#!

cf}+ k/LIff b]lv nfu" x'g] clwjQmf txsf] gofF kf7\oqmd

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\n] sfg"g Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos kg{] Joj;flos bIftfsf] k/LIf0f ug{]
lsl;dsf] k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L kl/ifb\af6 ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffnfO{ cem a9L j:t'ut, dof{lbt /
k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] cfufdL #! cf}+ clwjQmf txsf] k/LIff
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kf7\oqmddf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
s= lnlvt k/LIff M klxnf] r/0fdf @)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] lnlvt k/LIff x'g]5 . ;f] k/LIffdf k|To]s kqsf] pQL0ff{ª\s
%) k|ltzt x'g]5 . k|To]s kqdf pQL0ff{ª\s Nofpg] pDd]b\jf/ dfq lnlvt k/LIff pQL0f{ ePsf] dflgg] 5 .
lnlvt k/LIffsf ljifox? o;Kf|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
l;=g+= ljifo k"0ff{ª\s k|Zg ;+Vof / c+sef/
!= ;+ljwfg / sfg"g !)) !)) j6f ax'j}slNks
d"n ljifo =============^) c+s k|Zg
!= ;+j}wflgs sfg"g -gsf/fTds c+s u0fgf
@= k|zf;sLo sfg"g gx'g]_
#= d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf
$= d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf
%= d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf
^= d'n'sL b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf
&=kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g
*= Gofo k|zf;g P]g / k|df0f sfg"g
(= g]kfnsf] sfg"Gf k|0ffnL
!)= ljlwzf:q -ljleGg ;Dk|bfosf] af/]df dfq_
!!= sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL
!@= cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?
ljlzi6Ls[t ljifox? =========$) c+s
!=cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g
@=dfgj clwsf/sfg"g
#= sDkgL sfg"g
$= n}+lus lx+;f lgoGq0f sfg"g
%= afn Gofo tyf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g
^= ;+ul7t ck/fw -dfgj a]rljvg, nfu" cf}ifw,
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f_
&= ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g

1
 *= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f;DAfGwL sfg"g
(= ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfox?
!)= af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL sfg"Gf
!!= s/ sfg"g
!@= ck/fw kLl8t;DaGwL sfg"g
!#=Jofj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtf
!$= jftfj/0f sfg"g
!%= aLdf sfg"g
!^= >d sfg"g
!&= j}ls+u s;"/ / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL
sfg"Gf
!*= cWofudg ;DaGwL sfg"g
!(= sfg"gL cg';Gwfg
@= d:of}bf n]vg !)) #x#)=()
v08 -s_ b]jfgL d'2fsf lnvtsf] d:of}bf,kmf}hbf/L
d'2fsf] lnvtsf] d:of}bf / l/6;DaGwL lnvtsf] @ x%=!)
d:of}bf
v08 -v_ sfg"gL g]kfnLaf6 c+u|]hL / sfg"gL
c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb

gf]6M d:of}bf n]vgdf k|To]s v08sf] pQ/ k'l:tsf cnu cnu x'g]5 . d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ ;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wbf
lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;xefuLn] d:of}bf tof/ u/L Ps k6s ;f] d:of}bf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] u/L d:of}bfsf]
ljifo rog ug'{ kg]{5 . d"ntM sfg"g Joj;foLn] tof/ ug'{ kg]{ d:of}bfsf ljifonfO{ d:of}bfdf k|fyldstf
k|bfg ul/g] 5 . d:of}bf n]vgdf ;xefuLx?n] ;+ljwfg, d'n'sL tyf b]jfgL ;+lxtf, Gofo k|zf;g P]g /
cbfnt;DaGwL lgodfjnLx? ;fydf /fVg ;Sg]5g\ . t/ s]/d]6 ePsf sfg"gsf lstfj jf s'g} k|sf/sf ufO8
jf ;dLIff ul/Psf sfg"gsf k':tsx? ;fydf /fVg kfOg] 5}g._

v= ax; k|:t'lt tyf cGtjf{tf{ M lnlvt k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sfpDd]b\jf/n] dfq of] r/0fdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg]
5g\ . cGtjf{tf{ @) c+ssf]x'g]5 . cGtjf{tf{sf] pQL0ff{ª\s !) x'g]5 . cGtjf{tf{df b]xfosf ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{
k|Zg ;f]lwg] 5 M
!= sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\sf] cg'zf;g ;ldlt - %
sfo{ Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL
@= Ohnf;sf] dof{bf / Goflos cg'zf;g %
#= ax; snf / ax; ;Lk;DaGwL !)

2
 hDdf @)

gf]6M k|To]s ;xefuLsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] ;dodfjlw slDtdf !% ldg]6sf] x'g]5 . lgwf{l/t ljifodf slDtdf *
ldg]6 gd"gf ax; ug'{ kg]{5 . slDtdf & ldg]6 cGtjf{tf{ ;ldltn] dfly plNnlvt ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{
cGtjf{tf{ lng]5 .

u= cEof;a[lQ -OG6g{zLk_M lnlvt k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{af6 pQL0f{ ePsf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ cEof;a[lQdf k7fOg] 5 .
cEof;a[lQsf] ;do slDtdf tL; sfo{lbgsf] x'g]5 . cEof;a[lQ ul//xbf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;f] sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg
ug]{ / ;f] af6 k|lzIffyL{sf] Jojxfl/s ;Lkdf s:tf] clej[l4 eof] ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg / sfo{;Dkfbgsf ljj/0f /
;DalGwt lgsfosf] l;kmfl/; k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . cEof;a[lQdf u/]sf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] egL l;kmfl/; k|fKt
ePkl5 kl/ifb\n] d"Nofª\sg u/L pko'Qm b]lvPdf clwjQmfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g] 5 . cEof;a[lQsf nflu
;DalGwt lgsfosf] ;xdlt lnO{ kl/ifb\n] b]xfosf lgsfo jf sfof{nodf k7fpg] 5 M
!= sfg"g Joj;foLsf] sfof{no, kmd{ jf RofDj/
@= cbfnt / Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ lgsfo
#= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
$= sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfo
%= Goflos hgzlQmnfO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo
^= Goflos cEof; -lSnlgsn sIff_ df ;xeflutf
&= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\n] tf]s]sf cGo lgsfox?

3= cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0f McEof;j[lQdf plQ0f{ eO{ clwjQmfsf] clGtd glthfdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf k/LIffyL{nfO{
tLg sfo{ lbgsf] cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0fdf ;l/s u/fOg] 5 . pQm cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0fdf b]xfosf ljifox? ;dfj]z
x'g]5g\ M
!= xsb}of, xbDofb / ljnDjsf] cjwf/0ff / ;f] ;DaGwdf ePsf Goflos JofVofx?
@= cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ / ;f] ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVofx?
#= cGtl/d cfb]z / cGt/sfnLg cfb]z ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;f]pk/sf] pkrf/
$= sfg"gL lnvtsf] d:of}bf ;Lk
%= sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf / pNn+3g ePdf x'g] sf/jfxL
^= cbfntdf kfngf ug'{ kg]{ cg'zf;g / sfod ug'{ kg]{ Ohnf;sf] dof{bf
&= ax; snf / ax; ;Lk
*= sfg"g Joj:ffoLn] k|bfg ug]{ sfg"gL /fo;DaGwL

lnlvt k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd

klxnf] kqM ;+ljwfg / sfg"g k"0ff{ª\s !))

3
!= ;+j}wflgs sfg"g M o;cGtu{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_, ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx?, ;+Jf}wflgs sfg"gsf
l;4fGtx?, df}lns xs clwsf/, Gofokflnsf / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb;DaGwL ljifo;d]t ;dfj]z
x'g]5g\ .

@= k|zf;sLo sfg"g M o;cGtu{t k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt, zlQmk[ysLs/0f tyf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf]
l;4fGt, Gofoflws/0f, Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg Pjd\ l/6 ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

#= d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf M o;cGtu{t ;+lxtfsf ;fdfGo k|fjwfgx?, Hofg;DaGwL s;"/, s'6lk6 jf c+ue+u
;DaGwL s;"/, ckx/0f tyf z/L/ aGws;DaGwL s;"/, s/0fL;DaGwL s;"/, rf]/L tyf 8fFsf;DaGwL s;"/,
7uL, cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft / cfk/flws nfe;DaGwL s;"/ ;d]tsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

$= d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfM o; ;+lxtfdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx? .

%= d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtfM o;cGtu{t ;+lxtfsf k|f/lDes, JolQm;DaGwL sfg"g, kfl/jfl/s sfg"g, ;DklQ
;DaGwL, b'is[tL, lghL cGt/fli6«o sfg"g / s/f/ ;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

^= d'n'sL b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfM o; ;+lxtfdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx? .

&= kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]gM o; P]gdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx? .

*= Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"g tyf k|df0f sfg"g M o;df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, Gofo
kl/ifb\ P]gsf Joj:yfsf ;fy} k|df0f sfg"gsf l;4fGt / k|df0f P]gsf ljifo tyf o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVof ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

(= g]kfnsf] sfg"Gf k|0ffnL M o; cGtu{t dfgj Gofozf:q, lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]g / tTkZrftsf] kfFr
efu d'n'sL P]g, g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs tyf sfg"gsf] ljsf;qmd, Gofo k|zf;gsf] ljsf;, d'n'sL b]jfgL /
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf Pj+ sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, kmf}hbf/L s;"/ lgwf{/0f / ;hfo P]g, @)&$ ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

!)= ljlwzf:q M o;df k|fs[lts sfg"g ;Dk|bfo, P]ltxfl;s ;Dk|bfo, ljZn]if0ffTds ;Dk|bfo, ;dfhzf:qLo
;Dk|bfo, oyfy{jfbL ;Dk|bfo, ;dfhjfbL ;Dk|bfo, lqml6sn lnun :6l8h, kf]i6 df]8g{ lnun y]p/L ;d]t
;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

!!= sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL M o;dfg]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] k|fjwfg, ;+ljwfg JofVofsf]
lgod, P]g sfg"g JofVofsf] lgod ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

!@= cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?M o;cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
pRRf cbfnt lgodfjnL / lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

ljlzi6Ls[t ljifox?

!= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gMo;cGtu{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @&(, ;lGw P]g, @)$&, United Nations Charter
1945, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, Montevideo Convention on the Rights

4
and Duties of States 1933 / /fhf/fd 9sfn ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;d]t -g]=sf=k @)^), efu
$%, c+s (, lg=g &@&$_ ;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5 .

@= dfgj clwsf/ Mo; cGtu{t != g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^*,dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq -Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR 1948_ /
g]kfn kIf ePsf dxf;lGwx? -a]j;fO6 lns+ https://tbinternet. ohchr.org/_layouts/15/
TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=122&Lang=EN_ ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

#= sDkgL sfg"g M o;df d"ntM sDkgL P]gsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

$= n}lus lx+;f lgoGq0f sfg"g M o;cGtu{tg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_ P]g,
@)&!, 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^, af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)&@, of}g lx+;f
cWofb]z, @)&*, t]hfa tyf cGo 3fts /;folgs kbfy{ -lgodg_ cWofb]z, @)&*, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g,
@)&$ tyf b]xfosf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nfx? ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ M

– nIdLb]jL lwSQf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ -g]=sf=k @)^&, lg0f{o g= *$^$_

– clwjQmf /]Zdf yfkf ;d]t lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGq kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t -g]=sf=k @)^@,
lg0f{o g= &$(*_
– u'/Ff;b]jL nfdf lj?4 /fwLsf >]i7 -g]=sf=k @)&!, lg0f{o g+= (@$@_
– ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ -g]=sf=k @)^%, lg0f{o g+= *)#*_
– Hof]tL kf}8]n ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t -g]=sf=k @)^^, lg0fo{ g+= *@*@_
%= afn Gofo / afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg"Gf M o;df afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gn] u/]sf afn Gofo;DaGwL Joj:yf,
afn Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf / tL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf
k|ltlglw JofVofsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . o;sf ;fy} afnaflnsf, afn laHofOF / sfg"gsf] ljjfbdf k/]sf
afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff, afn Gofosf] cjwf/0ff / kl/efiff, afn Gofosf] p2]Zo / cf}lrTo, afn Gofosf
l;WbfGtx?, afn Gofosf 9fFrfx?, afn Gofo ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o b:tfa]hx?, g]kfndf afn Gofo ;DaGwL
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfx? / g]kfndf afn Gofo ;DaGwL ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] b[li6sf]0f ;dfj]z x'g]5 .
^= ;+ul7t ck/fw M o;df ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ffut kIf / dfgj a]rljvg, nfu" cf}ifw, ;DklQ
z'4Ls/0f ;DAfGwL P]gsf Joj:yf ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
&= ljB'tLo ck/fw M o;df ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ P]gsf Joj:yf ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
*= e|i6frf/ M o;df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g / e|i6frf/ d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf k|ltlglw JofVof
;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
(= ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfox? M o;df :yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt, cbfntsf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf]
d]nldnfk;DaGwL JoJf:yf / d]nldnfk P]gsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .

5
!)= af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL M o;df k|ltlnlk clwsf/, k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ ;DaGwl P]gsf Joj:yfx?
;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
!!= s/ sfg"g M o;df cfos/ P]g, d"No clea[l4 s/ P]g / /fHf:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f P]gsf Joj:yfx? ;dfj]z
x'g]5g\ .
!@= kLl8t Gofo k|0ffnL M o;df ck/fw kLl8t ;+/If0f P]g / cbfntaf6 ePsf k|ltlglw JofVofx? ;dfj]z
x'g]5g\ . ;f] sf ;fy} kLl8tzf:qsf] cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / ljifoj:t', ck/fw kLl8t ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff /
kl/efiff, kLl8tsf] juL{s/0f, kLl8tsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo, kLl8t Gofosf cGtlg{lxt l;WbfGtx?, kLl8t Gofo
;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o b:tfj]hx?, kLl8t Gofo ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?tyf g]kfndf kLl8t
Gofosf] ;+/If0f / ;Djw{gdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] b[li6sf]0f ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5 .
!#= Jofj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtfM o;df g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ P]g / sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf,
g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ / g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] cGt/;DaGw, GofofwLz tyf ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
cfrf/ ;+lxtf / ;f];DaGwdf ePsf Goflos JofVof;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
!$= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfg"g M o;df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)&^ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)&& sf
jftfj/0fLo cWoog -kl/R5]b @_ k|b"if0f lgoGq0f -kl/R5]b #_, hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL -kl/R5]b $_, hl/jfgf
tyf Ifltk"lt{ -kl/R5]b ^_, jftfj/0fLo clwsf/ / bfloTj (Environmental Rights and responsibilities) /
g]kfn kIf ePsf jftfj/0fLo ;GwL ;Demf}tf ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
!%= aLdf ;DaGwL sfg"g: aLdf P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf .
!^= >d;DAfGwL sfg"gM >d P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf Joj:yf .
!&= j}ls+u s;"/ / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g M o;df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)&#, a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;'nL P]g, @)%* / a}+lsª\ s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
!*= cWofudg ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfM o; P]gdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx? .
!(= sfg"gL cg';Gwfg M o;df sfg"gL cg';Gwfgsf r/0fx? (Stages of legal research), GofofwLz / sfg"gL
Joj;foLnfO{ sfg"gL cg';Gwfgsf] ;fGble{stf, kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds sfg"gL cg';Gwfg, sfg"gL cg';Gwfg
;'rgfsf ;|f]tx?, sfg"gL cg';Gwfgsf pkfo jf k4ltx? ;d]tsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
gf]6 M dfly plNnlvt ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVofsf af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
bf];|f] kq M d:of}bf n]vg k"0ff{ª\sM !))
v08 -s_ d:of}bf tof/L
!= b]jfgL d'2fsf] lnvtsf] d:of}bf c+s #)
k|Zgdf lbOPsf] tYosf cfwf/df b]xfosf ljifodWo]af6 s'g} lnvtsf] d:of}bf tof/ nufOg] 5 M
!= lkm/fbkq
@= k|ltpQ/kq
# cGt/sfNfLg cfb]z pk/sf] lgj]bg
6
$= ax; gf]6
%= k'g/fj]bg
^= bf]=kf= / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg
&= ljuf] e/fpg], rng rnfpg] / c+z 5'6\ofO kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg
*= clws[t jfl/;gfdf
@= kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] d:of}bf n]vg c+s #)
!= y'g5]s cfb]z pk/sf] lgj]bg
@= ax; gf]6
#= ;hfok"j{sf] k|ltj]bg
$= k'g/fj]bgkq
%= bf]= kf= / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg
#= l/6;DaGwL lnvtsf] d:of}bf n]vg c+s #)
!= l/6 lgj]bg -pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z, k|ltif]w, aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f, clwsf/k[R5f, lgif]wf1f / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !##-!_
adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg_
@= l/6 lgj]bg b/kL7 pk/sf] lgj]bg
#= cGtl/d cfb]z pk/sf] pkrf/
$= lnlvt hjfkm
%= pRr cbfntsf] cfb]z pk/ bf]=kf= sf] lgj]bg
^= k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg
v08 -v_ sfg"gL c+u|]hL g]kfnL cg'jfb c+s !)
!= sfg"gL g]kfnLaf6 c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb c+s %
@= sfg"gL c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb c+s %

7
 gd'gf k|Zg

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\

clwjQmf txsf] #! cf}+ k/LIff
klxnf] kq
ljifo M ;+ljwfg / sfgg"
k"0ff{ª\sM !)) pQL0ff{ª\s M %) ;doM @ 306f
d"n ljifox? gd'gf k|Zgx?
;+j}wflgs != g]kfnsf] gful/s cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] JolQmsf] afa'
sfg"g gful/s ePdf To:tf] JolQmn] s'g k|sf/sf] gful/stf kfpb5 .
s= a+zh
v= c+lus[t
u= hGdl;4
3= s'g} klg k|sf/sf] gful/stf kfpb}g

@= tnsf dWo] s'g df}lns xs g]kfnL gful/ssf nflu dfq k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] xf]Og
s= ;dfgtfsf] xs
v= ;"rgfsf] xs
u= Gofo ;DaGwL xs
3= ;DklQsf] xs

#= tnsf dWo] s'g tl/sfaf6 /fi6«klt pk/sf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf /fi6«klt
kbd'Qm x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
s= k|ltlglw ;efsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn]
dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df
v= k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t
u/]df
u= ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn]
dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df
3= ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj
kfl/t u/]df

$= tnsf dWo] s'g afSo ;xL 5}g

s= s'g} klg ljw]os k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu k7fpFbf To:tf] ljw]os pTklQ ePsf] ;bgsf]
;efd'v jf cWoIfn] k|dfl0ft u/L k7fpg' k5{ .
8
 v= cy{ ljw]os k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu k7fpFbf ;efd'vn] k|dfl0ft u/L k7fpg' k5{ .
u= k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
3= cy{ ljw]os afx]ssf s'g} ljw]os /fi6«kltn] cfkm";dIf k]z ePsf] kG„ lbg leq
k'glj{rf/sf nflu ;DalGwt ;bgdf lkmtf{ k7fpg ;S5 .

%= tnsf dWo] s'g ljjfb ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;n] x]b}{g

s= ;+ljwfg;Fu sfg"g aflemPsf] eGg] ljjfb
v= ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf aLrsf] clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL ljjfb
u= k|b]z ;efsf ;b:osf] cof]Uotf;DaGwL ljjfb
3= :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/Lsf] cof]Uotf;DaGwL ljjfb

^= tnsf dWo] s'g kbflwsf/Lsf] ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ ug{' kb}{g

s= k|wfg GofofwLz
v= ;j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v
u= /fhb't
3= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf

&= tnsf dWo] s'g lgsfo ;+j}wflgs lgsfo xf]Og

s= dxfGofoflwjQmf
v= dw]zL cfof]u
u= /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u
3= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
*= tnsf dWo] s'g jfSo ;xL 5 .
s= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzn] /fi6«klt ;dIf ;ky u|x0f ug{' kb{5 .
v= ;+3Lo dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf ;ky ug{' kb{5 .
u= k|b]z dGqLn] d'Vo dGqL ;dIf ;ky ug{' kb{5 .
3= k|b]zsf /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLn] d'VodGqL ;dIf ;ky ug{' kb{5 .
k|zf;sLo != s'g ljifodf l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'b}g
sfg"g s= /fhgLlts k|Zgdf
v= k|zf;sLo lg0f{odf
u= Gofo kl/ifbn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf
3 dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf

9
 @= pRr cbfntn] l/6df u/]sf] clGtd cfb]z pk/ yk pkrf/sf nflu s] pkfo cjnDag
ug{ ;lsG5 .
s= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
v= ;f]xL cbfntdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
u= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bf] kf sf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
3= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .

#= sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg leq tnsf] s'g ljifo kb{}g .

s= ;+ljwfg ;zf]wg pk/sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
v= cWofb]z pk/sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
u= ljwflosL sfg"g pk/sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
3= dflysf ;a} kb{5g\ .
d'n'sL ck/fw != Nullum crimen sine lege eGg] plQmn] s] hgfpFb5 .
;+lxtf s= kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxLdf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg' kb{5 .
-kmf}hbf/L v= k|df0f ljgf s;}nfO{ klg kmf}hb/L d'2df bf]ifL 7x/ ug{ x'Fb}g .
sfg"g_ u= sfg"gn] ck/fw 3f]lift gu/]sf] s'/fdf ;hfoF ug{' x'Fb}g .
3= h;n] ck/fw u/]sf] 5 To;nfO{ dfq ;hfoF ug{' kb{5 .

@= hGds}bsf] ;hfoF kfPsf] JolQmn] slt cjlw sf/fuf/df Joltlt ug{' kb{5<
s= hLjgef/
v= rfln; jif{
u= aL; jif{
3= kRrL; jif{

#= d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ df b]xfosf s'g sfo{nfO{ ck/fwLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
s= dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw
v= hftL xTof
u= o'4 ck/fw
3= dflysf ;a}

$= tnsf dWo] s'g sfo{ ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$, cg';f/ b08gLo x'b}g <
s= cg'dlt ljgf Pp6fsf] t:jL/ csf{]nfO{ lbg .
v= cg'dlt ljgf csf{sf] t:jL/ lvRg
10
u= ;fj{hlgs :yfgsf] t:jL/ lvRbf s;}sf] t:jL/ lvRg
3= Pp6fsf] t:jL/sf] s]xL efu / csf{sf] t:jL/sf] s]xL efu /fvL t:jL/ agfpg

%= lghL /Iffsf] clwsf/ s'g k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
s= cfkm\gf] lhp Hofg arfpg
v= cfkm\gf] ;DklQ arfpg
u= csf{sf] lhp Hofg arfpg
3= dflysf ;la} p2]Zosf nflu

^= cbfntaf6 ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ cfGtl/d Ifltk'lt{ pknAw u/fpg] cfb]z ePsf cj:yfdf
tTsfn To:tf] /sd kLl8tnfO{ s;af6 pknAw u/fO{G5 .
s= kLl8t /fxt sf]ifaf6
v= k|ltjfbLaf6
u= g]kfn ;/sf/af6
3= k|b]z ;/sf/af6

&= ;fj{hlgs Gofo lj?4sf] s;'/ eGgfn] s'gnfO{ hgfpFb5 <

s= em'¶f k|df0f agfpg]
v= s;"/bf/nfO{ cf>o lbg]
u= hdfgtsf] zt{ ljkl/t cg'kl:yt x'g]
3= dflysf ;a}nfO{

*= ck/fwsf] dltof/ egfn] tnsf dWo] s'g kb{}g <

s= ck/fw ug{ ;xof]u ug{] .
v= ck/fw ug{ ;fwg pknAw u/fpg]
u= s;"/bf/nfO{ n'sfpg]
3= ck/fw ePsf] hfgsf/L glbg]
(= s'g s;"/df s;'/bf/nfO{ hLjge/ s}b x'b}g <
s= ckx/0f u/L Hofg df/]sf]df
v= l/;sf] cfj]udf Hofg df/]sf]df
u= s'g hftLsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g] u/L Hofg df/]df
3= lgd{dtfk"j{s Hofg df/]sf]df

11
 !)= afn ljjfx u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ s'g ;hfoF x'G5 <
s= b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b / aL; xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jgf
v= tLg jif{;Dd s}b / tLg xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf
u= rf/ jif{;Dd s}b / rfnL; xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf kfFr jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/
?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L != ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{non] hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]df sxfF ph'/ ug{ ;lsG5
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf s= ;DalGwt lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
v= ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
u= u[x dGqfno
3= ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt

@= d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf @)&$ sf] cg';"rL ! / @ adf]lhdsf] s;"/sf] k|f/lDes
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg s'g lgsfodf k]z ug{' kb{5 .
s= lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
v= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
u= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
3= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no

#= s'g} cleo'Qmn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf
k"0f{?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;fljtL ePdf lghnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf slt k|ltzt 5'6sf] k|:tfj u/L
;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]u kq k]z ug{ ;Sb5 .
s= bz k|ltzt;Dd
v= aL; k|ltzt;Dd
u= kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd
3= krf; k|ltzt;Dd

$= st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf cleo'QmnfO{ tTsfn k|fKt k|df0fsf cfwf/df lhNnf cbfntn]
k"k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z uof]{ . ;f] cfb]z pk/ pRr cbfntdf a]/Ltsf] y'g5]ssf]
cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpF egL k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . pRr cbfntn] klg lhNnf
cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ uof]{ . tkfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] sfg"g Joj;foL x'g'x'G5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ tL
cfb]zx? lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g . ca pkrf/sf nflu s'g pkfo cjnDag ug{' kg]{ ;Nnfx lbg'

12
 x'G5 .
s= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{
v= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bf] kf sf] lgj]bg lbg]
u= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf a]/Ltsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpF egL lgj]bg lbg]
3= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ ug]{

%= b]xfosf dWo] s'g d'2f ldnfkq x'g ;Sb}g

s= ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 7uL
v= ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ xflg gf]S;fgL ;DaGwL
u= j}b]lzs /f]huf/
3= rGbf ;DaGwL

^= s'g} d'2fdf nfu]sf] ;/sf/L ljuf] c;"n pk/ x'g g;s]df a9Ldf slt cjlw;Dd ljuf]
jfkt y'gfdf /fVg ;lsG5
s= b'O{ jif{
v= rf/ jif{
u= ;ft jif{
3= bz jif{

&= g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltjflbn] k'g/fj]bg lbFbf slt b:t'/ nfUb5
s= s'g} b:t'/ nfUb}g
v= @)) ?k}of
u= #)) ?k}of
3= %)) ?k}of
d'n'sL b]jfgL != tnsf dWo] s'g tTj b[is[lt ;DaGwL ljjfbdf ;dfj]z x'b}g <
;+lxtf s= xfgL
v= xfgL ug{] JolQm
u= k"j{ lgwfl/t Ifltk"lt{
3= k"j{ lgwf{l/t gePsf] Ifltk"lt{

@= lty{/fh s'df/L /f0ff lj= zÍ/s'df/ >]i7sf] km};nf - g]sfk @)$$ c+s ! lgg $$&&_
s'g ljifo;+u ;DalGwt 5<
s= gful/s clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog
13
v= s/f/df Ifltk'lt{sf] clwsf/
u= sf/f/sf] oyfjft kl/kfnfgfsf] pkrf/
3= dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gdf pkrf/

#= s / v ljjflxt /x]sf] cj:yf u 5f]/fsf] hGd ePsf] /x]5 . u hlGdPsf] kfFr aif{kl5 s
/ v sf] nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b eP5 . ;DaGw ljR5]b x'Fbf s af6 v n] Ps lsQf
hUuf c+z jfkt lnPsL /lx5g\ . tTkZrft v n] 3 ;+u ljjfx ul/5g\ . 3 tkm{af6 lghsf
5 5f]/Lsf] hGd eP5 . 5f]/Lsf] hGd ePsf] bz aif{kl5 v sf] d[To' eP5 . o; cj:yf v
n] s af6 cz jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] hUufdf s;sf] xs nfU5 <
s= s
v= u
u= 3
3= v

$= lqkIfLo s/f/ eGgfn] s'g s/f/nfO{ hgfpFb5 <

s= lnh s/f/
v= hdfgt s/f/
u= lwtf] s/f/
3= xfo/ kr{]h s/f/

%= wd{ k'q jf k'qLn] s:tf] clwsf/ dfu ug{ kfpFb}g .

s= afa' cfdfaf6 c+z jfbL ug{
v= wd{ afa' cfdfaf6 c+z bfjL ug{
u= afa' cfdf;Fu e]63f6 dfu ug{ afa' cfdfaf6 c+z bfjL ug{
3= wd{ afa' cfdfaf6 plrt lzIff lbIffsf] cj;/sf] dfu ug{

^= k|fs[lts JolQmsf] bfdf ;fxLsf] sf/jfxL s;n] k|f/De u/fpg ;Sb}g <
s= Jofkfl/s ;fe]mbf/
v= JolQm cfk}mF
u= ;fx'
3= ;fx"x?sf] ;d"x

14
 &= /fdaxfb'/n] xl/dfof;Fu ljjfx u/L tLg hgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] hGd ePsf]/x]5 . kl/jf/df
kfFr hgf ;b:o ePsf cj:yfdf /fdjxfb'/n] l/tfs'df/L;Fu bf]>f] lajfx u/]5g\ .
/fdaxfb'/;Fu lajfx u/]sf] b'O{aif{kl5 l/tf s'df/Ln] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{
;+k'0f{ ;DklQnfO{ ^ efu nufO{ Ps efu c+z kfpF egL lkm/fbkq bfo/ ul/5g\ . lghn] slt
c+z kfpFl5g\ <
s= 5 efusf] Ps efu
v= kfFr efusf] Ps efu
u= bz efusf] Ps efu
3= rf/ efusf] Ps efu

*= k|lts'n ef]uflwsf/ s:tf] cj:yfdf dfGo x'b}g <

s= :jfldTjafnsf] hfgsf/L ljgf ef]u u/]df
v= uf]Ko ?kdf ef]u u/]df
u= hah{:tL ef]u u/]df
3= dflysf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf

(= sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L /lhi6«]zg kfl/t ePsf] s'g lnvt ;+;f]wgaf6 ug{
ldN5<
s= /flhgdfdf
v= ;§fk§
u= xfn}sf] as;kq
3= z]ifkl5sf] as;kq

!)= tnsf dWo] s'g rn ;DklQdf kb]{g<

s= af]6df kmn]sf kmnkm"n
v= ljb]zL d'›f
u= k|tLtkq
3= k|ltlnlk clwsf/
d'n'sL b]jfgL != tnsf dWo] s'g k|ltjfbLn] k|ltpQ/kqdf k|ltbflj lng kfpFb}g<
sfo{ljlw ;lxtf s= lkm/fbkqdf k|ltjfbL egL pNn]v ePsf] JolQm
v= d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 cbfntn] a'emL k|ltjfbL sfod ePsf] JolQm
u= k|ltjfbL sfod u/L kfpF egL cbfntdf lgj]bg lbP/ sfod ePsf] k|ltjfbL
3= lkm/fbkqdf gfd 5'6 x'g uPsf] egL jfbLsf] lgj]bg k/L sfod x'g cfPsf] k|ltjfbL
15
 @= s'g ljjfbzdf k]z ePsf] b]jfgL d'2fdf k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ ug{' kb{}g <
s= xbDofb
v= xsb}of
u= k|fªGofo
3= If]qflwsf/

#= nlntk'/ lhNnfdf a:g] nfnaxfb'/ nfdfn] :ofª\hf lhNnf a:g] l;tf/fd clwsf/L lj?2
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] n]gb]g d'2df jfbL bfjL k'Ug] u/L km};nf eP5 . ;f]
km};nf k'g/fj]bg txaf6 s]xL plN6 eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kbf{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ePsf] /x]5 . ;jf]{Rr cbftnaf6 ePsf] pQm km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog
s'g cbfntaf6 x'G5 <
s= ;jf{]Rr cbfnt
v= pRr cbfnt kf6g
u= nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfnt
3= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt

]$= s'g} kIfn] cfˆgf lj?4 eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfndf bfo/ ePsf] b]jfgL d'2fdf cfkm'nfO{
l/tk'j{s Dofb tfd]n gu/L PstkmL{ ?kdf d'2f km};nf ePsfn] To; pk/sf] sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] jf/]df tkfO{;+u sfg"g /fo lng cfPsf] cj:yfdf tnsf dWo] s'g pkrf/df hfg
;Nnfx lbg' x'G5 <
s= sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf Dofb jb/ kfpF egL lgj]bg lbg]
v= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k|ltpQkq ;/xsf] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug]{
u= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf km};nf j/b u/L kfpg] lkm/fbkq bfo/ ug]{
3= sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf km};nf jb/ u/L kfpg] lkm/fbkq bfo/ ug]{

%= clws[t jf/]zsf] clVtof/L leq s'g s'/f kb}{g<

s= ;fwf/0f jf/]; lgo'Qm ug]{
v= /flhgfdfaf6 crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{
u= ;§fk§f u/L xs crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ug]{
3= z]ifkl5sf] js;kqaf6 xsx:tfGt/0f ug]{
kmf}hbf/L s;"/ != tnsf dWo] s'g cj:yfdf s;"/ sfod ePkl5 ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf nflu 5\§} ;'g'jfO{

16
- ;hfo ug{'kb}{g<
lgwf{/0ff / s= tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf tLg xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] s;"/
sfof{Gjog_ P]g v= sfg"gdf lglZrt s}b jf hl/jfgf x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] s;"/
u= hGd s}b x'g] s;"/
3= dflysf ;a}

@= s;"/bf// kLl8t aLr s'g s'/fdf ;xdlt ePdf cbfntn] dfGotf lbG5<
s= Ifltk'lt{ lng] lbg] laifo
v= s;'/bf/sf] s;"/ sfod x'g] jf gx'g] ljifo
u= s;"/bf/nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf
3= s;"/bf/nfO{ Kof/f]n jf k|f]j]zgdf 5f]8\g] laifo

#= s}bsf] ;§fdf s;'/bf/nfO{ k7fO{g] ;fd'bflos ;]jdf s'g s'/f kb}{g<

s= lgMz'Ns ?kdf lzIff cfh{g ug]{.
v= lgMz'Ns ?kdf c:ktfndf ;]jf ug]{ .
u= lgMz'Ns ?kdf cgfyfnodf ;]jf ug]{ .
3= lgMz'Ns ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf ;]jf ug]{ .

$= slt cjwLeGbf sd s}b lgwf{/0f ePsf] s;"/bf/sf] s}b tTsfn sfof{Gjog gu/L
lgnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 <
s= Ps aif{eGbf sd
v= b'O{ aif{eGbf sd
u= tLg aif{eGbf sd
3= rf/ aif{eGbf sd
Gofo k|zf;g != tn pNn]lvt s'g d'2f kmf}hbf/L d'2f cGtu{t kb{5 <
P]g tyf k|df0f s= n]gb]g
sfg"g v= hfn;fhL
u= c+z
3= km};nf ab/

@= tnsf tnsf dWo] cw{ Goflos lgsfo eGgfn] s'g lgsfonfO{ a'lemb}g<
s= dfnkf]t sfof{no
v= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
17
u= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
3= lhNnf jg sfof{no

#= xfn k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ btf{ ljjfx ug{ rfxg] kIfn] sxfF lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 <
s= lhNnf cbfnt
v= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
u= gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no
3= dfnkf]t sfof{no

$= ;fdfGotof cfˆgf] sfj' jflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/L tf]lsPsf] Dofbdf cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g
g;Sg] kIfn] a9Ldf slt lbg;Dd u'h|]sf] Dofb ydfpg kfpg] sfg"gL Aoj:yf 5 <
s= & lbg
v= !% lbg
u= @! lbg
3= #) lbg

%= jt{dfg sfg"g cg';f/ s'g} AolQm lagf ;"rgf nuftf/ slt aif{b]lv a]kQf ePdf jf
To:tf] AolQm lhljt /x]sf] k|df0f k|fKt ePsf]df afx]s To:tf] AolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] dflgG5<
s= !) aif{
v= !@ aif{
u= !% aif{
3= @) aif{

^= c•f cbfntdf /x] ePsf s'g} klg sfuhftx?sf] gSsn lng kfpg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n]
c•}sf] tkm{af6 gSsn ;fl/ lnbf k|lt k[i7 slt ?k}of b:t'/ ltg{' k5{<
s= @ ?k}of
v= # ?k}of
u= % ?k}of
3= !) ?k}of

&= jt{dfg sfg"g cg';f/ dlxnf / k'?ifn] slt aif{ pd]/ k"/f ul/;s] kl5dfq ljjfx ug{
of]Uo dflgG5g<

18
s= !^ aif{
v= !* aif{
u= @) aif{
3= @! aif{

*= :yflgo txdf /xg] Goflos ;ldtn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ sxfF k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL
Aoj:yf /x]sf] 5 <
s= pRr cbfnt
v= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
u= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt
3= lhNnf cbfnt

(= g]kfndf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s'g lgsfosf] xf] <
s= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
v= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
u= lhNnf cbfnt
3= :yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt

!)= lhNnf cbfntdf btf{ x'g] l/6 tnsf dWo] s'g xf] <
s= pTk|]if0f
v= aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f
u= k/dfb]z
3= dflysf ;a}

!!= lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/g] laz]if k|s[ltsf lgj]bg cGtu{t tnsf dWo] s'g kb}{g<
s= kmnf]kef]u ;DaGwL
v= d[To'sf] Goflos 3f]if0ff
u= ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm
3= dfyj/ lgo'lQm

!@= b]xfosf] dWo] s'g cfwf/df d'2f bf]xof{pg kfOG5<

s= dlxnf kLl8t ePsf] d'2fdf pRr cbfntn] dlxnfnfO{ x/fO{ km};nf u/]df
v= pRr cbfntsf] km};nfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ x/fO{ km};nf ePsf] ePdf
19
u= pRr cbfntsf] km};nfdf ulDe/ ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL q'6L ePdf
3= dflysf ;a}

!#= ;fws hfFRg] eg]sf] b]xfosf] dWo] s'g ;xL xf]Og<

s= dftxtsf] cbfntsf] km};nf pkNnf] txsf] cbfntn] hfFRg] sfd
v= hGds}bsf] ;hfFo x'g] d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf dfq hfFRg] sfd
u= dftxtsf] cbfntn] s}bsf] ;hfFo u/]sf ;a} km};nf pk/ pkNnf] txsf] cbfntdf
;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfd
3= Pp6} d'2fdf s'g} k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kof]{ / s'g}sf] k/]g eg] k'g/fj]bg kg]{sf] xsdf
k'g/fj]bgs} /f]xaf6 / k'g/fj]bg gkg]{ k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf ;fwssf] /f]xdf ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfd

!$= k|df0f P]g, @)#! cg';f/ b]xfosf] dWo] cbfntn] cg'dfg gug]{ ljifo s'g xf] <
s= ;Da}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx?sf] pd]/
v= b'O{ jf a9L hgfsf] ef]udf /x]sf] ;DklQdf ;a}sf] a/fa/ xs 5 eGg] s'/f
u= klt kTgLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] @&@ lbgleq hGd]sf] ;Gtfg ;f] klts} xf] eGg] s'/f
3= klt kTgLsf] dGh'/Ln] s[ltd uef{wfgaf6 hGd]sf] ;Gtfg ljjflxt kltaf6} hGd]sf] xf]
eGg] s'/f

!%= k|df0f P]g, @)#! cg';f/ ljz]if1 x'gsf] nflu b]xfosf dWo] s'g rfxL dfWodaf6 1fg
xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'kb{5<
s= cWoog
v= tfnLd
u= cg'ej
3= dflysf ;a}

!^= ljjGwg eg]sf] b]xfosf] dWo] s'g ;xL xf]<

s= Ps cfk;df ul/Psf] aGwg xf]
v= b'O{ kIfaLr ePsf] sfg"gL ;Demf}tf xf]
u= n]v]/, argn] jf cfr/0fåf/f s'g} s'/f JoQm ug]{ tl/sf xf]
3= n]v]/, argn] jf cfr/0fåf/f s'g} s'/f o:tf] xf] jf lyof] elg;s]kl5 kl5af6 To:tf]
xf]O{g jf lyPg egL v08g ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf xf].

20
 !&= dg{ nfu]sf] JolQmn] xf]; 5b} JoQm u/]sf] b]xfosf] dWo] s'g rfFxL ljifo d[To'sfnLg
3f]if0ff x'G5 <
s= cfˆgf] rn crn ;DklQ ;DaGwdf JoQm s'/f
v= cfˆgf] ;fx" Pjd\ cf;fdLsf] ;DaGwdf JoQm s'/f
u= cfˆgf] d[To'sf] sf/0f ;DaGwdf JoQm s'/f
3= cfˆgf] s'g} gftf ;DaGwsf af/]df JoQm u/]sf] s'/f

cbfnt ;DaGwL != ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL cg';f/ d'2fsf] k];L ;"rLsf] lgwf{/0f s;n]÷s;/L x'G5 <
lgodfjnL s= k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]/
v= k];L Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tf]s/
u= uf]nf k|s[ofåf/f GofofwLzx?n] uf]nf tfg]/
3= k"0f{ a}7sn] tf]s/

@= pRr cbfntdf b]xfosf dWo] s'g Ohnf; u7g x'b}g <

s= Psn Ohnf;
v= a[xb\ k"0f{ Ohnf;
u= ;o'Qm Ohnf;
3= jfl0fHo Ohnf;
g]kfnsf] sfg"Gf != sfg"g k|0ffnL eGgfn] s] hgfpF5
k|0ffnL s= k|rngsf ;a} sfg"gx? Pj+ l;4fGtx?
v= sfg"g agfpg], nfu" ug{] / sfof{Gjog ug{] ;a} lgsfP / k|s[ofx?
u= sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt ;f+:s[lts–;fdflhs k|0ffnLx?
3= dfly pNn]lvt ;a}

@= g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnL s:tf] 5M

s= ljZjsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLeGbf lans'n leGg
v= ;dfhjfbL kl/jf/sf] sfg"g (Socialist Family of Law) ;Fu ldNg]
u= g]kfnL wd{ ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t sfg"g k|0ffnL
3= sdg n k|0ffnL / ;+lxtfj4 ul/Psf] l;len n k|0ffnLaf6 k|efljt ;dfhjfb pGd'v
cfkm\g} :j?ksf] sfg"g k|0ffnL

#= g]kfnsf] dfgj Gofozf:qsf] d"n k|lt ;+:s[tdf s'g ;dodf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ M

21
 s= lj=;+= !$#& cufj}
v= lj=;+= !$#& df
u= lj=;+= !%#& df
3= pko'{Qm s'g} klg xf]Og

$= lj=;+= !((& ;fn c;f/ !@ ut] hf/L ePsf] ;gb s] sf nflu lyof] .
s= k|wfg Gofofno :yfkgf ug{
v= clkn c8\8f :yfkgf ug{
u= pko{'Qm b'j} :yfkgf ug{
3 pko'{Qm s'g} klg ;DalGwt lyPg .

% jt{dfg d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf slxn] b]lv nfu" eP ul/Psf 5g\M
s= lj=;+= @)&$ efb| ! ut] b]lv
v= lj=;+= @)&$ kf}if @& ut] b]lv
u= lj=;+= @)&% efb| ! ut] b]lv
3= pko{'Qm ;a} l7s xf]Ogg\
ljlwzf:q != ljZn]if0ffTds kf]lhl6lehdsf Snfl;sn ljlwzf:qL sf] sf] x'gM
-ljleGg s= Pr=Pn=P= x6{
;Dk|bfosf] v= h]/dL j]Gyd
af/]df dfq_ u= hf]g cl:6g
3= h]/dL a]Gyd / hf]g cl:6g

@= nf]g Pnk'mn/sf] æk|f]l;8\o"/n g]r'/lnhdÆ, lkmlg;sf] æg]r'/n /fO6\;Æ, tyf Beyleveld

and Brownsword sf] ædf]/n Pgflnl;;Æ n] s] hgfpF5 .
s= g]r'/flni6sf] cfw'lgs l/efOen
v= Snfl;sn g]r'/flnhd
u= pko{'Qm b'j} xf]
3= pko{'Qm b'j} xf]Og

#= sfg"gsf] ;|f]t oyfy{df g t ljwflosL sfg"g xf] g l/kf]6{]8 s]z g} xf] t/ ;dfhsf
lqmofsnfk (activities of society) g} xf] eGg] egfO{ s'g ;Dk|bfosf ljlwzf:qLsf] xf]<
s= ;dfhzf:qLo ;Dk|bfosf Ox/lnr (Ehrlich)
v= Oxl/ª (Ihering)

22
 u= lncf]g 8'Uj]6 (Leon Duguit)
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Ogg\

$= sfg"g dfgjsf] ;femf ;r]tgfsf] >[i6L xf] (Law is the manifestation of the
Common consciousness, the 'Volkgeist') eGg] egfO{ s:sf] xf] <
s= Friedrich Karl Von Savigny
v= Sir Henry Maine
u= k|f]k]mz/ lyj6 (Professor Thibaut )
3= pko{'Qm s'g} klg xf]Og .

%= sfg"gsf] hLjg eg]sf] cg'ej xf] (The life of law is an experience) s;n]
eg]sf x'g\ <
s= /:sf] kfp08
v= sf/8f]hf]
u= cf]lne/ j]G8]n xf]Nd\;
3= hf]g lrkd]g u|]
sfg"g JofVof != ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] JofVof ug{'kbf{ b'j}sf nflu JofVofsf] s'g lgod nfu" (applicable)
;DaGwL x'G5 .
s= zflAbs JofVofsf] lgod (Literal rule)
v= pbf/ JofVofsf] lgod (Liberal Rule)
u= k|ultlzn JofVofsf] lgod (Progressive Rule)
3= k|f;lËs cy{ u|x0fsf] lgod (Ejusdem Generis Rule)

@= k"/f jf s]xL vf/]h eO{ ;s]sf] P]gsf] k"/f jf s]xL efu k]m/L hf/L (revive) ug{'kbf{ s]
ug{' kb{5 <
s= vf/]h ug{] P]gnfO{ g} vf/]h u/L lbg] .
v= P]gdf To;sf] k|of]hg v'nfO{ k]m/L hf/L ug{] u/L k|i6 n]Vg' k5{ .
u= g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{] .
3= pko{'Qm s'g} klg l7s xf]Ogg\ .
cGt/f{li6«o != df]g6]lel8cf] dxf;lGw -Montevideo Convention, 1933_ df /fHo x'gsf nflu
sfg"g cfjZos tTjx? dWo] pNnLlvt s'g tTjsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g <
s= hg;+Vof (Population)
v= e'efu (Territory)
23
 u= :jfoQ\tf (Autonomous)
3= ;/sf/ (Government)

@= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cg';f/ ;lGw jf dxf;lGwsf] kIf x'g] k|lqmofdf tnsf dWo] s'g k|lqmof
kb}{g <
s= ;lDdng (Accession)
v= cg'df]bg (Ratification)
u =x:tfIf/ (Signature)
3= dflysf ;a} k|lqmofx? kb{5g\

#= /fhf/fd 9sfn ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;d]t -g]=sf=k @)^), efu $%, c+s (,
lg=g &@&$_ sf] l/6 lgj]bg pk/ ePsf] clGtd cfb]zdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] tnsf dWo] s'g
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g <
s= h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fli6«o sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{
v= ;z:q åGb lkl8tx?nfO{ /fHon] Ifltk'tL{ lbg] sfg"g agfpg'
u= lgj]bsx?sf]] xsb}of ePsf] b]lvof]
3= dfgjLo sfg"g -Humanitarian Law_ ;z:q 4Gbsf] cj:yfdf lqmofzLn x'g]

$= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] c:yfoL ;b:ox?sf] kbfjwL slt jif{ x'G5 <
s= @ jif{
v= & jif{
u= % jif{
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Ogg\
dfgj clwsf/ != g]kfnsf] s'g sfg"g jf lg0f{on] dfgj clwsf/sf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 <
sfg"g s= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
v= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g
u= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Ogg\

@= tnsf dWo] s'g dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« xf]Og <

s= hftLo e]befj lgd'{ng ;DalGw dxf;lGw -International Convention on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination_
v= cfk|jf;L tyf pgLx?sf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ;DalGw dxf;lGw -International
24
 Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families_
u= oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment_
3= dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw -Convention on The Political
Rights of Women)

#= dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq (Universal Declaration of Human

Rights_ n] s'g clwsf/nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g <
s= jftfj/0f ;DalGw clwsf/
v= lzIff ;DalGw clwsf/
u= afFRg kfpg] clwsf/
3= cfjf; ;DalGw clwsf/
sDkgL sfg"g != P P08 lj sDkgL lnld6]8n] csf]{ csf]{ klAns sDklg :yfkfgf ug]{ of]hgf agfP 5 .
o; cj:yfdf gofF :yfkgf x'g] klAns sDkgLdf slt Go'gtd ;:yfks x'g cfjZos x'G5<
s= P P08 lj sDkgL Ps hgf dfq eP k'U5 .
v= P P08 lj sDkgL ;lxt Go'gtd ;ft hgf eP k'U5 .
u= P P08 lj sDkgL ;lxt rf/ hgf eP k'U5 .
3= P P08 lj sDkgL ;lxt kfFr hgf eP k'U5 .

@= klAns sDkgLsf] n]vf kl/Ifsf] lgo'lQm s;n] ub{5 <

s= ;fwf/0f;ef
v= ;~rfns ;ldlt
u= k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t
3= dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] sfof{no

#= tnsf dWo] s'g ljifo sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f;efdf laz]if k|:tfjsf ?kdf k]z ug{' kb{5<
s= sDkgLsf] clws[t k'FhL a9fpg]
v= af]g; z]o/ hf/L ug]{
u= l8:sfp06df z]o/ ljlqm ug]{

25
 3= dfly pNn]lvt ;j}

$= Salomon v Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 df s'g ljifo :yflkt ePsf] lyof] .
s= Separate Personality of the Company
v= Doctrine of indoor management of the company
u= Fiduciary duties of the company directors
3= Lifting the corporate veil of the company
n}+lus lx+;f != n}+lËs lx+;fsf] ;DaGwdf tn lbOPsf dWo] s'g d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 'Battered
lgoGq0f sfg"g Women Syndrome' sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 <
s= nIdLb]jL lwSt lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ -g]=sf=k @)^&, lg0f{o g= *$^$_
v= clwjQmf /]Zdf yfkf ;d]t lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGq kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t -
g]=sf=k @)^@, lg0f{o g= &$(*_
u= u'/Ff;b]jL nfdf lj?4 /fwLsf >]i7 -g]=sf=k @)&!, lg0f{o g= (@$@_
3= ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ -g]=sf=k @)^%, lg0f{o g= *)#*_

@= 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ cg';f/ sxfF 3/]n' lx+;fsf] ph'/L nfUb}g <
s= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
v= dlxnf cfof]u
u= lhNnf cbfnt
3= lhNnf k|x/L

#= sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_ P]g, @)&! cg';f/ tn lbO{Psf dWo] s'g
sfd sf/jfxL of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5| <
s= z}lIfs l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL
v= cg';Gwfg sf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL
u= pkrf/ jf arfpsf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Ogg\
afn Gofo tyf != s]lG›o afn Gofo ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] x'G5 <
afnaflnsf s= g]kfn /fHosf k|wfg GofofwLz
;DaGwL P]g v= k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf] pRr cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz
u= k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz
3= sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf] ;lrj

26
 @= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw,!(*( nfO{ g]kfnn] slxn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] <
s= @( ebf}, @)$&
v= @( ebf}, @)$*
u= @( ebf}, @)$(
3= @( ebf}, @)%)

#= afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&% sf] s'g kl/R5]bsf], s'g–s'g bkmfx?df afn Gofo
;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
s= kl/R5]b –@ sf] bkmf #–!% ;Dd
v= kl/R5]b –# sf] bkmf !^–!( ;Dd
u= kl/R5]b –$ sf] bkmf @)–$& ;Dd
3= kl/R5]b –% sf] bkmf $*–%* ;Dd

$= g]kfndf afn Gofosf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; slxn] b]lv ePsf] xf]<

s= g]kfnn] afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( nfO{ clgdf]bg u/] kZrft
v= afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g,@)$* sf] lgdf{0f kZrft
u= dflysf s= / v= b'j}
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og
;+ul7t ck/fw != dfgj j]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ eGgfn] b]xfosf dWo] s'g sfo{nfO{ hgfp5<
-dfgj s= s'g} klg p4]Zon] dflg; a]Rg] jf lsGg] sfo{
a]rljvg, nfu" v= s'g} k|sf/sf] kmfO{bf lnO{ jf glnO{ j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] sfo{
cf}ifw, ;DklQ u= j]Zofudg ug]{
z'4Ls/0f_ 3= dflysf ;a} .

@= s'g} JolQmsf] ;fyaf6 nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb ePdf pQm nfu" cf}ifw cfˆgf] xf]O{g egL
lhls/ lnPdf ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 ug]{ lhDdf s:sf] xf] <
s= cleof]hgstf{sf]
v= sfg"g Joj;foLsf]
u= k|x/Lsf]
3= lgh JolQm :jodsf]

#= ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f, cftÍjfbL s[ofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL tyf ;Da4 s;"/ ;DaGwL
z+sf:kb sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tyf ;f] ;DaGwL cGo ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, ;f]sf] ljZn]if0f
27
 ug{ tyf ljZn]if0fsf] lgisif{ k|jfx ug]{ lhDd]jf/L b]xfosf dWo] s'g ;+:yfsf] xf] <
s= cy{ dGqfno
v= u[x dGqfno
u= ljQLo hfgsf/L OsfO{
3= g]kfn k|x/L
ljB'tLo != ljw'tLo sf/f]af/ P]g cg';f/ sDKo'6/ ;|f]t ;+s]tsf] rf]/L, gi6 jf kl/jt{g ug]{
sf/f]jf/ JolQmnfO{ b]xfosf dWo] s'g ;hfFo x'G5 <
;DaGwL sfg"g s= ! jif{ ;Dd s}b jf @ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
v= # jif{ ;Dd s}b jf @ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfFo
u= % jif{ ;Dd s}b jf ! nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
3= @ jif{ ;Dd s}b jf @ nfv ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfFo
e|i6frf/ != b]xfosf dWo] s'g sfo{ ubf{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] dflgb}g .
lgjf/0f s= sld;g lng] sfo{
;DAfGwL sfg"g v= cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu ;fkl6 lng] sfo{
u= 3l6 /fhZj c;"n ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{
3= em'¶f aofg lbg] sfo{ .

@= e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgsf] sfo{ s'g lgsfon] ub{5<
s= g]kfn k|x/Ln]
v= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnn]
u= j}tlgs jsLnn]
3= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
ljjfb != ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo cGtu{t b]xfosf dWo] s'g ljifo kb}{g<
;dfwfgsf s= Goflos ;ldltaf6 x'g] ;dfwfg
j}slNks v= dWo:ytf
pkfox? u= d]nldnfk
3= jftf{

@= d]nldnfk ;DaGwdf b]xfosf dWo] s'grfxL egfO{ ;xL xf]Og<

s= d]nldnfkaf6 ljjfbsf] bLuf] ;dfwfg x'G5 .
v= d]nldnfkaf6 ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ubf{ cbfntL z'Nsdf 5'6 k|fKt x'G5 .
u= d]nldnfkaf6 ePsf] ;dfwfgdf lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] dflyNnf] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
kfpF5g .

28
 3= d]nldnfkstf{n] ljjfbsf b'j} kIfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{5g .
af}l4s ;DklQ != gljs/0f gu/fO{Psf]df btf{ ePsf] ldlt slt cjwL;Dd 6«]8dfs{df btf{jfnfsf] xs
;DaGwL sfg"Gf /xG5<
s= kfFr jif{
v= ;ft jif{
u= kfFr jif{

@= ag{sGe]G;g, !**^ s'g laifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

s= Geographical indication
v= Artistic and literary work
u= Protection of patent rights
3= Trade mark
s/ sfg"g != d"No clej[l4 s/ s:tf] lsl;dsf] s/ xf] <
s= ck|ToIf s/
v= k|ToIf s/
u= ldl>t s/
3= dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og

@= cfos/ P]g,@)%* cg';f/ cfosf >f]tx? s'g s'g x'g <

s= Joj;fo
v= /f]huf/L
u= nufgL
3= dflysf ;a}
ck/fw != “Victimology” zAbsf] klxnf] k|of]u ug]{ >]o s;df hfG5 <
kLl8t;DaGwL a. Hans Von Hentig
sfg"g b. Benjamin Mendelsohn
c. Johan Thorsten Sellin
d. Viano C. Emilio

@= s;"/ kLl8tsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbgsf] nflu
ul7t kLl8t ;+/If0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs sf] x'G5 <
s= g]kfn sfg"g cfof]usf cWoIf

29
 v= g]kfn /fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmf
u= g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf ;lrj
3= g]kfn k|x/Lsf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs

#= s'g s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft, cleof]hg / cbfntL sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf

kLl8tnfO{ uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/ x'G5 <
s= hj/h:tL s/0fL
v= dfgj a]rlavg
u= of}g b"Jo{jxf/
3= dflysf ;a}

$= æIfltÆ eGgfn] s;"/sf] k|ToIf kl/0ffd :j?k kLl8tnfO{ k'u]sf] b]xfosf] Iflt ;Demg' k5{
<
s= dgf]j}1fgLs jf dgf]lrlsT;sLo Iflt
v= cfly{s jf ef}lts Iflt
u= zf/Ll/s cËeË
3= dflysf ;a}
sfg"g != tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL s'/f sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ xf] <
Joj;foLsf] s= em"7f d'2f rnfpg kIfnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg'
Jofj;flos v= ;To s'/fsf] aofg jf askq ug{ u/fpgaf6 kIfnfO{ /f]Sg'
cfrf/;+lxtf u= cfkm" ;fIfL /x]sf] lnvt;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g'
3= dflysf ;a}

@ sfg"g Joj;foLn] k]zfut cfr/0fsf] pNn+3g u/]df sxfF ph'/L lbg' kb{5 <
s= g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgdf
v= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
u= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifbdf
3= Gofo kl/ifb\df
jftfj/0f sfg"g != hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng of]hgf agfpg] / xl/t UofF; pT;h{g Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ sfg"g cg';f/ s;n] ;Sb5 .
s= jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, k|b]z :t/df k|b]z dGqfno / :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo txn]
v= g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfq
u= jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] dfq

30
 3= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg /fli6«o kl/ifb\n]

@= Ouf{ cf]dg]; jftfj/0fLo bfloTj (Erga Omnes Environmental Obligation)

s:tf] jftfj/0fLo bfloTj xf] .
s= jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf Pp6f /fi6«n] csf{] /fi6« pk/ lgjf{x ug{'kg{] sfg"gL bfloTj
v= Pp6f JolQmn] csf{] JolQm pk/ lgjf{x ug{'kg{] jftfj/0fLo bfloTj
u= If]lqo :t/df ePsf d'n'sx?n] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] ;femf If]qLo bfloTj
3= ;du| ljZj ;d'bfo (Whole International Community of States) df lglxt /x]sf]
jftfj/0fLo sfg"gL bfloTj xf] h'g ;f] ;d'bfon] jf ;d'bfosf] tk{maf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
aLdf sfg"g != aLdfsf] cfwf/e"t s/f/ s'g xf] <
s= xhf{gfs/f/
v= hdfgts/f/
u= ;'/If0fs/f/
3= Ph]G;Ls/f/
>d sfg"g != >d P]g cg';f/ >dLsnfO{ nuftf/ slt306f sfd nufPkl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd
lbg'kb{5<
s= # 306f
v= $ 306f
u= % 306f
3= @ 306f
j}ls+u s;"/ / ! a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns x'gsf] nflu b]xfosf] dWo] s'g rfxL JolQm cof]Uo
a}+s tyf ljQLo x'G5g <
;+:yf ;DaGwL s= @% jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf]
sfg"Gf v= duh lau|]sf] jf dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfPsf]
u= ;fx"sf] bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf]
3= dflysf ;a}

@= a}+lsË s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f b]xfosf] dWo] s'g cbfnt jf lgsfodf z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f
x'G5<
s= lhNnf cbfntdf
v= C0f c;'nL GofofwLs/0fdf
u= afl0fHo Ohnf;df
3= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fdf
31
sfg"gL != sfg"g Joj;foLn] ax; ubf{ k]z ug]{ ts{ / cfwf/ Pj+ sfg"gL /fo ln+bf lnOg] sfg"gL
cg';Gwfg ;xf/fsfsf nflu sfg"gL cg';Gwfgsf] a9L dxTj /xG5 . s'g} sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog /
sfg"gsf] k|efj (Implementation and impact) sf] k|Zg ePdf lgDg dWo] s'g cg';Gwfg
pkfo a9L ;fGble{s xf]nf .
s= ;}4flGts sfg"gL cg';Gwfg pkfo (Doctrinal Legal research approach)
v= u}/ ;}4flGts sfg"gL cg';Gwfg pkfo (Non doctrinal legal research approach)
u= P]ltxfl;s sfg"gL cg';Gwfg pkfo
3= pko'Qm s'g} klg ;fGble{s 5}g

@= cg';Gwfg ;d:of To:tf] syg xf] h;n]

s= b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L r/x? (Variables) aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ JoQm ub{5 .
v= k|Zgsf] ?kdf :ki6 / låljwf/lxt tl/sfn] pNn]v ub{5 .
u= k|of]ul;4 k/LIf0f (empirical testing) x'g ;Sg] u'0f ;dfj]z x'G5 .
3= pko'Qm tLg}j6f ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

32
 g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\
clwjQmf txsf] #! cf}+ k/LIff
bf];|f] kq

ljifo M d:of}bf n]vg tyf sfg"g c+u|]hL g]kfnL cg'jfb

k"0ff{ª\sM !)) pQL0ff{ª\s M %) ;doM $ 306f

v08 -s_/ -v_sf] pQ/ 5'§f5'§} pQ/ k'l:tsfdf n]Vg' kg]{5 .

v08 -s_ b]jfgL d'2fsf] d:of}bf n]vg c+sM #)

b]xfosf] tYo cWoog u/L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

cho z+s/ aflgofFsf rf/ hgf bfh' efO x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFx? aLr @)## ;fndf g} 3/;f/sf 5'l§ leGg e}
cfcfkm\gf] Jojxf/ cfkm" cfkm"n] ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . cfkm\gf gfdsf] ;DklQ vl/b ljlqm ;d]t ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . rf/} hgfn] cfcfkm\gf gfddf hUuf gfkL u/fO{ xs ef]u / :jfldTj sfod ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . t/
cf}krfl/s?kdf c+z a08fsf] sfuh eg] ul/Psf] lyPg . rf/} hgfn] Jojxf/ rnfpg] qmddf cfkm\gf gfdsf]
;DklQ vl/b ljlqm, as;kq ;d]tsf Jojxf/af6 xs x:tfGt/0f ;d]t ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

rf/ bfh' efO dWo]sf h]7f cho z+s/sf tLg hgf 5f]/fx? lyP . cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf g} cho z+s/n]
5f]/fx?sf aLrdf cf}krfl/s ?kdf g} c+z j08f ul/lbg' ePsf] lyof] . @)^) ;fndf cho z+s/sf] lgwg
eof] . pxfFsf] gfddf /x]sf] lhpgL;d]t 5f]/fx?n] ;xdlt d} a08f u/L lnP . rf/]} bfh' efOsf aLrdf
;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ;DaGw /fd|} lyof] . o;} aLrdf @)&^ ;fndf cho z+s/ aflgofFsf tLg efO 5f]/fx? /
dflxnf uf]ljGb z+s/, ;flxnf uf]kfn z+s/ / sfG5f lzj z+s/;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ cho z+s/sf dflxnf
efO{ uf]ljGb z+s/sL >Ldlt / b'O{ 5f]/fx?n] c+z d'2f bfo/ u/] . bfh' efO rf/ hgfsf] rf/ efu nufO{
cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\sf] efuaf6 tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL lyof] . @)#$ ;fn cufj} 3/
Jojxf/df c+z a08f eO{ leGg leGg Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGg] k|ltpQ/ k/\of] . c+z d'2f kg'{ cufj} jfbLx?n] ljleGg
:yfgdf hUuf vl/b ljqmL u/]sf] ljj/0f ;d]t jfbLn] k]z u/] . t/ lhNnf cbfntn] d"n c+lzof/sf aLrdf
c+z a08f ePsf] gb]lvPsf] egL tfobftL dfu ug]{ cfb]z u/\of] . ;f] cfb]z pk/ k|ltjfbLx?sf] pRr
cbfntdf lgj]bg k/\of] . t/ ;f] cbfnt] klg tfobftL dfu ug]{ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z ;b/ u/\of] . b'j}
kIfnfO{ d]nldnfk ug{ cbfntn] ;do lbof] . t/ ldnfkq x'g ;s]g . lghL cfh{gsf] lhls/ lnO{ k|ltjfbLx?n]
k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ klg cbfntn] ;uf]nsf] 7x/ u/L dfu adf]lhd rf/ efusf] Ps efuaf6 tLg efu
jfbLx?n] c+z kfpg] u/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf eof] .

of] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL b]xfosf lnvtsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg'[{xf];\ . -of] tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLsf]
jtg / ;DklQsf] ljj/0f yk pNn]v ug{ ;Sg]5g\ ._

33
!= dfly tYodf pNn]v ePsf] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ul/g] k'g/fj]bgsf] d:of}bf
tof/ ug'{xf];\ . c+sM #)

gf]6M lnvtsf] d:of}bfsf] ;+/rgf / 9fFrfsf nflu % c+s, lnvtdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ /Ltsf nflu % c+s / lnvtdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt / ljj]rgfsf nflu % c+s, l;4fGt jf ;fGble{s ghL/sf] pNn]vgsf nflu
% c+s, k|df0fsf] ljj]rgfsf nflu % c+s / bfjL Pjd\ lhsL/sf] pNn]vgsf nflu % c+s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 ._

-!_ kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] d:of}bf n]vg c+s #)

b]xfosf] tYo cWoog u/L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

d[ts ;'af]ws'df/ bf;sf] bfofF sfgsf] dflysf] efudf @ OGr sfl6Psf], dflykl§sf] Pp6f bfFt efFlrPsf], bfofF
ufnfdf # ;]=dL= uf]nf] lklN;Psf] 3fp /x]sf], bfofFkl§ lgwf/b]lv 6fpsf];Dd @ OGr sf6L !) j6f 6fFsf
nufPsf], bfofF sfgdfly 6fpsf]df * OGr sf6L % j6f 6fFsf nufPsf] / bfofF cfvLef}+df cfwf OGr sf6L
Pp6f 6fFsf nufPsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] a]xf]/fsf] 36gf:yn nf; d'r'Nsf .

lhNnf l;/fxf, l;/fxf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& l:yt /fdhfgsL dlGb/df /x]sf] lkn/sf] k"j{ nfOgdf /ut
nfuL ;'s]sf] b]lvPsf], ;f]xL dlGb/sf] pQ/kl§sf] sf]7fdf /x]sf] sfnf] emf]nfleq lgnf] /Ësf] lhG; kfOG6 yfg–
!, xl/of] /Ësf] l6;6{ yfg–!, /ftf] v}/f] /Ësf] tf}lnof yfg–!, ;f]xL emf]nfsf] csf]{kl§ uf]hLdf ef/tLo gub
¿=^%).– km]nf kf/L pQm sk8f, /sd / emf]nf;d]t k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/L nu]sf] eGg];d]t a]xf]/fsf] 36gf:yn
d'r'Nsf .

;'af]ws'df/ bf;sf] 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfuL d[To' ePsf] eGg] a]xf]/fsf] kf]i6df6{d l/kf6{.

d]/f] 5]/fnfO{ s] s'g l/;OjLsf] sf/0f cGofoL k'hf/Ln] aGr/f]n] k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]sf] x'Fbf lgh cGofoLnfO{
kqmfp u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/afxL ul/kfpF eGg] a]xf]/fsf] ef]nf bf; tTdfsf] hfx/L b/vf:t .

ldlt @)&!.(.!% ut] /flt )!M!% ah]sf] ;dodf d}n] ufFhf agfO{ lrlnddf xfnL ;Nsfpg nfUbf lgh
;'af]ws'df/ bf; tTdfn] pQm lrlnd vf];L cfkm}Fn] ;NsfO{ ufFhf vfFb} xf]–xNnf ug{ nfUbf ckzAb af]Ng
yfn]sf]n] d}n] lghsf] xftaf6 pQm lrlnd vf]:g nfUbf lghn] ;f]xL lrlndn] d]/f] cg'xf/df PSsf;L lxsf{pFbf
d}n] ;f]xL :yfgdf cfuf] afNg NofPsf] afF;sf] ef6f xftdf p7fpFbf lghn] dnfO{ ufnL ub}{ a/08flt/ uPsf]n]
d}n] d]/f] xftdf ePsf] pQm ef6fn] lghsf] 6fpsf]df $÷% k6s lxsf{Pkl5 lgh /utfDo eO{ ;f]xL dlGb/sf]
a/08fdf n8]sf]n] d ;f] :yfgaf6 efuL d]/f] xftdf ePsf] afF;sf] ef6f v]tdf kmfnL ef/ttkm{ uO{ a;]sf] lyPF,
kl5 lgh ;'af]ws'df/ bf; tTdfsf] pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] egL ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'F, d @!÷@@ lbg
ef/tdf a:bf d]/f] vf]h va/ gePsf]n] kmsL{ cfO{ ;f]xL dlGb/lt/ lxF88'n ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|x/Ln] kqmfp
u/]sf] xf], d}n] o;eGbf cufl8 klg cfˆg} >LdtL / efOnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/L ef/taf6 km/f/ eO{ g]kfndf cfO{
n'lsl5kL a;]sf] lyPF eGg] a]xf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/n] ;flat eO{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .

34
lhNnf l;/fxf, l;/fxf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& l:yt /fdhfgsL dlGb/sf] kl/;/leq afF;sf] ef8f # yfg /
df6fsf] lrlnd ! yfg km]nf kf/L a/fdb u/]sf] eGg] a]xf]/fsf] a/fdbL d'r'Nsf .

hfx]/jfnfsf] 5f]/fnfO{ 3fOt] cj:yfdf b]vL d;d]t eO{ lghnfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu l;/fxf c:ktfndf Nofpg]
qmddf ltdLnfO{ sf], s:n] s'6lk6 u¥of] egL ;f]Wbf lghn] dlGb/sf] k'hf/L afafn] dnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf] eGbf
d}n] ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'F, lgh 3fOt]sf] pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg] a]xf]/fsf] /fh]Zj/ bf; tTdfn]
ul/lbPsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .

d]/f] efO /fdhfgsL dlGb/df af; a;]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL dlGb/df k'hf/L /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/n] d]/f] efOnfO{
s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfO{ pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] egL ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] a]xf]/fsf] ;'wfb]jL bf;
tTdfn] ul/lbPsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .

dlGb/sf k'hf/L / lgh ;'af]ws'df/ bf;n] /flt ufFhf agfO{ vfg] qmddf lghx¿ lar jfbljjfb x'Fbf cfuf]
afNg NofPsf] afF;sf] ef6fn] k'hf/L /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/n] ;'af]ws'df/ bf;sf] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/L 3fOt] agfO{
km/f/ ePsf] egL ;'gL a'emL yfxf kfPsf] x'Fbf lgh /fd kl/If0f 7fs'/nfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo xf];\ eGg]
a]xf]/fsf] /+hgs'df/ bf; / ;]jsnfn bf;n] Ps} ldnfg x'g] u/L ul/lbPsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .

ljb]z ef/tdf k|ltjfbL /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/pk/ st{Jo Hofg d'2f bfo/ ePsf] sfuhftx¿ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .

k|ltjfbL /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/n] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#-#_ g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;'/ ck/fw u/]sf]
k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpF eGg];d]t a]xf]/fsf] cleof]u–kq .

s;"/df OGsf/ /xL k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg u/]sf] .

tTsfn k|fKt k|Dff0fsf cfwf/df k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf /fVg] lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z.

;f] cfb]z pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] pRr cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg . pRr cbfntaf6 ;f] cfb]z ;b/ .

;fIfL k/LIf0f . ljz]if1sf] jskq ePsf] .

ls6fgL hfx]/L, a/fdb ePsf bzLsf ;fdfg, cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] ;fljtL, ;fIfLx?n] u/]sf] jskq
;d]dtsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbL /fdkl/If0f 7fs'/n] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#-#_ g+= ljk/Ltsf]
s;'/ ck/fw u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] lhNNf cbfntsf]
km};nf .

of] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL b]xfosf lnvtsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg'[{xf];\ .

!= dfly tYodf pNn]v ePsf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ul/g] k'g/fj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug'[xf];\ . c+sM #)

#= l/6;DAfGwL d:of}bf tof/L #)

b]xfosf] tYo cWoog u/L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

35
k|f=8f= lji0f'k|;fb zdf{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ef}ltszf:qtkm{sf k|fWofks x'g'x'GYof] . lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf
pxfFn] ;]jfaf6 /flhgfdf lbO{ lga[QLe/0f kfO/xg' ePsf] lyof] . ;]jfaf6 /flhgfdf lbPkl5 pxfF kl/jf/;lxt
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt k|fKt u/L Soflnkmf]lg{of /fHodf /xL;f]xL :yfgsf]
ljZjljBfnodf klg cWofkg ug'{x'G5 . pxfFn] /fhLgfdf lbP/ hfFbf;Dd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;]jf lga[Q
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] cGo d''n'ssf] cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lng gx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf lyPg . lj= ;+= @)^$
;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L ;DaGwL lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L cGo b]zsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo
cg'dlt lng] ;]jf lga[Q tyf axfnjfnf sd{rf/Ln] ^) lbgleq To:tf] k|j]z cg'dlt kl/Tofu gu/]df sfo{/t
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/g] / lga[QLe/0f kfO/x]sf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] lga[lQe/0f
/f]Ssf ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/of] . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf cfkm+}df kZrftbzL{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] u/L NofOPsf]
lyof] . lgod cfpg'eGbf cufj} ;]jfaf6 cnu u/L ;f] ;dosf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf JolQmx?nfO{
;d]t k|efj kg]{ u/L hf/L ePsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ geP;DdkfO/x]sf] ;'ljwfdf /f]s nfUg]
cj:yf cfof] . of] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL b]xfosf lnvtsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg'[xf];\ .

!= k|f= 8f= lji0f'k|;fb zdf{n] dfly plNnlvt lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt ePsf]n] cdfGo /
ab/ u/L k"j{jt ?kdf ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf u/L kfpmF eGg] ;d]tsf] dfu u/L lbg] lgj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/
ug'{xf];\ . #)

gf]6M lnvtsf] d:of}bfsf] ;+/rgf / 9fFrfsf nflu % c+s, lnvtdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ /Ltsf nflu % c+s / lnvtdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt / ljj]rgsf nflu % c+s, l;4fGt jf ;fGble{s ghL/sf] pNn]vgsf nflu
% c+s, k|df0fsf] ljj]rgfsf nflu % c+s / bfjL Pjd\ lhsL/sf] pNn]vgsf nflu % c+s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 ._

v08 vM sfg"gL cg'jfb ug{'xf]; !)

!= b]xfosf] cg'R5]bx?nfO{ c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb ug{'xf]; %

k|f=8f= lji0f'k|;fb zdf{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ef}ltszf:qtkm{sf k|fWofks x'g'x'GYof] . lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf
pxfFn] ;]jfaf6 /flhgfdf lbO{ lga[QLe/0f kfO/xg' ePsf] lyof] . ;]jfaf6 /flhgfdf lbPkl5 pxfF kl/jf/;lxt
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt k|fKt u/L Soflnkmf]lg{of /fHodf /xL ;f]xL :yfgsf]
ljZjljBfnodf klg cWofkg ug'{x'G5 . pxfFn] /fhLgfdf lbP/ hfFbf;Dd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;]jf lga[Q
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] cGo d''n'ssf] cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lng gx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf lyPg . lj= ;+= @)^$
;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L ;DaGwL lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L cGo b]zsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo
cg'dlt lng] ;]jf lga[Q tyf axfnjfnf sd{rf/Ln] ^) lbgleq To:tf] k|j]z cg'dlt kl/Tofu gu/]df sfo{/t
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/g] / lga[QLe/0f kfO/x]sf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] lga[lQe/0f
/f]Ssf ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/of] .

@ tnsf] cg'R5]bx?nfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug{'xf]; %

36
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate
standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and
to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate
steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of
international cooperation based on free consent.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to
be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the
measures, including specific programmes, which are needed: (a) To improve methods of
production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific
knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or
reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and
utilization of natural resources; (b) Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and
food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to
need.

37