|frfo{ j zflGt zfSo -t'nfw/,!!!)M^(_ .
-u_ kf;f M g];+ !)&#o\ lkb+u' kf;f afMl5 kltO
yLyL Ono\ ofqf;flxTo lkbgfRj+u' vg]b' . plsof
Rjldlk+ yy] b' M s]z/nfn, k/dfgGb j cfng
kmfNsg/ -dfgGw/,!!@)_ .
n]vslklgu' NofMof Nofv+ Dxf] vg]b;' f+ NofM
! lg;]+ NofM !)tsof b'g] kf;fo\ /rgf wfM;f
ttMxfsMu' h"u' vg]b' . uy]ls s]z/nfnofu' ælhu'
hfkfg ofqfÆ Ko+u" NofM ts GXofMu' b' .
-3_ v]nO' tfM M v]nO' tfM klqsf+ Ono\ Aono\ ofqf
;flxTooft yfo\ aLu' b' . @^ NofMtsof b'g] !^k'
ofqf ljifo\ lgaGw lkb+uo' ft af+nfMu' ljsf;of
5'df+sy+ sfo\dfM, ljwfut?k+ ;fdfnf]rgf ts+
h'ofdRj+u' cj:yfo\ . y'sL ofqf;flxTo RjofM
of]ubfg ofgfbLlk+ Rjldlk+ yy] b' M 5qaxfb'/
sfo:y, d+unf sf/+lht, t]h]Zj/afa', Uj+uM,
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, gd{bZ] j/ k|wfg, s] aL dxh{g,
wd{/Tg old, ah|frfo{ d'gLGb|/Tg, hgsnfn j}B,
cf]ds[i0f >]i7 -zfSo,@))(M$%_ .
g]kfnefiff
y'sy+ x] d]du] ' kqklqsfo\ g+ ofqf lgaGwt
k|sflzt h'ofRj+u' b' . ;GWof6fOD;y]+ HofMu' lGxkf}
nufot g]kfM;M, gMln, O{NjxF, yfo\e' OToflb
g]kfnefiffof kqklqsfo\ Ono\ Jono\ ofqflgaGw
jf lgofqfoft yfo\ laofjofRj+u' NjMd+s] kmOdv' .
;dofefj+ Yj n]vo\ j k'mSsof cWoog ljZn]if0f
ofo\ ;+ej dh'n . Yj Hof lnkf g]kfnefiff
;flxToof ljBfyL{lkG;+ ofgfjg]dfMu' vg]b' .
plsof ln;]+ yg GXoyg] axMu' 5tf vF b' .
Gxfkf+ g]kfnefiffof yMu' df}lns l;h{gf dvofM
g+ d]u' efo\of ofqf;k"m g]kfnefiffo\ efo\ lxnfM
jofRj+u' b' M
!= hf]gfyg l:jkm\6of æulne/of ofqfÆoft
cd/ axfb'/ taM laPh'+ cg'jfb ofgflbn .
y'lsof k|sfzg g];+ !)*%o\ h'n .
@= sgsdl0f bLlIftof æeQmk|;fb Aof+of g]kfM
rfMlxnfÆoft ps]z e'hh ' +' cg'jfb ofgfbLu'
b' . y'lsof k|sfzg g];+ !!!(o\ h'n .
Yj lgu'ln+ ;k"m wfy]+ ofq' x] ofqf ofgfM
plsof j0f{g ofgftMu' dv', lgu'ln+ ofqfof lnw+;fo\
dfgjLo rl/q SogLu' cfVofg vM . yHofMu' ;k'mlt+
ofqfof cfwf/ sofM d]d]u' ljwfo\ g+ NxfM
GXofs]lhp wsfM 5'df+ aL . d]du] ' ef;+ RjoftMu'
;k"m g]kfnefiff+ lkxf+ jo\j+ g]jfMRjld j AjldlkGt
Yj ljwfof la:s+ ;jfM bt h'O wsfM cg'dfg
ofo\km' .
^= lgisif{
y'sy+ :jo\ano\ ;+;f/o\ ån+åM bF GXoMlg;]+
ofqf;flxToof k/Dk/f GXofgfRj+u' vg]b' . ljZjo\
hs dv' g]kfno\ g+ ofqf ;flxToof k/Dk/f GXofMu'
oSj bo\ws+' n . plnhs dv' g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\
x] g+ Yj k/Dk/f GXofMu' oSj bo\ws +' n . g];+
111
g]kfnefiff
!)^*o\ wdf]{boo\ lkb+u' cZj3f]if >fd0f]/of
æ>Ln+sf j kl/j]0fÆoft g]kfefiffof cfw'lgs
ofqf ;flxToof Gxfkf+u' lgaGwsy+ hs sfo\u'
vM;f+ emLu' efiffo\ Yj ljwfof kbfk{0f h"u' ^% bF
bt . cano\lg;]+ yLyL kqklqsfo\ ofqfof
ljifooft sofM oSj x] ;+:d/0ffTds lgaGwt
lkb+u' vM, lkbgfRj+u' g+ b' . cy];f+ clwsf+z
ofqflgaGwt efjtTjo\ :jofM j0f{go\ oSj
tSogfRj+u' vg]b' . ljwfut ?k+ qmlds ;'wf/
h'of x] dRj+u' wfM;f dv' .
jo\sMlk+ dWo] clwsf+z n]vslk+ g]kfnefiff
;flxTo l;h{gfo\ b';f+ ofqf;flxToo\ wfM;f
jo\sMlklgu' NxfM lnkfts lgoldt GXofgfRj+u'
vg]dGt . 5Dx :jofM cKjM n]vslkG;+ 5u" :jofM
cKjM ofqf;flxToof l;h{gf ofMu' db'lg . cy]
wofu' bSjl;of lg+lt+ x] Yj ljwf lyof:jo\u' ljifo
hs h'ofRj+u' b' . cyjf, Yj ljwfo\ snd
GXofs]ws+' fM af+nfMu' kf7s k|ltlqmof djMu' jf
;dfnf]rslkG;+ ;sf/fTds ?k+ sofdaLu'ln+ xfg+
xfg+ y'sLO NxfMto\t Rjldlk+ pT;flxt dh"u'
lgisif{ g+ lksfo\ dl5g]dfMu' db' .
xfg+ plndl5 ofqf;flxTo l;h{gf h"n;f+
cano\of k|sfzs jf ;flxlTos ;+3;+:yf+ pu'
ljz] i f k| s f/of lgaGwto\ t k' r Mof ?ko\
k':tsfsf/o\ lktaL dvg, u'ls+ ofgfM cano\of
AjldlkG;+ yHofMu' ;flxlTos ljwfof la:s+ ;jfM
n'd+s,] cn] plsof g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ ofMu'
of]ubfgoft psy+ n'ds + ] dvg .
ljZjo\ hs dv' g]kfnL ;flxTo Vono\ ts+
+ u" ' ;Gbe{o\ g]kfnefiff
y'lsof t;s+ ljsf; h'Ow's
Vono\ hs Yj yf}+ g+ lgaGw ljwfof 5u" a]jf:tf
ofgftMu' pkljwfsy+ bgfRj+u' b' . 5Dx lgDx
lgaGwsf/lklg ofqf ofo\u' cj;/ r"nfOano\
hs Ajldlklgu' dg to\u' nF h'ofRj+u' b' . cem
112
;k"mof ?k+ nf ^#bFof b'g] Rofu" x] hs lkb+u'
vg] b t . g] k fMof x] pGgt wofjofRjgfu'
g]kfnefiffof ;flxTo Vono\ Yj kSsf g+ n;tfof
vF dv' . Yj ljwfof ljsf; ofo\t Rjld, Ajld j
;dfnf]rslklg Wofg djgfRj+u' vFoft dv'
wfo\yfo\ db' .
g]kfnefiff Rjldlk+ d]du] ' efiffof ;flxToln;]
u'ln Eono\k+' jf g]kfnL ;flxToln;] u'ln kl/lrt
h'Ou' df}sf bt wOu' d]u' cWoogof ljifo h'Ok'm .
t/ g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ hs Yj ljwf+ xf
sfo\dk'mu'of sf/0f dfn]u' cfjZostf b' .
g]kfnefiff;flxToof ljsf; ;flxlTos
kqklqsfkfv]+ x] h"u' vM . t/ g+ cHofMu' kqklqsf+
ofqf;flxTooft ljz]iffÍof ?ko\ lkygfM RjldlkGt
y'vk] fv] Wofgfsfif{0f ofMu' vg]db' . Yj ljwfo\
;du| g]kfnefiff Rjldlklg NofM dufgfRj+u' nf
v x] vt, pls;+ ld;f Rjldlk+ cem g+ Dxf] ltlg .
oSj n]v j ;k"mof l;h{gf tLy{ ofqfoft ax
sofM RjoftMu' vg]bu" l' n+ Yj 5u" NjMd+sd ] hLu'
ljz]iftf h"jg . ofqfof yLyL p2]Zot dWo] tLy{
ofqf g+ 5u" h"ju+ l' n+ Yj g+ ofqfn]vgof lx;fa+
pTkfbglzn x] h"jMu' b' g]jfM Rjldlklgu' nfuL .
d]u' sy+ wfo\u' vM;f tLy{ofqf+ g+ n]vslklgu'
hGd ofMu' b', ofqf ;flxToof ljwfo\ hs h";f+ .
d]v] g]kfnefiffof ;dfnf]rslkG;+ g]kfn–
efiffof ;flxTooft k|f/Desfnlg;]+ dfu{lgb]{z
laofRj+u' emL bSj:of+ :o" . k|v/ ;dfnf]rs–
lklgu' xf};nf, k|fT] ;fxg j dufM drfMyfo\ dfMsy+
cfnf]rgf ofgfaLu'ln+ x] g]kfnefiffof ;flxTo yf}+
Yj cj:yfo\ Yo+u' vM . k|frLgsfnof vF lg;]+
cfw'lgs j pQ/cfw'lgsof vFo\ Ajldlklgu' Wofg
;fnLlk+ g]kfnefiff ;dfnf]rslkG;+ Yj VoMoft
wfM;f Gofo ofgfRj+u' vg]db' . cfMts lkb+u'
lgaGwoft lgaGwsy+ j ;k" m oft ;k" m sy+

lkbg]ws+' fM e"ldsf Rjo\u' em\jno\ jf ;dfnf]rgf
jf ;dLIff ofo\u' em\jno\ Yj ljwfof af/] 5+'
erf s'nu] ' j Yj ljwfo\ emL sdhf]/ ltlg wsfM
wfo\u' afx]s Yj lawfoft ;dfnf]rsLo b[li6+
ljj]rgf ofo\u' j Yj ljwf+ u'sy+ g]kfnefiffo\
yfo\ sofjofRj+u' b' wsfM ;'+ ;dfnf]rs+ g+ :jtGq
cWoog ofgfbLu' vg]db'lg . ug+ g+ ;'+ ;dfnf]rs+
Yj ljwfof ;}4flGts vF, ljZjo\ jofRj+u' nx/ j
k|sflzt ofqflgaGwto\t hs sofM b'Uo+s vF
jfnfbLu', SogfbLu' Ajg] dv+lg . y'ln tMxfsMu'
ofqf Rjldlklgu' ofqfoft ;dfnf]rslklgu' ltaM
dbOu' wOu' u'u'+sy+ g+ ;'vbfoL vF dv' 5u"
efo\of ;flxToof ljsf;of lg+lt+ . Yj x] sf/0f+
Yj ljwfo\ Gx"lk+ n]vslkG;+ NxfM dtMu' cn] Gxfkf
RjofRj+lk+ n]vslk+ ts+ Yj kfv]+ tfkfgfjgfRj+u'
vMnf wsfM cg'dfg ofsfaLu' b' .
g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ ofqf;flxTooft sofM
Yj aMrfxfsMu' cWoog ofo\ws +' fM lgtf Kotf vF
lgisif{o\ jn M–
x g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ yf}+ g+ ofqf;flxTo t;s+
Dxf] .
x ofqf;flxToo\ hs ljz]ifLs/0f ofgfjgfRj+lk+
Rjldlk+ db'lg .
x tLy{ o fqf, ljz] i fofgfM af} 4 tLy{ o fqf,
lntF;fM
cfMts lkb+u' g]kfnefiff ofqf;flxToof wnM
!= !)&) dxf rLgofqf wdf{nf]s :ylj/
@= !)*! d'lQmgfy ofqf j0f{jh| jh|frfo{
#= !)*$ dxfrLg] g]kfn–;+:s[lt lrQw/ x[bo
$= !)*$ k]lsª :jf:Yo lgjf; leIf' cZj3f]if
%= !(*( n'dlGt lsrM dNn s] ;'Gb/
^= !!!( lhldu' Dofgdf/ -jdf{_ ofqfof ;+lIfKt ;+:d/0f wd{/Tg zfSo ælqz'nLÆ
&= !!@) dxfrLg ofqf d+undfg zfSo
g]kfnefiff
g]kfnefiff ofqf;flxToof nFk' rfo\sfaLu'
vM;f yHofMu' x] ofqfof em\jno\ d]du] ' g+
ofqf n]v, ;k"mof l;h{gf h"u' b' .
x g]kfM b'g] j g]kfM lkg]of ofqfoft plts+
RjldlkG;+ yMu' ljifoj:t' bo\sfbLu' b' .
x Gxfkf ;fdfGotofM 8fo/L l6kf]6 jf j0f{go\
hs s] G b| L t h' O u' k/Dk/f h' o fRj+ u '
g]kfnefiffof ofqf ;flxTo cfM a'n'x'F
efjkIfoft UjfsfM ofqfof bf}/fgo\ ofq'of
dgo\ h' O u' cGt/åGboft g+ Ajo\ u '
k/Dk/fof yfngL h'ofjMu' b' .
x d]du] ' ljwfo\ y]+ Yj ljwfo\ ld;f Rjldlklgu'
cefj b' .
x ofqf;flxTooft sofM g] k fnefiff
;dfnf]rslkG;+ ;}4flGts ;k"m, n]v RjofbLu'
vg] d b' l g . jo\ s MlkG;+ ofqf;flxTo
g]kfnefiffo\ ug YogfRjg wsfM ljj]rgf
ofgftMu' ts+ dn"lg .
***
cfef/ — Yj n]v tof/ ofo\t;k"m ;k"m pknAw
ofgfbLu' l n+ , lqljlj s] G b| L o k' : tsfno j
g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu, cfzf ;k"ms'lyof ln;]+
efh'lk+ OGb| dfnL, zfSo ;'/g] , g/]zjL/ zfSo j
kljq jh|frfo{kl| t cfef/L h'ofRjgf .
sflnDkf]Ë wdf]b{ o ;ef
EjFt j0f{jh| jh|frfo{ j d]d] lk+,
o]F lrQw/ x[bo,
o]F leIf' cZj3f]if
o]F efjgf lkygf,
o]F cGt/f{li6«o af}4 efjgf s]Gb|
o]F zfSo hM
113
g]kfnefiff
*= !!@# af}4 lty{ofqf, lhu' 5u" cg'ej s[i0fb]jL jh|frfo{ o]F g]kfnefiff ld;f vnM
(= !!@& lhldu' >Ln+sf e|d0f wd{/Tg zfSo ælqz'nLÆ n'lDagL cGt/f{li6«o af}4 ;dfh
!)= !!@*lx/fgfk b]hnf z]if/fh bnL
!!= !!@( a]nfotof n'dlGt ljdnk|ef jh|frfo{ o]F w/0fLGb| s'yL
!@= !!#@ ad+ Nxfo]dk'mu' lhGbuL d'gLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{ o]F gL/dtL jh|frfo{
!#= !!#@ Gofld;fof b];o\ /fh]g dfgGw/ on lnla Rj;f–ba"
w u x

;Gbe{ ;k"m M
cdfTo, k"0f{k; | fb, g];+ !!!&, g]kfnefiffof afªdo ;"rL . o]F M g]kfnefiff Ps]bld .
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb, lj;+ @)#), ;flxTo k|sfz . o]F M ;femf k|sfzg .
pkfWofo, j]bJof;, lj;+ @)^^, g]kfnL ofqf;flxTosf] k|jl[ Qut ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg,
-ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wkq_ . o]F M lqlj g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
pk|t] L, eLid, …ofqflgaGw, o;sf] ljsf; / g]kfnL ofqf lgaGwsf] jt{dfg l:yltÚ dw'ks{ lj;+ @)%%, jif{ #!, cÍ ( .
lwtfn, ;'nf]rgf dfgGw/, g];+ !!!!, n'dlGtO n]xaF] u' ' lhu' cg'el" t -ck|sflzt, :gftsf]Q/ zf]wu|Gy_ .
on M lqlj, g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
tfd|fsf/, a]ndfof, g];+ !!!!, g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\ wdf]b{ o no\kf}of b]g j plsof Rj;' wnM
-ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq_ . onM lqlj g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
t'nfw/, k|d ] zflGt, g];+ !!@), g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf; . o]F M g]kfnefiff Ps]bld .
t'nfw/, ;/:jtL -;+_, g];+ !!!), l;t' lgnf–kf}of Rj;'wnM . o]F M cf]dL zdf{ -6fOk/fO6/o\ 6fOk ofgftMu'
kmf]6f]skL k|lt k|sfzg h"u' _ .
kGt, dx]z/fh, lj;+ @)^( …k|tfk dNnsf] tLy{hfqfÚ . k"0ff{Í @#& .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f, lj;+ @)#$, oL lgofqfaf/], a]nfOtlt/ a/fln+bf, tf/fgfy zdf{, t]=;+= . o]F M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f j d]dl] k+, lj;+ @)%@, g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z . o]F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg .
a/fn, O{Zj/, lj;+ @)$# …g]kfnL ofqf;flxTodfly ljxËdL b[li6lgk]IfÚ, dw'ks{ . jif{ !(, cÍ !! .
dNn, sdnk|sfz, g];+ !)((, g]kfnefiffof Wjfgf;k"mof wnM . o]F M no\tfM ba" .
dNn, s] ;'Gb/, g];+ !!)(, n'dlGt lsrM . o]F M efjgf lkygf .
dfnL, OGb|, g];+ !!#@, Gofld;fof b];o\ -e"ldsf_ . on M lnlaRj;f–ba" .
dfgGw/, k"gd, g];+ !!@), kf;f afMl5kf}of Rj;' wnM j plsof g]kfnefiffo\ of]ubfg -ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
zf]wkq_ . on M lqlj g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
dfgGw/, /fh]g, g];+ !!#@, Gofld;fof b];o\ . on M lnla Rj;f–ba" .
jh|frfo, s[i0fb]jL, g];+ !!@#, af}4 lty{ofqf, lhu' 5u" cg'ej . o]F M g]kfnefiff ld;f vnM .
jh|frfo{, kml0fGb|, g];+ !!@^, ælhu' hftMÆof lnkf lrQw/ x[boof vFtÚ, lrQw/ x[boof lhu' hftM .
o]F M g]kfnefiff kl/ifb\ .
jh|frfo{, d'gLGb|/Tg, g];+ !!#@, ad+ Nxfo]dk'mu' lhGbuL . o]F M gL/dtL jh|frfo{ .

114
 g]kfnefiff
jh|frfo{, j0f{jh|, g];+ !)*!, d'lQmgfy ofqf . EjFt M j0f{jh| jh|frfo{ j d]d
] lk+ .
jh|frfo{, ljdnk|ef, g];+ !!@(, a]nfotof n'dlGt . o]F M w/0fLGb| s'yL .
Jof;, lgdf]x{ L lj;+ @)!@, g]kfnL lgofqf -v08 !_, ;+. Jofs'n kf7s . o]F M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
:ylj/, wdf{nf]s, g];+ !)&), dxf rLgofqf . sflnDkf]Ë M wdf]b{ o ;ef .
zdf{, tf/fgfy, lj;+ @)%( …lgofqfÚ, g]kfn . jif{ @, cÍ @) .
zdf{, tf/fgfy, lj;+ @)^&, dw'ks{ M k|ltlglw lgofqf -e"ldsf_ . o]F M uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg .
zfSo ælqz'nLÆ, wd{/Tg, g];+ !!!( lhldu' Dofgdf/ -jdf{_ ofqfof ;+lIfKt ;+:d/0f . o]F M cGt/f{li6«o af}4 efjgf s]Gb| .
zfSo ælqz'nLÆ, wd{/Tg, g];+ !!@&, lhldu' >Ln+sf e|d0f . n'lDagL M cGt/f{li6«o af}4 ;dfh .
zfSo, d+undfg, g];+ !!@), dxfrLg ofqf . o]F M zfSo hM .
zfSo, dl0fsnIdL, g];+ !!@(, v]nO' tfM klqsfof Rj;'wnM j plsof of]ubfg -ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq_ .
on M lqlj, g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
x[bo, lrQw/, g];+ !)*$, dxfrLg] g]kfn–;+:s[lt . o]F M lrQw/ x[bo .
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature (access date : 2013.04.26)
Cuddon, J A 1979 A Dictionary of Literary Terms, Penguin Books.

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g]jfM hfltof efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltoft sofM

g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuof n'vf++ lkbgLu' a8f bz}+ @)&) sf] pknIodf
æg]kfnefiffÆ ;Dk"0f{ Gofok|d
] L g]kfnLx?df xflb{s
Uo;'nfSs lkbg] kmo\df .
z'esfdgf
Ram Hari Maharjan
Managing Director
aunfd'vL SofDk;
k|ofukf]v/L, nlntk'/

PURNIMA
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