z}lIfs ;"rgf Ps emns

@)^&

;Dkfbg d08n
cWoIf >L dxf>d zdf{, lzIFf dGqfno
;b:o >L afa'/fd kf}8]n, lzIFf ljefu
;b:o >L uf]kfnk|;fb e§/fO{, lzIFf
dGqfno
;b:o >L of]u/fh kf]v|]n, lzIFf dGqfno
;b:o >L u]xgfy uf}td, lzIff dGqfno
;b:o >L bLk]z l;+x, ljZjljBfno cg'bfg
cfof]u
;b:o >L afnd's'Gb Gof}kfg], k|F=lz= tyf
Jof=tf=k=
;b:o >L ;/f]hs'df/ zdf{, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno

72
 cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf
cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf
s]z/dxn, sf7df8f}+

73
 k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf
cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf
s]z/dxn, sf7df8f+}

k|sfzg ldlt M lj= ;+= @)^&, c;f/

;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf
d'b|0f k|lt M %))

d'b|0f M Snfl;s lk|lG6ª, xg'dfg:yfg,

sf7df08f}
sDKo"6/ 6fOk ;]l6ª÷se/ l8hfOlgª M Doflhs dfO08;\ k|f=ln=
sf7df08f}+ .

74
 e"ldsf

lzIff dGqfnon] ljut jif{df em}+ of] jif{ klg o; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfosf
p2]Zo, gLlt, sfo{qmd, ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tyf ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ ;ª\ufn]/ æz}lIfs ;"rgf
Ps emns–@)^&Æ k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|sfzgn] lzIff dGqfno / cGtu{tsf
lgsfox¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L lj:t[t ?kdf ;d]6\g ;Dej geP tfklg]
dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
;fg} eP klg k':ts ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ lgZro g} hl6n 5 . o; k':tsnfO{ of]
¿k lbg ;lrjHo"x¿af6 k|fKt dfu{bz{g, ;xsdL{ ldqx¿sf] ;xof]u tyf ;Dkfbg
d08ndf /xg' ePsf JolQmTjx¿sf] kl/>dsf nflu xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . To:t}
ljifoj:t' ;ª\sng u/L k|sfzgdf cys d]xgt ug]{ cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
zfvf / o;sf nflu k|ToIf Pjd\ k/f]If¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿ k|z+;fsf
kfq x'g'x'G5 .
cGtdf, o; k|sfzgdf ;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;/f]sf/jfnf Pjd\ lh1f;' ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu
;xfos x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ;fy} eljiodf o; k|sfzgsf] yk ;'wf/sf nflu ;XboL
kf7sx¿af6 cd'"No /fo ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

wGojfb .

dxf>d zdf{
;x;lrj
cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf
lzIff dGqfno

75
 k|fSsyg

of] k|sfzg ljutsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . o;n] lzIff dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt
hfgsf/L af]s]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;fgf] k':tsn] ljleGg lgsfosf kl/ro, p2]Zo,
sfo{qmdnufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf;
5}g tfklg o;n] g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLaf/] hfgsf/L lng rfxg]
hf]sf]xLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg] 5 eGg] cfzf 5 .
o; k|sfzgnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df tLg v08df af“l8Psf] 5 . klxnf] v08df g]kfnsf]
;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L, lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿, lzIff dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] kl/ro /
ltgsf sfo{x¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
bf];|f] v08df tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^&.)^*—@)^(÷)&)_ df lzIff If]qsf]
cfwf/kq;lxt lzIff If]q;“u ;DalGwt s]xL gLltx¿ Pjd\ k|d'v sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfsf]] hfgsf/L ;dfj]z 5g\ . To;}u/L k':tssf] t];|f] cg';""rL v08df lgsfout
;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, gLltx¿, cg';Gwfg ljj/0f,pRr lzIff;DaGwL
dxTjk"0f{ tYofª\sLo ;"rgfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
of] k':ts, ;xsdL{ >L ;Ltf/fd sf]O/fnf, >L uf]ljGb/fd kg]¿, >L ;'lgtf zfSo,
>L ;'nf]rgf k/fh'nLnufotsf ldqx¿sf] cys d]xgtsf] k|ltkmn xf] . o;sf nflu
pxf“x¿k|lt k|sfzg ;ldlt xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lzIff dGqfnosf ;lrjåo
>L bLk]Gb|ljqmd yfkf / >L zª\s/k|;fb kf08] Pjd\ ;x;lrjx¿ >L dxf>d zdf{, >L
hgfb{g g]kfn, 8f= njb]j cj:yL, >L 1fgbz{g pbf; / >L lbjfs/ 9'ª\u]nHo"x¿sf]
cd"No /fo ;'emfjn] klg k':tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsPsf] xf] . To;}n] ;Dkfbs
d08nsf] tkm{af6 pxf“x¿k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .
o;}u/L k|sfzgsf] ;fª\uf]kfª\u efiff ;Dkfbg ul/lbg] ;]G6/ km/ cf]kg nlg{ª≤
6«]lgª, l/;r{ P08 l8enk]G6
-sf]n6«]8_ Pjd\ sDKo"6/ n]–cfp6 / l8hfOg ul/lbg] Doflhs dfOG8;\ k|fln tyf
d'b|0f sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L axg ul/lbg] Snfl;s lk|lG6ª k|];sf ldqx¿ wGojfbsf kfq
x'g'x'G5 .

76
cGtdf, o; k|sfzgdf ;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;/f]sf/jfnf Pjd\ lh1f;' ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu
;xfosl;4 x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . eljiodf o; k|sfzgsf] yk ;'wf/sf nflu cd'"No
/fo ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
wGojfb .

uf]kfnk|;fb e§/fO{
pk;lrj
cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf

ljifo ;"rL

g]kfnsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L !

lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿ #

v08–s
lzIff dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfox¿
!= lzIff dGqfno
@= lzIFf ljefu
#= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
$= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
%= z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
^= cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
&= ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf
*= Zf}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|

77
(= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
!)= If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno
!!= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
!@= ;|f]ts]Gb|
!#= o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u
!$= ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u
!%= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
!^= g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno
!&= sf7df8f}“ ljZjljBfno
!*= k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno
!(= kf]v/f ljZjljBfno
@)= n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfno
@!= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb
@@= pRrdfWolds lzIff kl/ifb
@#= g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno
@$= s]z/ k':tsfno
@%= l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno
@^= hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8

v08–v
ljleGg z}lIFs gLltx¿
@&= tLg jifL{o of]hgf -)^&.^*–)^(.&)_ sf] cfwf/kqdf lzIff
@*= cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^#
@(= z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] tflnd gLlt, @)^@
#)= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, @)^$

78
#!= ljz]if lzIff gLlt, @)%#

v08–u
cg';"rLx¿
cg';"rL–!: lzIff dGqfno
cg';"rL–@: lzIff ljefu
cg';"rL–#: kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
cg';"rL–$: k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
cg';"rL–%: z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
cg';"rL–^: cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
cg';"rL–&: ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf
cg';"rL–*: lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
cg';"rL–(: If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnox¿
cg';"rL–!): lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -s_
cg';"rL–!!: lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -v_
cg';"rL–!@: lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -u_
cg';"rL–!#: lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -3_
cg';"rL–!$: s];/ k':tsfno
cg';"rL–!%: lzIff dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox?sf] b/aGbL ljj/0f
cg';"rL–!^: lzIff If]qdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf k|d'v sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt
hfgsf/L
cg';"rL–!&: P;Pn;L jf]8{ :yfkgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf] k/LIffsf] glthf ljj/0f
cg';"rL–!*: lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t ljleGg lgsfoaf6 hf/L lgb]{lzsfx¿
cg';"rL–!(: ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf lzIff;DaGwL cWoog÷cg';Gwfgx¿
cg';"rL–@): df}h'bf ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿

79
cg';"rL–@!: lqe'jg ljZjljBfno jt{dfg l:ylt
cg';"rL–@@: hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;FIf/tf l:ylt
cg';"rL–@#: lzIFf If]qsf] ah]6
cg';"rL–@$: ljsf; IF]qut ljBfnox¿sf] txut ljj/0f
cg';"rL–@%: tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] ljj/0f
cg';"rL–@^: lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft
cg';"rL–@&: cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt sn]hsf] ljBfyL{ egf{ ljj/0f
cg';"rL–@*: ljZjljBfnox¿df If]qut ljBfyL{ egf{ l:ylt
cg';"rL–@(: ljZjljBfnout cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwk|fKt lzIf0f;+:yfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt
cg';"rL–#): lzIFf;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfosf j]e;fO6, Od]n tyf kmf]g gDa/x¿

g]kfnsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

g]kfn s'n !,$&,!*! ju{ ls= ld= If]qkmn ePsf] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« xf] . o;sf] k"j{–
klZrd nDafO **% / pQ/–blIf0f rf}8fO !(# ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn @^ º@@…
b]lv #)º@&… pQ/L cIff+z / *)º $… b]lv **º!@… k"jL{ b]zfGt/df kb{5
pQ/df l5d]sL /fi6« rLg tyf k"j{, klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t /x]sf] o; e"kl/j]li7t
d'n'sn]] ljZjsf] )=)#Ü / Plzof dxfb]zsf] )=#Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . sf7df8fF}
g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL xf] .
ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf -prfO *,*$* ld6/_ nufotsf ;of}+ lxdfnx¿ b]zsf]
pQ/L l;dfgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"–efu emfkfsf]
s]rgfsng /x]sf] 5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjhGt', jg:kltnufot
;bfjxf/ ¿kdf alu/xg] gbL, lxdgbLx¿ tyf ljljw wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh /
k/Dk/fn] g]kfn lalawtfo'St b]z ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . o;n] b]znfO{ ef}uf]lns,
jftfj/0fLo÷h}ljs / ;fF:s[lts ljljwtfsf If]qdf Psbd} wgL agfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%*

80
;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfcg';f/ !)! lsl;dsf hfthflt / (@ k|sf/sf efiff;d"x o; b]zsf]
;d[4 ;fF:s[lts / dfgjLo ;Dkbfsf k|tLs x'g\ .
ef}uf]lns b[li6n] g]kfnnfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5–t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfn .
g]kfnsf] blIf0ftkm{ k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] -bfª / lrtjgdf leq 3';]sf]_ /
b]zsf] s'n e"–efusf] @# k|ltzt hldg cf]u6]sf] d}bfgL If]q t/fO{ xf] . pj{/ hldg,
cfjfudgdf ;xh kx'Fr / /fd|f] k"jf{wf/ ePsfn] of] If]q kxf8 / pQ/lt/sf] lxdfnL
e]usf afl;Gbfx¿sf nflu a;fO;/fOsf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ePsf] 5 . blIf0fsf] t/fO{ /
pQ/sf cUnf lxdfnsf] aLrdf kxf8L efu cjl:yt 5 . kxf8, pkTosf / gbLx¿sf] t6Lo
If]q /x]sf] o; e"–efun] b]zsf] $@ k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr lzv/;lxt
cUnf lxdfnx¿, pkTosf / lr;f] xfjfkfgL ePsf] lxdfnL If]qn] b]zsf] s'n e"–efusf]
#% k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 .
k|zf;lgs b[li6n] g]kfn kfFr ljsf; If]q, !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfdf ljeflht 5 . k"jf{~rn
ljsf; If]qdf !^ lhNnf, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf !( lhNnf, klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf !^
lhNnf, dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf !% lhNnf / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf
( lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s lhNnfnfO{ ljleGg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ /
gu/kflnsfx¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 h;n] :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ub{5g\ . xfn b]zdf
#,(!% uf=lj=;= /x]sf 5g\ eg] Psdfq sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf tyf lj/f6gu/,
jL/uGh, nlntk'/ / kf]v/f;lxt rf/cf]6f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf / %* cf]6f gu/kflnsfx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .
s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuaf6 k|sflzt g]kfnsf] tYofª\sLo emns @)^$ cg';f/ o; b]zsf]
cg'dflgt s'n hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv @& xhf/ #(( /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] dlxnfsf]
;ª\Vof !# s/f]8 !* nfv & xhf/ !^^ 5 eg] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ @=@% 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq -@)^&/^*- @)^(/&)_ cg';f/ xfn b]zdf @%=$ k|
ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 .
dfgjLo / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf wgL eP klg g]kfnsf nflu cfly{s j[l4b/ psf:g] sfo{ eg]
;d:ofsf ¿kdf g} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljleGg ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;"rsfª\sn] n}ª\lus,
If]qLo, :yfg -ufpF÷;x/_, hfltut ;d"xaLr y'k|} c;dfgtf b]vfPsf 5g\ . o:tf
c;dfgtfx¿ 36fpg ljutdf ePsf k|of;x¿n] o:tf] l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nIf0fx¿ b]vfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf cfw'lgs lzIff k|0ffnLsf]] cf/De lj=;+= !(!) cflZjg @& ut] b/af/
xfO:s"nsf] :yfkgfaf6 ePsf]
dflgG5 . To;a]nf v'n]sf :s'ndf hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;xh kx'Fr lyPg . zf;s /
zfl;taLrsf] of] e]befj w]/} jif{;Dd sfod /Xof] . hxflgofF /f0ff zf;g sfndf lzIff
cfh{gsf] cj;/ zf;s kl/jf/nfO{ dfq pknJw lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts
kl/j{tgkl5 z}lIfs If]qdf klg cfd"n kl/j{tg eof] / hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;d]t k9\g
kfpg] u/L b]zdf tLj| ¿kdf ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf x'g yfn] . kmn:j¿k cfh b]zdf sl/a
#@,!#) ljBfno / ^ cf]6f ljZjljBfnox¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] yk # cf]6f ljZjljBfno
-;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno, dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno / s[lif tyf lj1fg

81
ljZjljBfno_ :yfkgfsf nflu ljw]os :jLs[t eO ;s]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;'ljwfx¿sf] lj:tf/ tyf
lzIff cfh{gdf k|fKt cj;/n] ubf{ :yfgLo / /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f
Pjd\ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'u]sf] kfOG5 .
oBlk r'gf}tLx¿ sfod]]]} 5g\ . k|fylds txdf clxn] klg ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf sl/a &
k|ltzt afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/ /xg afWo 5g\ . n}ª\lus, hghflt tyf ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf
sf/0f ;dfhdf ljljw vfn] c;dfgtfx¿ a9]/ uO/x]sf 5g\ . z}lIfs Joj:yfkg, u'0f:t/,
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ / lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ;Ifd agfpg] sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /x]sf]
5 . oL r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] kx'Fr, ;dtf, u'0f:t/ /
Joj:yfkg ;'wf/;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sfn] efjL lbgdf cem
a9L ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

82
 lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿
/fi6«n] cª\lusf/ u/]sf lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= k|To]s JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef / JolQmTj ljsf;sf
;DefjgfnfO{ k|:km'l6t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
@= k|To]s JolQmdf ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o tyf ;fdflhs
dfGotf / cf:yfx¿sf] ;Da4{g u/L :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ljsf;sf lgldQ
;xof]u ug]{,
#= JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],
$= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf cfˆgf]] klxrfg sfod /fVb}
JolQmnfO{ cfw'lgs o'udf ;xh / ;fd~h:ok"0f{ hLjgofkgsf lgldQ ;xof]u
ug]{,
%= ;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]
{,
^= k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ /
&=;dfhdf kl5 k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«o d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

/fli6«o kf7\os|d k|f¿k, @)^# cg';f/ lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
 k|To]s JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef / JolQmTj ljsf;sf]
;DefjgfnfO{ k|:km'l6t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 k|To]s JolQmdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o ;+:s[lt /
cl:dtf, ;fdflhs dfGotf / cf:yfx¿sf] ;+j4{g u/L hLjGt cg'ejx¿ ;d]6\b}
:j:y ;fdflhs tyf ;fd"lxs hLjg k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ rl/qjfg\ Pjd\ g}ltsjfg\ gful/s
tof/ ug]{,
 :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o:t/df Joj;fo, k];f Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf ;fy} cfjZostfg';f/
cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/Ltkm{ pGd'v pTkfbgd'vL / ;Lko'Qm gful/s tof/
ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],
 ;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/L b]zlgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+;fwgsf]
ljsf; ug]{,
 k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / Gofo jf/] lrGtg ub}{ tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ljsf; ug]{ /
;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf d2t ug]{,
 :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zcg's'n zflGt, d}qL, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf /
ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/L tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ug]{ u/fpg] / x/]s k|sf/sf
åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;Ifd gful/s tof/ ug]{,

83
 cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt eO{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ljZj
kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug]{,
 /fi6«, /fli6«otf, nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg ug]{, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf
/rgfTds ;f]r ePsf, :jfledfgL tyf c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / cfkm" g]kfnL
ePsfdf uf}/j ug]{ gful/s tof/ ug]{,
 g]kfnL snf, ;f}Gbo{, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f / lj:tf/tkm{ clek|]l/t
gful/s tof/ ug{ d2t ug]{ .

84
 v08 s
lzIff dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfox¿

85
 lzIff dGqfno

kl/ro
lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf ePsf] xf] . lj= ;+= @)%& j}zfv ^
ut]b]lv o; dGqfnoleq v]ns'b ;d]t ;d]6]/ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^%÷)%÷!% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ o'jf tyf v]ns'b
dGqfnosf] 5'6\6} :yfkgf ePkl5 o; dGqfnosf] gfd k'gM lzIff dGqfno dfq sfod
5 . o; dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L d'n'se/sf] lzIff If]qsf] of]hgf, Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] lzIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ gLlt lgwf{/0f, of]hgf, sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ o; dGqfnosf] bfloTj xf] .
lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf :jfoQ / cGo lgsfox¿ o;s} ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrfsf cleGg
cª\usf ¿kdf /xL lzIffsf /fli6«o nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ lqmofzLn 5g\ . z}lIfs k|
zf;gnfO{ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg o; dGqfnocGtu{t xfn ^ cf]6f s]Gb|Lo, %
cf]6f If]qLo / &% cf]6f lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . dGqfnocGtu{tsf
s]Gb|Lo:t/sf lgsfox¿n] sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]
{ bfloTj lgjf{x u5{g\ eg] If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnon] ;dGjo / d"Nofª\sg ug]
{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lgsfosf] ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L dGqfnocGtu{t :yflkt :jfoQ lgsfo, kl/ifb\x¿ Pjd\ cfof]ux¿n]
tf]lsPsf] If]qdf z}lIfs k|zf;g tyf ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ .

lzIff dGqfnosf d'Vod'Vo sfo{x¿

g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{–ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg,
@)^^.@.@( cg';f/ lzIff dGqfnosf] sfo{–ljefhg -d'Vod'Vo sfo{x¿_
b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

1. lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg /

d"NofÍg,
2. lzz', k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds, dfWolds, pRr dfWolds tyf pRr lzIff, b"/
lzIff, k|f}9 lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, ljz]if lzIff,
3. hg;ª\Vof lzIff / kf}li6s cfxf/ sfo{qmd,
4. k|fljlws, Jofj;flos, g}lts tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff,
5. lzIfs tflnd / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog,
6. lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ -u'¿s'n, db/;f, u'Daf ;d]t_,

86
 7. ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf cWoog ;+:yfg,
8. v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 dgf]gog x'g] 5fqj[lQ, ljb]zdf cWoog cg';Gwfg
ug{ hfg] tyf ljb]zLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] :jLs[lt,
9. k|fl1s cg';Gwfg,
10. kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts,
11. lzIff ;DaGwL ;j]{If0f, tYofÍ tyf cg';Gwfg,
12. k':tsfno / jfrgfnox¿,
13. lzIff ljifos /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf, ;Dd]ng tyf /fli6«o
Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo,
14. lzIff ;DaGwL låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿,
15. hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|,
16. ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;ª\3 -o'g]:sf]_,
17. g]kfn lzIff ;]jf ;~rfng .

;+/rgf, dxfzfvf / zfvfx¿

lzIff dGqLåf/f dGqfnosf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj axg x'G5 . dGqfnosf] sfo{sf/L k|
d'vsf ¿kdf lzIff ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] ldlt @)^%÷)&÷)
( sf] a}7sn] lzIff dGqfnodf /fhkqfª\lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf b'O{hgf ;lrj -lzIff /
cfwf/e"t lzIff_ kb l;h{gf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ xfn b'O{hgf ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
dGqfnocGtu{t /fhkqfª\lst k|yd >]0fLsf ;x;lrjx¿ k|d'v /xg] u/L rf/cf]6f dxfzfvf
5g\ .
o;}u/L lJfBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] d"nb:tfj]hcg';f/ lzIff ;]jfsf ;x;lrj k|d'v
/xg] Joj:yf;lxt c:yfoL kbx¿ l;h{gf u/L lzIff dGqfnoleq @)^^ df z}lIfs u'0f:t/
k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

!= k|zf;g dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x¿df sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, sd{rf/L egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf,
cfly{s k|zf;g, ;DklQ Joj:yfkg, P]g lgod k/fdz{ / hg;Dks{ cflb k5{g\ . o;
dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf hgzlQm ljsf; zfvf
 dGqfno tyf cGtu{tsf] ;]jf ;d"xsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf
ljefuLo sfo{jfxL, ;¿jf, a9'jf, /fhLgfdf, cjsfz cflb ;DaGwdf cfjZos
sfo{jfxL ug]{,

87
  dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"xcGtu{tsf kbx¿ l;h{gf Pjd\ k"lt{sf nflu
cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug]{,
 k|f]T;fxg tyf k'/:sf/sf nflu of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿ 5gf]6 / l;kmfl/; ug]{,
 dGqfnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf lzIff ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfGtl/s
a9'jf;DaGwL k|f/lDes sfo{jfxL ug]{,
 dGqfno tyf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{ ljefhg Pjd\
hgzlQm;DaGwL ljj/0f tof/ ug]{,
 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu ljb]zL tyf :jb]zL tflnd, uf]i7L ;]ldgf/,
cWoog, cWoog e|d0f cflbsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{ tyf ;xeflutfsf nflu
dgf]gognufotsf cfjZos sfdx¿ ug]{,
 cfjZostf klxrfg ul/Psf tflnd, uf]i7L ;]ldgf/, cWoog, cWoog e|d0f cflbsf]
Joj:yfsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xof]usf ;DefJotf / pknJwtfsf nflu cfjZos sf/jfxL
ug{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;dGjo zfvfnfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{,
 dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu k|fKt x'g] ljb]zL
5fqj[lQsf] ljj/0f tyf ;f]sf] clen]v;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,
 dGqfno / cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s]Gb|Lo k|zf;lgs lgsfosf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]
{,
 hgzlQm÷sd{rf/L ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/fpg] .
v_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
 dGqfnocGtu{tsf] ;fwf/0f ah]6 tof/ ug]{,
 dGqfnocGtu{tsf lgsfox¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ah]6sf] clVtof/L kq tof/ ug]
{ / vr{;DaGwL gD;{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{,
 ;fwf/0f tyf ljsf; ah]6sf] lgsf;f;DaGwL sfo{jfxL ug]{,
 s]Gb|Lo / sfo{ ;~rfng:t/sf] n]vf /fVg], ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ tyf PsLs[t
s]Gb|Lo jflif{s cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug]{,
 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] tyf a]¿h' ;Dk/LIf0f u/fpg],
 cfly{s k|zf;gsf ljifodf dGqfno / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿nfO{ /fo ;Nnfx k|
bfg ug]{,
 a]¿h' km5\of}{6 ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfo{jfxL u/L k|ult ljj/0f k7fpg],

88
  sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfsf] ;xof]u lnO{ dGqfnosf] sd{rf/Lsf] tnaL k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug]{ tyf tna eQf ljt/0f ug]{ cflb .
u_ P]g–lgod k/fdz{ zfvf
 dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qleq kg]{ ljifox¿sf P]g lgod th'{df ug]{,
 dGqfno;DaGwL kg{ cfPsf d'2f dfldnf;DaGwdf cfjZos sfo{ ug]{,
 dGqfnosf dxfzfvf, zfvf tyf cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf]
a]nfdf sfg'gL ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg],
 dGqfnoaf6 /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/fpg'kg]{ lgod ljlgod ;"rgf cflb g]kfn
/fhkqdf k|sfzg u/fpg],
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
3_ cfGtl/s k|zf;g tyf ;DklQ Joj:yfkg zfvf
 hg;Dks{, ;f]wk'5, btf{ tyf rnfgL;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;'Jojl:yt tj/af6 ;DkGg
ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 aflx/af6 btf{ x'g cfPsf t/ zfvf gv'nfOPsf kqx¿ sfo{ k|s[ltsf cfwf/df
;DalGwt zfvfdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{,
 dGqfnodf kfn], dfnL, s'lrsf/ cflbsf] plrt kl/rfng ug]{,
 ;jf/L ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, lah'nL, wf/f, 6]lnkmf]g cflbsf] cfk"lt{ tyf dd{t
;Def/ ug]{,
 cfGtl/s 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfngsf] Joj:Yff ug]{,
 sfof{no ;fdfgx¿sf] vr{, dd{t, lnnfd / ldgfxf cflb sfo{x¿ sfg'gåf/f
tf]lsPadf]lhd ug]{,
 dGqfnonfO{ cfjZos ;fdfgx¿sf] dfu ;ª\sng u/L vl/b u/L cfk"lt{sf]
Joj:Yff ug]{,
 e08f/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cGo cfjZos sfo{ ug]{,
 d'n'se/sf ;Dk"0f{ lzIf0f ;+:Yffx¿sf] crn ;DklQsf] cBfjlws clen]v
/fVg], /fVg nufpg],
 lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] hUuf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd laqmL ug]{, ef]uflwsf/ lbg]
Pjd\ ;§fk§f ug]{;DaGwL sfo{jfxL ug]{, u/fpg],
 lzIf0f ;+:Yffsf] gfddf bfg bftJosf] ¿kdf k|fKt x'g uPsf] rncrn ;DklQsf]
cBfjlws clen]v /fVg], /fVg nufpg],

89
  Ps lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ csf]{ lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ jf sfd
gnfUg] eO{ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfo{jfxL ug]{,
 dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfosf gfddf d'n'se/ /x]sf crn ;DklQx¿sf] clen]v
cBfjlws ug]{, ltgsf] ;+/If0f tyf plrt pkof]u ug]{ u/fpg],
 ;DklQ Joj:Yffkg;DaGwL cfjZos cGo sfo{ ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
r_ v]ns'b tyf o'jf sfo{qmd zfvf
ljBfnox¿df cfjlws v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx¿ cfof]hgf ug]{, ljBfnodf pTs[i6
v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j¿k 5fqa[lQ tyf pko'Qm k'/:sf/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]
{ / v]ndf lg/Gt/tf lbnfpg], cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf
v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno:t/b]lv g} 5fqa[lQsf] Joj:yf u/L k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
lhNnf:t/df ljBfno:t/Lo v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,
;xlqmofsnfk;DaGwL lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbnfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{sf nflu Joj:yf
ul/Psf] of] zfvf o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] u7g;Fu} s/Lj lgis[o cj:yfdf /x]sf]
5 . tyflk o; zfvfn] ljBfno txsf] v]ns'bdf o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo
ug'{kg]{5 .
@= pRr lzIff tyf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x¿df pRr tyf k|fljlws lzIff, 5fqj[lQ / ljBfno
lzIff;DaGwL sfdx¿ k5{g\ . o; dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgx¿sf]
sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ ljBfno lzIff zfvf
 k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds lzIff;DaGwL gLltlgod, lgb]{zgsf]
Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg],
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf nflu lzIfs sf]6f lgwf{/0f tyf ljt/0f;DaGwL gLlt to
ug]{, u/fpg],
 ;fd'bflos ljBfno :jLs[lt tyf :yfkgf;DaGwL gLltlgod th'{df / sfof{Gjog
ug]{, u/fpg],
 ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df tyf
Joj:yfkg ug]{,
 ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg / To; ;DaGwdf ;xof]u jf
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{,
 :jod\;]js;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug]{,

90
  ljb]zL ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf nflu le;f pknJw u/fpg d2t ug]{,
 lzIfs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIf;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug]{,
 cGo sfof{no tyf lgsfox¿sf nflu dfWolds lzIff;Ddsf] ;Dks{ zfvfsf ¿kdf
sfo{ ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
v_ 5fqj[lQ zfvf
 5fqj[lQ;DaGwL gLltlgod lgwf{/0f u/L :jLs[t ePadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]
{,
 dGqfnosf nflu k|fKt ePsf] j}b]lzs Pjd\ :jb]zL 5fqj[lQsf nflu pDd]bjf/
5gf]6 ug{ k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, k/LIff ;~rfng, pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 Pjd\ l;kmfl/;
ug]{ / o;sf] clen]v /fVg],
 :jb]z jf ljb]zdf cWoog jf tflnddf hfg] / kms]{sf JolQmx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/
ug]{,
 lghL vr{df ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg]x¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ No Objection
Letter, ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xL ;'ljwfsf] l;kmfl/;;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,

 ljb]zL ldq/fi6«x¿;Fu ljleGg ljifosf] 5fqj[lQ sf]6f dfu;DaGwL sfo{ ug]

{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
u_ pRr tyf k|fljlws lzIff zfvf
 pRr lzIff / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff;DaGwL gLlt, lgod lgwf{/0f / lgb]
{zgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 dGqfno / ljZjljBfno tyf ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]uaLr ;Dks{ dfWodsf
¿kdf sfd ug]{,
 pRr lzIff, pRr dfWolds lzIff, dfWolds lzIffaLr ;fd~h:o Nofpg],
 pRr lzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff;DaGwL cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg ug]{ /
o;;DaGwL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tflnd kl/ifb\sf] ;Dks{ zfvfsf ¿kdf sfd ug]{,
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tflnd kl/ifb\ / o;;DaGwL cGo ;
+:yfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfksLo ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{,

91
  kbssf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 ljb]zaf6 g]kfnl:yt ljleGg ljZjljBfno / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
kl/ifb\ tyf ;f]cGtu{t pRr lzIff cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfpg]
ljBfyL{, lzIfs tyf :jod\;]jsx¿sf nflu le;fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfn] g]kfndf pRr lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos
gLlt, lgod / lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ / ;f];DaGwL cGo sfd ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
#= of]hgf dxfzfvf
of]hgf dxfzfvfn] lzIffsf] /fli6«o gLltcg'¿k jflif{s tyf cfjlws of]hgfx¿ tof/ ub{5
. o; dxfzfvfnfO{ z}lIfs gLltsf] ljsf; tyf ljZn]if0f;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf]
5 . ;fy} o; dxfzfvfn] lzIff If]qsf sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;dGjo;d]t ub{5 . o; dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgx¿sf]
sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ gLlt ljZn]if0f tyf sfo{qmd zfvf
 z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] cWoog, t'ngf / ljZn]if0f ug]{,
 lzIff dGqfno / ;f]cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿åf/f sfof{Gjog x'g] cNksfnLg tyf
bL3{sfnLg z}lIfs of]hgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,
 z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] gLltut cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{,
 z}lIfs of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf /0fgLlt;Fu df}h'bf lzIff P]g, lgodsf] tfnd]nsf
;DaGwdf cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L /fo ;'emfj k]z ug]{,
 /fli6«o:t/sf] k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd ljZn]if0f u/L tf]lsPsf] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf
nflu P]g lgodsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;do;fk]If agfpg k[i7kf]if0f lbg],
 z}lIfs gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfosf] k|fKt cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf
l;kmfl/;nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f txdf /fo ;'emfjsf ¿kdf k]z ug]{,
 lzIff ljsf;;DaGwL n3' tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug]{,
 lzIff ljsf;;DaGwL jflif{s sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ ug]{,
 lhNnf:t/Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{,
 k|:tfljt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6sf] k|f¿k tof/ ug]{,

92
  dGqfnocGtu{tsf lgsfo tyf ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbFb} /fli6«o of]hgfdf ;dflxt ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]udf l;kmfl/;;lxt k7fpg],
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
v_ j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;dGjo zfvf
 dGqfnocGtu{t j}b]lzs ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ljleGg kl/of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ug]{,
 j}b]lzs ;xof]usf ljifodf dGqfno / bft[ lgsfoaLrsf] ;Demf}tf;DaGwL
sfo{x¿ ug]{,
 g]kfnsf] lzIff ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg bft[ ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo
sfod u/fpg],
 j}b]lzs ;xof]u jfkt k|fKt /sd / cfˆg} ;|f]]t / ;fwgsf aLrdf ;dGjo sfod
u/L ;xL kl/rfng ug]{,
 sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf hgzlQm ljsf; zfvfaf6 cg'/f]w eO{ cfPsf hgzlQm
ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 j}b]lzs ;xof]usf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf cGo dGqfno, cfof]]u, ;lrjfno /
bft[ lgsfo;Fu ;xof]u / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ .
 lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] ;DefJotf / cfjZostfsf] If]q
klxrfg ug]{,
 cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt / ;dGjodf ;Defljt bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] Appraisal
Mission af]nfpg] tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{,

 sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;Demf}tfcg';f/ afXo ;|f]t kl/rfng
ug{ dGqfno / cGo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjofTds ¿kn] sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg],
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]
{lzt sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{,
u_ k':tsfno ;dGjo zfvf
 dGqfnocGtu{tsf k':tsfnox¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu gLlt, lgod agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{,
 k':tsfno ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf, sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ug]{, u/fpg],
 k':tsfnox¿sf] ;]jf, sfo{qmd / gLltdf ;dGjo sfod u/fpg];DaGwL sfo{ ug]
{,

93
  :yflkt k':tsfnosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;]jf k'¥ofpg] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd agfO{ k];
ug]{, u/fpg],
 k':tsfnox¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ / ljsf;;DaGwdf ;/sf/ / k':tsfnoaLrsf]
;Dks{ zfvfsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{,
 k':tsfnosf] bIftf, Ifdtf / ;]jf If]qsf] cfwf/df k':tsfnox¿nfO{ lbOg]
cfly{s ;xof]u Pjd\ cGo ;xof]u;DaGwdf olsg u/L k]z ug]{,
 lghL If]qdf :yflkt k':tsfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{,
u/fpg],
 k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt tyf
lbOg] ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf olsg zt{x¿ agfO{ ;DalGwtnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg
;fj{hlgs ug]{,
 k':tsfno;DaGwL ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmdcg';f/ cGo sfo{ ug]{,
 k':tsfnox¿ ;DalGwt P]g, lgodcg';f/ ;~rfng eP gePsf] x]/L P]g, lgodsf]
kl/lwleq /xg nufpg],
 b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ k':tsfnox¿ / ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] cfjlws d"Nofª\sg u/L
k':tsfno ;]jfsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ tyf clek|]/0ff hufpg k|To]s jif{ JolQm / ;
+:yfnfO{ k'/:s[t ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf plNnlvt cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]{lzt
sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

$= cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf

o; dxfzfvfn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgsf ;fy} z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf
sfo{x¿
ub{5 . o;n] dGqfnosf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg tyf
lg/LIf0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] ;+of]hg ub{5 . o; dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf /
ltgx¿sf] sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg zfvf
 dGqfnosf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmd k|fKt ePkl5 cg'udg sfo{of]hgf /
d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu k]; ug]{,
 :jLs[t of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg
u/L o;;DaGwL k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{,

94
  :jLs[t of]hgfcg'¿k ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ :ynut lg/LIf0f
Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf afwf c8\rg x6fpg] / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;
3fp k'¥ofpg],
 cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfx¿sf] rf}dfl;s k|ult ;dLIffsf nflu ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ k|
ult ;dLIff ug]{, k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,
 dfl;s, rf}dfl;s / jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f tof/ u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nodf k7fpg],
 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 kfl/t ePsf sfo{of]hgfx¿sf] k|
ult k|ltj]bg dfl;s, rf}dfl;s / jflif{s ¿kdf tof/ u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / cGo dGqfnodf k7fpg],
 dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] a}7s a;L To;df b]lvPsf k|ult /
;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpg],
 kmd]{l6e cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;dGjo ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ tf]lsPsf]
cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
v_ cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf
 cg';Gwfg, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLlt
lgwf{/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
 z}lIfs ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf;, ;Íng, ljZn]if0f cflbsf dfWodaf6 z}lIfs gLlt
lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
 cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ug]{, u/fpg] tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo sfod
u/L pQm lgsfox¿nfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu
ldnL sfo{ ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ z}lIfs gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd
lgdf{0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4 ug{ tyf o; sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9
ug{ cfjZos sfo{ tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{,
 dGqfnosf] j]e;fO6sf] ljsf; tyf cBfjlws ug]{,
 dGqfnocGtu{tsf cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ z}lIfs cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfddf lgb]
{zg lbg] / ;xof]u ug]{,

95
  cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgfsf]] clen]v /fvL ltgLx¿af6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿sf] k|
rf/ k|;f/ ug]{,
 cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ pkfox¿ vf]hL
sfof{Gjog of]hgf k|:t't ug]{,
 cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] ljZj;gLotf j[l4 ug]
{ pkfox¿ klxNofO{ ;f]cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf ug{ nufpg] .
 cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]uaf6 ul/g' kg]{ z}lIfs ;'wf/sf
dfu{x¿ :ki6 ug{ d2t ug]{,
 d'n'se/sf ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfs;lxtsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng
u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf /fVg] / lhNnfsf ljBfnox¿sf] gS;fª\sg 7Ls b'¿:t u/L
/fVg], /fVg nufpg] .

u_ lg/LIf0f zfvf
 lg/LIf0fsf nflu x/]s sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;"rs tof/ ug]{,
 lgdf{0f ul/Psf sfo{qmd tyf sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng u/L
;f]af6 k|fKt cfwf/nfO{ k[i7kf]if0fsf ¿kdf ;/;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg],
 z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf ;Ifdtfsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5, lg/LIf0f ug]{,
 lg/LIf0f;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0fdf cfjZos ;'emfj lbg],
 dGqfnocGt{utsf sfof{no / z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\ ;f]af6 k|fKt
sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd / ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{,
 gful/s a8fkqdf plNnlvt cfˆgf] zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ Pjd\ cGo lgb]{lzt
sfo{x¿ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq} ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

96
 lzIff dGqfno ;Da4 lgsfox¿

lzIffsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo Pjd\ nIox¿ xfFl;n ug{sf nflu lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t ljleGg
s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, lhNnf:t/Lo, :yfgLo:t/ Pjd\ :jfoQ lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
logLx¿ z}lIfs ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;Ifdtf ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;Ifd
hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|fljlws lgsfo x'g\ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
lzIff dGqfnocGtu{tsf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿
!= lzIff ljefu
@= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
#= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
$= z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
%= cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
^ ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf
&= z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|
If]qLo lgsfox¿
! If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno
lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfo
!=lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
:yfgLo:t/sf lgsfo
! ;|f]ts]Gb|
@= ljBfnox¿
cfof]ux¿
!= ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u
@= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
#= o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u
ljZjljBfnox¿

97
! lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
@ g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno
# sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno
$ k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno
% kf]v/f ljZjljBfno
^ n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfno
-xfn;fn} tLg cf]6f ljZjljBfnox¿ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / s[lif tyf
ag ljZjljBfnox¿ ;~rfngsf nflu ljw]os kf; eP tfklg ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5}gg\ _
kl/ifbx¿
!= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\
@= pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\
cGo lgsfo
@= hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8
k':tsfnox¿
!= l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno
@= g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno
#= s]z/ k':tsfno

98
 lzIff ljefu

kl/ro
d'n'ssf] z}lIfs If]q b|'t ultdf ljsl;t Pjd\ lj:tfl/t eO/x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf lzIff
dGqfnodfkm{t\ ;~rflnt gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ b]zJofkL¿kdf k|efjsf/L
9ª\uaf6 sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
tTsflng cj:yfdf ;~rflnt cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf / dfWolds lzIff ljsf;
kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ;fy{s sfof{Gjogsf]
cfjZostf;d]t ljefu :yfkgfsf] k[i7e"ld lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 @)%^ h]7 ( ut]
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf / dfWolds lzIff
ljsf; kl/of]hgfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{ tyf If]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zgfno Pjd\ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;lqmo agfO{ ljBfnosf] ljBdfg
z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t lzIff ljefusf]
u7g ul/Psf]] xf] .

lzIff ljefusf] kl/sNkgf

hLjgf]kof]uL / u'0ffTds lzIffsf] dfWodåf/f lzlIft, ;';+:s[t / ;d'Ggt tyf ultzLn
;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .

lzIff ljefusf] nIo

lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs agfpg] b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff pknJw u/fpg]
tyf ;f]eGbf cufl8sf] ljBfno:t/Lo z}lIfs cj;/ ;xh agfpg] .

lzIff ljefusf] /0fgLlt

!_ lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr a9fpg / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ lbzfdf :yfgLo
txnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfO{ ljBfno ;~rfng ug]
{ clwsf/nfO{ ljs]lGb|t ub}{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug{ :yfgLo /
;fd'bflos txnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],

99
 @_ k|lt:kwL{, ;do;fk]If / ;dy{ hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ ljBfno lzIffsf] ljsf;nfO{ tLj|
agfpg ;fj{hlgs, u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;fd~h:ok"0f{ ;xsfo{nfO{ k|j4{g Pjd\
;xhLs/0f ug]{,
#_ s]Gb|b]lv ljBfno txaf6 ul/g] z}lIfs sfo{ / k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;]jf
k|jfxnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿sf] ;
+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
$_ ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf]] ;du|
ljsf; ug]{ / z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf ju{, ;d"x / dlxnfx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr
a9fpg] sfo{qmlds of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug]{ .

lzIff ljefusf] sfo{gLlt

!_ z}lIfs ;+:yf Pjd\ lgsfox¿nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u u/L] pgLx¿sf] ;jnLs/0f
ug]{,
@_ lzIffdf ;j}sf] kx'Fr a9fpg], lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ p2]Zosf nflu z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{,
#_ ljBfno lzIffsf] pknlAwnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|
0ffnLnfO{ ;zQm agfpg],
$_ ;DjlGwt z}lIfs ;+:Yff tyf lgsfox¿nfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg ug]{ / ljBfno
lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu lgofdssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
p2]Zox¿
lzIff ljefusf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
 lgwf{l/t gLlt–lgodsf cfwf/df cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds /
dfWolds lzIffsf] of]hgf tyf ah]6 tof/ u/L lzIff dGqfnodf k]; ug]{,
 lzIff dGqfnon] agfPsf gLlt–lgodx¿sf cfwf/df k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg],
 k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds, dfWolds, / pRr dfWolds lzIff;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx¿sf] /]vb]v, cg'udg Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / To;sf] k|ult k|ltj]bg
dGqfno / ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg],
 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tof/ u/L lzIff dGqfnodf k]z ug]{,

100
  lzIff ljefusf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿sf
sfo{qmd;Fu ;dGjo x'g] u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 lzIff dGqfno / dGqfnol;t ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 If]q / lhNnf:t/df ;~rfng
x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿sf lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm pknJw u/fO{
;xof]u ug]{,
 bft[;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 ;~rflnt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] ah]6 vr{ ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 ug]{÷u/fpg] / To;sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L–u/fO{ ;dod}
;f]wegf{ lng] Joj:yf;d]t ug]{,
 lhNnf:t/df ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / ltgLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
dxfzfvfx¿
lzIff ljefudf # cf]6f dxfzfvf 5g\ / x/]s dxfzfvf k|d'vdf /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf lgb]
{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ljefudf lgDglnlvt dxfzfvf / zfvfx¿ 5g\ M
!= k|zf;g dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfnfO{ ;fdfGo tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g, cfly{s k|zf;g, z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljt/0f tyf
ef}lts ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/L] 5 . o; dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgsf]
sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ ;fdfGo tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvf
 cfGtl/s sd{rf/L k|zf;g;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug]{,
 lzIff ljefu÷If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
clen]v cBfjlws /fVg],
 e08f/ Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ .
v_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
 ljefu tyf cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf] jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] / tof/ ug]
{,
 ljefusf] lgoldt n]vf /fVg] / To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,
 sfo{qmdsf nflu :jLs[t ah]6af6 cfjZos /sd lgsf;f lbg],
 lhNnfx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 /sd vr{ ug{sf nflu clVtof/L k7fpg],
 ljefusf] ah]6sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] / vr{ x'g g;s]sf] /sd kf]l:6ª ug]{,
 j}b]lzs cg'bfg tyf C0f ;xof]u jfktsf] /sd k|fKt ug]{ / pko'Qm lsl;daf6
clen]v /fVg],

101
  lhNnfx¿sf] cfGtl/s / clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] tyf a]¿h'sf] nut
/fVg] .
u_ ef}lts ;]jf zfvf
 k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo k7gkf7gsf nflu cfjZos ljBfno ejg tyf sIff sf]7fsf]
Joj:yf ug]{,
 ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu gLlt–lgod tyf
sfo{qmdx¿ agfpg] / sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
3_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f zfvf
 u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;, pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf
plrt k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df gLlt th'{df ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; tyf ;ª\sngsf nflu ljefu tyf ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{,
 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / ljBfnox¿df z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg],
 kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ ljt/0fsf] cfjZos Joj:yf / cg'udg ug]{ .
@= of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfnfO{ of]hgf, cg'udg, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;F+u ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/L] 5 .
o; dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgx¿sf] sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 zfvf
 z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu ljefuLo of]hgf tof/ u/L dGqfnodf k7fpg] / jflif{s
of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu ljefusf ljleGg zfvfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
 :jLs[t sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ljefucGtu{tsf ljleGg
zfvfx¿n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿ cg'udg ug]{,
 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ;ª\slnt ;"rgfx¿sf cfwf/df
z}lIfs pknlJwx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,
 ljefu;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿df sfo{/t ljb]zLnfO{ le;fsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ug]{,
 ljBfno gS;fª\sg;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
v_ cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf

102
  ljefusf] sfo{If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{÷u/fpg],
 cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{nfO{ k|af]wLs/0f ug]{,
 ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 ljefusf ljleGg zfvfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L k|a4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿sf] k/LIf0f
tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 lzIff If]qdf ul/Psf cg';Gwfgx¿ tyf cGo k|sfzgx¿sf] clen]v /fVg],
 k|To]s jif{ ljBfno:t/Lo z}lIfs tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng, ;dli6, ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg
ug]{,
 ;a} txsf ljBfno, ;|f]ts]Gb|, lhNnf, If]q tyf s]Gb|df z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu of]hgf agfpg] tyf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]
{,
 of]hgf, sfo{qmd, cg'udg h:tf ljefusf cGo sfo{qmdx¿df tYofª\s;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;DaGw :yfkgf tyf ljsf; ug]{ .
u_ cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f zfvf
 cg'udg tyf sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{,

 cfjlws k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,

 rf}dfl;s ¿kdf cfly{s cg'udg k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L bft[ ;+:yfx¿df k7fpg],
 cfly{s ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg],
 k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|sfzg ug]{,
 cg'udg kmf/fdsf] ljsf; u/L k|af]lws/0f ug]{,
 cg'udg k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ .
#= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] d'Votof k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIff, cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff, dlxnf lzIff,
ljz]if lzIff / z}lIfs tYofª\s;Fu ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/L axg ub{5 . o;
dxfzfvfcGtu{t /x]sf zfvf / ltgx¿sf] sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5
s_ k|f/lDes afnljsf; zfvf
 afnljsf; lzIff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{,

 :jLs[t gLltsf cfwf/df afnljsf; lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ to ug]{ /

ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L÷cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿Dffkm{t\ ltgLx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{,

103
  afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :jLs[ltsf cfwf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{,
 afnljsf;;DaGwL kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tsx¿ ljsf; ug]{ tyf ;fdu|L
ljt/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
 cleefjsx¿sf nflu z}lIfs sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
 afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 afn ljsf;;DaGwL tflndx¿sf nflu of]hgf agfpg] tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 ljleGg dGqfno, u}/–;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt
afnljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ;dGjo Nofpgsf nflu ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] sfd
ug]{ .
v_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg zfvf -k|fylds_
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff;DaGwL gLlt–lgod tyf lgodfjnLx¿ tof/ ug]{,

 ljBfnonfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{sf nflu cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug]{,

 ljBfnonfO{ lzIfs sf]6f pknAw u/fpgsf nflu dfkb08 agfpg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] 5gf]6, kbf]Gglt tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] cg'udg ug]{,
 k|fylds ljBfnox¿nfO{ cg'bfg lbgsf nflu gLlt tyf cfwf/x¿ ljsf; ug]{,
 clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIffsf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog ug{sf nflu Joj:yf ug]
{ tyf ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{,
 ;d'bfosf] ;r]tgfsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws ug{ lhNnfdf lbOPsf] lzIfs b/aGbLsf] cg'udg
u/L lgoldt ug]{ / clgoldt ePdf cfjZos sfo{jfxL ug]{,
 pknJw ePsf lzIfs b/aGbLx¿ lhNnfx¿df k'¥ofpg] / cfjZos b/aGbLsf nflu
cfjZos kxn ug]{,
 lzIfs tna tyf ljBfnox¿nfO{ lbOg] cGo cg'bfgx¿;Fu ;DalGwt jflif{s
ah]6 tof/ ug]{ / dGqfnodf k]z ug]{,
 ljBfnosf :jod\;]js;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] kxn ug]{,
 ljBfnodf lzIf0f–l;sfO tyf Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{x¿sf] cg'udg
ug]{,

104
  z}lIfs ;d:ofx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{, ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lbg], gLlt–lgod tyf
lgodfjnLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
u_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg zfvf -dfWolds_
 dfWolds lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg
ug]{,
 dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿sf]
;dLIff u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{,
 If]qLo tyf lhNnf:t/df z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{
;xof]u ug]{,
 pRr lzIff zfvf, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno h:tf
dfWolds lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
 dfWolds ljBfnonfO{ :jLs[lt lbg] ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,
 ljBfnonfO{ cg'bfg lbgsf nflu cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug]{,
 dfWolds lzIfsx¿sf] 5gf]6, kbf]Gglt tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] cg'udg ug]{,
 dfWolds lzIfsx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu gLlt to ug]{,
 zfvfsf] :jLs[t sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug]{,
 lzIfsx¿sf] cWofkg sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf a9fpgsf nflu cWoog cg'';Gwfg ug]
{, u/fpg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] egf{, ;¿jf, kbf]Gglt h:tf s'/fdf kg{ cfPsf ph'/Ldf cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug]{,
 lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf nflu zfvf sfof{nosf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ .
3_ n}ª\lus ;dljsf; zfvf
 dlxnf tyf cGo nlIft ;d"xsf] lzIffsf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug]{,
 lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu sfof{Gjog ul/Psf ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ug]{,
 lzIfs a9fpgsf nflu dfkb08 tyf k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug]{ tyf lhNnf, ;|
f]t s]Gb|, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ltgLx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{,

105
  dlxnf;DaGwL ljifox¿df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, :jf:Yo
dGqfno, tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnox¿sf nflu ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] ¿kdf sfd
ug]{,
 5fqf 5fqj[lQ sf]6f lgwf{/0f, ljt/0f tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
ª_ ;dflxt lzIff zfvf
 ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL gLlt, jflif{s / cfjlws of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL ljifodf ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;
+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf ljBfnox¿sf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xof]uL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ ljsf; ug]{,
 ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿;Fu ldn]/ ljz]if lzIffsf lzIfsx¿sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf ljBfnox¿df pknAw u/fOg] cg'bfg
;xof]usf nflu k|lqmof lgwf{/0f tyf cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd;DaGwL k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / k]; ug]{,
 ;a} k|sf/sf ckfª\utf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ljz]if
lzIff;DaGwL tflnd Kofs]h ljsf; ug]{ Pjd\ tflnd ;~rfng ug]{,
 ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL tflnd tyf cGo ;DalGwt ljifodf sfo{ ul//x]sf cGo
lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo
ug]{ .
 ljz]if lzIffsf ;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf nflu sfo{ ljj/0f tf]sL ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ /
lgb]{zg lbg],
 ljz]if lzIffnfO{ PsLs[t ug{ ;|f]t sIff tyf s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ wf/0ffsf]
ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .

106
 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|

kl/ro
;fgf]l7dL eStk'/df sfof{no /x]sf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| lj=;++= @)@* ;fn efb|
% ut] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts tyf lg/LIf0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf gfdaf6 :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
@)%$ ;fndf cfP/ of] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|df kl/jt{g eof] . kf7\oqmd ljsf;
s]Gb|, ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts Pjd\ cGo z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
u/L lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo k|flKtdf 7f]; ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu :yflkt k|fl1s
s]Gb| xf] . s]Gb|n] ljleGg z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{gsf ;fy}
lgdf{0f u/]sf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u / pkfb]otfsf ;DaGwdf sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/,
5nkmn,cGtlqm{of, k|af]wLs/0fh:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{5 . o; s]Gb|n]
dft[efiff;DaGwL kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] ljsf;, cBfjlws / kl/dfh{g ug'{sf ;fy} k|sfzg tyf
ljt/0f;DaGwL sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljBfno lzIffnfO{ ;d;fdlos, Jofjxfl/s / k|
lt:kwL{ agfpgsf nflu s]Gb|n] cg';Gwfgd"'ns sfo{x¿ ub{5 . ;r]t / ;an gful/s
lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/:tDe dflgPsf] ljBfno lzIffdf ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf tyf ¿rLsf
aLrdf ;fd~h:o sfod u/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ ljBfyL{d'vL agfpg] lbzfdf
:yfkgfsfnb]lv g} kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| lg/Gt/ ¿kdf nflu/x]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmd
lgwf{/0f tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu s]GbLo:t/df
kf7\oqmd ljsf; kl/ifb /xg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 .
p2]Zo
kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|sf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 ljBfno txsf kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts ljsf;, lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ u/L
nfu" ug]{,
 kf7\oqmd lgb]{lzsf, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, afn;Gbe{ ;fdu|L, lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|
Lnufotsf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{,
 kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{,
 kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L k|af]wLs/0f ug]{,
 yk kf7\o;fdu|L tyf ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L k|of]udf Nofpg
:jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{,

107
  ljb]zL z}lIfs jf k|fl1s ;+:yfaf6 dfWolds lzIff ;/x k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L k|
fKt u/]sf] k|df0fkq jf pknlAwsf ;DaGwdf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f;DaGwL sfo{
ug]{,
 ;xsfo{snfk;DaGwL sfo{qmd tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg],
 ljBfno lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt z}lIfs cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{, u/fpg],
 ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lzIfs cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
 :jLs[t gLltcg';f/ :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
 k"j{ k|fylds, k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds, dfWolds / pRrdfWolds lzIffdf
;dGjo / ;fd~h:o sfod ug{ kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ug]{,
 kf7\oqmd tyf ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf ljljw pkfo klxNofpg' / sfof{Gjog
ug]{, u/fpg],
 ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|Zg lgdf{0f / cª\s k|bfg ug]{ ljlw
ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{,
 b]zdf k|rlnt ljleGg dft[efiffdf k':tsx¿ pTkfbg, cg'jfb tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL
sfo{ ug]{,
 lghL If]qnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|sfzg / ljt/0fdf :t/Lotf, Ps¿ktf sfod
ug{ ;dGjo ug]{ / o:tf sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{,
 :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo txnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{,
 kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu Ps ;|f]ts]Gb|
:yfkgf ug]{ .

;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| cfˆgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu /fhkqfª\lst k|yd >]0fLsf]
-lzIff ;]jf_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] g]t[Tjdf lgDgfg';f/sf] ;+/rgfdfkm{t\ sfo{
;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M
s_ efiff lzIff zfvf
v_ ul0ft, lj1fg tyf Jofj;flos lzIff zfvf
u_ ;fdflhs lzIff zfvf
3_ k/LIf0f, d"Nofª\sg, of]hgf tyf cg';Gwfg zfvf
ª_ ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg zfvf
r_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
5_ k|zf;g zfvf

s_ efiff lzIff zfvf

108
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd,
kf7\ok':tsnufotsf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L ljsf;, lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
;fy} dft[efiff;DaGwL sfo{x¿ o; zfvfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
v_ ul0ft, lj1fg tyf Jofj;flos lzIff zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ul0ft, lj1fg tyf ljleGg Jofj;flos ljifox¿sf] lzIf0f
l;sfOsf nflu ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L ljsf;,
lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ ;fdflhs lzIff zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ;fdflhs lzIff, ;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu
ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L ljsf;, lgdf{0f,
kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
3_ k/LIf0f, d"Nofª\sg, of]hgf tyf cg';Gwfg zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, kf7\o;fdu|L, ;Gbe{;fdu|L
cflbsf] d"Nofª\sgsf cltl/Qm ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg Pjd\ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf]
d"Nofª\sg / s]Gb|sf] cfjlws, jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df, ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nofª\sgnufot s]Gb|sf] sfo{ljlwcg';f/ k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf nflu
cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf cg'udg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

109
ª_ ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|af6 ljsf;, lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
efiff ;Dkfbg ug'{, d'b|0fLo k|lt tof/ ug'{, d'b|0f ug'{, ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ u/fpg', kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf z}lIfs ;fdu|L;DaGwL gLlt lgod
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .
r_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|sf] jflif{s ah]6 th'{df, cfDbfgL / vr{ tyf ;f]sf]
n]vf, n]vfsf] cfGtl/s tyf clGtd k/LIf0f, a]¿h'sf] clen]v tyf km5\of}{6nufotsf
sfo{x¿ Jojl:yt ug'{ u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .
5_ k|zf;g zfvf
o; zfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|sf] ;'/Iff, ;/;kmfO{, b}lgs k|zf;g, sd{rf/L k|zf;g,
lhG;L Joj:yfkgnufotsf sfo{x¿sf ;fy} cGo cfjZos sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

110
 k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
kl/ro
dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ k/LIff ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . k/LIff Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f
ug{ s]Gb|Lo:t/df lzIff ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ( ;b:oLo dfWolds lzIff
pQL0f{ k/LIff ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t}u/L P;Pn;L k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu ;a}
lhNnfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf # ;b:oLo dfWolds lzIff
pQL0f{ k/LIff ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no ;fgf]l7dL
eStk'/df cjl:yt 5 .
g]kfndf klxnf]k6s lj= ;+= !(() df dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ -P;Pn;L_ k/LIff
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o;cl3 ;'¿df snsQf ljZjljBfno / kl5 k6gf ljZjljBfnon] pQm
k/LIff ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf lyP . /f0ff zf;gsfndf lghfdtL dWodf / lj= ;+=
@))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] pbokZrft\ g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfkL7, g]kfn lzIff kl/ifb\,
k"j{dWodf / ljzf/b\h:tf cGo ;dfgfGt/ af]8{x¿;d]t cl:tTjdf /x]sfdf /fli6«o lzIff
k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* nfu" ePkl5 dfWolds txsf] clGtd k/LIff ;~rfngsf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDdf k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf cfof] .
dfWolds lzIffsf] k/LIff ;~rfng / k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ /fli6«o d"Nofª\sg ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf ljsl;t ug'{kg]{ b[li6sf]0f k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] /x]sf] 5 . P;Pn;L
k/LIff / k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljZj;gLotf, j}wtf / bIftfnfO{ sfod /fVg] p2]Zo o;
sfof{nosf] /x]sf] 5 .
P;Pn;L k/LIff;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg] p2]Zocg'¿k
pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ If]lzlg tyf lhlzsfdf /x]sf rfnL;eGbf a9L k/LIf0f
s]Gb|dfkm{t k/LIf0f sfo{ ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cfˆgf] If]qleqsf
ljBfnox¿sf] /lhi6«]zg btf{ / nAwfª\s–kqsf] k|ltlnlk lbg] lhDd]af/L If]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zgfnox¿df /x]sf] 5 .
b"/b[li6
 dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{sf] pknAwL k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ug]{ ljZj;gLo s]Gb|
sf] ¿kdf /xg],
 /fli6«o / lhNnf:t/sf k/LIffx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf / a}wtf sfod /fVg],
 k/LIff;FUf ;DalGwt gofF gofF k|lalwx¿sf] ljsf; / k|af]wLs/0f ug]{ .
sfo{x¿
 P;Pn;L k/LIff jf]8{af6 :jLs[t gLlt / lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] ;~rfng, glthf k|sfzg tyf k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug]{,

111
 P;Pn;L k/LIff ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos s]Gb| lgwf{/0f;DaGwL gLlt tof/ ug]
{,
 P;Pn;L k/LIff ;~rfng tyf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fdf ;+nUg x'g] JolQmx¿sf]
of]Uotf;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/ ug]{,
 P;Pn;Lsf k/LIffyL{x¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws ug]{,
 PnPn;L k/LIffsf] glthfsf tYofª\sLo ;"rgfsf] k|af]wLs/0f ug]{,
 k/LIf0fsf ;"rsx¿nfO{ a9L ljZj;gLo / a}w agfpg cg';GwfgfTds
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
 k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg ;]ldgf/, sfo{zfnf tyf
uf]i7L ;~rfng ug]{,
 pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f tyf ;Dk/LIf0fsf] cg'udg ug]{ .

112
;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] k/LIff ;~rfng, glthf k|sfzg, k'gof]{u, k|df0fkq ljt/0f,
k|ltlnlk k|df0fkqx¿sf] ljt/0f, tflnd ;~rfng nufotsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L / ;/n
tl/sfaf6 ;]jfu|fxL ;dIf k'¥ofpgsf nflu /fhkqfª\lst k|yd >]0fLsf] k/LIff lgoGqssf]
g]t[Tjdf /x]sf zfvf / ltgsf] sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ k/LIff zfvf
P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] /lhi6«];g / cfj]bg kmf/d e/fpg], k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, df]8/];g,
5kfO{, k|Zgkq / pQ/ k'l:tsfx¿sf] 9'jfgL sfo{ o; zfvfaf6 ;Dkflbt x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
;fy} k/LIff ;~rfngsf] Joj:yfkg, pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f, glthf k|sfzg, ljBfnonfO{ k|
df0fkq / dfs{n]h/ pknAw u/fpg], :ylut glthf k|sfzg ug]{, k'gof]{usf sfo{ klg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . k/LIffnfO{ ljZj;gLo / j}w agfO{ k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
dfls{ªl:sd, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf tyf gd'gf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f tyf k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt
tflnd / uf]i7L ;~rfng Pjd\ ;+of]hg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
v_ k|df0fkq zfvf
o; zfvfn] P;Pn;L k/LIffsf k/LIffyL{x¿sf] clen]v Joj:yfkg ug]{, k|Zgkq /
glthfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug]{, k|df0fkq tof/ ug]{, ¿h' ug]{, ;Rofpg] tyf k|
df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . ;fy} d"n k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg] / d"n
k|df0fkq tof/ x'g'eGbf cufj} ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;f] k|df0fkq dfu u/]df c:yfoL k|df0fkq
pknJw u/fpg] sfo{;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
u_ tflnd, cg';Gwfg tyf d"Nofª\sg zfvf
o; zfvfn] k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f tyf ;Dk/LIf0f, sIff cf7, ;]G6 ck
6]i6 / P;Pn;Lsf] k/LIff ;~rfng k|lqmofsf ;fy} k|efjsf/L sIff lzIf0f /
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ub{5 . k'gof]{u, k|Zgkq ljZn]if0f, k|
Zgkq e08f/, auL{s/0f k4lt, tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf, af}l4s cWoog tyf ;dfgfGt/ k|
Zgkq;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg, k/LIff d"Nofª\sg, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, k/LIff k|
0ffnLsf] cg'udg / pQ/s'l~hsf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{;d]t o; zfvfsf] sfo{ If]qleq kb{5
.
3_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvf
o; zfvfn] sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clen]v b'¿:t /fVg], ef}lts ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg], lhG;L ;|]:tf b'¿:t /fVg] tyf lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf]
k|of]u, kfn] kx/fsf] Joj:yf, tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgnufotsf
sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ª_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
o; zfvfn] sfof{nosf] vr{sf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, lgsf;f lng], vr{sf] clen]v /fVg],
cfGtl/s tyf afXo n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg], a]¿h' ;Dk/LIf0f tyf km5\of}{6 u/fpg],

113
/fh:j ;ª\sng / w/f}6Lsf] clen]v /fVg], ljlgof]lht ah]6 /fh:j / w/f}6Lsf] df:s]jf/L
tof/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] tyf jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

114
 z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
kl/ro
lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] k];fut sfo{bIftf ljsf;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo:t/sf]
lgsfosf ¿kdf lj=;+= @)%) ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv of] s]Gb| :yfkgf eO sfo{ ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|n] lzIfs ljsf;, lzIff Joj:yfks ljsf; tyf lzIff If]qsf cg';GwfgfTds tyf
;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿df s]lGb|t eO{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; tyf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ zLif{:y ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
lj=;+=@)^! ;fndf dfWolds lzIff ljsf; s]Gb| / b'/ lzIff s]Gb|nfO{ z}lIfs hgzlQm
ljsf; s]Gb|df PsLs[t u/]kl5 lzIff If]qsf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL gLltx¿ th{'df /
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf ;+of]hg tyf PsLs[t ug]{ yk lhDd]jf/L;d]t o;n] kfPsf]
5 . xfn s]Gb|n] ljBfno txb]lv dGqfno;Dd sfo{/t lzIffsdL{x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿;Fu lbuf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{df ;dGjo tyf
g]t[Tj ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf lzIfs tflndsf] ;'¿jft cfwf/e"t lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf;Fu} lj=;+= @))
% ;fndf ePsf] xf] . of] tflnd s]Gb| lj=;+=@)!# df gd{n :s'ndf kl/0ft eof] . lj=;
+=@)!* ;fndf ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ gd{n
:s'nx¿ lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/P .
gd{n :s'n, k|fylds lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|, u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu lzIff kl/of]hgf, lj1fg
lzIff kl/of]hgf / dfWolds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf, /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd kl/of]hgf,
k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf, lzIfs lzIf0f cfof]hgf tyf dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf lyP .
b"/b[li6
cg';Gwfg / gofF k|ljlwsf] dfWodåf/f u'0ffTds lzIffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu pTs[i6
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / z}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfkx¿ clea[l4 ug{;Sg] ;Ifd / ultzLn hgzlQm
tof/ ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} klxrfg ePsf] ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5 .
d"n Wo]o
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, z}Ifl0fs l;4fGtx¿ / cEof;x¿ tyf z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgsf]
If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL If]qdf cu|0fL ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
x'g rfxG5 . o;n] blIf0f Pl;of If]qdf bIf lzIfs, lzIff Joj:yfks / tflnd Joj:yfks ljsf;
ug{sf nflu sfo{ ug]{5 . o;n] lzIff dGqfnonfO{ dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; / z}lIfs gLlt
th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug{df ;xof]u ug]{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfnfO{ k|
fljlws Pjd\ ljz]if1 ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{df ;xof]u ug]{5 .
clwsf/ If]q
s]Gb|sf sfo{ut clwsf/ If]q lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

115
 s= lzIff dGqfnocGt/utsf Joj:yfks tyf k|fljlws, ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgf tyf
lzIff;DaGwL ;d'bfodf sfo{/t JolQmsf] sfo{bIftf clea[l4 ug{ z}lIfs
hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,
v= z}lIfs gLlt lgdf{0fdf dGqfnonfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{,
u= dGqfnocGt/ut sfo{/t Joj:Yffks Pjd\ k|fljlwsx¿ tyf ljBfno lzIfssf] tflnd
k|Dff0fLs/0f ug]{,
3= z}lIfs ljsf;;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{
ª= z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL ;"rgf pTkfbg, k|af]wLs/0f tyf k|sfzg ug]{,
r= lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ ;DaGwg ug]{ .
tflnd sfo{qmdx¿
o; s]Gb|n] lgDglnlvt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 M

s= Joj:yfkg tflnd sfo{qmd

Joj:yfkg tflnddf lzIffdGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfox¿df sfo{/t lzIff Joj:yfks tyf k|
wfgfWofksx¿sf] tflnd kb{5 . lzIff If]qsf gLlt lgdf{tfb]lv sfof{Gjog txdf /x]sf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg u/L Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o;cGt/ut
lgDgfg';f/sf tflnd k|s[ltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M
s= /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ PsxKt] ;]ldgf/
v= /f=k= låtLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ Psdlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd
u= /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ Psdlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd
3= /f=k= cg+= k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Psdlxg] tflnd
ª= lzIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL;DaGwL Psdlxg] tflnd
r= PsxKt] cg'udg tflnd
5= Psdlxg] d"Nofª\sg tflnd
h= k'gtf{huL tflndx¿
v= lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd
lzIfs tflndcGt/ut lgDgfg';f/sf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M
s= k|fylds lzIfs tflnd -!) dlxg]_ sfo{qmd M o; sfo{qmdcGt/ut
k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflnd / ;]jfsfnLg tflndx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M
v= lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds lzIfs tflnd -!) dlxg]_ sfo{qmd
;+/rgf
;fgf]l7dL eStk’/ df cjl:yt z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|df of]hgf, cg';Gwfg tyf
cg'udg dxfzfvf, dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; dxfzfvf tyf b'/ lzIff / v'nf l;sfO dxfzfvf u/L
tLgcf]6f dxfzfvf 5g\ . s]Gb|df Ps hgf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs,

116
tLg hgf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf lgb]{zs, gf} hgf pklgb]{zs;lxt @^ hgf clws[t / $^
hgf ;xfos sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf 5 . s]Gb|cGtu{t ( cf]6f æsÆ ju{sf, @) cf]6f
ævÆ ju{sf tflnd s]Gb|x¿ / %cf]6f tflnd pks]Gb|x¿ u/L @( cf]6f lhNnfdf #$
cf]6f ;+:yf lqmofzLn 5g\ . afFsL $^ cf]6f lhNnfdf cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfno txsf lzIfsx¿sf] k];fut bIftf clej[l4sf nflu oL s]Gb|x¿ sfo{/t
/x]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|n] !) dlxg] ;]jfsfnLg lzIfs tflnd, lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu ;]jfsfnLg z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tflnd, 5f]6f] cjlwsf] k];fut bIftf
clej[l4 tflnd / z}lIfs cg';Gwfg tyf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}
{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf @@ lhNnfdf lk5l8Psf blnt, hghflt tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf
dlxnfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg, P;Pn;L ;xof]u sfo{qmd, v'nf ljBfno sfo{qmd
tyf /]l8of]dfkm{t\ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

117
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
 
kl/ro
;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfaf6} cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Q/ / ljBfno lzIff ;dsIftfsf]
j}slNks Pjd\ v'nf ljBfnoh:tf cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf;,
Joj:yfkg, k|at{g, ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogsf lj|mofsnfkx¿nfO{ g]t[Tj lbg lzIff
dGqfnosf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DjGwL gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{j|md th'{df, kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|
L ljsf;df s]lGb|t cgf}krfl/s lzIff ljsf; / lj:tf/sf sfo{x¿;DaGwL zLif{:y ;+:yfsf
¿kdf o; s]Gb|n] e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 .
@))& ;fndf lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf;Fu} cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md th'{df /
lj:tf/sf nflu k|f/Dedf dGqfnosf] Ps zfvfsf ¿kdf :yflkt k|f}9 lzIff zfvfn] ;fIf/tf
lzIff s]lGb|t sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/ / sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . @)$( ;fnkl5 o;sf]
;ª\u7g :j¿k kl/jt{g eO{ /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ul/of] .
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] lj:tf/, :j¿k / 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g eO{ sfo{If]qdf
ePsf lj:tf/n] ;fIf/tf lzIff s]lGb|t oL ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k ckof{Kt 7fgL cgf}krfl/s
lzIff ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d]6L cfjZos sfo{j|mdx¿sf] Joj: yfkg, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ lj= ;
+= @)%^ ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] o; s]Gb|sf] sfof{no ;fgf]l7dL eStk'/df cjl:yt 5 .

b"/b[li6
k|To]s gful/snfO{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk bIftf clej[l4 ub}{
;Gt'lnt /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Ifd tyf k"0f{;fIf/ ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug'{ o;
s]Gb|sf] b"/b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
nIo
b]zsf] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / d'n'ssf] u/LaL lgjf/0f / ;dtfd"ns ;fdflhs,
cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Ifd hgzlSt ljsf; ug{ dlxnf, blnt / ;dfhsf
;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/L ;du| k|f}9 tyf o'jfx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tfnufotsf pko'St
l;sfO tyf ;Lk ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ o; s]Gb|sf] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
p2]Zo
 ;fIf/tf tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DjGwL lgwf{l/t u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds nIo k|
flKtsf nflu o:tf sfo{j|md ;~rfns ;ª\3;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]
{ pko'St gLltut Pjd\ of]hgf th'{dfsf 9fFrfx¿ k|bfg ug'{,
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfn] to u/]sf ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ljBdfg k|f}9
;fIf/tf b/df %) k|ltzt j[l4 ug]{ nIo xfl;n ug'{,

118
  ;fIf/tf, cgf}krfl/s lzIff / v'nf l;sfO k4ltaf6 d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s / dfgj
ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug'{,
 /fli6«o ljsf;sf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ lg/Gt/ l;sfO k|0ffnL ljsf;sf nflu
ultzLn / lbuf] /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff k4lt :yfkgf ug]{,
 ;fd'bflos ;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{ k|jt{gfTds :yfgLo df}lns /fli6«o
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{,
 ;fIf/tf nufotsf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bfl/tfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],
 ;"Id tyf ;dli6 b'j} txdf of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfo{j|md th'{df / sfof{Gjog
ug]{ /fli6«o Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,
 ljz]if
u/L hghflt, blnt / dlxnfnfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf pko'St sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ .
sfo{

 ;fIf/tf nufotsf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;DjGwL bl3{sflng tyf tTsflng

gLltx¿ th'{df ug]{ / lgld{t gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 ;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Q/, lg/Gt/ lzIff ljBfno lzIff ;dsIftfsf j}slNks tyf v'nf
lzIff l;sfO{ sfo{j|mdx¿ th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg],
 ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+;:yf tyf lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt cgf}krfl/s
lzIff ;DjGwL sfo{j|mdx¿sf] lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKt ug{ k|fljlws ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpg] / To:tf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] cg'udg / ;dGjo ug]{,
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿aLr
;dGjo ug]{,
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf;, lgwf{/0f, pTkfbg tyf cfk"ltsf]
Joj:yf ug]{,
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|mdx¿sf] lj:tf/sf nflu ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|
sf] :yfkgf ug]{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 ;~rflnt sfo{j|mdsf] cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;DjGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x¿ ug]{,

119
  sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt tof/ kfg]{ / tb\g'¿k sfof{Gjog ug]
{ u/fpg],
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg hgzlStsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu tflnd / cled'vLs/0f ;~rfng ug]{ .
;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf
/f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] lgb]{zssf] g]t[Tjdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n]
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;+/rgfdfkm{t\ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M
s= of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg zfvf
o; zfvfcGtu{t of]hgf tyf k|zf;g, cg';Gwfg, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg, ;dGjo, ;fdfu|L
ljt/0f, n]vf, tYofª\sg÷sDKo"6/ / :6f]/ u/L ^ cf]6f sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t pkzfvf
/x]sf 5g\ .
v= kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts tyf tflnd zfvf
o; zfvfcGtu{t cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff / dlxnf lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIff -cfo
cfh{g tyf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|_, j}slNks ljBfno, aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g]
afnaflnsfsf nflu sfo{qmd, kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdfu|L k|sfzg / v'nf
j}slNks lzIff u/L ^ cf]6f sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t pkzfvf /x]sf 5g\ .
sfo{j|md
j| sfo{j|md nlIft ;d"x sfo{j|mdsfo{j|mdsf] :j¿k
m=; cjlw
=

! cfwf/e"t k|!%–$% jif{sf lg/If/ k|^ dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf / sfo{d"ns

f}9 ;fIf/tf f}9 lzIff

@ =;fIf/f]Q/ !%–$% jif{ # dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/]sfnfO{

;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff

# dlxnf lzIff k|yd !%–$% jif{ pd]/;d"xsf^ dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf tyf sfo{d"ns
lg/If/ k|f}9 dlxnf lzIff

$  dlxnf lzIff bf];|cfwf/e"t dlxnf ;fIf/tf k|^ dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/]sfnfO{
f] yd k"/f u/]sf !%–$% ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff
jif{sf k|f}9 dlxnf
% /fli6«o ;fIf/tf!%–^) pd]/;d"xsf lg/If/# dlxgf 5f]6f] cjlwdf lg/If/tf 36fpg
cleofg k|f}9 cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf
^ k|fylds lzIffk|fylds lzIffaf6 al~rt# jif{ sIff !–# ;Ddsf] lzIff
lj:tf/ sfo{j|md ^–* pd]/ ;d"xsf

120
 afnaflnsf

& cgf}krfl/s k|k|fylds lzIffaf6 al~rt# jif{ sIff !–% ;dsIftfsf] k|fylds
fylds lzIff*–!$ pd]/ ;d"xsf lzIff
sfo{j|md afnaflnsf

*  cgf}krfl/s k|!$ jif{eGbf dflysf k|# jif{ sIff !–% ;dsIftfsf] k|fylds
f}9 k|fylds lzIff fylds lzIffaf6 al~rt lzIff
lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf k|f}9
(  lgDgdfWolds !$ jif{ eGbf dflysf@ jif{ sIff ^–* ;dsIftfsf]
txsf] v'nf lzIff lgdf lzIffaf6 al~rt lgDgdfWolds lzIff
lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf k|f}9
!)  cfo cfh{g !% jif{ dflysf k|f}9lg/Gt/ /f]huf/d"ns :yfgLo Joj;fodf ;
dlxnf +nUg u/L pTkfbg a9fpg]
!! ;fd'bflos :yfgLo ;d'bfosflg/Gt/ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf l;sfO
cWoog s]Gb| afl;Gbfx¿ cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf sfo{j|
md / cfo cfh{g sfo{j|mdsf] ;
+of]hg

121
 ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf
kl/ro
lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t ljefu :t/df /xg] u/L tTsfnLg ;/sf/ -d=k=_sf] ldlt @)%
$.!).)@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ @)%$ r}q @^ ut] lzIff dGqfnosf] Pssf]7fdf /xg] u/L
ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . d'n'se/sf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df ljBfno
lzIff ;]jfcGtu{t :yfoL eO{ sfo{/t lzIfsx¿sf] s]Gb|Lo :t/df clen]v /fVg] / ;]jf
lgj[lQ kl5 lgodfg';f/ kfpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{sf nflu 5'§} s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf ¿kdf
o;sf] u7g ePsf] xf] . lzIfs lstfavfgf :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ lstfjvfgf;DjGwL
sfo{x¿ lzIff dGqfno / If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .
b"/b[li6
cfw'gLs k|ljlwsf] cfwfl/t j}1flgs / Jojl:yt clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jfu|
fxLx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ e/kbf]{ clen]vsf cfwf/df ;'wf/fTds gLlt,
sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] o; lstfjvfgfsf] b"/b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
p2]Zox¿
o; lstfjvfgfsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf :yfoL lzIfsx¿sf] ;'¿ lgo'lQmb]lv cjsf;;Ddsf] clen]v
cBfjlws ug]{,
 ;]jfaf6 cnu ePsf lzIfsx¿n] lga[Qe/0f, pkfbfg, cf}ifwLpkrf/, ljdf, kfl/jfl/s
lga[Qe/0f, ;GttL a[lQ cflb ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] / ltgsf] clen]v /fVg],
 cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v /fVg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] ;"rgf s]Gb|sf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{,
 ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]
{ lzIfs;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf tYofª\sx¿ pknAw u/fpg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] jflif{s tnaL k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug]{÷u/fpg] .
sfo{x¿
/f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] dxflgb]{zssf]] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ljBfno lzIfs lstfjvfgfsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M
 a}olQms ljj/j0f btf{ u/L lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, ;¿jf, a9'jf, tflnd, z}lIfs
of]Uotf, k'/:sf/, ljefuLo sf/afxL, c;fwf/0f Pjd\ cWoog ljbf,

122
 cf}ifwLpkrf/sf] /sdh:tf lzIfs;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0fx¿ a}olQms ljj/0f
kmfOndf ;+nUg u/L cBfjlws ug]{,
 lzIfssf] jflif{s tnaL ljj/0f kfl/t ug]{ u/fpg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] cjsfzsf] ;"rgf ^ dlxgf cufj} ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ lbg],
 ;]jfaf6 cnu ePsf lzIfsx¿sf] lgj[Qe/0f, pkfbfg, cf}ifwL, aLdf,
kfl/jfl/s lgj[Qe/0f, kfl/jfl/s a[lQ, z}lIfs eQf tyf ;Gtlt j[lQh:tf ;'ljwf
ls6fg u/L clwsf/ kq k|bfg ug]{,
 lzIfsx¿sf] gf]s/L clen]v cBfjlws /fVg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] :yfoL 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ug]{,
 lzIfs;DaGwL ;"rgf s]Gb|sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{,
 lzIfsx¿sf] k|fKt ;DklQ ljj/0f /fVg],
 ;DalGwt lzIfs tyf JolQm, ;+:yf / lgsfox¿nfO{ lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v
cg'¿ksf tYofª\sx¿ lgodfg;;f/ pknAw u/fpg],
 lzIfsx¿sf] clen]vnfO{ lg/Gt/ cfw'lgs k|ljlwcg'¿k Jojl:yt Pjd\
cBfjlws ub}{ hfg] .
 lzIff dGqfnon] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug]{ / tf]lsPsf cGo sfd ug]
{.

123
 Zf}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| lzIff dGqfnoleq /x]sf] 5 . lzIff ;]jfsf ;x;lrj k|d'v
/xg] o; s]Gb|df sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ c:yfoL kb l;h{gf u/L sfo{ lhDd]jf/L
lbOPsf] 5 . lJfBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] d'nb:tfj]hdf g} ljBfno txsf] lzIffsf]
u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f k|of]hgfy{ of] s]Gb| /xg] Joj:yf ePcg'¿k @)^^ df :yfkgf ePsf]
xf] .
;fdfGo p2]Zo

lzIffsf lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt dfkbG8åf/f

z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[lå ug]{ .

ljlzi6 p2]Zo

s_ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ aLr

;dGjo sfod ug]{,
v_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] cfGtl/s u'0f:t/Lotfsf ;"rsx¿ lgSof}{n ug]{,
u_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dli6ut u'0f:t/Lotf k/LIf0f ug{ of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug]]{,
3_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lotf clej[l4sf nflu cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{,
ª_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo pknlAw k|bz{g x'g] sfo{qmdx¿ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

sfo{x¿

!_ lgwf{l/t z}lIfs dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf÷ePsf Pjd\ ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{ k|efjsfl/tfsf
cfwf/df z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dli6ut u'0f:t/Lotf k|dfl0ft ug{ hfFra'em ug{],
@_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] of]hgf, lgoGq0f Pjd\ ;'wf/sf nflu u'0f:t/Lotfsf] k|ltj]bg
k]; ug]{,

124
#_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf] :t/ Pjd\ ljsf; ;fj{hlgs ug{ d2t ug]{,
$_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dli6ut u'0f:t/Lotf k|dfl0ft ug{ d2t ug{],
%_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] dfkb08, dfgs, sfo{ lgb{]lzsf Pjd\ p2]Zo / ;"rs lgdf{0fdf
d2t ug]{,
^_ s]Gb|sf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ z}lIfs dfkb08, dfgs, sfo{ lgb{]lzsf p2]Zo
Pjd\ ;"rssf cfwf/df P]g lgodfg';f/sf] sfo{ eP gePsf] / k|ult;d]tsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ cfjZos ;fwg tyf k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ d2t ug{],
&_ gDa/ ! sf] sfo{;Fu cfjå eO{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|efj d"Nofª\sgsf nflu
;xof]u ug]{ .
*_ P]g lgod cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg eP gePsf] / ck]lIft k|ult eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{,
(_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;';~rfngsf nflu cfjZos sfo{ljlwx¿ ljsf; ug]{,
!)_ s]Gb|b]lv ljBfnotx;Ddsf z}lIfs ;fem]bf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;+:yfut ;dGjo :yflkt
ug]{ .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

z}lIfs gLlt lgwf{/0f ;ldlt

;~rfns ;ldlt
cWoIf

pkfWoIf

sfo{sf/L ju{ ;lrjfno

;dLIfs

d"Nofª\sg cfGtl/s u'0f:t/Lotf

k|n]vg, k|zf;g tyf tyf of]hgf Pjd\ z}lIfs
125
sfg'g cg';Gwfg ;fem]bf/L ljsf;
ljsf;
gf]6 M of] cjwf/0ff kq Visioning of Review Office sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f dfq xf] .
plNnlvt cjwf/0ff kqpk/ cfjZos yk36 tyf ;+zf]wg lzIff dGqfnosf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ x'g]5 .

126
 lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

kl/ro
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] :yfoL lgo'lQm tyf a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug{, lzIfs
kbsf] pDd]bjf/sf] nflu cfjZos kg{] cWofkg cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ / lzIfssf] ;]jf
zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DjGwL ljifodf ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg @)%^ ;fndf /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]usf] u7g e} @)%* ;fn df3 @% ut] lzIff P]g, @)@* df ePsf] ;ftf}+ ;
+zf]wgåf/f lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u u7g e} lg/Gt/ sfo{/t /xL cfPsf] 5 .

@= cfof]usf] sfo{x¿
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] :yfoL lgo'lQmsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg
kZrft\ l;kmfl/z ug{],
 &% k|ltzt sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg cyf{t\ kmfOn a9'jfsf cfwf/df / @
% k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 a9'jf sfo{;Dkfbg u/L
lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug{],
 cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIff ;~rfng / k|df0fkq k|bfg ug{],
 lzIfsx¿sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, a9'jf / cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf nflu
lnOg] k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug{] / k/LIff;DjGwL cGo sfo{
ug{],
 lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfsf ;DjGwdf dGqfnonfO{ ;'emfj lbg] cflb
d'Vo¿kn] /x]sf
5g\ .

cfof]usf efjL /0fgLlt Pjd\ k|of;x¿

 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgdf cª\s lb+bf lzIfssf] sfo{bIftf;Fu hf]l8
d"Nofª\sgsf ;"rsx¿ tof/ ug{] k|of; eO/x]sf],
lzIfs cWofkg cg'dltkqdf k|of]ufTds k/LIff /fVg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn cufl8
a9fOPsf] .

127
 If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno
kl/ro
lj=;=@))# -;g\ !($^_ df k"jf{~rnsf] hgsk'/ / klZrdf~rnsf] kfNkfdf ljBfno
pklg/LIfssf] sfof{no :yfkgf;Fu} lzIffdf If]qLo k|zf;gsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] xf] . ljBdfg
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnox¿ eg] /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf, @)@* nfu" ePkl5 :yfkgf
ePsf x'g\ . If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno :yfkgf ug'{sf] p2]Zo z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] k|
efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ / o;nfO{ ljBfno tyf hgtfsf] glhs n}hfg ePsf] xf] . If]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zgfnox¿n] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿df Ps¿ktf Nofpg] /
ljBfno:t/sf] k7gkf7g tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]
{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf kfFrcf]6f ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zgfno -If]lzlg_ /x]sf 5g\ .
!_ k"jf{~rn If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, wgs'6f
@_ dWodf~rn If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}
#_ klZrdf~rn If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f
$_ dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t
%_ ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno, lbkfon
;fªu7lgs ;+/rgf
k|To]s If]lzlgsf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf lgb]{zs -/f=k=k|yd >]0fL]_ /xg] Joj:Yff 5 .
If]lzlgcGtu{t tkl;nsf zfvfx¿ /xG5g\ M
s_ cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf tYofª\s zfvf
v_ ljBfno k|zf;g zfvf
u_ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk zfvf
3_ k/LIff zfvf
ª_ k|zf;g zfvf
r_ n]vf zfvf
p2]Zox¿
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
 dGqfno / ljefusf] lgb]{zgdf If]qleqsf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 cfˆgf] If]qleqsf z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfksf] ;dGjo ug]{,

128
  If]qleq z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
d'Vo sfo{x¿
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf d'Vod'Vo sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 If]qleqsf z}lIfs of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ aLrdf ;dGjo ug]{,
 ljBfno lzIffsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{,
 lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿nfO{ cg'dlt / :jLs[t lbg],
 pRrdfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
 k|j]lzsf k/LIff -P;Pn;L_ ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, lg/LIfs, lzIfs tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf nflu tflnd,
uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
 cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdx¿sf]] :ynut ;'kl/j]If0f tyf
sfo{qmdx¿ cg'udg ug]{,
 cfly{s k|zf;gsf] /]vb]v u/L ljBfnosf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu n]vf
k/LIfssf] ;"rL tof/ u/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k7fpg],
 ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lzIff kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;dGjo / lg/LIf0f ug]{,
 dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ ljBfyL{x¿sf]] k|df0f–kqdf gfd, y/ / hGd ldlt
;Rrfpg] tyf c:yfoL k|df0fkq lbg] ,
 lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lx¿sf] sfddf ;dGjo, lg/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 lhlzsf / ;|f]t s]Gb|af6 lgoldt ¿kdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f
u/fpg],
 ljBfnonfO{ ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL u'7LcGt{ut btf{ ug]{,
 lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds txsf ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f ug]{,

129
 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
kl/ro
z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] ;ªu7gfTds :j¿kdf tNnf] txsf] lgsfosf ¿kdf &% cf]6} lhNnfdf
PsPscf]6f lhNnf lzIff sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf:t/Lo z}lIfs ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ / /fli6«o gLlt / sfo{qmdsf
;fy} ;DalGwt If]lzlg, lzIff ljefu tyf lzIff dGqfnosf] lgb]{zfg';f/ lhNnfdf
k7gkf7g k|lqmof eP–gePsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug'{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf]
d'Vo bfloTj
xf] . ljBfno k|zf;g tyf ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu k|To]s
lhNnfnfO{ ljBfno ;ª\Vof / ef}uf]lns agfj6sf cfwf/df lg/LIf0f If]qdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s lg/LIf0f If]qsf ljBfnox¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u, lg/LIf0f tyf
z}lIfs ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;|f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf
k|To]s lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L -/fhkqfª\lst
låtLo >]0fL], k|fljlws_ /xg] Joj:Yff 5 . ljBfno ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nonfO{ æsÆ, ævÆ, æuÆ / æ3Æ u/L rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . æsÆ
ju{df Psdfq lhNnf sf7df08f} /x]sf] 5 eg] ævÆ ju{df & lhNnf, æuÆ ju{df %(
lhNnf / æ3Æ ju{Dff * lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
ljBfno ;ª\Vof / lhNnfsf] juL{s/0fcg';f/ zfvfx¿ km/skm/s /xg ;S5g\ . lhNnf
lzIff sfof{nocGtu{t tklznsf zfvfx¿ /xG5g\ M
s_ ljBfno tyf cfGtl/s k|zf;g zfvf
v_ of]hgf, sfo{qmd, tYofª\s, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff zfvf
u_ k/LIff zfvf
3_ lg/LIf0f tyf tflnd zfvf
k|d'v sfo{x¿
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf d'Vod'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
 ;/sf/sf] z}lIfs gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿sf cfwf/df lhNnfdf ljleGg z}lIfs ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg],
 ljBfno / ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f u/L lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, ;|f]tJolQm /
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg],

130
 lhNnfsf] z}lIfs k|ultsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{,
 lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg tyf ;¿jf ug]{ / ;f]sf] clen]v /fVg],
 ljBfno, lzIfs cflbsf] jflif{s / cfjlws tYofª\s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,
 gofF ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ljBdfg ljBfnox¿ ;'b[9 ug]{,
 5f]6f] cjlwsf lzIfs tflnd, sfo{zfnf tyf uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
 lhNnf:t/Lo Pjd\ P;Pn;L k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{,
 lhNnfsf ljBfnox¿df ljBfyL{x¿sf] kxF"r Pjd\ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a[l4sf nflu
sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;"rgf ;ª\sng ljZn]if0f / k|af]wLs/0f ug]{ u/fpg],
 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
 lhNnfdf z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfngfy{ u};; / cGo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]
{ u/fpg],
 s]Gb|Lo Pjd\ If]qLo lgsfox¿af6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

131
 ;|f]ts]Gb|
kl/ro
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodfkm{t lhNnfdf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs ultljlwsf] g]t[Tj ug]
{ lgsfo ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿ x'g\ . ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf Extended Arm sf ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . ;|f]ts]Gb|df ;|f]tJolQm /xG5g\ . ;|f]tJolQmx¿ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf
lzIfsx¿af6 sfhdf NofOPsf 5g\ . d'n'se/ s'n !)(! ;|f]ts]Gbx¿ tf]lsPsfdf xfn !)%#
cf]6f ;|f]ts]Gb| sfod 5g\ . lhNnf :t/df ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿sf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg /
d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{ ljBfno lg/LIfsdfkm{t x'g] ub{5 .
;|f]ts]Gb|dfkm{t ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{qmdx¿
s_ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
 ;Dk"0f{ ljBfnox¿nfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ ;f]cg';f/
sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
 ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo jflif{s of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
v_ljBfno lg/LIf0f
 kf7\oqmdcg'¿k lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u u/L k7gkf7g eP gePsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{,
 ljBfnodf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs lgb]{lzsf k|fKt eP gePsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ /
gePdf ;dodf g} Joj:yf ug]{ jf u/fpg],
 ;|f]ts]Gb|cGtu{tsf ljz]if sIff ;~rfng ePsf nufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ ljBfnox¿sf]
lgoldt lg/LIf0f ug]{ / k|ltj]bg lhlzsfdf k7fpg] .
u_tYofª\s ;ª\sng / clen]v Joj:yfkg
 ;|f]ts]Gb| / ;d"x ljBfnosf] ljj/0f cbfjlws ul//fVg],
 ;|f]ts]Gb| cGtu{tsf lzIfsx¿sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ .
3_sIff cjnf]sg÷gd'gf kf7 k|bz{g
 ;|f]ts]Gb|leqsf bIf lzIfsx¿af6 gd'gf kf7 kb{z{ ug]{ sfddf nufpg],
 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ Peer teaching ug{ nufpg] / cjnf]sg ug]{,
 ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug]{ / k[i7kf]if0f lbg],
 ljifout ;'xfpFbf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
ª_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ lg/If/x¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ .
r_ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4;DaGwL sfo{
 ljBdfg k|fs[lts, ef}lts, dfgjLoh:tf ;|f]tx¿sf] plrt kl/rfng ug]{,
 ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf z}lIfs ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,

132
  lzIfssf] lzIf0f–l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] lgs6td /xL lzIfssf] Ps ;xof]uL ldqsf ¿kdf
sfo{ ug]{,
 z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]ts]Gb|cGtu{tsf lzIfs, k|c=, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfs cleefjs
;ª\3 Pjd\ cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfjZostf x]/L cNksfnLg tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cfof]hgf
ug]{,
 lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO tyf ljifout;DaGwL tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 cfjZos kg]{ sIffsf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt lgsfodf dfu ug]{ .
 cgf}krfl/s sIff ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
 ;xof]uL sfo{stf{, :yfgLo lg/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
 ufpF ;fIf/tf cleofg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ / ljj/0f lh=lz=sf=df k7fpg] .
5_cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng
 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk / z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|bz{gL ug{ nufpg] .
 cGo /rgfTds sfo{ h:t} /]8qm;, :sfp6 tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
h_cGo sfo{x¿
 ljBfno d"Nofª\sg / k'/:s[t,
 ljz]if lzIff sIff ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos sfo{,
 ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo k/LIff ;~rfng,
 ;do ;dodf z}lIfs e|d0fsf] Joj:yf,
 lhlzsfaf6 lgb]{lzt cGo sfo{x¿ .

133
 o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u

kl/ro
lzIffdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf o'g]:sf]sf nflu g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] u7g lj=;+
@)!! ;fn >fj0f !! -@@ h'nfO{ !(%$_ ut] ePsf] xf] . To;avt o;nfO{ o'g]:sf]sf
lgldQ g]kfn cGtl/d cfof]u elgGYof] . lj=;+ @)#! ;fndf o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ
g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] ljwfg agfO{ cfof]un] ;f]xL ljwfgcg';f/ sfo{ ;~rfng ub}
{ cfPsf] 5 . o'g]:sf]sf nflu g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf p2]Zox¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
 z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{x¿sf] dfWodåf/f g]kfnL hgtfsf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ af}l4s ljsf; ug]{,
 lzIff, ;+:s[lt, lj1fg, cfd ;~rf/ tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg,
tflnd, uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng cflb ug]{ u/fpg],
 cfˆgf] b]zsf] uf}/jdo ;+:s[ltsf] j}ejnfO{ ljZjsf cGo /fi6«x¿df cfˆgf]
;fwgn] EofP;Dd kl/lrt ug]{ u/fpg],
 o'g]:sf]s]f p2]Zo Pjd\ sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg],
 cGt/{fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo:t/df o'g]:sf]åf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmddf ;3fp
k'¥ofpg],
 o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt /fli6«o tyf If]qLo ljsf; cfof]hgf Pjd\
sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
;+/rgf
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7gsf] ljwfgaf6 lgb]{lzt
/x]sf] o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] ljwfgn] cfof]usf] ;
+/rgfnfO{ o'g]:sf] k]l/;sf] ;+/rgf;Fu ldNbf] lsl;dn] cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
ljwfgcg';f/ cfof]usf] ;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
!= cfof]u
lzIff dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf o'g]:sf] ljifo If]q ;Da4 dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿,
ljZjljBfnosf k|ltlglw, nJw–k|ltli7t ljåfgx¿, ljifo ljz]if1x¿;d]taf6 u7g ePsf]
cfof]u Joj:yfksLo cª\sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . kb]g / dgf]lgt b'O{ k|sf/sf ;b:o /xg] o;
cfof]un] gLlt lgd{f0f / lgb]{zg ub{5 . o;sf] dxflwj]zg jflif{s ¿kdf x'g] Joj:yf
5 . cfof]usf] u7g ljlw b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

134
s_ lzIff dGqL cWoIf
v_ lzIff /fHodGqL jf ;xfos dGqL
pkfWoIf
u_ ljZjljBfnosf pks'nkltx¿dWo]af6 lzIff dGqfnoåf/f dgf]lgt b'O{hgf
;b:o
3_ k//fi6« dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
ª_ lj1fg tyf k|lalw dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
r_ ;+ª\3Lo dfldn, ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw
;b:o
5_ hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
h_ ljleÌ ;ª\3, ;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 lzIff dGqfnoåf/f dgf]lgt a9Ldf $ hgf
;b:o
em_ lzIffljb\x¿dWo]af6 lzIff dGqfnoåf/f dgf]lgt a9Ldf % hgf ;b:o
`_ ljifo ;ldtsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ;b:ox¿ ;b:o
6_ lzIff ;lrj dxf;lrj
7_ ;xfos dxf;lrj, o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u ;b:o
@= sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt
cfof]un] kfl/t u/]sf gLlt Pjd\ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\af6 sfof{Gjog
ug{ u/fpgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/df Ps sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h;df
sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] ;lrjsf] ¿kdf ;lrjfnosf] ;xfos dxf–;lrjn] sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;
;ldltdf lgDgfg';f/sf ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 M
s_ cfof]usf] cWoIf cWoIf
v_ cfof]usf] pkfWoIf
pkfWoIf
u_ cfof]usf] dxf–;lrj ;b:o
3_ cfof]usf] ;b:odf dgf]lgt pks'nkltx¿dWo] cWoIfåf/f dgf]lgt Ps hgf ;b:o
ª_ ljifo ;ldltsf ;+of]hsx¿ ;b:o
r_ cfof]usf dgf]lgt lzIffljb\x¿dWo]af6 cWoIfaf6 dgf]lgt b'O{ hgf
;b:o
#= ;lrjfno
o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] Ps ;lrjfno /xg] Joj:yf 5 . xfn of] ;lrjfno
lzIff dGqfno s]z/dxndf /x]sf] 5 . o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf]

135
ljwfgn] lzIff dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] lzIff ;]jfsf] pk–;lrjn] ;lrjfnosf] ;lrj
eO{ sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;lrjfnodf lzIff ;lrj dxf;lrjsf] ¿kdf, ;xfos
dxf;lrj tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L lzIff, ;+:s[lt,
lj1fg, cfd;~rf/ / ;fdflhs If]qsf u/L kfFrcf]6f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . h;df a9Ldf ;ft
hgf ;b:o /xg] / pgLx¿sf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

136
 ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u

kl/ro
ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg If]qaf6 k|fKt cg'bfgsf] /sd ;d'lrt
tj/n] ljt/0f ug{ tyf ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg
ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg];DaGwL sfd ug{ ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf
ug{ pko'Qm ePsfn] lj= ;+=@)%) dª\l;/ & ut] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u P]g,
@)%) kfl/t eO{ @)%! b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)$( n]
ax'ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPcg'¿k ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9ª\n]
cl3 a9fpg ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf dxz'; ul/of] . ;f]xL
l;kmfl/;cg'¿k g]kfndf ljZjljBfno÷pRrz}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng Pjd\ ljsf;sf nflu
ljleGg If]qaf6 k|fKt cg'bfgsf] /sd ;d'lrt tj/n] ljt/0f ug{ tyf z}lIfs:t/ lgwf{/0f
u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;+;b\åf/f cfof]usf] u7g ePkl5 tf]lsPsf p2]Zo,
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k"/f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ lj= ;+ @)%! >fj0fdf cfof]usf]
;lrjfno :yfkgf u/]/ lg/Gt/ sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt P]g,
lgodnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf ln+Fb} lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf ljZjljBfno cg'bfg
cfof]u sfo{Joj:yf lgodfjnL, @)^), ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u sd{rf/L lgodfjnL,
@)^) / ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u cfly{s Joj:yf lgodfjnL, @)^) nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ .
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df cjl:yt 5 .
p2]Zox¿
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
s_ ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt
cg'bfgsf] /sd ;d'lrt tj/af6 ljt/0f ug]{,
v_ ljZjljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{,
u_ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg],
3_ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gofF ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lbg] .
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿
s_ ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
v_ ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cg'bfg jZjljBfnox¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{,

137
 u_ ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ cg'bfg lbg] tyf yk cg'bfg dfu ug]
{ ljZjljBfnox¿sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df l;kmfl/; ug]{,
3_ ljZjljBfnox¿df ;~rfng ul/g] z}lIfs sfo{qmd :t/o'Qm agfpg
ljZjljBfnox¿aLr ;dGjo sfod u/fpg],
ª_ z}lIfs:t/ j[l4sf nflu pko'Qm lj4tj[lQ / cg';Gwfgnufotsf sfo{qmd
th'{df ug]{,
r_ ljZjljBfnox¿df pko'Qm z}lIfs:t/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
Joj:yf ug]{,

5_ g]kfnleq tyf aflx/sf ljZjljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿aLr 5fqj[lQ,

ljåt\j[lQ cflb cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
h_ cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]; ug]{ .
cfof]usf] u7g
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] u7g lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
s_ Vofltk|fKt lzIffljb\dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dgf]lgt u/]sf] s'g} Ps JolQm

============================================
cWoIf
v_ ljZjljBfnosf pks'nkltx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn
;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf b'Ohgf pks'nklt
====================== ;b:o
u_ ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -lzIff x]g]{_
======================== ;b:o
3_ ;lrj, lzIff dGqfno

=============================================
=============;b:o
ª_ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno

=============================================
============;b:o
r_ pRrlzIffdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljåfg\ tyf
jl/i7 k|fWofksx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt
u/]sf b'Ohgf
=============================================
================ ;b:o

138
 5_ pRrlzIffsf If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljleGg
JolQmx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf
b'Ohgf
=============================================
=============================== ;b:o
h_ ;lrj

=============================================
======================== ;b:o–;lrj

cfof]usf ;ldltx¿
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u d'n'ss} ;Dk"0f{ pRr lzIffsf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf] . o;
cfof]unfO{ g]kfnsf nflu pRr lzIff gLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;+of]hg tyf
cg';Gwfg ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] pRr lzIff gLlt s:tf] lng] / To;sf nflu s:tf] gLlt jf cjwf/0ff ckgfpg]
eGg] ljifodf cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ lng] u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf sfo{x¿ ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn]
;~rfng ug{ cfof]udf kb l;h{gf ;ldlt, kbk"lt{ ;ldlt, k|fl1s ;ldlt, cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ ,
cg';Gwfg ;ldlt, 5fqf lzIff sf]if Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f
;ldlt, lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .
cfof]usf ljleGg dxfzfvfx¿
cfof]usf] lgwf{l/t nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ ljleGg sfd, st{Jo ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn]
;~rfngfy{ cfof]usf] k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gdf lgb]{zssf] g]t[Tjdf lgDgfg';f/sf
dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ M
s_ k|zf;g dxfzfvf
v_ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf
u_ cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf
3_= cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg dxfzfvf
ª_ cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf
r_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f dxfzfvf
s_ k|zf;g dxfzfvf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws /fVg], cfGtl/s k|zf;g;DaGwL cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{, cfof]uåf/f l;h{gf ul/Psf ljleGg kbx¿sf] k"lt{ Pjd\
a9'jf;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{, sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts ;fwg h'6fpg],
lhG;L ;fdfgx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws u/L lhG;L lg/LIf0f ug]{ cflb sfo{x¿ o;
dxfzfvfåf/f ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

139
v_ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf
cfof]usf] p2[]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u/L ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fpg], lzIff If]qdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/sf nflu sfo{qmddf ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g
ug]{, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{x¿ o;
dxfzfvfåf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5g\ .
u_ cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sdaf6 cfof]usf] sf]if ;~rfng ug]{,
jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug]{, ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf cGtu{tsf
SofDk;÷sn]hx¿nfO{ cg'bfgsf] /sd lgsf;f lbg], vr{sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws /fvL n]vf
k/LIf0f u/fpg] tyf n]vf k/LIf0faf6 sfod x'g cfPsf a]¿h'x¿ km5\of}{6sf nflu
cfjZos sfo{x¿ o; dxfzfvfaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/G5g\ .
3_ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg dxfzfvf
ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿, pRrz}lIfs ;+:yfx¿, k|lti7fgx¿ Pjd\ ;f]cGtu{tsf cfª\lus
tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;, ljBfkL7 tyf sn]hx¿af6 k|fKt tYofª\s tyf
ljj/0fx¿ cBfjlws /fVg], cfof]uåf/f cg'bfg lbOPsf ljleGg
SofDk;÷ljBfkL7÷sn]hx¿df ;f]cg'¿k sfo{qmd ;~rfng eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]
{ Pjd\ cfjZos k/fdz{ pknAw u/fpg] . ljleGg rf}dfl;s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;dLIff
a}7s af]nfpg] tyf ;f]sf] lgrf]8 lzIff dGqfnodf k7fpg] tyf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|
ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{h:tf sfo{x¿ o; dxfzfvfåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/G5g\ .
ª_ cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{;DaGwL k|zf;lgs sfd ug{ ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]udf Ps
cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfn] /0fgLlts sfo{sf nflu cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb tyf cGo s'/fsf nflu ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]udf l/kf]6{ ub{5 . ljZjljBfno
cg'bfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] ;'emfjdf ljleGg cg';Gwfg k|:tfjx¿ 5gf]6 ug{
Pp6f t6:y d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt / cfjZostf cg';f/sf pk;ldltx¿ u7g ub{5 .
r_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f dxfzfvf
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f ;Fu ;DalGwt b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Dkfbg
ug{ ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]udf Pp6f Accreditation Division :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

140
 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
kl/ro
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)!^ cg';f/ g]kfns} ;aeGbf h]7f] ljZjljBfnosf ¿kdf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b]zsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos bIf
hgzlQm tof/ ug{, :t/o'Qm pRr lzIff k|bfg ug{, ljljw kIfdf cg';Gwfg ug{,
/fli6«o ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{, snf lj1fg k|ljlw / Jofj;flos If]qsf]
1fg / cg';GwfgnfO{ Jofks agfpg' o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . of] ljZjljBfno pRr lzIffsf
nflu k|d'v /fli6«o ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] s'nkltdf k|
wfgdGqL / ;xs'nkltdf lzIff dGqL /xg] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lgo'Qm pks'nklt
ljZjljBfnosf] k|d'v k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf /xG5g\ . lqljsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sLlt{k'/,
sf7df8f}+df /x]sf] 5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq, :gfts, :gftsf]Q/, Pdlkmn / ljBfjfl/lw txsf
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ========sf] tYofª\scg';f/ xfn ^) cf]6f
cfª\lus SofDk; #& cf]6f s]Gb||Lo ljefu tyf $@@ cf]6f lghL SofDk; ;~rflnt
5g\ . oL cfª\lus SofDk;x¿ k"jf{~rndf !#, dWodf~rndf @*, klZrdf~rndf !!,
dWoklZrdf~rndf % / ;'b'/klZrdf~rndf # cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;DaGwg k|fKt
SofDk;x¿df k"jf{~rndf %*, dWodf~rndf @@%, klZrdf~rndf *&,
dWoklZrdf~rndf @% / ;'b'/klZrdf~rndf @& cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ . lqljcGtu{t
rf/cf]6f ;ª\sfo, kfFrcf]6f cWoog ;+:yfg / rf/cf]6f cg';Gwfg
s]G›x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M
;ª\sfox¿
!= Joj:yfkg
@= dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q
#= lzIffzf:q
$= sfg'g
cWoog ;+:yfgx¿
!= lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg
@= OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfg
#= jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg
$= s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg

141
 %= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfg
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿
!= g]kfn Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]G› (CNAS)
@= cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]G› (CEDA)
#= lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]G› (CERID)
$= Jofjxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (RECAST)
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{t kfFrcf]6f kl/ifbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= ljZjljBfno kl/ifb
@= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb
#= k|fl1s kl/ifb
$= cg';Gwfg ;dGjo kl/ifb
%= of]hgf kl/ifb
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf cWoog ;+:yfg÷;ª\sfox¿

qm
k|jL0ftf Pd=lk ljBfjfl/l
=; cWoog +:yfg ÷ ;ª\sfo :gfts :gftsf]Q/
k|df0fkq mn w
+
OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;  
!   
+:yfg
s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg 
@    
cWoog ;+:yfg
 
# lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg   

$ jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg    
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ; 
%    
+:yfg
 
^ sfg'g ;ª\sfo   
 
& Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo   
 
* lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo   
dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q  
(   
;ª\sfo

142
 g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno
kl/ro

g]kfn /fHodf ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ pRrtd tx;Dd ;'Jojl:yt ug{ ;+:s[t ljBfn] ljljw
If]qdf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf ljz]if pknlJwx¿nfO{ ;dofg';f/ cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;
+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{, k/Dk/fut wd{ / g}lts dfGotf, ;bfrf/ / ;Rrl/qtfsf] kl/kfngf
ub}{ g]kfn /fHonfO{ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] 1fg / k|]/0ff k|fKt ug]{ s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug{, / g]kfn /fHodf clt k|flrg sfnb]lv g} ;+:s[t ljBfsf] uf}/jdo k/Dk/f /xFb}
cfPsf] / +To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg lj=;+= @)$# ;fn dfu{ dlxgfdf g]kfnsf] bf];|f]
ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

;+:s[t ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ePsf] b'O{ bzseGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 . :yfkgf sfndf ;Lldt
If]qdf /x]sf] ;+:s[tsf] cWoog-cWofkgnfO{ b]zsf kfFr} ljsf; If]qdf k'¥ofOPsf]
5 . kfFrcf]6f cfª\lus ljBfkL7dfq /x]sf] cj:yfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] of]
ljZjljBfnocGtu{t !@ cf]6f cfª\lus / !% cf]6f ;DaGwg k|fKt ljBfkL7 /x]sf 5g\ .
;+:s[t jfª\doleq /x]sf k|fof]lus lzIffsf] k|f/lDes sIff ;~rfng k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 eg]
k|fRo jf:t', snf, ;+:s[lt, s[lif h:tf ljifosf] sIff ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ ljZjljBfnosf]
;f]rfO /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] s'nklt k|wfgdGqL, ;xs'nklt lzIffdGqL,
pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf / s'n;lrj /xg] Joj:yf
5 . pks'nklt ljZjljBfnosf] k|d'v k|zf;ssf ¿kdf /xG5g\ . o; ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] a]nem'08L, bfªdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfno
;efdfkm{t cfGtl/s gLltlgdf{0f tyf ljZjljBfno ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

k|d'v sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx¿

;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] p2]Zodf ;+:s[t pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] :ki6 ls6fg
ePsfn] pQ/dWodf, zf:qL, cfrfo{sf] k7gkf7g tyf ljBfjfl/lw, lg¿kflws cg';Gwfg,
ljleGg k|lzIf0f, u|Gy ;Dkfbg cflb z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s sfo{qmdx¿ g} ljZjljBfnosf

143
k|d'v sfo{qmd x'g\ . ;+:s[t jfª\doleq /x]sf ljleGg ljifo / If]qsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ g}
ljZjljBfnosf] k|d'v sfo{ ePsfn] jfª\doleqsf yk ljifosf] sIff ;~rfng ug]{ / u/fpg]
nIo /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg ljifosf] k|lzIf0fcGtu{t ;+:s[t efiff, sd{sf08, of]u, ;+:s[t
;Defif0f lzlj/h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . k|fl1s ljsf;tkm{ pkflwd"ns
cg';Gwfg, ljleGg efiffefifLx¿sf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, snf Jofs/0f cflbsf] ljz]if
cg';Gwfg, ljefuLo n3' cg';Gwfg, x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿sf] ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg, ;"lrkq
lgdf{0f, k~rfª\u lgdf{0f / k|sfzgh:tf sfo{qmd x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf / bIftf clej[l4sf nflu j[lQljsf; uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lh:tf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] cfo'j]{b :gfts -aLPPdP;_ sIff ;~rfngsf nflu yk Ps
:yfgdf ;DaGwg lbOPsf] 5 .

5fqj[lQ

;+:s[t lzIffdf pRr cWoog ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ¿=$%).- / ¿= %%).-

5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/b]}} cfPsf] 5 . blnt / hghfltsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+:s[t
lzIfftkm{ cfslif{t ug{ k|lt ljBfyL{ k|ltdlxgf ¿=!,))).- / ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf
ljBfyL{sf nflu cGo ljBfyL{x¿eGbf ¿=!)).- yk 5fqj[lQ lbO{+b} cfPsf] 5 .

hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt] / ;lxbsf ;GtltnfO{ yk ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eg]
u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 dxf]Q/Ll:yt of1jNSo nIdLgf/fo0f ljBfkL7sf %$ hgf / ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 tLgwf/f ;+:s[t ljBfkL7 /fgLkf]v/Lsf !)^ hgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ef]hgj[lQsf] ;'ljwf /x]sf] 5 .

144
 sf7df8f}“ ljZjljBfno
kl/ro
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$@ df lj1fg ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
txsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/sf] sf7df8f}F
EofnL SofDk;af6 ePsf] xf] . tt\kZrft lj=;+=@)$* df ;+;b\åf/f 5'§} P]g kfl/t
u/]/ lj=;+=@)$* dª\l;/ @% ut] sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] ljlwjt\ :yfkgf ePsf]
xf] . snf, lj1fg, Joj:yfkg, k|ljlwh:tf ljljw If]qdf cWoog cWofkg tyf cg';Gwfgsf
nflu lqmofzLn sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno g]kfndf lghL If]qdf :yflkt klxnf]
ljZjljBfno x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
of] snf, lj1fg, Joj:yfkg, k|ljlwh:tf ljljw If]qdf cWoog, cWofkg tyf cg';Gwfgsf]
nflu pRr txsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf Ps ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfkgf / Joj:yf ug{ :jfoQ, u}/gfkmfd"ns, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ljZjljBfno xf] . dfgjhfltsf] ;]jfsf nflu 1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/df ;dlk{t
ljZj:t/sf] ljZjljBfnosf] klxrfg sfod ug'{{ o; ljZjljBfnosf] b"/b[li6 xf] . g]t[Tjsf
nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIff pknAw u/fpg' ljZjljBfnosf] cleofg xf] . sf7df8f}F
ljZjljBfnosf] d'Vo SofDk; w'lnv]n gu/kflnsfdf cjl:yt 5 .
p2]Zox¿
o; ljZjljBfnosf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] Ifdtf, JolQmTj Pjd\ rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] clej[l4 ug]{,

 lj1fg, k|ljlw, Joj:yfkg Pjd\ dfgjLo kIfx¿sf] 1fg ljsl;t u/L ;dfhdf cfOkg]{
;d:ofx¿sf] xn ug{ ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{],
 k|fKt u/]sf 1fgnfO{ ljsl;t ub}{ k|of]udf NofO{ k|rf/÷k|;f/ ug{],
 ljBfyL{, sd{rf/L / ljåt\;d'bfo :yfkgf u/L 1fgu'0f / ;'ema'emsf] ljsf;
ug{] .
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] d"n nIo lj1fg, Joj:yfkg, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;fzf:q,
dfgljsL tyf lzIff ljifodf lzIf0f cg';Gwfgd"ns ljZjljBfnosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .
ljZjljBfno k|zf;g
cfGtl/s gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ljZjljBfno ;~rfngsf nflu ljZjljBfno ;ef, sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\, k|fl1s kl/ifb\ / l8gx¿ hjfkmb]xL /xG5g\ .
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] #! ;b:oLo ;ef /xg] Joj:Yff 5 . k|wfgdGqL s'nklt tyf
;efsf cWoIf / lzIffdGqL ;xs'nklt /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjljBfnosf tkm{af6
pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, l8gx¿, b'O{hgf k|fWofks, ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;x¿af6

145
Pshgf SofDk; k|d'v, Ps hgf ljBfyL{ k|ltlglw / k':tsfno k|d'v ;d]tn] ;efsf ;b:osf
¿kdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;+;b, lzIff dGqfnosf ;lrj,
cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj, w'lnv]n / ag]kf gu/kflnsf k|d'vx¿;d]t ;efdf cfdlGqt ;b:osf
¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;ef ljZjljBfnosf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo xf] .
ljZjljBfnosf] kfF+r ;b:oLo sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf pks'nklt :jod\n] ug]
{ Joj:yf 5 . sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf dfu{lgb]{zsf] cg';/0f ub}
{ ;efaf6 kfl/t lg0f{o tyf lgb]{zgx¿sf] kl/kfng÷sfof{Gjog ug]{, jflif{s sfo{qmd
lgdf{0f u/L k|:t't ug]{, ah]6 k|:tfj, k|ult / n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
;efdf k|:t't ug]{, cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u u|x0f ug]{, sf]if Joj:yfkg ug]{, rncrn
;DklQsf] /]vb]v ug]{, sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] /]vb]v tyf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, lgod
sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/L tyf :jLs[ltsf nflu k]; ug]{, ljZjljBfnosf nflu cfjZos
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf, zt{;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ / ;efdf k|:t't ug]
{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 .
k|fl1s kl/ifb\ ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ljifo;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ d'Vo lgsfo
xf] . o;df pks'nklt, /lhi6«f/, 5 hgf l8gx¿, kfFr hgf ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿ /
;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;sf b'O{hgf k|ltlglwx¿ u/L s'n !% ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;
kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf pks'nkltn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
:s'n / sfo{qmdx¿
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnon] nfdf] tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 .
tL sfo{qmdx¿ lgDglnlvt 5 cf]6f :s'ndfkm{t ;~rfng ul/G5 M
!= b :s'n ckm ;fOG;, w'lnv]n
@= b :s'n ckm d]g]hd]G6, nlntk'/
#= b :s'n ckm OlGhlgol/ª, w'lnv]n
$= b :s'n ckm d]l8sn ;fOG;]h, sfe|]
%= b :s'n ckm cf6{;, w'lnv]n
^= b :s'n ckm Ph's];g, nlntk'/

146
 k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno
kl/ro
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k b]zdf If]qut cfwf/df pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{, pRr
lzIffsf cj;/x¿sf] lj:tf/ ug{, k|lt:kwf{Tds cfwf/df lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ tyf
:j:y z}lIfs ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug{, snf, lj1fg, sfg'g, Joj:yfkg, lzIff, k|ljlwnufot cGo
ljifox¿sf] cWoog cWofkg / cg';Gwfgsf nflu hg:t/af6 pRr txsf] lzIff k|bfg ug]{
lzIf0f;+:yfx¿ ;+rfng ug{sf nflu k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno P]g, @)%) cGtu{t lj=;+=
@)%! -;g\ !((%_ ;fndf k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;
ljZjljBfnosf] s'nkltdf k|wfgdGqL / ;x–s'nkltdf lzIffdGqL /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
pks'nklt ljZjljBfnosf k|d'v k|zf;ssf ¿kdf /xG5g\ . o;sf] s]G›Lo sfof{no
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qcGtu{t lj/f6gu/, df]/ªdf /x]sf] 5 .
p2]Zox¿
o; ljZjljBfnosf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 j[lQ pGd'v pRr lzIffsf] k]zfut / k|fljlws z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng u/L
ljleGg ;ª\sfo;Fu ;DalGwt cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lzIf0f
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' / ljBfyL{, lzIfs / ljåfg\x¿sf] Ifdtf /
JolQmTj ljsf; u/L rf}tkmL{ ljsf; k|j4{g ug]{,
 1fgsf] ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 k|of]u, lj:tf/ k|af]wLs/0fåf/f pRr lzIffdf
k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f l;h{gfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg],
 kl/jlt{t ;fdflhs / cfly{s kl/j]zcg'¿k k|fl1s sfo{qmdx¿sf] u'0f:t/ / k|
efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpb} :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/fli6«o ;fwgx¿sf]
kl/rfng / pkof]u ug]{,
 ;fj{hlgs / lghL ;+:yfx¿sf] k|fl1s sdL-sdhf]/Lx¿df ;'wf/ ub}{ gd'gf
ljZjljBfnosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,
 ;dflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfw'lgstfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L lgaf{w cg';Gwfg / v'nf
z}lIfs jfbljjfb l;h{gf ug]{ jftfj/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿
o; ljZjljBfnosf d'Vod'Vo sfo{qmdx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

sfo{qmdx¿ ljj/0f
lg/Gt/ lzIff pRr k];fut txsf nflu cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t cfjlws z}lIfs
sfo{qmd tyf tflnd
ax'k|fljlws a]/f]huf/ lzlIft o'jfx¿nfO{ :j–/f]huf/Lsf] nflu ;Lk lbg]
cG8/ Uo|fh'P6 gofF / k|jt{gfTds k];f pGd'v k|fl1s sfo{qmdx¿
lzIff

147
:gftsf]Q/ / k|fl1s pTs[i6tfsf If]qx¿sf] clej[l4sf nflu 1fg cfh{g
ljBfjfl/lw ug{ cg';Gwfg tyf k|of]udf cfwfl/t lzIff
cg';Gwfg tyf If]qLo ;d:of tyf ;fdflhs-cfly{s ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf
cWoog nflu If]qLo ;|f]tx¿sf] clej[l4df s]lGb|t

;ª\sfox¿
s= d]l8sn P08 PnfO8 ;fOG;
– Aofrn/ ckm d]l8l;g tyf Aofrn/ ckm ;h{/L
– ljP:;L gl;{ª
– df:6/ ckm klAns x]Ny

v= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;ª\sfo

– Aofrn/ ckm sDKo"6/ PlKns]zg
– Aofrn/ ckm Ogkm/d]zg 6]Sgf]nf]hL
– Aofrn/ ckm OlGhlgol/ª Og sDKo"6/
– Aofrn/ ckm OlGhlgol/ª Og cfls{6]Sr/
– Aofrn/ ckm OlGhlgol/ª Og l;len
– Aofrn/ ckm OlGhlgol/ª On]lS6«s P08 sDo'lgs]zg
– Aofrn/ ckm ;fOG; Og Pu|LsNr/
– Aofrn/ ckm ;fOG; Og afof]s]d]i6«L
– Aofrn/ ckm e]6/Lg/L ;fOG; P08 Plgdn x;Aof08L«
– Aofrn/ ckm xf]ldof]Koflys d]l8l;g tyf ;h{/L
– kf]:6 Jofl;s Jofrn/ ckm gl;{ª
– Aofrn/ ckm klAns x]Ny
– df:6/ ckm ;fOG; Og nfOkm ;fOG;
– df:6/ ckm sDKo"6/ PlKns]zg

148
149
 kf]v/f ljZjljBfno

kl/ro
;/sf/sf] ax'ljZjljBfno :yfkgf, ljsf; / ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] gLltcg'¿k pRr lzIffdf
kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{, pRr lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf clwsflws j[l4 u/L snf,
lj1fg, Joj:yfkg, sfg'g, lzIff, k|fljlws tyf cGo Jofj;flos ljifodf u'0ffTds Pjd\
:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] cj;/ cfd gful/snfO{ ;j{;'ne ¿kdf pknJw u/fO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df bIf
hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg / k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df pRr lzIffsf]
u'0f:t/df clej[l4 ub}{ b]zsf] z}lIfs Pjd\ k|fl1s jftfj/0fnfO{ a9L :jR5, dof{lbt /
pknlAwd"ns t'Nofpg kf]v/f ljZjljBfno P]g, @)%# cGt{ut b]zsf] kfFrf}
ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf kf]v/f ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;
ljZjljBfnosf] s'nklt k|wfgdGqL / ;xs'nklt lzIff dGqL /xg] Joj:yf 5 . pks'nklt
ljZjljBfnosf k|d'v k|zf;ssf ¿kdf /xG5g\ . ljZjljBfnosf] d'Vo sfof{no klZrdf~rn
ljsf; If]qsf] sf:sL lhNnf, n]vgfy gu/kflnsfdf cjl:yt 5 .
p2]Zo
o; ljZjljBfnosf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 pRr lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{,
 u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg],
 pRr lzIffsf] cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{,
 b]z ljsf;sf nflu bIf dfgj ;+;fwg pknJw u/fpg],
 ljZjljBfnodf k|fl1s :jtGqtf sfod ug]{ .

d'Vo lqmofsnfkx¿
kf]v/f ljZjljBfnon] ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ :gfts
txnfO{{ rf/jif]{ cjlw sfod u/L cf7 ;]d]:6/, :gftsf]Q/ txnfO{ b'O{jif]{ cjlw sfod
u/L rf/ ;]d]:6/ / Pdlkmn txnfO{ 8]9jif]{ cjlw sfod u/L tLg ;]d]:6/df ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfjfl/lwsf] sfo{qmd eg] ;~rfngsf] k|lqmofdf 5 .
;ª\sfox¿
o; ljZjljBfnodf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;ª\sfo, Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo / dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q
;ª\sfo /x]sf 5g\ .
o; ljZjljBfnosf # cf]6f cfª\lus / @# cf]6f ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;dWo] !@
cf]6f dWodf~rn, !) cf]6f klZrdf~rn / ! ;'b'/klZrdf~rn If]qdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . hDdf
&,^#* hgf ljBfyL{x¿ /x]sfdf %=^ k|ltzt cfª\lus / ($=$ k|ltzt ;DaGw k|fKt
SofDk;df cWoog/t 5g\ .

150
151
 n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfno
kl/ro
eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf pkb]znfO{ ljZj zflGtsf nflu dfu{bz{s ;Gb]zsf ¿kdf :jLsf/
Pjd\ cg'z/0f u/L zflGt, aGw'Tj, d}qL tyf ;b\efj k|j4{g ug{, lzIffdf u'0f:t/ sfod
u/L af}4 bz{g, ;flxTo, lzIff / ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu
pRr txsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ hg:t/af6 n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf /
Joj:yf ug{ n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfno cWofb]z, @)^! af6 lj= ;+= @)^@ ;fn
>fj0f @) ut] -@( gf]e]Da/ @))$_ n'lDjgL af}4 ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
kl5 of] ljZjljBfno n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug]{ ag]sf]
ljw]os, @)^# cg';f/ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ul/of] .
o; ljZjljBfnosf] s'nkltdf k|wfgdGqL, ;xs'nkltdf lzIffdGqL / pks'nklt /xg]
Joj:yf 5 . ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt k|d'v k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;sf] d'Vo
sfof{no n'lDagLdf cjl:yt 5 .

p2]Zox¿
o; ljZjljBfnosf d'Vo d'Vo p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 eujfg uf}td a'4sf pkb]znfO{ ljZj zflGtsf nflu dfu{bz{s ;Gb]zsf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ Pjd\ cg';/0f u/L zflGt, aGw'Tj, d}qL tyf ;b\efj k|j4{g ug]{,
 lzIffdf u'0f:t/ sfod u/L af}4 bz{g, ;flxTo, lzIff / ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog,
cWofkg / cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;fd'bflos ¿kdf pRr txsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{,
 af}4 bz{g / af}4 ;+:s[ltsf] pRr Pjd\ ljlzli6s[t cWoog cWofkg /
cg';GwfgnfO{ ;'b[9 / Jofks agfO{ n'lDagL, slknj:t', /fdu|fd, b]jbxnufot
g]kfnsf] k|fu P]ltxfl;s sfnLg ;Eotf / Oltxf;sf] ;fIfLsf ¿kdf /x]sf
k''/ftflŒjs :ynx¿sf] j}1flgs, Jofj;flos Pjd\ ljlzi6 ¿kdf cWoog, cWofkg,
cg';Gwfg, pTvgg\, ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gsf] k/Dk/f sfod ug]{,
 a'4sf lzIffnfO{ dfgj hLjgdf rl/tfy{ ub}{ ljZjzflGt, ljZjaGw'j, ;b\efj /
d}qLaf6 k|]l/t, d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu bIf Pjd\ k|lta4 hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{,
 n'lDagL If]qnfO{ ljZje/sf af}4 wd{, bz{g, ;+:s[ltåf/f lgb]{lzt /fHo
Joj:yf, cy{tGq / ;fdflhs kIfsf] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf ¿kdf
ljsf; ug]{,
 af}4 wd{ / bz{g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg efiffsf] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';
+Gwfg u/fpg],
 a'4 / a'4;Fu ;DalGwt If]qdf wfld{s ko{6g j[l4 u/fpg / tL If]q Pjd\ j/k/sf]
If]q;d]tdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ If]qLo ljsf;df
cufl8 a9fpg] .

152
o; ljZjljBfnocGt/ut kfFrcf]6f s]Gb|Lo ljefu / Pp6f cg';Gwfg s]Gb| 5 . cWofkg
x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ljifo ;ldltn] ub{5 . ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
/x]sf] 5 / logLx¿sf] ;fd"lxs ¿k g} ljZjljBfnosf] :j¿k /x]sf]
5M
-s_ ;ef
-v_ k|fl1skl/ifb\
-u_ sfo{sf/Lkl/ifb\
-3_ ;ª\sfo
-ª_ ljBfkl/ifb\
-r_ SofDk; /
-5_ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf cGo lgsfo .

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb

kl/ro
cfwf/e"t tyf dWod :t/Lo k|fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{, of]hgfa4 ¿kdf k|fljlws
lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{, ;Lksf] :t/ lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf
nflu lj= ;+= @)$% -;g\ !(*(_ ;fndf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb P]gcGtu{t
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; kl/ifbn] k|fljlws lzIff
tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ Jojl:yt / :t/o'Qm kfg'{sf ;fy} tflnd k|bfos lgsfox¿aLr
;dGjosf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfnfO{ k|fljlwstkm{ pRr lzIff ;~rfng
ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/ifbcGtu{t xfn k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos If]qsf @) cf]6f ljifodf, @% cf]6f k|
fljlws lzIffno / ax'k|fljlws lzIffno, Pp6f k|fljlws k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @ cf]6f
Jofj;flos tflnd s]Gb| tyf #@( cf]6f -5f]6f] cjlwsf Jofj;flos tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ %
$ ;d]t_ / #) cf]6f Pg]S; ljBfnox¿ 5g\ . kl/ifbcGtu{tsf lzIffnox¿df s'n egf{ Ifdtf
!,@)) /x]sf] 5 eg] lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt ;+:yfx¿sf] egf{ Ifdtf *,%)) /x]sf] 5 . oL
k|fljlws ;+:yfx¿n] tLgjif]{ l8Knf]df, k|fljlws P;Pn;L, Pg]S; sfo{qmd tyf
5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no
dWok'/l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !& ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df /x]sf] 5 .
b"/b[li6
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf kx'Fr gkfP/ s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] a]/f]huf/
x'g gk/f];\ .
p2]Zo
;Lko'St hgzlQm tof/ kfg'{ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifbsf] d'Vo
lhDd]jf/L xf] .

153
nIo
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifbn] pko{'Qm b"/b[li6 tyf p2]Zo xfl;n
ug{ lgDglnlvt nIox¿ /fv]sf] 5 M
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLlt
lgwf{/0f ug]{,
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf a9fpgsf nflu k|fljlws
lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
 cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6 cfTdlge{/ x'gsf lglDt ;+:yfut Ifdtf
a9fpg],
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] If]qdf ;Ifd hgzlQm tof/ ug]{,
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf ;dfhsf ;a} ju{sf] kx'Fr tyf cj;/df ;dfgtf
Nofpg],
 /f]huf/L b/nfO{ tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf dfkgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ agfpg],
 ;+:yfnfO{ :yfoLTj tyf lg/Gt/tf lbg],
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnddf kx'Fr a9fpg / /f]huf/sf] If]q lj:tf/sf]
k/fdz{ / /f]huf/sf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{,
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf Jofkfl/s tyf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿sf]
;xeflutf a9fpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
kl/ifbsf dfu{bz{s p2]Zox¿
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / nfut ;Ifdtf a9fpg],
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf ;dfhdf ;a} ju{sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofP/ ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf]
sfo{nufot ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 ;]jfk|bfos tyf ;]jfd'vL lgsfo x'gdf a9L hf]8 lbg],
 kl/ifb cGtu{tsf ;+:yfx¿aLr ;xhstf{ tyf ;dGjostf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{,
 /fli6«o /f]huf/ ahf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf
xfn kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf lqmofsnfkx¿ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no / /fli6«o ;Lk
kl/If0f ;ldltsf cltl/Qm cGo ( cf]6f dxfzfvfx¿dfkm{t ;~rfng ub{5 . k|To]s
dxfzfvfx¿df lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . tL dxfzfvf / ltgsf sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!= Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg / cg'udg ug]{,
lghL ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rflnt u|fdL0f tflndx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{, cfjZostf klxrfg u/L
dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd ;+rfng ug{ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . ;fy} u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb|x¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg], ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; If]qdf ;+nUg sfdbf/x¿sf]

154
Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{, Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf
b]ze/L lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf Ond k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfo{x¿ klg
ub{5 .
@= kf7\oqmd ljsf; dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdx¿ tof/ ug]
{, ;+zf]wg ug]{, kf7\oqmdsf] ;do;fk]If gofF 9fFrf tof/ ug]{, kf7\oqmdsf
cfwf/df kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug]{, tyf cGo lgsfo jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] vfsf
tof/ ug{, ljsf; ug{ tyf dfkb08 tof/ ug{ ;Nnfx / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ u5{ .
#= ;"rgf tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf
gofF k|fljlws lzIffno :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;+efJotf cWoog, cfjZostf ;j]{If0f,
pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] cg'udg, cWoog (Follow up study), tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|
0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf tflnd;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ / k/fdz{ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg], /f]huf/ ahf/
tyf k|fljlws lzIffaLr /fd|f] ;dGjo sfod u/L ;"rgfsf] cfwf/ :yflkt ug]{ sfo{ o;
dxfzfvfn] ub{5 .
$= ax'k|fljlws dxfzfvf
k|fljlws ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{, gofF
sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug]{, ;~rflnt ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08df k'¥ofpg ;xof]u
ug]{ tyf gd'gf ax'k|fljlws sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ o; dxfzfvfn]
ub{5 .
%= of]hgf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] of]hgf tyf gLlt th'{df, bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt tof/, dftxtsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg tyf cg'udg / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fljlws
tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;DaGwL cfjZos ;/;Nnfx pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 .
^= :t/ lgwf{/0f dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] ;DaGwg k|fKt lghL k|fljlws ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ hfFr ug]{, tflnd
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ c:yfoL ;DaGwg tyf ;dsIftf pknJw u/fpg] tyf ljb]zdf cWoog
tyf tflnd xfl;n ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

155
&= k|fljlws dxfzfvf
kl/ifbcGtu{tsf lgsfox¿nfO{ k|fljlws tflnd k|bfg ug]{, u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg cg'udg
ug]{, sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg tyf k/LIff ;~rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], :jb]zL tyf
j}b]lzs tflnd sfo{qmdx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ o; dxfzfvfn] ub{5 .
*= k|zf;g dxfzfvf
o; dxfzfvfn] ;fdfGo tyf cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{, kl/ifb tyf cGtu{tsf
lzIffnox¿df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{, kl/ifbsf] ;DklQ Joj:yfkg tyf
cGo Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ub{5 .
(= Pg]S; dxfzfvf
;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df k|fljlws lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] Pg]S; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]r
NofPsf] xf] . o;df s[lif, :jf:Yo, On]lS6«sn, cdLg h:tf k|fljlws ljifox¿sf]
cWoog x'G5 . Pg]S; ljBfnox¿ :yfkgsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{qmd to tyf
sfof{Gjog / tL ljBfnox¿sf] cg'udg ug]{, u/fpg] sfo{ o; dxfzfvfsf] /x]sf]
5 . xfn #) cf]6f ;/sf/L ljBfnodf of] sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf] 5 .
!)= /fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldlt
ljleGg Joj;fo÷k];f / txsf nflu ;Lk:t/sf] dfkb08 (Skill standard) tof/ kfg]{,
cgf}krfl/s ¿kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;LknfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ OR5's JolQmx¿sf] ;Lk
k/LIf0f u/L k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{, /fli6«o ;Lk k|ltof]lutfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
cf}Bf]lus sfdbf/ tyf ;Lk ePsf cGo hgzlQmsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu cj;/ k|bfg ug]
{ tyf Jofj;flos juL{s/0f sf]if tof/ ug]{ sfo{ o; dxfzfvfsf] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 .
!!= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
o; sfof{non] k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f, ;Dkfbg (Moderation) k|Zgkq a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf tyf
k/LIff ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{ ub{5 . o; afx]s k/LIffyL{x¿sf] clen]v /fVg],
k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|df0fkq pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 .

156
 pRrdfWolds lzIff kl/ifb
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;bfrf/, lzi6tf / g}ltstf sfod /fVg, 1fg lj1fg, ;Lk cflb ljleGg
If]qdf lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfgsf nflu hg;xeflutf kl/rfng u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm dWod:t/Lo
hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg Pjd\ pRr lzIff k|j]zsf lgldQ k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf xfn k|rngdf
/x]sf] b;jif]{ ljBfno lzIffdf b'O{jif{sf] Ps z}lIfs tx yk u/L pRr dfWolds
lzIffsf] tx l;h{gf ug{ lj= ;+ @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] pRrdfWolds lzIff
kl/ifbsf] u7g ePsf] xf] .
pRrdfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf kl5 u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mg}
kl/j]zdf pRrdfWolds lzIffsf] kx'Fr kfPsf 5g\ . o; k|0ffnLn] ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf,
pTkLl8t tyf cj;/af6 jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ ;xh jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
b"/b[li6
PSsfO;f}+ ztflAbdf k|lt:kw{f ug{;Sg] tyf hLjg lhpg ;Sg] agfpg 1fg tyf ;Lkdf
a[l4 ug]{ o; ;+:yfsf] b"/b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
Wo]o
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ d"nwf/sf] kf7\oqmd k|0ffnL leq ultzLn ¿kdf ;DnUg u/fpFb}
1fgsf] hl6n ;+;f/;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] /x]sf] 5 .
p2]Zo
dfWolds tx pQL0f{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pRrdfWolds txsf] lzIffsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{'
g} pRr dfWolds lzIff k|0ffnLsf] d"n clei6 xf] . o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt
p2]Zox¿ /x]sf 5g\ M
 /fi6« lgd{f0fsf nflu ljleÌ If]qdf cfjZos dWod:t/Lo hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{,
 pRrlzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg],
 pRrdfWolds lzIff kl/ifbsf lgoldt sfo{x¿ ug]{,
 pRrdfWolds tx ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{,
 pRrdfWolds txsf] kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ug]{,
 pRrdfWolds txsf] k/LIff ;~rfng Pjd\ glthf k|sfzg ug]{,
 k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ljBfyL{xnfO{ pkflw k|bfg ug]{,
 pRrdfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] cg'udg / lg/LIf0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug]{,

157
 pRrdfWolds lzIffdf ;'wf/sf nflu of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿ sfo{fGjog ug]{ .

;+/rgf
pRrdfWolds ljBfnoaf6 lbOg] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] a[l4 ug]{ / To:tf
ljBfnox¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt lgw{f/0fsf nflu lzIff dGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf Ps pRrdfWolds lzIff ;efsf] u7g ul/g] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pQm
;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu pRrdfWolds lzIff kl/ifbsf] u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg
cg'¿k lzIff dGqL cWoIf tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm JolQm pkfWoIf /xg] Joj:yf
5 . pQm kl/ifbsf] cGo ;b:ox¿df ;efsf] l;kmfl/;df cWoIfn] dgf]lgt u/]sf
rf/hgf ;b:o tyf ;efsf] ;b:o ;lrj kl/ifbsf] klg ;b:o–;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o; kl/ifbleq kf7\oj|md tyf k|lzIf0f dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, ;DaGwg
dxfzfvf, k|zf;g dxfzfvf tyf k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no u/L % cf]6f dxfzfvf /x]sf
5g\ . o;} u/L lj/f6gu/, x]6f}8f, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, j'6jn, g]kfnu~h / wgu9L u/L
& cf]6f If]qLo sfo{fnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kl/ifbsf] d'Vo sfo{fno ;fgf]l7dL,
eStk'/df /x]sf] 5 .
;DaGwg
ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'ljwf, lzIfssf] of]Uotf, plrt ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, cfly{s cj:yf cflbsf
cfwf/df ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿nfO{ sIff !!–!@ ;~rfngsf nflu
kl/ifb\n] ;DaGwg lbg ;S5 . o; kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @))* ;Ddf !,(&* ljBfnox¿nfO{
;DaGwg k|bfg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
pRrdfWolds lzIff ;efsf sfo{x¿
 kl/ifb\ nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{,
 kl/ifb\sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ug]
{, u/fpg],
 pRrdfWolds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ljsf; eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{, u/fpg],
 kl/ifb\sf] jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{,
 bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufpg] / To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos
Joj:yf ldnfpg], kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg
lbg],
 of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{, u/fpg] .

158
159
 g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno
kl/ro
g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/åf/f /fhu'¿
:juL{o x]d/fh kf08]sf] lghL k':tsfnonfO{ lsg]/ ul/Psf] xf] . lj=;+= @)!&
;fn;Dd ;Gbe{ k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] k':tsfno lj=;+= @)!* ;fnb]lv
;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] xf] . s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno;Fu ePsf k':tsx¿;d]t u/L xfn
g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno;Fu ljleGg efiffsf *^,))) eGbf a9L k':ts tyf kqklqsfx¿ ;ª\u|
lxt 5g\ . k':tsfnodf ;ª\u|lxt ;fdu|Lx¿ Dewey Decimal Classification k|0ffnLcg';f/
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lj= ;+ @)%! ;fnb]lv 8]lg; ;xof]u ;+:yf 8]lg8fsf] cfly{s
;xof]udf o"g]:sf]n] kfFr jifL{o kl/of]hgfcGtu{t /fli6«o ;ª\3Lo ;"rL k|sfzg,
3'DtL k':tsfno ;]jf, cfwf/e"t k':tsfno tflnd, jfn;flxTo k|sfzgh:tf
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ u/]sf] lyof] . xfn of] k':tsfno sf] xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/df ;~rflnt 5 .

p2]Zox¿
o; k':tsfnosf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 /fli6«o jfª\udo ;"rL tyf /fli6«o ;ª\3Lo ;"rL k|sfzg u/L cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|
Lsf] lgdf{0fsf ;fy} cfjZos s]Gb|Lo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug{],
 kf7snfO{ k':tsfno ;]jf k|bfg ug{],
 b]zleq k|sfzg ePsf ;Dk"0f{ kf7\o;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug'{sf ;fy} ;ª\slnt ;fdu|
Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'Joj:yf ug]{,
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|sfzgnufot 3'DtL k':tsfno ;]jfaf6 ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmdnfO{ a9fjf lbg ljz]if hf]8 lbg],
 b]zleqsf cGo ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
k':tsfnosf zfvfx¿
o; k':tsfnodf /x]sf zfvfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= k|zf;g zfvf
k|zf;g tyf cfly{s, ;+sng tyf k|flKt, ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f, k|sfzg .
@= k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf ;]jf zfvf
efiffut sIfx¿, afn k':tsfno, afx\o ;DaGw tyf g]6jls{ª .
#= k|fljlws zfvf
k|fljlws tyf ljsf; sfo{, ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f,
$= kqklqsf zfvf .
;]jfx¿

160
xfn o; k':tsfnon] ;Gbe{ ;]jf, cGt/k':tsfno ;fk6L / 3'DtL ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . kf7s, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf
afnaflnsfx¿ o; k':tsfnosf k|of]ustf{ x'g\ .
o; k':tsfnodf b}lgs sl/a &% hgfeGbf a9L kf7s cWoogsf nflu cfpg] ub{5g\ eg]
Online af6 o;sf] Catalogue k|of]ustf{x¿n] ;g\ @))& df #),!#% Page download
u/]sf 5g\ . o; k':tsfnon] xfn;Dd k|sfzg / afn;flxTo ;xk|sfzg u/L @ bh{g k':ts
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
8]6fa];
o; k':tsfnon] o'g]:sf]åf/f ljsl;t WIN/ISIS ;ˆ6j]o/ k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]/ xfn;Dd !%,!))
;fdu|L /]s8{ u/]sf]5 . b]jgfu/L lnlkdf k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ dbg k'/:sf/
k':tsfnon] agfPsf] g]kfnL o'lgsf]8 k|of]u u/]/ @$,&)) ;fdu|L /]s8{ /flvPsf 5g\ .
b]zel/sf ljleGg k':tsfnon] /fli6«o ;ª\3Lo ;"rL agfpg ;"rgf pknJw u/fO{ ;xof]u
u/]sf 5g\ .
afn k':tsfno PsfO
lj=;+= @)%@ efb| $ ut] afnlbj;sf] cj;/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu 5'§} k':tsfno
PsfO :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . xfn;Dd o; PsfOdf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pkof]uL ljleGg
ljifosf %,))) eGbf a9L k':ts ;ª\slnt 5g\ .

161
 s]z/ k':tsfno
kl/ro
s];/ k':tsfno g]kfns} Ps dxTjk"0f{ k':tsfno xf] . of] k':tsfno lzIff
dGqfnocGtu{t ;~rflnt 5 . s];/ zD;]/ /f0ffn] lszf]/ cj:yfb]lv g} ljleÌ lsl;dsf k':ts,
kqklqsf, lrqx¿ ;ª\sng ug]{ ub{y] . ;g\ !()* df a'jf rGb|zd;]/;Fu a]nfot e|d0f
ubf{ a]nfotsf] Do'lhod tyf k':tsfnosf] cjnf]sgaf6 k|efljt eP/ pgn] s]z/
k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . pgsf] d[To'kZrft pgsf] OR5fcg';f/ /fgL s[i0f rGb|
b]jLn] s]z/ k':tsfno, s]z/dxn, :jKg au}rf s]z/ k':tsfnosf] gfddf g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sL
lyOg\ . lj=;+ @)@^ ;fnb]lv of] k':tsfno ;Dk"0f{ kf7ssf nflu v'nf ul/of] .

p2]Zox¿
o; k':tsfnosf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;ª\sng, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{,

 cfd gful/s ;dIf k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg],

 k':tsfno ljsf;sf nflu tflnd, uf]i7L cflb cfof]hgf ug]{,

 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k':tsfnox¿;Fu ;DaGw / ;dGjo sfod ug]{,

 P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/fgf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbO{ ;+sng Pjd\ ;Da4{g ug]
{.
;ª\sng
s];/ k':tsfnodf sl/a krkÌ xhf/ P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf k':ts, b:tfj]h, x:tlnlvt u|Gy tyf
lrqx¿ ;ª\sng ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf k'/f0f, j]b, pklgifb,
/fdfo0f, dxfef/t, uLtf klg ;ª\sng ul/Psf 5g\ . cª\u|]hL efiffsf k':tsx¿df v]ns'b,
lzsf/, au}rf ;hfj6, ofqf, Hof]ltif zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt k':tsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ljleÌ
efiff / lnlksf ax'd"No x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿ / xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] dflgPsf] ;xf]Q/ tGq
-e}ifHo zf:q_ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;ª\sngx¿nfO{ 5 sIfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5,
h;df s];/ ;ª\sng, gofF ;ª\sng, kqklqsf, x:tlnlvt u|Gy, jfnjflnsf ;ª\sng / o'g]:sf]
;ª\sng /x]sf 5g\ .
;]jfx¿

162
s];/ k':tsfno, ;Gbe{ k':tsfno -Reference library_ ePsfn] kf7sx¿nfO{ oxfFsf
;a} ;ª\sng k':tsfnoleq dfq k|of]u ug]{ ;'ljwf 5 . b'n{e / dxTjk"0f{
;ª\sngx¿afx]s ;Dk"0f{ ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lx¿ ;a} kf7ssf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf 5g\ .
k':tsfnon] cfˆgf ;]jfx¿ cfw'lgs / j}1flgsLs/0f ub}{ n}hfgsf nflu j]e;fO6dfkm{t
klg ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf ;ª\slnt k':tsx¿nfO{ l8j] 8]l;dn -Deway
decimal classification_ sf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\sngnfO{ ;"rLs[t ug{
WIN/ISIS program sf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] j]e;fO6 www.klib.gov.np af6 klg
k':tsfno ;]jfx¿ lng ;lsG5 . lgs6 eljiodf o; k':tsfnon] afnaflnsfsf nflu afn k':tsfno
;~rfngdf Nofpg] ePsf] 5 .

k':tsfnosf] ljz]if cfsif{0f

k':tsfnosf leQfx¿ ljleÌ d[t hgfj/sf 6fpsfx¿n] l;ª\ufl/Psf 5g\ . o;}u/L leQfx¿df
/f0ff zf;sx¿n] v]n]sf lzsf/sf t:jL/x¿, /f0ff zf;sx¿sf k"0f{ sbsf snfTds tyf cfsif{s
/ª\uLg tl:j/x¿nfO{ k|m]ddf /fv]/ ;hfOPsf 5g\ . l;+x, af3, d[u, tyf cGo hª\unL
hgfj/x¿sf] 5fnfo'Qm k|lt¿kx¿n] k':tsfnosf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cem a9fPsf 5g\ .
of] k':tsfnon] :yfkgfsf] ;o jif{ k"/f u/]sf] u/]sf] cj;/df :dfl/sf k|sfzg, kf]i6sf8{, /
x'nfs l6s6nufotsf ljleÌ k|sfzgx¿ u/]sf] 5 .

163
 l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno

kl/ro
l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s
k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z, @)^! kl5 ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . xfn
of] k':tsfnosf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 .
;'¿df of] k':tsfno Oltxf;sf/ tyf jl/i7 /fhgLlt1 8f= l8NnL/d0f /]UdLsf] lghL
k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . 8f= /]UdL g]kfnL kf7sx¿aLr ;'kl/lrt gfd xf] .
pxfFn] lj=;+ @)#& ;fndf cfˆgf] ;ª\u|xdf /x]sf k':ts, kqklqsf, hg{n / k'/ftflTjs
j:t'x¿ ;ª\sng u/]/ 8f= l8NnL/d0f–sNof0fL /]UdL k':tsfno tyf ;ª\u|xfno :yfkgf
ug{' ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL jif{ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfk|]dLx¿sf nflu k':tsfno tyf ;ª\u|xfnodf
cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg lzIff dGqfnonfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
u/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] . 8f= /]UdLs} ;+/IfsTjdf lj= ;+= @)%# df :yflkt 8f=
l8NnL/d0f /]UdL 6«i6n] k':tsfnosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . kl5
lj=;+ @)^! ;fn kf}if # ut] 8f= /]UdLsf] (! cfF} hGdhoGtLsf lbgb]lv of]
k':tsfnonfO{ cfd kf7ssf lglDt v'nf ul/Psf] xf] .
p2]Zo
o; k':tsfnosf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno ;]jf k|bfg ug]{,

 :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k':tsfnox¿;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ug]{,

 ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] ljsf; / z}lIfs :t/ psf:g ;xof]u ug]{,

 zflGt,clx+;f / gful/s lzIff h:tf ljifodf uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, cGtlqm{of cflb ug]
{,

 k|ltjif{ zflGt / clx+;fsf nflu cu|0fL e"ldsf lgj{fx ug]{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
JolQmTjx¿nfO{ zflGt clx+;f k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{,

 8f= l8NnL/d0f /]UdLsf] hLjgbz{g / l;4fGtsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]

{ tyf /]UdLsf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] JolQmnfO{ ljåtjl[Q k|bfg ug]{
.

;ª\sng

164
o; k':tsfnodf xfn #! xhf/eGbf a9L k':ts, kqklqsf / hg{n /x]sf 5g\ . cfd
kf7snfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] / ;'ljwfhgs ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k':ts tyf hg{nx¿sf] j}1flgs
juL{s/0f / ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsfnodf Oltxf;, /fhgLltzf:q / bz{gnufotsf
s[ltx¿ ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . ;ª\u|lxt s[ltx¿nfO{ kfFr ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 . h;df ;fwf/0f sIf,
g]kfnL, lxGbL, tyf w/0fLw/ sIf, ;Gbe{ tyf ax'k|lt sIf, hg{n tyf kqklqsf sIf tyf
afn k':tsfno sIf /x]sf 5g\ .
;]jfx¿
o; k':tsfnon] cfˆgf ;ª\u|xx¿nfO{ k':tsfnod} a;]/ k9\g] ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . o;sf cltl/Qm kf7sx¿nfO{ kf7\o–;fdu|Lx¿ vf]Hg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
kf7sx¿nfO{ k':ts tyf cGo k':tsfnosf] jf/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] tyf k|
rlnt d"Nodf kf7\o–;fdu|Lx¿ kmf]6f]slk u/L n}hfg] ;'ljwfsf ;fy}
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ;d]t pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf afn k':tsfnosf] ;ª\Vof
gu0o dfqfdf /x]sf] x'Fbf afnaflnsfdf k':tsfnodf uO{ k9\g] afgL ljsf; x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . afnaflnsfdf k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg ¿d 6' l/8sf] ;xof]udf afn zfvf :yfkgf
u/L 1fg, ;Lk xfl;n ug{ / dgf]/~hg;d]t lng afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
;ª\u|xfno tyf kmf]6f]x¿
o; k':tsfnodf k':ts, hg{n, kqklqsf tyf x:tlnlvt u|Gysf dfOj|mf] lkmNdsf ;fy}
ljleÌ k'/ftflTjs d"lt{ tyf cGo k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿;d]t ;d]6]/ ;ª\u|xfno sIfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
pQm sIfdf 8f= /]UdL tyf ef/tsf clx+;fjfbL g]tf :j= dxfTdf ufGwLsf] cw{sbsf]
d"lt{ klg /flvPsf] 5 . ljleÌ ck|fKo kmf]6f]x¿nfO{ k':tsfno ejgsf] dflyNnf] tnfdf
k|bz{gLsf nflu /flvPsf 5g\ . hxfF dxfTdf ufGwLsf x:tfIf/df n]lvPsf / ef/tsf
rlr{t ;flxTosf/ :j= /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/sf x:tfIf/sf lr7Lkqx¿nfO{ ;hfP/ /flvPsf 5g\ .
o; afx]s eujfg a'4, lh;;\ j|mfO:6 tyf cGo kmf]6f]x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ . k':tsfno
ejgsf] aflx/L kl/;/df ljleÌ b]jL–b]jtfsf 9'ª\ufsf d"lt{, af}4:t"k /flvg'sf ;fy} Ps
:t"kdf :j=/]UdLsf] cl:ywft' klg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k':tsfno nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}
+df /x]sf] 5 .

165
 hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8
kl/ro
of]Uo / k|lzlIft hgzlQm tof/Lsf nflu cfjZos lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd ;fdu|L pTkfbg
ug]{ p2]Zon] lj= ;+= @)!@ ;fndf o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . @)!# ;fndf
sn]h ckm Ph's];gcGtu{t Ao'/f] ckm klAns];gdf kl/0ft eO{ lj=;+ @)!* ;fndf
lzIff ;fdu|L pTkfbg s]Gb| / n]vg s]Gb|sf ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] . lj= ;+=
@)@$ ;fndf ;fgf]l7dL ;/]sf] s]Gb| ;f]xL jif{df /fli6«o lje"ltsf] ;Demgfdf
æhgsÆ zAb yk]/ hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj= ;+
@)@*–@)#@ ;fndf /fli6«o lzIff k¢lt nfu" ePkl5 ljBfno:t/Lo
;Dk"0f{ kf7\ok':ts pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ bfloTj o; s]GbnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf]
xf] . of] s]Gb| lj= ;+ @)#) ;fndf ljsf; ;ldltdf kl/0ft x'Fb} lj=;+= @)#% ;fn
cflZjg * ut] d'gfkmf/lxt ljz'4 ;]jfd"ns ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft eO{ hgs
lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8sf] gfdaf6 cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
p2]Zo
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /fli6«o lzIff gLltcg'¿ksf sIff ! b]lv !) ;Ddsf
kf7\k':ts k|sfzg u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug'{,
 ljleGg k|sf/sf cEof; k'l:tsf, :s]r Kof8, /lhi6/, kmfOn cflb lzIff;Fu
;DalGwt cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿;d]t pTkfbg u/L ;'ky d"Nodf laqmL–ljt/0f
ug'{,
 Go"gtd d"Nodf cfˆgf pTkfbgx¿ laqmL–ljt/0fdf Nofpg' .
;++/rgf
o; s]Gb|df xfn ;~rfns ;ldlt, k|aGw ;~rfns, gfoj k|aGw ;~rfns, # cf]6f lgb]
{zgfno, ( cf]6f ljefu, % cf]6f If]qLo sfof{no / Pp6f cg'udg sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ .
gf}cf]6f ljefudf ljeflht ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yfn] lgDgfg';f/sf ljefu / dxfzfvfx¿dfkm{t
cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ljefux¿
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf k|zf;g ljefu -;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf,
sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf_ ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefu, of]hgf ljefu, cfly{s lgoGq0f ljefu,
kf7\k':ts k|sfzg ljefu -ckm;]6 dxfzfvf, jfOl08Ë dxfzfvf_ afXo ;fdu|L 5kfO

166
ljefu -cEof; k'l:tsf dxfzfvf_ ahf/ Joj:yf ljefu, k|fljlws ;]jf tyf ;Def/ ljefu, z}lIfs
;fdu|L tof/L ljefu lqmofzLn 5g\ .
efjL of]hgf
cfufdL lbgdf s]Gb|nfO{ cem ;Ifd tyf lj:tfl/t ¿kdf cl3 a9fpFb} n}hfgsf nflu
lgDgfg';f/ nIo /flvPsf] kfOG5 M
!= xfnsf] jflif{s 5kfO Ifdtf ! s/f]8 @% nfv yfgdf a[l¢ u/L @ s/f]8
k'¥ofpg],
@= s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;do;fk]If r':t b'¿:t agfpg],
#= s]Gb|nfO{ z}lIfs ;'/If0f d'b|0ffno Educational Security Press sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]
{,
$= kf7\ok':tsnfO{ a9L cfsif{s tyf lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg
kf7\ok':tsdf /ª\uLg lrq ;dfj]z ug]{,
%= ljBfno:t/df :t/Lo Reference Book Develop ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf k|
sfzgx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug]{,
^= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf k|sfzgx¿;Fu Joint venture dfkm{t k':tsx¿ tof/
ug]{ .

167
 v08–v
of]hgf tyf gLltx¿

168
 tLg jifL{o of]hgf -)^&.^*–)^(.&)_
sf] cfwf/kqdf lzIff
k[i7e"ld
lzIff If]qdf ljutdf ePsf gLltut k|of;x¿ Pjd\ ul/Psf] nufgLsf] kl/0ffd:j?k z}lIfs
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pNn]vgLo ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ x'g'sf ;fy} ljz]iftM k|fylds ljBfno
egf{b/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffdf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f
l;h{gf eO{ ljBfno txsf] kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfdf lbuf] ¿kn] clej[l4 ug]
{ lbzfdf ;sf/fTds k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . kmn:j?k sIff Psdf afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt
egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsf sl/j %) k|ltzt, k|fylds txdf v'b egf{ b/ (#=& k|ltzt,
lgDg dfWolds txsf] v'b egf{b/ ^#=@ k|ltzt, dfWolds tx -sIff (-!)_ df v'b
egf{b/ $)=* k|ltzt, k|f}9 ;fIf/tf %# k|ltzt / k|fylds txdf n}lËs cg'kft ;db/df
k'u]sf] 5 .
olt x'+bfx+'b} klg ;a} ljBfnox¿df lglZrt dfkb08cg';f/sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; x'g
g;Sg', aflnsf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf afnsx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO/fVg
g;Sg', ;a}nfO{ pRr lzIffsf] cj;/ k'¥ofpg g;Sg', lzIffsf ;a} txnfO{ cBfjlws
ug{ g;Sg', ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿nfO{ lgodg ug{ g;Sg', ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut
ljBfnoaLrsf] z}lIfs pknlAwnfO{ Ps ;dfg agfpg g;Sg', lzIfs Joj:yfkg k|
efjsf/L ?kdf ug{ g;Sg' / lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg, /f]huf/L tyf Aojxf/;Fu hf]8\g g;Sg'
h:tf k|d'v ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg k|efjsf/L gx'g', ck]Iff ul/P cg'?k
lzIff ;dfj]zL gx'g', k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf If]qdf ;dGjosf] cefj x'g', afnd}qL
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ g;Sg', lgMz'Ns clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] sfof{Gjogdf
;d:of x'g', dfWolds tx qmlds ?kdf lgMz'Ns ug{ lbuf] ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g', k|fljlws
lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f;Dd k'¥ofpg g;Sg' tyf o; If]qdf eP
u/]sf sfddf klg ;dGjosf] cefj /xg', pRr lzIffdf gLltut :ki6tf gx'Fbf cTolws
/fhgLlts k|efj a9\g' tyf Joj:yfksLo sdhf]/L /xg', ;a} txsf] lzIffdf u'0f:t/
sdhf]/ /xg' / ;a} txsf] lzIff;DaGwL tYofÍ ljZj;gLo gx'g' o; If]qsf cGo k|d'v
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
z}lIfs u'0f:t/k|lt cleefjsx¿sf] rf;f] a9\g', lzIffdf lghLIf]qsf] nufgL pNn]Vo ?
kdf j[l4 x'g', j}b]lzs ;fem]bf/x¿n] ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;femf sfo{qmddf nufgL j[l4
ug'{ o; If]qsf cj;/sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ ;d[4 ;dGoflos

169
g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsfnflu ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / :t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt u/L
r]tgzLn, ;Ifd tyf pTkfbgzLn gful/s tof/ ug]{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf]
dfu cg'?k k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ Ifdtfjfg\ hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r lnP/ lzIff
If]qsf p2]Zo tyf /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

170
p2]Zo
1!= ;fIf/tfnfO{ hLjg k4lt;Fu cfa4 u/L ;Lk / sfdsf] cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ub}
{ ;a} g]kfnL / ljz]if u/L dlxnf tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tf /
lg/Gt/ lzIffsf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg] .
1@= k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
2#= ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_ k|bfg u/L tyf
dfWolds lzIff -(–!@_ / pRr lzIffdf ;dGoflos Pjd\ ;dfj]zL kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
3$= ;Lkd'ns /f]huf/f]Gd'v lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
4%= pRr lzIffnfO{ 1fg s]lGb|t ;dfh -Knowledge Society_ l;h{gf ug{ s]lGb|t
ub}{ /fli6«o pTkfbg / ljsf;;Fu cfj4 u/L If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
5^= ;a} txsf] lzIffnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpFb} ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf]
dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
6&= ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnojLr ;fem]bf/L / ;dGjo sfod u/L ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs:t/ clej[l4 ug{ oL b'a}df /x]sf c;n cEof;sf] pkof]u ug]{ .

/0fgLlt
7!= of]hgf calwdf lg/If/tfdf pNn]Vo ?kn] sdL Nofpg] . ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmdnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk;Fu cfj4 u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .
8@= k|f/lDes jfn ljsf;nfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] .
9#= lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{{ :ki6 sfo{of]hgf ;lxt nfu'
ug]{ .
10$= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] .
11%= lzIfs Joj:yfkg tyf z}lIfs k|zf;gdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ :ki6
sfo{of]hgf ;lxt ;dfwfg ug]{ .
12^= lzIffdf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;xeflutf, To;sf] Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs z}lIfs
bfloTj tyf u'0f:t/Lo kIfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLltut Aoa:yf ug]{ .
13&= k|fljlws lzIff / Aofj;flos tflndnfO{ cnu–cnu wf/sf ?kdf ljsf; u/L
Joj;flos tflnddf clwsflws o'jfx¿nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ /f]huf/f]Gd'v
agfpg] .

171
14*= pRr lzIff gLltsf] th'{df u/L o;nfO{ /fli6«o pTkfbg / ljsf;;Fu cfj4 ug]
{. ljZjljBfno :yfkgf / ;~rfngnfO{ Joal:yt ug{ pRr lzIff P]g -5ftf
P]g_ hf/L ug{] .
15(= ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] kf7\os|d, k7gkf7g ;fdu|L tyf ljlw / u'0f:t/df ;d;fdlos
kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
16!)= :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, SofDk; /
ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf lhDd]jf/L ;lxt ;xefuL agfpg] .
17!!= ;a} txsf] lzIff;DaGwL tYofÍ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

172
sfo{gLlt
18!=! :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfh, ljBfno, ljZjljBfnosf
ljBfyL{x¿, wfld{s ;+3;:yfx¿, lghL If]q tyf /fhgLlts bnnfO{ kl/rfng u/L
;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL
tYofÍnfO{
19 cfwf/ dfgL ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd;Fu hLjgofkgsf nflu pkof]uL x'g]
Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ cfj4 ul/g]5 .
20@=! k|f/lDes jfnljsf;df ljkGg blnt / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf jfnjflnsfnfO{
;dfj]z ub{} o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf cGo lgsfosf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds ?kdf cl3 a9fpFb} afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lqmofzLn agfOg]5 .
21#=! lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ul/g]5 /
cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg ljlgof]hg u/L :ki6 sfo{of]hgf ;lxt nfu' ul/g]5 .
22#=@ c+u|]hL efiff lzIf0f ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L eflifs ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df
:yfgLo efiffsf lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm / :yfgLo efiffdf kf7\o ;fdu|
Lx¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ jx'eflifs lzIffsf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .
23$=! ;dli6ut ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{fGjog ug{
sIff !—!@ sf] lzIff P]g nfu' ul/g]5 .
24$=@ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd cg'?k dfWolds tx -(–!@_ sf] PsLs/0f
(Integration) nfO{ gd'gfsf ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} dfWolds lzIffsf] ;
+:yfut Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
25$=# qmlds ?kn] sIff !) ;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ lgz'Ns ul/g]5 .
26$=$ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf NofpFb}
cfwf/e"t lzIff / dfWolds lzIffdf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
sIff !) sf] k/LIff kl/0ffdnfO{ ljBfnosf] pknlJwsf] cfwf/ dflgg]5 .
;fy} sIff !) sf] l;sfO pknlAw ;d]t dfkg ul/g]5 .
27$=% ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx k"0f{?kn] lj:yflkt ul/g]5 .
28$=^ sIff !! / !@ df lj1fg ljifodf ;a} lHfNnfsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'Fr k'Ug]
u/L of]hgf cjlw e/df sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
29$=& lzIffdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfË cflbsf]
kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf sfo{s|d th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 .

173
 30%=! dfWolds laBfno lzIfs -(–!@_ nfO{ PsLs[t u/L lzIfsx¿sf] ldnfg
;ª\Vof to ul/g]5 / lzIfs k'gldnfg (Redeployment) sf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|d
NofOg]5 .
31%=@ ljBfno txnfO{ OsfO dfgL Go"gtd lzIfs b/jGbL lgwf{/0f u/L
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df lzIfs ;ª\Vof olsg ul/g]5 .
32%=# ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAwsf cfwf/df lzIfsx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof to ul/g]5 / kf/bzL{ dfkb08 ;lxt
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08;Fu cfj4 ul/g]5 .
33%=$ lhNnfdf /x]sf ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fO{ lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;
/ ;dli6ut lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf; ub}
{ z}lIfs k|0ffnL / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .
34%=% ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ;dfj]zL jgfpg'sf;fy} Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/ k|
efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
35%=^ lzIffdf a9\b} cfPsf] /fhgLlts k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ lglZrt dfkb08sf
cfwf/df dfq ;dli6ut ;]jf k|jfx ug{] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
36^=! ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;~rfngsf nflu ljBdfg gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfdf
cfjZos ;''wf/ ul/g]5 . oL ljBfnox¿n] u/La tyf h]xGbf/
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ 5fqj[lQnfO{ lghL ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/Ldf
Jojl:yt ub}{ k|ltefsf] vf]hL (Talent Search) ug]{ dfWodsf ?kdf
pkof]u ul/g]5 . ;fy}, 5fqj[lQ ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug{ clek|]l/t u/L ;f]sf]
ljt/0fnfO{ kf/bzL{ u/fOg]5 .
37&=! k|fljlws lzIff tyf Aofj;flos tflndsf If]qdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sf] cfjZostf /
k|efjsf/Ltfsf] cWoog u/L ;+:yfut ljt/0f ;'b[9 Pj+ Aoal:yt ug'{sf;fy} o;
If]qdf ;/sf/L–lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{ s/f/sf cfwf/df nufgL la:tf/
ul/g]5 .
38&=@ Jofj;flos tflndsf If]qdf ;dGjofTds Pj+ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] cl3 a9\g
pRr:t/Lo ;ldltsf ;'emfjx¿ PsLs[t ?kdf K|fefjsf/L 9ª\un]
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu pknAw ;a} ;|
f]tx¿nfO{ PsLs[t sf]if v8f u/L ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
39*=! pRr lzIffsf] :ki6 gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg pRr lzIff P]g
-5ftf P]g_ hf/L ul/g]5 . xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnosf] ;+:yfut
Ifdtf, lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs bfloTj, u'0f:t/ tyf Aoa:yfksLo

174
 kIfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ pko'Qm ynf]sf ?kdf
ljsl;t ul/g]5 .
40*=@ pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ v'nf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
41*=# ljBfyL{ ljQLo ;xof]u h:tf z}lIfs shf{ ;DaGwL ljBdfg
sfo{qmdsf] ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ u/L k|To]s If]q / lhNnfsf ljkGg kl/jf/sf k|
ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrlsT;fzf:q, Ol~hlgol/ª, s[lif, lj1fg k|ljlw cflb
ljifodf lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df cWoogsf] nflu C0f pknAw u/fpg] gLlt
lnOg]5 .
42(=! ljBfno txdf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o u'0f:t/ dfkg / pRr
lzIffdf u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ;+oGq -Quality Assurance Mechanism_ tof/
u/L nfu' ug'{sf ;fy} To;sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
43(=@ ;a} txsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ kf7\oqmd, k7gkf7g ;fdu|L tyf
ljlwdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;d;fdlos kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
44(=# lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfhsf jf:tljs ;d:of / cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;Ifd agfpg d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s k|0ffnL ;fGble{s agfOg]5 .
45(=$ :t/Lo kf7\o k':ts tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿df kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{ k':tsfnox¿sf]
ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
46(=% ljBfno txsf kf7\ok':tsx¿ :jb]zL n]vs k|sfzsaf6 pTkfbg ug]{ gLlt
lnO{ :jb]zL n]vg tyf k|sfzgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g'sf ;fy} kf7\ok':tssf]
cJojl:yt n]vg, pTkfbg / ljlqmljt/0f nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos gLlt /
sfo{s|d NofOg]5 .
47(=^ ;a} txsf] k/LIff k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsfnflu k|efjsf/L
sfo{s|d
48 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . ljBfno tx -!–!@_ sf]
k/LIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ dfWolds tyf pRr dfWolds k/LIff
af]8{nfO{ PsLs[t u/L /fli6«o ljBfno k/LIff af]8{ u7g ul/g]5 .
49(=& ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ ;fj{hlgs–;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L,
;fj{hlgs– lghL ;fem]bf/L (Public-Public partnership, Public-Private partnership)
nufotsf sfo{k4ltx¿sf] k|of]u u/L :yfgLo lgsfos} txdf ljBfno ;~hfn,
lzIfs ;~hfn, k|wfgfWofks ;~hfn / Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;~hfn agfOg]5 .
;fy} ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf cfdfjfj' dfq ;f] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIf x'g kfpg] gLltut Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

175
 (=* ;a} txsf] lZfIffdf cg';Gwfg / k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
50(=( lzIffsf ljleGg tx k"/f u/]kl5 yk cWoogsf] ljifo rog ug{ tyf
/f]huf/Lsf] If]q 5gf}6 ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZos k/fdz{
-Counselling_ sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
51!)=! :yfgLo txd} o'jf /f]huf/Lsf ;+efjgf vf]Hg], To;sf nflu nufgLsf] k|
jGw ldnfpg] / ljBfnob]lv pRr lzIff;Ddsf] z}lIfs Aoj:yfkgsf]
sfo{df tt\ tt\ :yfgsf] ljBfno, SofDk;, lghL pBdL / :yfgLo
lgsfonfO{ lqmofzLn / lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .
52!)=@ lzIff / :yfgLo Joj;fojLr ;fdGh:o sfod u/L pTkfbgd'vL lzIff k|bfg
ug{ s]xL :yfgdf gd'gf Jofj;flos lzIff sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
53!)=# ;a}nfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ v'nf ljBfno, lg/If/ / ljBfno
5f]8]sf u[lx0fL, ls;fg, dhb'/sf ;fy} ljkGg ;d'bfosf nflu nlIft z}lIfs
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] txdf z}lIfs ljsf;
sf]if v8f ul/g]5 .
54!!=! ;a} txsf] vl08s[t lzIff;DaGwL tYofÍ :yfgLo lgsfosf] txdf cBfalws
ub}{ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9, k|efjsf/L / sfo{d"ns
agfOg]5 .
ck]lIft k|ltkmn
55!= of]hgfsf] cGTodf k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/ ^& k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
56@= !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ () k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
57#= sIff Psdf jfnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsf %& k|ltzt / k|
fylds txdf -!–%_ v'b egf{ b/ (& k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
58$= lgDg dfWolds tx -^–*_ sf] v'b egf{b/ &@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
59%= dfWolds tx -sIff (-!)_ df v'b egf{b/ $^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

176
60^= cfwf/e"t -!–*_ df v"b egf{ b/ () k|ltzt tyf dfWolds tx -(–!@_ df v"b
egf{b/ @& k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
61&= :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu lzIffdf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL x'g]5 .
62*= ljBfnob]lv pRr lzIff;Dd v'nf lzIff sfo{s|dsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'g]5 .
63(= pRr lzIffsf] :ki6 gLlt / P]g cfO;s]sf] x'g]5 .
64!)= ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx k"0f{ ?kdf lj:yflkt x'Fb} ljBfno
txdf ;dflxt x'g]5 .
65!!= ;fd'bflos ljBfnoaf6 dfWolds k/LIff pQL0f{ x'g] k|ltzt a9]sf] x'g]5 .
66!@= ljBfno lzIff sIff !) sf] l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf] x'g]5 .
67!#= pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|fKt o'jf o'jtLx¿ /f]huf/L sfo{df ;
+nUg x'g]5g\

89
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt @)^#
-@)^# df3 @% ut]sf] dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ :jLs[t_

1_ ljleÌ pd]/ / ju{sf JolQmx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfjZoQmf cg'¿ksf] k|lf1s tyf

Jofjxfl/s 1fg, ;Lk / ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] If]q lj:tf/
ul/g]5 .

2_ lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt jf aLr}df k9fO 5f8]sfx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/x

dfGotf ePsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ul/g]5.

3_ lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

4_ kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts / l;sfO ;fdu|L lgd{f0f tyf ljt/0f k|lj|mofnfO{

:yfgLos/0f ub}{ n}hfg] ;Gbe{df ljs]lGb|t ul/g] 5 .

5_ lzIffdf kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / ;dtf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|
x¿nfO{ sfo{j|md ;~rfng / ;+of]hgsf] cfwf/ agfOg] 5 .

6_ ljs]Gb|Ls[t tl/sfaf6 cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|mdx¿sf] sfo{fGjog, ;'kl/j]If0f,

cg'udg / d"NofÍg ul/g] 5 .

7_ ;fwg / ;|f]t h'6fpg] tyf ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu ljleÌ lgsfox¿ aLr ;f´]bf/L,
;~hfn / ;dGjo sfod ul/g]5 .

8_ kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ / u'0f:t/ tyf ;xcl:tTj sfod ug{ ;dfj]zL z}lIfs
gLltx¿ ckgfOg] 5 .

9_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md rnfpg] ;a} ;+:yfx¿sf] ;f´f tYofÍ e08f/ -Data
Base_ agfOg] 5 .

10_ sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug{ / sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] sfo{bIftf a9fpg tflnd,

cg';Gwfg, :jfg'udg Pjd\ k|jt{gsfo{nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .

11_ æ;j}sf nflu lzIffsfæ nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ lghL, ;/sf/L, Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L
If]qnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .

12_ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljQLo Joj:yf /fi6«sf] cfly{s cj:yf Pjd\ gLltcg';f/
x'g]5.

13_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] kl/rfns

-Regulator_ sf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfnsx¿n] eg]

90
 ljleÌ df]8flnl6x¿ ckgfpg ;Sg] 5g\ . ltgdWo] :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;
+:yf, ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| / lzIffno df]8flnl6x¿ k|d'v x'g] 5g\ .

14_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] ljleÌ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ cGt/{fli6«o ;
+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfk;L ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ 5 .

15_ lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug{ ;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfOg] 5 . o;

sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg] 5 .

16_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] o; gLlt, sfo{gLlt /

/0fgLltcGtu{t /xL cfk\mgf] sfo{gLltx¿sf] th{'df ug]{ 5g\ .

91
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|sf] tflnd gLlt @)^@
-tTsfnLg lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^@÷@÷@$ df :jLs[t_
1_ k|fylds lzIfssf] xsdf ljBdfg cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotfsf] tx a9fOg]5 .

2_ k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds lzIfssf nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf

cltl/Qm k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflndsf ¿kdf !) dlxg] lzIfs tof/L sf]if{ lng'kg]
{ Joj:yf clgjfo{ ul/g]
5.

3_ ljBfno k|0ffnLdf lzIf0f k]zfsf nflu cWofkg cg'dltkqnfO{ Ps

k"j{;t{ agfOg]5 . ;fy} cg'dltkqsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf klg ul/g]5 .

4_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lzIff P]gsf] efjgf cg's"n lzIfs 5gf]6 k|
lqmofnfO{ qmlds ¿kdf :yfgLos/0f ul/g]5 .

5_ ljBfno k|0ffnLdf ;]jf/t tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf ;a} lzIfsx¿nfO{ oyfzSo l56f]
bz dlxg] tflnd lbOg]5 .

6_ ljBfno lzIffsf ;a} txdf lzIfs ljsf; Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
tflnd, cg'dltkq / k]zfut ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ Ps csf{df cfa4 ul/g]5 .

7_ cNksfnLg tflnd, k'gtf{huL tflnd / cfjt{s tflndnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f tflnd

sfo{qmdsf] Ps cËsf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/g]5 .

8_ ;]jfsfnLg / ;]jfk|j]z lzIfs tflndsf nflu k|efjsf/L tflnd kf7\oqmd / ;fdu|Lsf]

ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

9_ ;'of]Uo, tflnd k|fKt / k|lta4 k|lzIfsx¿ dfkm{t\ lzIfs tflnd pknJw

u/fOg]5.

10_ cg's'n l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] pknJwtfsf nflu tflnd ;'ljwfx¿ ;'lglZrt ul/g] tyf
To:tf ;'ljwfx¿df ;'wf/ u/L :t/ j[l4 ul/g]5 .

11_ ;a} tx / ;+:yfx¿df tflnd Joj:yfkgsf] bIftfdf ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm pkfo / k|
oTgx¿ cjnDag ul/g] 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
nfO{ cfbz{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

12_ cg'udg / tflnd pQ/f4{ ;xof]u of]hgfnfO{ tflndsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]
{ pkfosf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

92
13_ tflnddf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| / o;sf ljleÌ
txsf ;+:yfx¿n] cg';Gwfg, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfd ug]{5g\ .

14_ tflnd ;+:yf, ljBfno / lzIfsx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg ug]

{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

15_ tflnddf k|lzIffyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlJwsf] d"NofÍg ug{ lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg
k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 .

16_ ;a} sfo{qmdx¿df n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] ;+j]bgzLn / ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/ Pj+

cEof;x¿ sfod /fVg uDeL/ k|oTgx¿ ul/g] 5g\ .

17_ kb axfnL ug{' cufl8 ;a} txsf k|wfgfWofks nufot gofF lgo'Qm x'g] lzIff
;]jfsf clws[tx¿ -låtLo / t[tLo >]0fL_ sf nflu ;]jf k|j]z tflnd Ps k"j{zt{sf]
¿kdf /xg]5 .

18_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg tflnd ;a} txdf sfo{/t ;a} z}lIfs Joj:yfks tyf k|
wfgfWofksx¿sf nflu clgjfo{ x'g]5 .

19_ k'gtf{huL tflnd sfo{qmd, :j–cWoog ;fdu|L tyf :ynut ;xof]u of]hgfx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf;sf nflu cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

20_ Joj:yfksx¿sf] pTk|]/0ff tyf dgf]an k|j4{g ug]{ Pjd\ pRr

sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;d]t p2]Zon] ljz]if kb:yfkg of]hgf
th{'df u/L sfo{fGjog ul/g]5 .

21_ tflnd ;+:yfx¿df of]Uo, tflndk|fKt / k|ltj4 tflnd Joj;foLx¿ pknJw

ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ k|lzIfssf] tof/L, k|lzIfssf] ljsf; / clek|]/0ffsf] nflu ljz]if
Kofs]h sfo{qmd l8hfOg u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

22_ tTsfnLg tflnd ;+:yfx¿ -z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, b"/ lzIff s]Gb|,
dfWolds lzIff ljsf; s]Gb|_ nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfdf ufe]/ lzIfs tflnd k|
0ffnLnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ;'b[9 agfOg]5 .

23_ k|To]s ;+:yf / lgsfosf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ls6fg u/L cGt/f{li6«o tyf
/fli6«o ;+:yf Pjd\ lgsfox¿;Fu ;+:yfut ;DaGw sfod ul/g]5 .

24_ tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+:yfut ;xsfl/tf, ;dGjo / ;~rf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fj{hlgs /
lghL b'j} tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ /x]sf] If]qLo - Zonal_ lzIfs tflnd

93
 ;dGjo ;ldlt -z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf ;]jf If]q leqsf] tflnd If]q ;d]6\g] ;ldlt_
u7g ul/g]5 .

25_ k|fljlws ;xof]u / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf nflu z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|n]
cf+lzs ;do sfd ug]{ cfwf/df cGo Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf ljz]if1x¿nfO{ sfddf
nufpg ;Sg]5 .

26_ ;Fu7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] z}lIfs hgzlQm
ljsf; s]Gb| k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofj;flos :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/g]5 .

94
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;Lk
ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt @)^$
-@)^$.^.# sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLs[t_
ljleGg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf ax';+Vos
afnaflnsfx¿ !) sIff ;Ddsf] lzIff g} k"/f gu/L aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\5g\ . ljBfnoaf6
jflx/ hfg] pNn]lvt ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ cfly{s lqmosnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd e};s]sf
x'b}gg\ . ;fIf/ ePsf pNn]lvt hgzlQmnfO{ Jofj;flos ;Lkx¿ k|bfg ug]{ k|s[ltsf
;fGble{s cNksfnLg tflnd ;xh ¿kdf pknAw gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
ljBfno guPsf tyf s'g} k|fljlws lzIff jf Jofj;flos ;Lk tflndsf] cj;/ ;d]t gkfPsf
jo:sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;d]t pNn]Vo ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cem åGåsf] lzsf/ ePsf / ;fdfGo
pTkfbg d"ns hLjgofkg ug{af6 al~rtx¿nfO{ ;d]t hf]8\bf kl/l:ylt cem uDeL/ /
h6Ln /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljBfnoaf6 aflxl/Psf, ;fIf/ gePsf tyf ljBfono guPsf
Pjd\ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk gkfPsf o'jf tyf jo:s
hgzlQmnfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg cfjjZos 5 .
o; ;Gbe{df :jb]zL tyf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg hgzlQmdf pTkfbgzLn
Ifdtfs]f sdLsf sf/0f /f]huf/Ldf cg]sf}+ ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . pTkfbgzLn
Ifdtfsf] sdLsf sf/0f /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ / cfo cfh{gsf ;Defjgfx¿df ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj
k/]sf] sf/0f ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vofdf ;d]t ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf]
b]lv+b}g .
o; kl/k|]Ifdf k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x¿nfO{ /fli6«o ¿kdf lj:tf/
ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . b]zsf] pTkfbgzLn hgzlQmnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf Jofj;flos
tyf k]zfut If]qx¿df kof{Kt bIftf xfl;n x'g] u/L ;Lkd"ns lzIff / tflnd pknAw
u/fpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . pTkfbgzLn, /f]huf/L, :j–/f]huf/L / hLljsf]kfh{gsf
nflu Go"gtd cj;/ k|fKt ug{af6 ;d]t jl~rt ePsfx¿nfO{ o:tf] lzIff / tflndsf
cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;xh / pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df jf~5gLo
b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;DaGwL k|:t't gLltsf] d"Vo nIo …tflnd
sfo{qmdx¿sf] If]qdf lj:tf/ / tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;xeflutfdf ;a} If]qsf dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt, dw];L tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;dfj]zLs/0fÚ
/flvPsf] 5 . dflysf b'j} p2]Zox¿n] cfod"ns sfd jf k]zfdf nlIft ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtfsf]
;Defjgfdf clej[l4 x'g] / o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / txx¿df ;dfg¿kn]
ljt/0f ul/g] u/L tof/ ul/g] 5 .
o; gLltcGtu{t b]zsf laleGg If]qdf a;f]jf; u/]sf tflnd lng rfxg] t/ z'Ns ltg{ g;Sg]
;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿nfO{ jf tflndsf] kx'Frleq k'Ug g;s]sfx¿ k|f/Dedf cfwf/e"t
tflnd (entry training) df ;xefuL x'g ;Sg]5g\ . o:tf] ju{nfO{ pTkfbgzLn
/f]huf/L k|fKt ug{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] u/L cfly{s ;xof]u :j¿k ljleGg k|sf/sf 5fqj[lQx¿
pknAw u/fpg] gLlt clStof/ ul/g]5 .

95
of] gLlt ;Lk k|lzIf0f ug{, /f]huf/Lsf] jhf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / k|a4{g
ug{ pGd'v x'g]5 . o;n] tflnd k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ult k|bfg ug]{5 h;af6 cfufdL !)
jif{df tflndsf cj;/x¿df $ u'0ff j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
tflndsf gofF kf7\oqmdx¿sf] :jfefljs ljsf;nfO{ g]kfn Jofj;flos of]Uotf (Nepal
Vocational Qualifications) sf] k'gM lgld{t k4lt -/fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldlt_ df
;d]l6g]5 . o; ;ldltn] cf}krfl/s k/LIff lnO{ To;sf] k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg] gLlt
clStof/ u/L ;a} k|sf/sf Jofj;flos tflndx¿sf] ;+of]hg ug]{5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu
sfdbf/sf] Joj;fosf] Jofj;flos pGglt kysf] klxrfg, k|f/lDes tflnd / tflnd kl5sf]
kof{Kt Jofj;flos cg'ej tyf ljleGg vfnsf yk tflndx¿ (Further Trainings) sf] ;d]t
;du| ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug]{5 . cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s, ljBfnoleq jf sfo{ut tflndsf
If]qdf l;sfOsf ;a} k|sf/ / :yfgx¿nfO{ Pp6} k4ltdf cfa4 ul/g]5 h'g cu|udg / ;
+qmd0f b'j}sf nflu pkof]uL x'g]5 . cfˆgf] TkfbgzLn Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ rfxg]
gful/sx¿, dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;df cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{{t ug{ rfxg] tflnd k|bfos ;
+:yfx¿ / cfˆgf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg'sf ;fy;fy} cfkm" h:t} cGo gful/sx¿nfO{ sfd /
bfd lbg rfxg] /f]huf/bftfx¿sf cfjZostf / dfunfO{ of] gLltn] ;Daf]wg ug]{5 .
;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL gLltn] hf]8 lbPsf kfFr d'Vo p2]Zox¿ b]xfo cg';f/ /xg]5g\–
!= lj:tf/ M tflndsf cj;/x¿ / ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
@= ;dfj]zLs/0f / kx'Fr M tflndsf] cfjZostf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿df tflndsf]
kx"Fr k'¥ofpg] / ;a}nfO{ ;Lk l;Sg] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
# PsLs/0f M ljleGg tflnd k4lt / tflnd k|bfosx¿nfO{ Pp6} k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ug]
{.
$ ;fGble{stf M tflndsf] ljifo j:t' / tflndaf6 k|fKt pknlJwx¿ (Outcome)
nfO{ cfly{s dfu;+Fu cfj4 ug{] .
% nufgL M k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflndsf] ahf/n] ult lng ;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug{sf nflu lbuf] nufgL ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
o; gLltdf k|:tfljt ul/Psf p2]Zox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog cjnDjgsf ug{sf nflu pko'Qm
7flgPsf /0fgLltx¿nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf ;f/ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5–
g]kfnsf] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, @)^$
d'Vo ;Gb]zx¿ d'Vo gLltut cjnDjg ul/g] pkfox¿
If]q
gful/sx¿sf nflu ;j} tflndsf cj;/x¿df  nlrnf]kg, lgodg, :jfoQtf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ Aofks lj:tf/ cjnDag ul/g]
sDtLdf # (Expansion)  ;+:yfut / e/kbf{ tflnd k|
dlxgfcalwsf] bfosx¿nfO{ lgz'Ns k|f/lDes ;xof]u
/f]huf/Lsf nflu ug]{
lgMz'Ns tflndsf]  pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf -/fli6«o
cj;/ / hLjgko{Gt Jofj;flos :t/;Fu ;'xfpFbf]_ k|bfg
l;sfOsf nflu ;z'Ns ul/g] .
tflndsf cj;/x¿ k|bfg

96
x'g]5g\ .  pkef]Qmfsf] xs lxt ;'/lIft ug]{ tTjsf ?
kdf j:t'ut sfo{;Dkfbg, kf/blz{tf /
u'0f:t/ lrGxx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g] .
tflnd k|bfosx¿sf nflu Tfflnd cfjZos  Go"gtd ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xsf
ljleGg tflnd k|bfos ; kg]{ ;a} gful/ssf gful/sx¿sf nflu k|lzIf0f z'Ns / lgjf{x
+:yfx¿nfO{ ljBfnoaf nflu eQf ;'lglZrt ul/g] .
6 aflxl/Psf o'jfx¿sf kx+'Frsf] ;'lglZrt  v'Nnf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfsf nflu
nflu ;Lk ljsf; ug] tf / ;dfj]zLs/0f k"j{ l;sfOsf] cg'ejnfO{ dfGotf
{ sfddf ;xof]u ug{ / (Inclusion and lbOg] .
/fli6«o hgzlQmsf] Access)  k|j]z txdf Jofj;flos dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f
ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ k| ul/g] .
f]T;fxg ldNg]5 .  z}lIfs d"nk|jfxsf nflu tof/Lsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ / k|lzIf0fsf
;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0f ul/g] .
Jofj;fo ug] ljleGg k|s[ltsf  Jofj;flos of]Uotfsf] ;+/rgf tof/
{ ;d'bfosf nflu tflnd / Jofj;flos u/L ;f] ;+/rgfleq cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
bIf / cfTdljZjf;L j[lQljsf;sf] k|fl1s tflndsf ljifoa:t'nfO{ l;sfOsf >]0fLsf
sfdbf/sf] dfu{sf] dfu{sf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g] .
cfk"l{{t{ ug]{ sfddf (Pathways)  ;fwf/0f lzIffn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/sf]
Aofks lj:tf/ x'g]5 . e/kbf]{ k|fl1s of]Uotfsf] ;dsIfL agfpg gk'u
o;af6 /fli6«o PsLs/0f / ; kf7\oqmdx¿ tof/ ul/g] .
pTkfbsTj clej[l4 +of]hg  ljlzi6Ls[t k]zfut j[lQljsf;sf txx¿sf]
x'g]5 . (Integration) k|j4{g ug]{ .
 hgzlQmnfO{ j[lQljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug]
u/L hLjg ko{Gt l;sfOsf nflu
dfu{bz{g (Career guidance) tof/ ug]{ .
;f/ M l;sf¿sf] bIftf a[l4  sfo{;~rfng cg'dlt kq ePsf -Licensed
k|fljlws lzIff, / kf7\oj:t'sf] trainers_ cf}Bf]lus cg'ej ;lxtsf k|
Jofj;flos tflnd / ;Lk ;fGble{stf lzIfsx¿ tof/ ug]{
ljsf;sf nflu ;jn / (Relevance)df  cfjZostf klxrfg / k]zfut dfkb08df
;lqmo jhf/sf] ljsf; hf]8 cfwfl/t kf7\oqmdx¿ tof/ ug]{,
x'g]5 .  Jofjxfl/s tflnd -sfo{ut /
kl/of]hgfx¿_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{, :jfoQ
k/LIff / k|df0fkq k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]
.
lbuf] (sustained)  ;/sf/L nufgLdf Aofks clej[[l4 ul/g]
nufgL (funding)  lgMz'Ns tLg dxLg] tflndsf] Joj:yf
sf]if / ;+oGqx¿ ul/g] .
 bft[ lgsfoaf6 x'g] ;xof]usf] ;fd"lxs /
PsLs[t k|of; ul/g]

97
  lhNnf :t/df k|fljlws lzIf tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd ljsf; sf]if -Fund_ sf] Joj:yf
ul/g] .
 ljutdf 5fqj[lt kfP/ tflnd k|fKt ug]
{x¿af6 x'g ;Sg] ;xof]usf ;Defjgfsf]
vf]hL ul/g] .

98
 ljz]if lzIff gLlt @)%#
lzIffsf] /fli6«o gLlt cg'¿k ckfª\ux¿sf] lglDt cg's"n lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o
d"n wf/fdf ;dflxt ug{ b]xfoadf]lhd ljz]if lzIff gLlt to ul/Psf] 5 M
!= ckfª\usf] ;j{dfGo kl/efiff u/L ckfª\utfsf] lsl;d tyf dfqfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]
{,
@= ckfª\u afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof, pd]/ lnª\u lsl;d / dfqf cflbsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fsf
nflu ;e]{If0f sfo{qmd / tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
#= ljleGg lsl;dsf ckfª\u afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ lbOg] k|fylds lzIff ;a}sf nflu
lzIffsf] cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{,
$= ckfª\ux¿sf] cfjfudgnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ljz]if ;'ljwf ePsf] ljBfno ejgsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg].
%= ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fylds txb]lv dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns
k|bfg ug]{ . o; p2]Zosf nflu lghL If]qsf ;a} txsf ljBfnox¿n] ;d]t
ckfª\ux¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff lbgsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
^= ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f ljBfnodf PsLs[t ¿kdf lgMz'Ns ljz]if
lzIff k|bfg ug]{ / cfjZostfg';f/ ljz]if ljBfnosf] Joj:yf ug]{,
&= tf]lsPsf Go"gtd ef}lts Pjd\ k|fljlws k"jf{wf/ tyf zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf
ljBfnox¿nfO{ dfq ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt lbg],
*= ljZjljBfnox¿df ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL ljifosf] k7g kf7gsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
(= ;~rflnt ;]jfsf] Jofkstf, :t/ / cfly{s Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k6s]c, cflz+s /
k"0f{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
!)= ljz]if lzIff lbg] ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ xfnsf] lg/LIf0f
Pjd\ ;'k/Lj]If0f k|0ffnLdf ljz]if lzIffsf] lg/LIf0f kIfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L
PsLs[t ?k lbg],
!!= ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lbOg] ljz]z lzIffsf] nflu kf7\ok':ts / cGo
z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx¿ Pjd\ pks/0fsf] lgwf{/0f tyf pTkfbg ug]{ u/fpg] /
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t cfjzos Joj:yf ug]{,
!@= ckfª\utfsf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf sltko nIf0fx¿ :jf:Yo pkrf/4f/f lg/fs/0f
x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ;fdfGo ljBfyL{x¿n] cWoog ug]{ lgoldt kf7\os|d / lzIfs

99
 tfnLd kf7\os|ddf ckfª\ut;DaGwL :jf:Yo lzIff / ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL
;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx¿ kf7\os|ddf ;dfj]z ug]{,
!#= ljz]if lzIffsf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ k':tsfno / k|of]uzfnfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ /
xfn ;~rflnt k':tsfnox¿df klg ckfª\ux¿n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg]
Joj:yf s|lds ¿kdf ub}{ hfg],
!$= h]x]Gbf/ ckfª\u ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pRr lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg
ug{ 5fqj[lQnufot cGo k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
!%= ckfª\u ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg],
!^ = ckfª\u ljBfyL{ afn aflnsfn] b}lgs¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t}M
XjLn r]o/ j}zfvL , x\jfO6s]g, >j0f oGq, a|]n :n]6:6fO{n, :k]zn r]o/ /
s[lqd cª\u cflb cfoft ubf{ oyf;Dej ljz]if ;x'lnot lbg] Joj:yf ug]{,
!&= ljz]if lzIffsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ slDtdf cGo ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf
lzIfsn] kfP ;/xsf] tna eQmfsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f] k]zfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg] .
!*= ljz]if lzIff lbg] sfo{qmdsf nflu lzIfsnufot cfjZos hgzlQmsf] of]hgfa4
ljsf; tyf Joj:yf ug]{,
!(= lzIfs tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo /fvL ljz]if lzIff
sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tflndsf] klg Joj:yf ug]{,
@)= ljz]if lzIffsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ljZ]fif dfWod h:tf] a|]n, ;fª\s]lts efiff
cflbdf bIftf xfl;n u/]sf] ePdf ckfª\utf ePsf of]Uo JolQmnfO{ ;d]t
ckfª\utf cg's"n ljz]if lzIff lzIfssf] ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{,
@!= ckfª\u afnaflnsfsf] JolQmTj tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ v]ns'b
sfo{qmd / zf/Ll/s Jofofdsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o tyf
cGt/fli6«o k|lt:kwf{Tds sfo{qmddf efu lng] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ / ;f]sf nflu
cfjZos hgzlQm tof/ ug]{,
@@= bf]xf]/f] jf ax'ckfª\utf ePsf] JolQmsf] xsdf ;DalGwt If]qsf
ljZf]if1x¿sf] /fo / ;'emfj cg';f/ ljz]if k|sf/sf lzIff jf sfo{d"ns lzIffsf]
Joj:yf ug]{,
@#= ckfª\utfsf] lsl;dsf] cfwf/df k/LIffyL{x¿sf] k/LIff / d"Nofª\sgsf] ljz]if
Joj:jyf ug]{,

100
@$= ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ljz]if lzIff lbO{ ;x|fgLo sfo{ ug]{ ;ª\3 ;+:yf
tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{, k'/:sf/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
@%= ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\n] tf]s]sf] lgsfosf] ;xdlt lnP/ dfq u}/ ;/sf/L
;ª\3 ;+:yfn] ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
@^= ckfª\utfsf] lsl;d / dfqfcg';f/ ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf zt{x¿ tf]sL tfnLd
s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{,
@&= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ljz]if
lzIffsf] If]qdf cGt/;DaGw tyf ;dGjo sfod u/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;
+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / o;
sfo{qmddf sfo{/t u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ef}lts Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQm ljsf;
Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{,
@*= k/f]ksf/L Pjd\ cGo ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfnfO{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
@( ljz]if lzIffnfO{ ;Lk s]lGb|t agfO{ ;d'bfodf k'g:yf{kgf
ug{ ckfª\ux¿sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flws
tfnLdsf] Joj:jyf ug]{,
#)= k|f}9 ckfª\ux¿sf] nflu ;Lkd"ns cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
#!= ljleGg ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, hftLotf, cGwljZjf;, ¿9LafbL k/Dk/f, r]tgfsf]
sdL / cflY{fs sf/0fn] clwsf+z hgdfg;df JofKt /x]sf] ckfª\uk|ltsf] unt
wf/0ffdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg ljleGg :t/df e]nf, uf]i7L ug]{ /
cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fdf ckfª\utf;DaGwL hgr]tgf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
#@= ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ z}lIfs cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f h'6fpg /
pgLx¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf nflu ltgsf afa', cfdf cleefjs, lzIfs
tyf lgs6 ;Dks{df cfO/xg] JolQmx¿nfO{ dgf]a}1flgs pTk|]/0ff lbg]
vfnsf] ;/;Nnfxd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
##= ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o:t/df pknAw x'g] ljleGg ;|f]t
tyf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] kl/rfng ug]{ Net work k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .

101
102
 v08–u
cg';"rLx¿

103
 cg';"rL – !

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
dfggLo dGqL
ljZjljBfnox?, ljZjljBfno
dfggLo /fHo dGqL cg'bfg cfof]u, lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]u, p=df=lz=k=, k|
f=lz=tyf Jof= tf= kl/ifb,
o'g]:sf]sf lgldQ g]kfn hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
/fli6«o cfof]u ;lrj -lzIff_ ;lrj -cfwf/e"t
lzIff_ lnld6]8
kf7\oqmd ljsf; lzIff ljefu
s]Gb|
k|zf;g pRr lzIff tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf cg'udg
k/LIff
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ,d"Nof+sg tyf If]qLo
lgoGq0f
dxfzfvf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf sfof{no lzIff lgb]
pRr tyf k|fljlws j}b]lzs ;xfotf cgf}krfl/s lzIff {zgfnox?
cfGtl/s k|zf;g cg'udg tyf
lzIff zfvf ;dGjo zfvf s]Gb| -%_
tyf ;Dklt d"Nof+sg
Joj:yfkg zfvf zfvf z}lIfs hgzlQm lhNnf lzIff
sd{rf/L k|zf;g 5fqj[lt zfvf gLlt ljZn]if0f tyf lg/LIf0f zfvf ljsf; s]Gb| sfof{nox?
tyf hgzlQm sfo{qmd zfvf -&%_
ljsf; zfvf ljBfno lzIfs
cfly{s k|zf;g ljBfno lzIff zfvf k':tsfno ;dGjo cg';Gwfg tyf lstfjvfgf ;|f]t s]Gb|
zfvf zfvf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg x?
zfvf g]kfn /fli6«o
k'':tsfno -!)(!_
P]g lgod k/fdz{ :jfoQ ;:yf
zfvf s]z/ k':tsfno ljBfnox?

v]ns'b tyf o'jf

sfo{qmd zfvf l8NnL/d0f hgs lzIff ;fdu|L z}lIfs tflnd
sNof0fL /]UdL :df/s s]Gb| ln= s]Gb| -@(_
k':tsfno
z}lIfs tflnd
107
pk–s]Gb| -
%_
cg';"rL – @

lzIff ljefu
dxflgb{]zs

k|zf;g dxfzfvf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf of]hgf tyf cg'udg If]lqo lzIff lgb]{zgfno
dxfzfvf %

;fdfGo tyf sd{rf/L k|f/lDes afn ljsf; zfvf cg';Gwfg tyf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
k|zf;g zfvf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg &%
zfvf
cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf ljBfno Joj:yfkg zfvf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ;|f]t s]Gb|x?
-dfWolds_ zfvf !)(!

ef}lts ;]jf zfvf ljBfno Joj:yfkg zfvf sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 zfvf ljBfnox?
-k|fylds_

z}lIfs ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg n}lËs ;dljsf; zfvf

zfvf

;dflxt lzIff zfvf

108
 cg';"rL – #

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

efiff lzIff zfvf ul0ft, lj1fg tyf k/LIf0f, d"NofÍg tyf cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf k|zf;g zfvf
Jofj;flos lzIff zfvf cg';Gwfg zfvf

;fdflhs lzIff zfvf ;Dkfbg tyf k|sf;g zfvf

109
cg';"rL – $
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no

sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs
lgoGqs

pk–lgb]{zs pk–lgb]{zs

k|df0fkq zfvf /lhi6«]zg zfvf

k|zf;g zfvf cfj]bg zfvf

cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf k/LIff zfvf

tflnd, cg';Gwfg tyf

d"NofÍg zfvf

110
 cg';"rL – %
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO of]hgf cg'udg tyf k| z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x?–
dxfzfvf dxfzfvf zf;g dxfzfvf @(

ljBfno lzIfs tflnd zfvf v'nf l;sfO{ tflnd zfvf sfo{qmd tyf cg'udg z}lIfs tflnd
zfvf pk–s]Gb|x?–%

Joj:yfkg tflnd zfvf sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf cg';Gwfg tyf

k|;f/0f zfvf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ zfvf

tflnd k|dfl0fs/0f zfvf ;fdu|L ljsf; zfvf cfGtl/s k|zf;g tyf

;Dklt Joj:yfkg zfvf

cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf

tfnLd >f]t Joj:yfkg

zfvf

111
cg';"rL – ^
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|
lgb]{zs
sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

pk–lgb]{zs pk–lgb]{zs
of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg kf7\oqmd, k7\ok':ts
zfvf tyf tflnd zfvf

of]hgf tyf k|zf;g cfwf/e"t k|f}9

;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Q/, dlxnf
lzIff
cg';Gwfg, cg'udg tyf lg/Gt/ lzIff
d"Nof+sg

;dGjo, ;fdu|L ljt/0f a}slNks ljBfno

n]vf jLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g]

afnaflnsfsf nflu
sfo{qmd
tYof+s ÷ sDKo'6/ kf7\oqmd, k7\ok':ts
tyf cGo ;fdu|L k|sfzg

:6f]/ v'nf a}slNks ljBfno

lzIff

112
cg';"rL – &
ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf

dxflgb]{zs
sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

pk–lgb]{zs pk–lgb]{zs
-clen]v_ -lgj[lQe/0f tyf pkbfg_

klZrdf~rn,dWoklZrd k"jf{~rn, ;'b"/

f~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn klZrdf~rn zfvf
zfvf
k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn dWodf~rn zfvf
zfvf

sDKo'6/ zfvf k|zf;g, btf{ rnfgL / :

6f]/ zfvf

cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf

klZrdf~rn,
dWoklZrdf~rn zfvf

113
cg';"rL – *

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

cfof]u

k|zf;sLo k|d'v

pk;lrj pk;lrj
kf7\oqmd, k/LIff ; tYof+s, lj1fkg, df]8/]zg,
+rfng tyf a9'jf zfvf cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/;
zfvf
kf7\oqmd tyf k/LIff ; tYof+s, lj1fkg tyf
+rfng df]8/]zg

a9'jf cfly{s k|zf;g k|zf;g tyf cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/;

lg/LIf0f

114
cg';"rL – (
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnox¿
lgb]{zs
sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

pk–lgb]{zs pk–lgb]{zs

cg'udg,lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIff zfvf

tYof+s zfvf

ljBfno k|zf;g zfvf n]vf zfvf

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk k|zf;g zfvf

zfvf

115
 cg';"rL – !)
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -s_
- Ps lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M sf7df8f}+ _

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

df=lj=lg=df=lj= k|zf;g cfGtl/s k|zf;g tyf lg/LIf0f tyf tflnd zfvf

zfvf tYofÍ zfvf

k|fylds k|zf;g zfvf of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ;|f]tJolQmx¿

k/LIff zfvf

;+:yfut ljBfno k|zf;g cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf

zfvf cgf}krfl/s lzIff kmfF6

cfly{s k|zf;g kmfF6 k|zf;g tyf ;DkQL btf{÷rnfgL kmf6 :6f]/ kmfF6
kmf6

116
117
cg';"rL – !!
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -v_
-& lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M emfkf, df]/ª, sfe|]knf~rf]s, nlntk'/, lrtjg, :ofª\hf, / ?kGb]xL_

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

ljBfno k|zf;g zfvf of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfGtl/s k|zf;g tyf lg/LIf0f tyf tfnLd zfvf
tYofÍ zfvf k/LIff zfvf

df=lj=÷lg=df=lj k|zf;g cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf sd{rf/L k|zfg tyf ;|f]tJolQmx¿

kmfF6 cgf}krfl/s lzIff kmfF6 ;DkQL, :6f]/ /
btf{÷rnfgL kmfF6
k|f=lj= k|zf;g kmfF6 of]hgf tyf tYofª\s cfly{s k|zf;g kmfF6
kmfF6

;+:yfut ljBfno k|zf;g k/LIff kmfF6

kmfF6

118
cg';"rL – !@
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -u_
-s, v / 3 ju{ afx]sf %( cf]6f lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox?_

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

sfo{sf/L–lgb]{zs

ljBfno k|zf;g, cfGtl/s of]hgf, sfo{qmd, lg/LIf0f tyf tfnLd zfvf

k|zf;g tyf k/LIff zfvf tYofÍ, cltl/Qm
lqmofsnfk tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff zfvf
lg=df=lj=÷df=lj= k|
zf;g kmfF6 of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;|f]tJolQmx¿
kmfF6
k|f=lj= k|zf;g kmfF6
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff kmfF6
k/LIff kmfF6
n]vf kmfF6

k|zf;g tyf
;DkQL ,:6f]/ /
btf{÷rnfgL kmfF6

119
 cg';"rL – !#
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -3_
- * lhNnf lzIff sfof{no M /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, d'u', h'Dnf, x'Dnf / 88]nw'/f_

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

ljBfno k|zf;g, cfGtl/s k| lg/LIf0f tyf tfnLd

zf;g, of]hgf sfo{qmd tyf zfvf
k/LIff zfvf
;|f]tJolQmx¿

df=lj=÷lg=df=lj= k|zf;g tyf ;DkQL,:6f]/

kmfF6 btf{÷rnfgL kmfF6

k|f=lj= kmfF6 n]vf kmfF6

k/LIff / cltl/Qm of]hgf tyf tYofÍ

lqmofsnfk kmfF6 kmfF6

120
121
cg';"rL – !$
s];/ k':tsfno
k':tsfno k|d'v
-/f=k=l4= k|f_

k':tsfno clws[t sDKo"6/ clws[t

-/f=k=t[=k|f –! -/f=k=t[=k|f –!
_ _

k':tsfno ;xfos gf=;' 6fOlki6 gf=;'

;xn]vfkfn a's afO08/ ;xfos kyk| On]lS6«l;og sfp06/ ;xfos

bz{s

d'lvof

xn'sf ;jf/L rfns

hDdf b/aGbL ;ª\Vof
sfof{no ;xof]uL

122
123
cg';"rL–!%
lzIff dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfox?sf] b/aGbL ljj/0f
l;= ;+:yf ljlzi6 /fk k| /fk /fk /fk cg+= /fk /fk 6f 8«f sfof{n hDdf s'n
g+ >]0fL yd låtLo t[tLo k|yd cg+= cg+= Ol Oe o hDdf
= låtLo t[tLo ki6 / ;xof]u
c= k| c=k| k|f= c=k k|f= c=k| k|f= c=k k| c=k k| L c=k k|f= cGo
k|f f= f= |f f= |f f= |f= f= |f=
lzIff
1 dGqfno 2 1 3 5 11 13 20 28 16 1 2 9 9 28 49 53 46 148

2 lzIff ljefu 1 3 2 10 5 20 9 18 2 4 10 19 51 14 84

3 z}hljs] 4 1 8 3 23 8 19 2 2 4 11 14 54 17 85

4 z}tfs] – s 9 54 9 9 9 27 18 72 27 117

5 z}tfs] – v 20 40 0 20 40 60
z}tfs]
6 pks]Gb| 10 0 0 10 10

7 kfljs] 1 5 2 22 5 6 1 5 2 10 8 34 17 59

8 klgsf 1 2 2 17 11 9 4 2 2 8 17 29 12 58
cgf}krfl/s
9 lzIff s]Gb| 1 2 5 4 4 2 2 1 4 6 12 7 25
ljBfno
lzIfs
10 lstfjvfgf 1 2 6 5 7 3 3 9 15 3 27

11 If]lzlg 5 10 5 35 18 20 15 5 5 25 38 70 35 143

12 lhlzsf 75 1 568 217 377 163 75 27 225 381 1020 327 1728

124
 lzIfs ;]jf
13 cfof]u 1 2 2 3 4 5 2 10 6 11 12 29
/fli6«o
14 k':tsfno 1 1 2 1 6 4 1 1 5 6 10 6 22
s]z/
15 k':tsfno 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 5 3 11 6 20

1 1 3 19 8 138 34 796 320 501 207 5 1 2 104 54 421 574 1462 579 2615
Source: MoE, 2061/62. Based on the decision of MoE (2061/05/29) with the restructure of the Organization Structure
gf]6: k|f== k|fljlws, c=k|f= = ck|fljlws, cGo = 6fOlki6, 8|fOe/ / sfo+{fno ;xof]uL_

125
cg';"rL–!^

lzIff If]qdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf k|d'v sfo{qmd

tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L
s= xfn;fn} ;DkGg ePsf cfof]hgfx?

!= ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd

 sfof{Gjog cjlw @))$@))(

 sfo{qmdsf] nfut *!$=% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 afXo ;xof]u @&( ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ -#$ k|ltzt_

 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfut %#%=% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/-^^ k|ltzt_

bft[ lgsfox¿
 k'lnª ;fem]bf/ km08 M

8]gdfs{ ## ldlnog 8n/, lkmgNof08 !% ldlnog 8n/, gj]{ @% ldlnog

cd]l/sL 8n/, a]nfot #% ldlnog 8n/, ljZja}Í %) ldlnog 8n/
 ggk'lnª ;fem]bf/ km08 M

PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, hfOsf, o'lg;]km, o'g]:sf] / ljZj vfB sfo{qmd

 ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldlt M ;]K6]Da/ @$, @))$

 sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf] If]q M d'n'se/

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
 k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Fr -Access_ tyf ;dGoflostf (Equity) ;'lglZrt ug]{

 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stf j[l4 ug]{ /

 sfo{bIftf tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .

sfo{qmd cjoj / nIo (Components /Goals)

107
  afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/,

 ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu k|fylds lzIffdf kx"Frsf] ;'lglZrttf,

 lk5l8Psf hghflt tyf cNk;+Vos eflifs ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf nufot ;a}

afnaflnsfx¿sf l;sfO cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{,

 k|f}9 lg/If/tf b/df sdL Nofpg],

 n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs e]befj x6fpg],

 u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

@= lzIfs lzIf0f cfof]hgf

 sfof{Gjog cjlw @))@–@))(

 sfo{qmd nfut @$=! ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 afXo ;xof]u !(=^ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfut $=% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 bft[ lgsfox¿ PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s C0f ;xof]u

 ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldlt hgj/L @*, @))@

 sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] If]q /fHoe/sf &% lhNnf

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
 ;3g ¿kdf k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsfnLg, k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg
tyf k'gtf{huL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

 tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .

 lzIf0f k]zfdf dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug]{ .

#= ljBfno Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f tyf k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd

 sfof{Gjog cjlw @))#@))*

 sfo{qmdsf] nfut %=!! ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 afXo ;xof]u %=) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

108
  g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfut )=!! ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 bft[ lgsfox¿ ljZj a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]u

 ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldlt h'nfO{ @%, @))#

 sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] If]q &% lhNnf

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf cleefjssf] ;++nUgtf a9fpg],

 ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] kx'Fr, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ Pj+ ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,

 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf sfd sfo{jfxLdf kf/blz{tf j[l4 ub]{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf]

lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg] . =

$= dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd

 sfof{Gjog cjlwM @))#–@))(

 sfo{qmdsf] nfutM &% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 afXo ;xof]u ^) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfutM !% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 bft[ lgsfox¿M 8]gdfs{ #) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/, PlzofnL ljsf;

a}+Í C0f ;xof]u #) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltM PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í;Fu !& hgj/L, @))$ /

8]gdfs{;Fu !$ dfr{ @))#

 sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] If]qM /fHoe/sf &% lhNnf

!) lhNnf -a}t8L, 8f]6L, aemfª, s}nfnL, c5fd,
d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, Ko"7fg, ¿kGb]xL_ df ;3g
¿kdf nfu" ePsf]
 sfo{qmdsf] p2]ZoM
 dfWolds lzIffsf] kx'Fr / ;dtfdf ;'wf/,
 dfWolds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stfdf ;'wf/ /

109
  ljBfno s]lGb|t dfWolds lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ 6]jf lbg ;+:yfut
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ .
sfo{qmdsf] p2]ZoM
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf If]qdf pRr ;dGjo k|flKtsf nflu /fli6«o
gLlt tyf /0fgLlts sfo{–9fFrfsf] ljsf; ug]{,
 Jofj;flos tflnd If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 u/L ;]jf k|bfodf u'0f:t/Lotf tyf
;fGble{stf Nofpg],
 tflnd k|bfosx¿sf] tflndsf] ljifoj:t'df ;fGble{stf tyf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ul/
kx'Frdf j[l4 ug]{,
 cfocfh{g ug]{ tflndx¿ ;+rfng ug{ lhNnf tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]
{.
sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo
vfBfÌ cefj / lzIffsf] kx"Frdf clt Go"g b]lvPsf lhNnfx¿sf kl/jf/sf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kx"Frdf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
kf]if0f / :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
cNksfnLg p2]Zo
 ljBfyL{ egf{b/, xflh/L k|ltzt j[l4 ug]{ / sIff 5f8]/ hfg] k|
j[lQnfO{ 36fpg],

 ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug]{,

 ljBfyL{x¿sf] kf]if0f Pjd :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg],

 5fqf egf{ k|ltztdf clej[l4 ug]{ / kf]if0f l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{,

 ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L cfdf Pjd\ lzz'x¿sf] :jf:Yo :ofxf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{,

 ljBfno kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df n}lª\us e]befj x6fO{ 5fqfx¿sf]

egf{ k|ltzt j[l4 ug{ vfhf sfo{qmddf cfdfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] .

%= hg;ª\Vof lzIff sfo{qmd

 sfof{Gjog cjlwM @))#–@))^

110
  sfo{qmdsf] nfutM *,^&,^$) cd]l/sf] 8n/

 afXo ;xof]uM $,!^,#!( cd]l/sL 8n/

 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfutM $,%!,#@! cd]l/sL 8n/

 bft[ lgsfox¿M ;+o'Qm /fi6« hg;+Vof sf]if -UNFPA_

 ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltM dfr{ !(, @))#

 sfo{qmd nfu" xg] If]qM /fHoe/sf &% lhNnf

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
 ljBfno kf7\oqmddf k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ug]{,

 n}lËs ;dtfsf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug]{,

 n}lËs ;dtfsf nflu /fli6«o ;xof]u j[l4 ug]{ .

v= xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf cfof]hgfx?

^= bf];|f] pRrlzIff kl/of]hgf
 cfof]hgf cjlwM @)^#÷^$–@)^*÷^(

 s'n cg'dflgt nfutM ^) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/

 ;|f]tM ljZja}Í cg'bfg

p2]ZoM
 z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] cfly{s lbuf]kgf / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg
cg'bfgx¿sf] Joj:yf dfkm{t pRr lzIffdf u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stf tyf
cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] clej[l4 ug'{,

111
  cfly{s ;xof]u / pRr dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L h]x]Gbf/ tyf
cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt / z}lIfs If]qdf lk58LPsf hghflt
ljBfyL{x¿sf] pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr a[l4 ug'{ .

&= /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk kl/of]hgf

sfof{Gjog cjlw
sfo{qmdsf] nfutM
afXo ;xof]uM
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfutM=
bft[ lgsfox¿M
;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltM
sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] If]q
@))%@)!)
#!=! ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
@%=) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
! ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
PlzofnL ljsf; a}Fssf] C0f ;xof]u
km]a|'c/L @, @))%
/fHosf % lhNnf -c5fd, slknj:t', x'Dnf,
bfr{'nf / wg'iff_

*= ag]kf kf]ln6]lSgs
rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf nueu g]=¿=$% s/f]8sf] nfutdf ag]kfdf kf]ln6]lSgs
lgd{f0f eO/x]sf] 5 .

(= lzIffsf] nflu vfBfÌ sfo{qmd

b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfsf vfBfGg cefj Joxf]l//x]sf kl/jf/sf ;fy} lzIffdf clt Go"g
kx'Fr ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] kf]if0f / :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo /fv]/
lzIffsf nflu vfB sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'b]]} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdaLr @^ ;]K6]Dj/ @))& df kl5Nnf]
k6s ;g\ @))* b]lv @)!) ;Ddsf nflu of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ gLltut ;Demf}tf
ePsf] / ;g\ @)!! ;Dd lg/Gttf lbg] eGg] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, ljZj vfB sfo{qmdaf6
k|lta4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox¿ ljBfyL{ egf{b/ j[l4

112
ug'{, b}lgs xflh/L k|ltztdf j[l4 ug'{, aLr}df k9fO 5f8\g] k|j[lQdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
k9fO 5f8\g] b/df sdL Nofpg', ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{,
afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f Pjd\ :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg', 5fqfx¿sf] egf{ k|ltztdf
clej[l4 ug'{, ue{jtL / ;'Ts]/L cfdf Pjd\ lzz'x¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' tyf
n}ª\lus e]befj x6fO{ sfo{qmddf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg' /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf ;+o'tm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] k|j]z ;j{k|yd #) cui6 !(^& df
ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(() b]lv !((% ;Dd æ:jf:Yo, kf]if0f / lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
;xof]uÆ sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf bft[ ;+:yf / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf of]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . To; avt ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifbcGtu{t
kf}li6s cfxf/ sfo{qmdsf] gfdaf6 b]zsf ljleGg #^ cf]6f lhNnfsf tf]lsPsf
:yfgdf ;~rflnt lyof] . of] sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdaLr ;Demf}tf
eO ;g\ !((^ sf] hgj/L dlxgfb]lv ;g\ @))@ ;Dd lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t æk|fylds
ljBfno kf}li6s cfxf/ kl/of]hgfÆsf] gfdaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj:tfl/t k|fylds ljBfno vfBfGg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ljBfyL{ egf{b/
j[l4 ePsf], xflh/L b/df j[l4 ePsf], k9fOnfO{ aLrdf g} 5f8]/ efUg] k|yf sd
ePsf], cWoog Ifdtf a9]sf] / 5fqf egf{b/ j[l4 eO{ pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo;d]t ;'wf/
ePsf] kfOPsfn] xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf]] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg yk
sfo{qmd;lxt ;g\ @))@ b]lv @))^ l8;]Dj/;Dd lzIffsf nflu vfB sfo{qmdsf]
gfdaf6 ;~rfngdf
/Xof] . ;g\ @))& b]lv sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿
xfn o; kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lgDglnlvt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ M
s_ ljBfno lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd
v_ 5fqf pTk|]/0ff sfo{qmd
u_ dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo :ofxf/ sfo{qmd

s_ ljBfnodf vfhf sfo{qmd

113
o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t d'n'se/sf !! cf]6f lhNnf c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]nw'/f, ¿s'd,
b}n]v, ;Nofg, a}t8L, aemfª, afh'/f, bfr'{nf / hfh/sf]6sf ;fd'bflos k|fylds
ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu lbpF;f]sf] vfhf xn'jf pknAw u/fOG5 .
v_ 5fqf pTk|]/0ff sfo{qmd
o;cGtu{t lzIffsf nflu vfB sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf !^ cf]6f lhNnf c5fd, 8f]6L,
88]nw'/f, ¿s'd, b}n]v, ;Nofg, a}t8L, aemfª, afh'/f, bfr'{nf, hfh/sf]6 / t/fOsf %
cf]6f lhNnfsf -;nf{xL, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6 / k;f{_ sIff @ b]lv % ;Ddsf
5fqfx¿sf nflu hgxL k|ltdlxgf @ ln6/ vfg] t]n ljt/0f ul/G5 . h;sf nflu
5fqfx¿ dlxgfdf sDtLdf *) k|ltzt xflh/ x'g}kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
u_ dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo :ofxf/ sfo{qmd
ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt tyf s'kf]if0faf6 x'g] dlxnf / aRrfsf]
d[To'b/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] dft[ tyf lzz'–:jf:Yo :ofxf/ sfo{qmdsf] yfngL
ePsf] xf] . xfn * cf]6f lhNnfsf $@ cf]6f uflj;df #! xhf/ ;xfotfyL{x?sf nflu of]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng 5 . o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t ue{jtL, ;'Ts]/L dlxnfx¿ / ^ dlxgfb]lv #
jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hgxL & s]hLsf b/n] Go"l6«ldS; kf}li6s cfxf/
pknAw u/fOb} cfPsf] 5 .

!)= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -;+lIfKt kl/ro_

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnoåf/f kl/nlIft cfwf/e"t tyf
dfWolds lzIffsf nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ cf=j= @)^^.^& b]lv
@)&@.&# ;Ddsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] Pp6f bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgf xf] . o;
of]hgfdf d'Vo-d'Vo /0fgLlts sfo{qmd tyf pQm sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf
nfUg] cg'dflgt cfly{s ;|f]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf xfn ;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf sfo{qmdx¿, h:t}M ;a}sf nflu
lzIff sfo{qmd, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd
tyf lzIfs lzIf0f cfof]hgfx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf g} xf] . ljutdf l;s]sf kf7 tyf xfl;n ul/Psf
pknlAwsf cfwf/df ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf, lzIffsf]
u'0f:t/ tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{h:tf ljifodf

114
gofF ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx¿ dfkm{t\ o; of]hgfn]
ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿ nfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg hf]8 lbFb} lzIff
If]qsf] ;Ifdtf tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 u/L ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOsf]
cj;/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf clxn] zflGt tyf /fhgLlts l:y/tf axfn x'g'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] d"No tyf
dxŒjaf]w ;DaGwdf cfPsf] r]tgfsf sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs lzIff ;]jfsf] dfu / ;]jfk|ltsf]
ck]Iffdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ljut Ps bzsdf ljBfnosf] kx'Fr tyf egf{b/df pNn]Vo k|ult
ePsf] eP klg w]/} afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug}
{ gkfO{ tyf hLjg:t/ psf:g cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;Lk;d]t gl;sL ljBfno 5f]8\b5g\ .
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf nflu sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf tyf Jofjxfl/s ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t ;Lksf]
cfjZostf 5, t/ cfwfhlt hg;ª\Vofdf oL cfwf/e"t ;Lksf] ;d]t cefj 5 .
oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno lzIfsf ljBdfg ;]jfdf clej[l4
ug{ ljleGg ;'wf/sf] kxn u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'wf/ sfo{sf] d'Vo nIo ljBfno lzIffsf]
u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stfsf] clej[l4 g} xf] . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, ;Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;]jf
k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg s]lGb|t ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf o; If]qsf gofF r'gf}tL,
dfu tyf ck]IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|d'v dfWod aGg uPsf] 5 .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf ;a}sf nflu lzIff, /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @))!-@)!%,
lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf tyf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d"n b:tfj]hnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o; of]hgfn] jflif{s /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog of]hgf (ASIP) tyf
jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 (AWPB) sf /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf k|bfg ug]{5 . ljBfno
If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vfcGtu{t jflif{s /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog of]hgf tyf
jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6n] jflif{s s|lds sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf nflu /0fgLlt k|bfg
ug]{5 .
lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d"n /0fgLlts b:tfj]h tyf /fi6«JofkL
¿kdf ljleGg txdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] ;Dks{ / cGt/lqmofaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf
cfwf/df o; ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] . lzIff df}lns xssf ¿kdf
/xg], n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;dfj]lztf, ;dtfh:tf k|d'v gLltut nIo tyf d"Non] of] of]hgfsf]
tof/Ldf dfu{bz{g u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ /0fgLlts sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf of]hgfdf cfa4
ul/Psf 5g\ .

115
 k|d'v ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf ;"rsx¿, cfwf/ jif{sf] l:ylt / ;g\ @)!%÷)!^ sf] nIo
cfwf/ jif{ nIox¿
;"rsx¿ PsfO
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
!= lzIffdf ah]6sf] c+z
s'n
/fli6«o % 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5
pTkfbg
s'n
ufx{:Yo % 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0
pTkfbg
@= lzIffsf laleGg txsf] ah]6 c+z
cfwf/e"t
% 70 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 76
lzIff
dfWold
% 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
s lzIff
#= sIff ! df egf{
k|f/lDes % 33 36 41 45 51 57 64 71 80
afn ljsf;
tyf
lzIffaf6
gofF
egf{ eP

107
 cfwf/ jif{ nIox¿
;"rsx¿ PsfO
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
sf
v'b k|j]z
% 141 148 144 140 137 133 130 127 123
b/
;xh}
b]lvg] % 78 81 83 86 88 91 94 97 100
k|j]z b/
$= ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/
k|
f/lDes
% 60 63 67 72 77 82 87 93 99
afn ljsf;
tyf lzIff
cfwf/e"
t lzIff % 116 123 125 128 130 132 132 131 131
-!-*_
dfWold
% 36 40 43 47 52 58 66 75 83
s lzIff
%= v'b egf{ b/
k|fylds
% 89 92 94 96 97 98 99 99 100
lzIff
cfwf/e"
% 71 73 75 77 80 82 85 87 90
t lzIff

108
 cfwf/ jif{ nIox¿
;"rsx¿ PsfO
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
dfWol
% 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 29 31
ds lzIff
^= cfjZos of]Uotf tyf tflnd k|fKt lzIfs
cfwf/e
% 62 66 70 74 79 83 88 94 100
"t lzIff
dfWold
% 74 77 80 83 86 89 93 96 100
s lzIff
&= k|df0fLs/0f tflnd k|fKt lzIfs
cfwf/e
% 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 99 100
"t lzIff
dfWold
% 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 99 100
s lzIff
*= ljBfyL{ lzIfs cg'kft
cfwf/e cg'kf
t 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 34
"t lzIff
dfWold cg'kf
t 42 39 37 34 32 30 28 26 25
s lzIff
( sIff bf]xf]-ofpg] b/
sIff ! % 28 18 12 8 5 3 2 1 1

109
 cfwf/ jif{ nIox¿
;"rsx¿ PsfO
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
sIff * % 13 11 9 7 6 5 4 3 2
!)= sf]x6{ ljlwcg';f/ l6sfp b/
sIff % % 54 58 61 65 70 74 79 84 90
sIff * % 37 41 45 49 54 60 66 73 80
!!= ;Ifdtfsf] u'0ffÍ
cfwf/e"t cg'kf
t 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.75
lzIff
dfWold cg'kf
t 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.55 0.60
s lzIff
!@=l;sfO
sIff % / * sf d'Vo ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ sf] cf};t k+|fKtfÍ
pknlAw
sIff % % 50 53 56 60 63 67 71 75 80
sIff * % 44 46 48 49 51 54 56 58 60
!#=
pQL0f{ P;=Pn=;L= / pRr df=lz= sf] /fli6«o k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ k|ltzt
b/
P;=Pn
% 60 62 64 65 67 69 71 73 75
=;L=
pRr % 23 25 28 31 34 37 41 45 50

110
 cfwf/ jif{ nIox¿
;"rsx¿ PsfO
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
df=lj=
!$=;fIf/tf b/ ;fIf/tf k|ltzt
pd]/
;d"x ! % 73 75 78 80 83 86 89 92 95
%-@$
pd]/
;d"x ^+ % 63 69 76 78 80 83 85 88 90
aif{
pd]/
;d"x ! % 52 56 60 62 64 67 70 72 75
% + aif{
!%
;fIf/tf
cg'kf
n}lus 0.61 0.74 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
t
;dtf ;"rs
fÍ !%+

111
112
o; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf
d'Vod'Vo ;"rsx¿df pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . tflnsf !=! df
oL ;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ jif{ -@)^%/^^_ sf] l:ylt tyf @)^(/&) sf] nIosf ¿kdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsfdf plNnlvt ljBfno If]q ;'wf/sf !% d'Vo ;"rsx¿n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf of]hgfn]
lnPsf nIo xfl;n ug]{ d'Vo glthfx¿ sf] k|ltlglwTj
u5{g\ . nIocg'';f/ k|ult eP gePsf] cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg ug{;d]t oL ;"rsx¿n] cfwf/
k|bfg ug]{5g\ . km\Nof; l/kf]6{ ! / @, jflif{s l:ylt k|ltj]bg tyf oL ;"rsx¿ ;d]tsf]
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] pTkfbg / k|ltkmn txsf pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] sfd ug]{ 5 . csf{tkm{ lzIff dGqfnosf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] of]hgfa4 sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfksf] ;du|
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;3fpg]5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn]
lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpgsf nflu cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg;d]t
u/fpg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 kf7 l;Sg, ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf
;xhLs/0f ug{ tyf ljBfnoLo lzIffsf] ;du| sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg dGqfnon]
afx\o d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 .
xfn pknAw ;|f]tnfO{ x]bf{ dGqfnon] o; of]hgfsf ;g\ @)!% ;Ddsf
;Dk"0f{ nIocg';f/sf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . s]
s'/fnfO{ Wofglbg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eg] o; of]hgfsf oL nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu yk
ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos . o;sf] cy{ æ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} afnaflnsf ljz]if u/L
5fqf, sl7g kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsf cNk;ª\Vos hghfltsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr
k'¥ofO{ lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ / u'0f:t/Lo k|fylds lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{Æ eGg] ;a}sf
nflu lzIff tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ o; of]hgfdf ePsf] xfnsf]
cfly{s Joj:yf kof{Kt 5}g .
cfufdL ;ft jif{] cjlwsf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu cd]l/sL 8n/ $=)$) ljlnog
nfut cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] cg'dflgt /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ #=!$*
ljlnog cyf{t\ &*% xf] . o;af6 ;ft jif{sf nflu cd]l/sL 8n/ *(@ ldlnog gk'u x'g
cfpF5 .

107
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;ft jif{]{ ;f]rcg'?k kfFr jif]{ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf th'{df u/L
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿nfO{ pQm gk'u /sd pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]
lyof] . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu k|yd kfFr jif{sf] cg'dflgt ah]6 /sd cd]l/sL
8n/ @=^@^ ljlnog /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 kfFr jif{sf nflu k|fKt x'g]
cg'dflgt /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ @=))@ ljlnog 5 . o;sf nflu ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] cd]l/sL
8n/ %)) ldlnog k|bfg ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf5g\ eg] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cem cd]l/sL 8n/ !@$ ldlnog gk'u /x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L nufgLsf] xfnsf] jif{sf] cd]l/sL 8n/ $%& ldlnogaf6 s|lds?kn] a9\g]
cg'dfg ul/Pcg';f/ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] of]ubfgdf klg ;f]xLcg';f/ j[l4 x'g' cfjZos
5 . k|f/lDes 5nkmndf ;a}sf nflu lzIff cGtu{tsf] ;+o'Qm ljQLo k|aGw
(EFA/JFA) ;Fu cfa4 ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] of]hgfsf] k|yd kfFr jif{sf nflu k|
ltjif{ cd]l/sL 8n/ !)) ldlnog pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] ;ª\s]t lbPsf 5g\ . ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿n] xfn jflif{s ;xof]u k|ltjif{ cd]l/sL 8n/ sl/a !#) ldlnog pknAw
u/fPsf 5g\ . ca of] ;xof]u 36\g uPaf6 ;ft jif]{ cjlwsf nflu ljBfno If]q ;'wf/
of]hgfsf nflu ck]lIft afx\o ;xof]u cd]l/sL 8n/ #@( ldlnog gk'u x'g] b]lvG5 .
k'lnª ;fem]bf/x¿n] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf afFsL b'O{ jif{ -5}7f} / ;ftf}+ jif{_
pltg} cd]l/sL 8n/ cyf{t\ !)) ldlnog 8n/ k|lt jif{sf b/n] ;xof]u hf/L /fV5g\ eGg]
cg'dfg ubf{ k|If]lkt gk'u /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ !(@ ldlnog 8n/ x'g cfpF5 . of] gk'u
/sd k"lt{ ug{ ;|f]t kl/rfng /0fgLlt ckgfpg], k'ndf ;+nUg gePsf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ /
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ tyf kmf:6 6«ofs Olgl;Pl6e (FTI)
af6 pTk|]/s sf]if (catalytic fund) k|fKt ug]{ ;/sf/sf] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gLltn] ult lnO/x]sf] 5 clg :yfgLo
lgsfox¿af6 klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjogdf a9\bf] e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] e"ldsf tyf ;xof]usf If]qnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] 5 . t/ sfg'gL ;+/rgf tyf
gLltx¿ n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cg'?ksf] jflif{s of]hgf k|ls|ofnfO{ lzIffsf] ;]jf k|
jfxsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] gofF lhDd]jf/L k|ltsf] ?lr / Ifdtfsf] lgoldt k/LIf0f
ug]{ ;fwgsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . gofF zf;sLo ;+/rgf :yflkt gx'Gh]n tyf
:yfgLo ;/sf/ k"0f{¿kdf lqmofzLn gx'Gh]n ljBdfg zf;sLo tyf Joj:yfksLo k|
0ffnL g} lg/Gt/ x'g]5g\ / ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos

108
cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{5g\ . To;} u/L lzIff P]g tyf lgodx¿ df ;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g
gx'Gh]n ljBdfg lzIff P]g lgodn] g} ljIf];'of]sf] sfof{Gjogdf sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg
ug]{5g\ .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf r/0fa4 ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
ljIf];'nfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu cf=j )^%.^^ b]lv g} tLg lhNnf /;'jf,
slknj:t' / 88]nw'/fnfO{ gd'gf lhNnfsf ¿kdf lnO{ o; sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o;
k|lqmofn] ljIf];'sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf ;'wf/sf k|of;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug{ ;
3fp k'/\ofpg]5 .
cf=j= @)^^.^& b]lv ljIf];'of] b]zJofkL ¿kdf nfu" ul/g]5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff
-sIff !-*_ nfO{ PsLs[t tyf ;'b[9 ub}{ nuL o; k|lqmofnfO{ @)^( ;Dd k"/f
ul/g]5 . o;} u/L dfWolds lzIff -sIff (-!@_ sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] yfngL
@)^^.^& af6 x'g]5 . sIff (-!@ nfO{ ;d]t PsLs[t u/L dfWolds lzIffsf] k'g;
{+/rgf b]zJofkL ¿kdf qmdzM @)^( b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfpg]5 . dfWolds
lzIffsf] of] k'g;{+/rgf sfo{ ;g\ @)!% -lj=;+= @)&@_ ;Dddf k"/f x'g]5 . ;
3g¿kdf r/0fa4 lsl;dn] ljBfno gS;fª\sg sfo{ u/L of]] k|lqmof ;DkGg ul/g]5, h;n]
ljIf];' of]hgfsf] ;du| k|lqmofnfO{ ;an agfpg'sf ;fy} ljBfno If]qsf] ;
+/rgfTds ;'wf/, u'0f:t/sf] clej[l4 tyf hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg] sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg]5 .
ljIf];'sf] sfof{Gjogsf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' If]qsf cfwf/df o; of]hgfnfO{ b;
kl/R5]bdf afFl8Psf] 5 . oL kl/R5]bnfO{ nufgLsf b[li6n] dfq xf]Og,
;fGble{stf tyf /0fgLltsf lx;fan] klg ;ª\ul7g ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfdf /x]sf
kl/R5]bx¿df afnljsf; sfo{qmd, cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIff, ;fIf/tf tyf lg/Gt/
l;sfO, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd, lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;, Ifdtf clej[l4, cg'udg
tyf d"Nofª\sg, ljQLo Joj:yf, ;xfotf Joj:yf / k|fljlws ;xof]u ;dGjo k5{g\ .
o; b:tfj]hdf Ps¿ktf /xf];\ eGgsf nflu ;s];Dd k|To]s ljifosf ldNbfh'Nbf tTjsf
cfwf/df kl/R5]bx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . kl/ro, nIo tyf p2]Zo, cj;/
tyf r'gf}tLx¿, gLltlgb]{z, d'Vo glthf, /0fgLlts sfo{qmd, cg'dflgt nfut /
sfof{Gjog tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|To]s kl/R5]bnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ul/Psf] 5 . csf]
{ kl/R5]bdf k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf;;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

109
110
cg';"rL–!&
P;Pn;L jf]8{ :yfkgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf] k/LIffsf]
glthf ljj/0f

P;Pn;Ld P;Pn;L
f ;xefuL df
;
pQL0f{ xefuL pQL0f{
jif{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof k|lt;t jif{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof k|ltzt
1990 33 19 57=58 2029 16202 5929 36=59

1991 26 15 57=69 2030 21286 7813 36=70

1992 35 24 68=57 2031 27729 11250 40=57

1993 36 22 61=11 2032 32720 7208 22=03

1994 50 36 72=00 2033 35189 10939 31=09

1995 55 29 52=73 2034 41008 13961 34=04

1996 55 35 63=64 2035 48443 13511 27=89

1997 41 29 70=73 2036 63989 18789 29=36

1998 54 42 77=78 2037 72819 15608 21=43

1999 84 55 65=48 2038 79968 13337 16=68

2000 133 78 58=65 2039 80886 16434 20=32

2001 141 89 63=12 2040 100001 23824 23=82

2002 227 143 63=00 2041 99862 29546 29=59

2003 187 117 62=57 2042 63689 15119 23=74

2004 222 105 47=30 2043 49351 17201 34=85

2005 243 92 37=86 2044 50495 18402 36=44

2006 259 108 41=70 2045 56870 19291 33=92

2007 80 53 66=25 2046 64172 28319 44=13

2008 432 195 45=14 2047 100382 48656 48=47

2009 785 295 37=58 2048 94538 23213 24=55

2010 1151 421 36=58 2049 77455 24394 31=49

2011 1326 423 31=90 2050 69631 23854 34=26

2012 1641 581 35=41 2051 79588 34197 42=97

107
 P;Pn;Ld P;Pn;L
f ;xefuL df
;
pQL0f{ xefuL pQL0f{
jif{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof k|lt;t jif{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof k|ltzt
2013 1768 838 47=40 2052 90877 34642 38=12

2014 2338 771 32=98 2053 116002 42359 36=52

2015 2395 1094 45=68 2054 113257 53846 47=54

2016 2700 1108 41=04 2055 139202 68488 49=20

2017 3571 1184 33=16 2056 205553 93978 45=72

2018 3896 1304 33=47 2057 132210 41801 31=62

2019 3616 677 18=72 2058 152334 47565 31=22

2020 4137 1655 40=00 2059 170389 54607 32=05

2021 4833 2559 52=95 2060 175418 81008 46=18

2022 6119 3031 49=53 2061 216303 83747 38=72

2023 9218 3624 39=31 2062 225031 104653 46=51

2024 12134 5871 48=38 2063 274210 160802 58=64

2025 15595 8294 53=18 2064 307078 195689 63=73

2026 17211 5269 30=61 2065 342632 234602 68=47

2027 17192 5157 30=00 2066 456719  385146 64=31

2028 15772 5267 33=39        

108
cg';"rL–!*

lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t ljleGg lgsfoaf6 hf/L lgb]{lzsfx¿

l;= lgsfo lgb]{lzsfx¿

g++
! kf7\oqmd ljsf;  Structure of national curriculum, 2063
 House styles, 2063
s]Gb|  Guidelines on CDC working procedure, 2062
 Guidelines on district and regional curriculum coordination
committee, 2061
 Guidelines on development of local curriculum, 2060
 Guidelines on development of curriculum and textbook, 2059

@ k/LIff lgoGq0f  School Leaving Certificate (SLC) Examination Conduction and

Management Guideline, 2065
sfof{no
# cgf}krfl/s lzIff  A Ten-year Literacy/ NFE Policy and Programme Framework 2006-
2015-2006
s]Gb|  Guidelines on the Management and Operation of Community
Learning Centres-2062
 Non Formal Education Programmes Implementation Guidelines-
2064
 Monitoring Tools and guidelines-2062 (Revised Version 2064)
 Guidelines on National Literacy Campaign-2065 (First Amendment
2066)

107
cg';"rL–!(

ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf lzIff;DaGwL cWoog÷cg';Gwfgx¿

l;= lgsfo cWoog÷cg';Gwfg

g++
! lzIff ljefu 1. Mother Tongue Intervention at Primary Level, 2005 (2061-62) conducted by
Centre for Research Education and Development.
2. Head Teacher Efficacy and School Improvement, 2005 (2061-62) conducted
by Hope Nepal.
3. Parental Support and Students' Learning, 2005 (2061-62) conducted by
Centre for Educational Research and Social Development
4. Women Literacy Program, 2005 (2061-62) conducted by Mobilization and
Development (MODE) Nepal (P.) Ltd.
5. Feasibility Study on Restructuring of School Education System, 2006 (2062-
63) conducted by Centre for Educational Research and Social Development
6. A study on Effectiveness of Primary Teacher Training in Nepal, 2006 (2062-
63) conducted by Full Bright Consultancy (Pvt.) Ltd, CHIRAG and SILT
7. A Study on the Status of Gender Equality in school, 2007 (2063-64)
conducted by Social Development and Research Centre (CDRC)
8. Teacher Management in Inclusive Education, 2007 (2063-64) conducted by
National Centre for Special Education (NASEC)
9. The Effectiveness of the school level scholarship program of the Government
of Nepal, 2007 (2063-64) conducted by The Centre for Educational
Innovation and Research (CEIR)
10. Monitoring and Impact Evaluation Survey for Schooling Input, Output and
Outcome Indicators, 2008 (2064-65) conducted by Full Bright Consultancy
(Pvt.) Ltd, CHIRAG and SILT
11. Social mobilization for participation in the Community Managed School
Project; Identification of community characteristics on project take-up;
Development of a best-practice handbook, peer-to-peer networking and
school report card system, 2008 (2064-65) conducted by Centre for Policy
Research and Consultancy , Nepal (CPReC)
12. National Assessment of Grade-VIII Students, 2008 (2064-65) conducted by
Educational Development Service Centre
13. National Assessment of Grade-V Students, 2008 (2064-65) conducted by
Full Bright Consultancy (Pvt.)
14. A Comparative Study of School Cost between Community and Institutional
Schools, 2008 (064-65) conducted by Santwona Memorial Academy
Research Centre
15. A Study on Effectiveness of Government Support to Community Schools
(with reference to both Technical and Financial Support), 2008 (2064-65)
conducted by National Council for Economic and Development Research.
16. A Study on the Financial Management of Department of Education, District
Education Office, School; and Tracking of School Grants (especially, School
Improvement Plan and Rahat Grants), 2009 (2065-66) conducted by
Santwona Memorial Academy Research Centre.
17. A Study on the Identification of out of School Children and Possible
Measures for bringing them into Formal and Non-formal Education System,
2009 (2065-66) conducted by Full Bright Consultancy (Pvt.)

108
l;= lgsfo cWoog÷cg';Gwfg
g++
18. A Survey on Health and Nutrition Status of Students, 2009 (2065-66)
conducted by DMI
@ z}lIfs 1. Effectiveness Study of Teacher Training (A Study Report), 2003
2. Follow-up Study of Teacher Training Programme , 2003
hgzlQm 3. Quality Assurance Scheme of the NCED, 2005
ljsf; s]Gb| 4. Tools for Measuring Performance for Promoting Excellence, 2005
5. A Report of Tracer Study Disadvantaged Group (DAG) Fellowship
Programme, 2063
6. Tracer Study of DAG Fellowship Programme, 2063 (Executive Summary)
7. Effectiveness of Primary Teacher Training Programme, 2063 (Executive
Summary)
# kf7\oqmd 1. Action research on the fulfilment of partial needs of proposed curriculum
structure planning and management training of school education, 2061.
ljsf; s]Gb| 2. Study on identification of importance of Sanskrit education in school level
national curriculum structure, 2062
3. A study on job-oriented education in school level, 2062
4. Study on the use of multiple textbooks in school, 2061
5. Study of affecting factors of learning achievement in primary level students
of Nepal, 2061
6. A study on content analysis of curriculum textbooks (grade 1-12) from rights
based and child cantered perspective, 2060
7. Study on balancing weight-age and subject-matters of secondary level, 2064
8. A study on job-oriented education in school level, 2063
9. Study on improvement on textbooks, 2063
10. Balancing subject-matter of grade 9, 10, 11 and 12 curriculum, 2065
11. A Study on education for work, 2065
12. Study on development of national curriculum structure implementation
guidelines, 2065
$ k/LIff 1. Item Analysis : Com. Maths- 2064
2. Item Analysis : Com English-2065
lgoGq0f 3. Item Analysis : Com Social Studies – 2065
sfof{no 4. Status of SLC Results(2045 to 2064) -2065
5. A Study on : Effectiveness of the Training Conducted by OCE – 2065
6. Teacher's Profile of Marker and Scrutinizer-2065
7. Statistics of SLC Result (Publishing each year)
% cgf}krfl/s 1. A survey report on the causes behind dropping out school by the primary
school aged children-2061.
lzIff 2. A third party monitoring and supervision report on NFE programmes-2062.
s]Gb| 3. A study on the effectiveness of the Alternative Schooling Programmes 2063.
4. A study on the effectiveness of Community Learning Centres-2065(In
collaboration with CERID/TU).
5. A study on the effectiveness of the trainings on NFE- 2066.
6. A study on the effectiveness and usefulness of the Alternative Schooling
Programmes-2066.
7. An end line situation survey and CASP/ ASP(SOP/FSP) in Kathmandu
district-2009.
^ sf7df08f} 1. E-Government and Trust Issues, 2010
2. Turbine Testing Laboratory (TTL), 2009
ljZjljBnfo 3. Cases of community managed schools, 2005
4. Information and Language Processing Research Lab (ILPRL), 2004
5. Assessing the teaching behaviour of trained teachers, 2001
6. Quality Education Project in Dhulikhel Municipality, 1997-2001

109
l;= lgsfo cWoog÷cg';Gwfg
g++
& Formative Formative Research Study Reports of 2005
Research 1. Access of Disadvantaged Children to Education (Study Report 1)
cGtu{t ;]l 2. Implementation of School Improvement Plan Identification of Successful
Cases (Study Report 2)
/8af6 ePsf 3. Meeting Learning Needs of Children of Indigenous Peoples and Linguistic
cWoog÷ Minorities (Study Report 3)
4. Disbursement of Block Grants (Study Report 4)
cg';Gwfg 5. Longitudinal Study on System Indicators (Study Report 5)
x¿
Formative Research Study Reports of 2006
6. Life Skill Education: Nature of the Issues and their Linkage to System
Provision (Study Report 6)
7. Effectiveness of School/Community-based Monitoring System (Study
Report 7)
8. Gender Equality and Gender Friendly Environment in School (Study Report
8)
9. Effectiveness of School-based and Community-based ECD program (Study
Report 9)
10. Situation of Inclusive Classroom in Nepal (Study Report 10)
11. Linking Madrasa with Mainstream Education in Nepal (Study Report 11)
12. Education of Internally Displaced Children: Provisions and Challenges
(Study Report 12)
13. Longitudinal Study on System Indicators (Study Report 13)

Formative Research Study Reports of 2007

14. Understanding school autonomy: A study on enabling conditions for school
effectiveness (Study Report 14)
15. Enhancing education reform process: A study on operation of system and
structural provisions at implementation levels (Study Report 15)
16. Basic enabling conditions for quality school education: A study on the
successful schools for developing norms and standards for school
monitoring (Study Report 16)
17. Classroom transformation for better conditions of pedagogical processes and
student- centered learning (Study Report 17)
18. Rights-based education and structural reform in basic and primary
education: A study on institutional needs and community readiness (Study
Report 18)
19. Institutional scope and need of mainstream education in Madrasas and its
autonomy (Study Report 19)
20. Education in Gumbas and Vihars of Nepal: A case study (Study Report 20)
21. Longitudinal study on system indicators (Study Report 21)

Formative Research Study Reports of 2008

22. School Governance in Nepal (Study Report 22)
23. Provision and Conditions for Better Classroom Pedagogical Practices (Study
Report 23)
24. The Rights to Education for Disadvantaged Children: A Study on Existing
Status and Challenges (Study Report 24)
25. A Study on Problems and Prospects of Mainstreaming Inclusive Education
at Primary Level (Study Report 25)
26. Education in Gumba, Vihar and Gurukul: Linking with Mainstream
Education (Study Report 26)

110
l;= lgsfo cWoog÷cg';Gwfg
g++
27. Formal Education in Madrasas of Nepal: A Study on Emerging Trends and
Issues (Study Report 27)
28. Exploring the Possibility of Expanding Per-child Funding (PCF) Mechanism
(Study Report 28)
29. Longitudinal Study on System Indicators (Study Report 29)

Formative Research Study Reports of 2009

30. Ensuring Free and Compulsory Basic Education for Disadvantaged Groups
in the Context of Education for All (Study Report 30)
31. Linking School Mapping with Educational Planning (Study Report 31)
32. A Study on Community Managed School: An Innovative Approach to
School Management (Study Report 32)
33. Gender Issues in School Education (Study Report 33)
34. A Study on the Alternative Schooling: Addressing the Un-served School
Age Children (Study Report 34)
35. Quality of Education in Registered Madrasas (Study Report 35)
36. Professional Development of Primary School Teachers in Nepal (Study
Report 36)
37. Longitudinal Study on System Indicators (Study Report 37)

111
cg';"rL–@)
df}h'bf ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿
qm ;|f]ts]Gb| qm ;|f]ts]Gb|
=; lhNnf ;ª\Vof =; lhNnf ;ª\Vof
1 tfKn]h'Ë !$ 39 ;nf{xL !!
2 kfFry/ !* 40 /f}tx6 !)
3 Onfd !$ 41 Aff/f !^
4 Emfkf !& 42 k;f{ (
5 ;+v'jf;ef !% 43 dsjfgk'/ !*
6 Ef]fhk'/ !* 44 lrtjg !#
7 t]X|y'd !# 45 /;'jf *
8 wgs'6f !% 46 wflbË @)
9 Df]f/Ë !^ 47 g'jfsf]6 !#
l;Gw'kfNrf
10 ;'g;/L !@ 48 ]s !(
sfe|]knf~rf]
11 ;f]n'v'Da' !@ 49 s @^
12 cf]vn9'Ëf !$ 50 sf7df8f}+ @#
13 Vff]6fË @& 51 eQmk'/ *
14 pbok'/ !@ 52 nlntk'/ !%
15 ;Kt/L !) 53 kj{t !^
16 l;/xf !! 54 d':tfË %
17 bf]nvf !^ 55 DofUbL !@
18 /fd]5fk !^ 56 afUn'Ë @)
19 l;Gw'nL !^ 57 dgfË #
20 wg'iff !! 58 sf:sL @@
21 dxf]Q/L !) 59 :of8\hf @$
22 nDh'Ë !^ 60 ;'v]{t !$
23 uf]vf{ !* 61 afFs] (
24 tgx' !& 62 alb{of !)
25 u'NdL @! 63 8f]Nkf ^
26 cwf{vfFrL !* 64 x'Dnf &
27 slknj:t' !) 65 h'Dnf !)
28 ?kGb]xL !) 66 d'u' *
29 gjnk/f;L !# 67 sflnsf]6 ^
30 kfNkf !( 68 aemfË !#
31 ?s'd !% 69 Affh'/f *

112
32 /f]Nkf !^ 70 8f]6L !%
33 ;Nofg !& 71 c5fd !$
34 bfË !% 72 s}nfnL !^
35 Ko"7fg !% 73 bfr'{nf !*
36 b}n]v !@ 74 a}t8L @)
37 Hffh/sf]6 !@ 75 88]nw'/f *
38 sGrgk'/ &

113
 cg';"rL–@!

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno jt{dfg l:ylt

d'n'ssf] h]7f] / 7"nf] ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] cfly{s
jif{ @)^^÷)^& nfO{ æ%) cf} jif{ ufF7sf] ¿kdf dgfpb} :j0f{ dxf]T;jsf] ljljw
sfo{qmdx¿;lxt ;DkGg ub}{5Æ . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] :yfkgf sfn b]lvg} /fli6«o
cfjZostf cg'¿k dWod tyf pRr:t/Lo dfgj z+;fwfg hgzlQm th{'df ug]{ kljq Pj+
dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zosf ;fy pRr lzIff k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] P]ltxfl;s ;+:yf xf] . xfnsf]
kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df d'n's k'g;+/rgfsf] qmddf uO{/x]sf] 5 . d'n'ss} h]7f] / 7"nf]
ljZjljBfnosf] x}l;otn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / d'n'ssf] cu|udg Pj+ ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu pRr
lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 cfjZos dfgj z+;fwg tyf hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{ cleef/f Pjd\
r'gf}lt cem klg o;sf ;fd' /x]sf] 5 . ljifout ljljwtf, ;+Vofut Jofkstf / If]qut
hl6ntfnfO{ jf]Sb} kl/jlt{t ;dfhsf] dfu{ / cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ tyf
;dofg's'n z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] k|j]z u/fO{ kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g Pj+d u'0f:t/sf] ljsf;
ug]{ s'/f lgs} hl6n ljifo klg xf] . o;nfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Pjd\ Jojl:yt ub}{ hfg]
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 .
ljutsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng / /fhg}lts kl/jt{g qmddf s]xL ;do g]t[Tj ljlxgtf /
gLltut lg0f{ox¿sf] cefjsf sf/0fn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{qmdx¿ k|efljt ePtfklg
o;n] cfk\mgf] l;ldt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng ub}{ cfk\mgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
lgldQ of]hgf th{'df sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Pjd\ gofF sfo{qmdx¿ k|jfx
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ qmdzM cuf8L j9fpb} cfPsf] ljlbt} 5 .
lq=lj=n] k|df0fkq txnfO{ -k|fljlws afx]s_ ljBfno txsf] lzIff ePsfn]
ljZjljBfnoaf6 lj:yfkg ug]{ gLlt ckgfPsf] 5 . o; cg'¿k cfufdL z}lIfs ;q
@)^&÷)^* b]lv pRr lzIff cGtu{t :gfts tx b]lv ;f] eGbf dflysf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . lq=lj=n] b]z Joflk¿kdf /x]sf % cf]6f cWoog ;
+:yfgx¿, $ cf]6f ;+sfocGtu{t /x]sf ^) cf]6f cfª\lus SofDk;, #& cf]6f s]Gb|Lo ljefu /
&#@ cf]6f gLlh If]qsf ;DjGwg k|fKt SofDk;x¿ dfk{mt k|df0fkq, :gfts txb]lv
lkPr=8L tx;Ddsf ljljw ljifo / ljwfut If]qdf bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg / k|jfx u/L
d'n'ss} gfd pRr /fVg] u/L ;kmntf xfl;n ul//x]sf] 5 .

107
lq=lj=n] ljut jif{x¿df d'n's / ljZjJofkL¿kdf ePsf k|ult / kl/jt{g;Fu tfnd]n
ldnfpFb} k|lt:kwf{Tds¿kn] cuf8L j9\g] qmddf ljZjsf ljleGg
ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;DjGw sfod ub}{ ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pRr lzIff;+u ;DjlGwt
ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu cfk;L ;xof]u Pj+ cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ ;xdtL / ;+emf}tf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . gofF ljifosf kf7\oqmdx¿ k|j]z
u/fpg] / ljBdfg kf7\oqmdx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L k|lt:k|wL¿kn] cuf8L j9\g]
sfo{ ePsf] 5 . :gfts, :gftsf]Q/, Pd=lkmn / lkPr=8L txsf k7g kf7g Pj+ cg'Gwfg
s]Gb| dfk{mt cg';GwfgcGjif0fd'vL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ lj:tf/ ug]
{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . cfwf'lgs k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ , ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;'wf/ tyf lj:tf/,
k':tsfno, z}lIfs :fdfu|L Pj+ k7g kf7g;Fu ;DjlGwt k|ljlw / Nofjx¿df lj:tf/
Pj+ ;'wf/ eO{ /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿ksf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|j]z /
;'wf/ ug{ qmdzM # jif]{ :gfts txnfO{ $ jif]{ sfo{qmddf kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{sf]
yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nof+sgdf ePsf] ljs[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
o;nfO{ jflif{s z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] kf7\oqmdaf6 x6fOPsf] 5 . lq=lj= d'n'ssf
ljs6 / b"/b/fhdf /x]sf ljkGg gful/sx¿sf] kx'Frleq pRr lzIffsf] cj;/lbg ;kmn
ePklg o;sf] :j¿k / ;+/rgfdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ x'g' h¿/L 5 . o;qmddf ljBdfg P]g,
lgod tyf sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{, ef}lts lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/ ug]{, cfw'lgs
k|ljlw pks/0f pkof]u ug]{, n]vf tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{qnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ kf/bzL{
jgfpg] qmddf ;Dk"0f{ SofDk;x¿df E-Library / sDKo'6/ ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . cf+lus SofDk;x¿nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfotQftk{m nfUg k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .
dx]Gb| jx''d'vL SofDk;, Onfd klxnf] :jfotQf k|fKt SofDk; jg]sf] 5 eg] cGo
cWoog ;+:yfg / SofDk;x¿ o;tk{m cu|;/ eO{/x]sf 5g\ . pRr lzIff bf]>f] cGtu{t
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnonfO{ ;f] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbP jdf]lhd PIU (Project
Implementation Unite ) / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf guPsf SofDk;x¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
Window Program ;~rfng ug{ s]xL /sd pknJw u/fO{g] 5 .

ljut jif{df lq=lj= ;ef, jh]6 cg'df]bg / gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ Pj+ b'O{
j6f #$ ;f}+ / #% ;f}+ lbIffGt ;df/f]x ;DkGg u/L lgoldtftk{m uO{/x]sf] 5 . o;
jfx]s lq=lj= cGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf k|d"v k|fl1s, z}lIfs, sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+lIfKt
:j¿k / pknlJwx¿ b]xfo jdf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] lq=lj=sf]
jt{dfgl:yltnfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ d2t ug]{ 5 .
lq=lj= cGt/ut ;~rfngdf /x]sf k|d'v k|fl1s, z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;ª\lIfKt
:j¿k / pknAwL

108
cWoog cg';Gwfg–cGj]if0f sfo{qmd cfly{s jif{
;"rs @)^@÷ @)^#÷ @)^$÷^ @)^ @)^^÷^
c= SofDk; ^# ^$ % %÷^^ &
!= lq=lj= cflËs SofDk; ;+Vof ^) ^) ^) ^) ^)
@= lghL If]qtk{m SofDk; :yflkt e} &#@
c:yfoL ;DaGwgdf ;~rfngsf] :jLs[t #$* $@) %^! ^!^
SofDk;÷sn]h ;+Vof
-^!_ -&@_ -!$!_ -%%_ -!!^_
j[l4 k|ltztdf *
±@!=#Ü ±@)=& ±##=^Ü ±(=*Ü ±!*=*Ü
Ü
cf= cWoog/t s"n ljBfyL{ ;+Vof @,$ @,&@, @()*## #,@!,^$ #^(**)
$,@^* &$^ %
!= lq=lj= cflËs SofDk;df cWoog/t !, !,^&,!!$ !,&!,%(@ !,&@,% !*^**)
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof %@,^^* ($
j[l4 k|ltztdf ±!$=(*Ü (=$^ ±@=)& ±!=)) ±*=#
 hDdf SofDk; ;+Vof $)* $*) ^@! ^&^ &(@
 j[l4 k|ltzt !&=^Ü !&=^Ü @(=$Ü *=*% !&=!^
-cflËs tyf lghL If]qsf SofDk;_
@= lghL If]qtk{msf SofDk; sn]hdf (!,^)) !,) !,!(,@$! !,$(,)%! !,*#,)))
cg'dflgt cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;+Vof %,^#@ cg'dflgt
j[l4 k|ltztdf ±@(=^! ±! ±!@=**Ü ±@ ±@@=&
Ü %=#@ %=)) &
Ü
#= lq=lj= sf cflËs tyf lghL If]qsf SofDk; ;
+Vof cfsf/sf] :j¿k k|ltztdf
-s_ cflËs SofDk; !&=# !$=& !@=% (=& *=)
-v_ lghL If]qsf SofDk; *@=& *%=# *&=% ()=# (@=)
hDdf !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
$= lq=lj= sf cflËs tyf lghL If]qsf SofDk;df
cfwfl/t ljBfyL{sf] cfsf/sf] :j¿k k|ltztdf
-s_ cflËs SofDk; cWoog/t ^@=% ^!=# %(=) %#=^ %!=)
-v_ gLhL If]qsf SofDk; cWoog/t #&=% #*=& $!=) $^=$ $(=)
hDdf !)) !)) !)) !)) !))
O lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft ! ! !M@!=^ !M@! !M@#=%
M@$=* M@&= =&
#
O{ dfgljo ;|f]t — lzIfs sd{rf/L
(i) lzIf0f tk{m — lzIfs ;+Vof ^,!^! ^,!^) &,(%) &=(%) &(%)
(ii) k|zf;g, k|fljlws tyf o'lgln6L ;ld{;
tk{m
-c_ k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Ltkm{ @,@$) @,@$! @@$! @@$) @@$)
-cf_ k|fljlws sd{rf/Ltkm{ !,(!! !(!$ !(@) !(@) !(@)
-O_ o'l6ln6L tyf ;]jf sd{rf/Ltkm{ @,&(& @,&(& @(!@ @(^@ @(^@
hDdf sd{rf/L ;+Vof M ^,($* ^,(%@ &)&# &!@@ &!@@
p lrlsT;f pkrf/ ;]jf $,#$,% $,%(,*#) $,&(,^)& %,! ^%),)))
$& &,^^* cg'dflgt
j[l4 k|ltzt Base ±^Ü ±!)=$Ü ±!(=!Ü ±$(=^Ü
jif{ j[l4 k|ltzt Base ±^Ü ±$=#Ü ±&=(Ü ±@%=

109
cWoog cg';Gwfg–cGj]if0f sfo{qmd cfly{s jif{
;"rs @)^@÷ @)^#÷ @)^$÷^ @)^ @)^^÷^
^# ^$ % %÷^^ &%Ü

lqlj cGtu{t lgDglnlvt c:ktfn tyf cWoog s]Gb|x? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\
M
-s_ lq=lj= lzIf0f c:ktfn, dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
-v_= jL=kL= sf]O/fnf nfoG; g]q cWoog s]Gb|, -cfFvf c:ktfn_
dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+
-u_ lq=lj= x]Ny ;]G6/, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
-3_= lq=lj= cfo'j]{b lzIf0f c:ktfn, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+
-ª_ lq=lj= cfo'j]{b lzIf0f c:ktfn, sLlt{k'/, sf7df08f}+
-r_ lq=lj= u0f]zdfg l;+x x]8 P08 O=Pg=6L= ;]06/, dxf/fhu+h ,
sf7df8f+}
-5_ lq=lj= dgdf]xg sfl8{of yf]/fl;s ef:s'n/ 6«fG:Knf06 ;]06/,
dxf/fhu~h, sf7df08f}
-h_ lq=lj= ls8\gL 6sG;Knf06 ;]06/, dxf/fhu+h, sf7df08f}+
-em_ lq=lj= 8«U; PAo'h s]o/ ;]06/, dxf/fhu+h, sf7df08f}}

110
 cf=j= @)^^÷)^& jf:tljs ljBfyL{ egf{ 5fq 5fqf tYofª\sLo ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'lt
cWoog ; cGo k|df0f kq :gfts :gftsf]Q/ Pd=lkmn lkPr=8L s'n hDdf
l;=
+:yfg ÷; hDd 5fq hD 5f 5fq hD
g+ 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf hDdf 5fq 5fqf hDdf 5fq 5fqf hDdf 5fq 5fq 5fqf hDdf
+sfo f f df q f df
!= OlGh 0 0 0 2450 269 2719 2017 335 2352 249 38 287 0 0 0 8 2 10 4724 644 5368
@ s[lif 0 0 0 0 0 0 796 205 1001 149 13 162 0 0 0 17 1 18 962 219 1181
#
= lrls 0 0 0 32 704 736 490 400 890 207 112 319 0 0 0 0 0 0 729 1216 1945
$
= jg 0 0 0 141 46 187 209 64 273 51 9 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 401 119 520
%
= lj1fg 0 3699 606 4305 5921 2319 8240 1988 377 2365 0 0 0 82 24 106 11690 3326 15016
s= k|fljlws
hDdf 0 0 0 6322 1625 7947 9433 3323 12756 2644 549 3193 0 0 0 107 27 134 18506 5524 24030
^= sfg" 0 0 0 0 1940 531 2471 87 13 100 0 0 0 11 1 12 2038 545 2583
&
= Joj= 0 4022 1826 5848 18568 7054 25622 10202 4195 14397 52 8 60 13 1 14 32857 13084 45941
*
= lzIff 0 7667 2889 10556 18570 12328 30898 10100 3216 13316 40 8 48 10 0 10 36387 18441 54828
(= dfg= 3224 741 3965 8008 4491 12499 15326 8958 24284 12450 5946 18396 204 40 244 93 17 110 39305 20193 59498
v= ;fwf/0f
hDdf 3224 741 3965 19697 9206 28903 54404 28871 83275 32839 13370 46209 296 56 352 127 19 146 110587 52263 162850
 s'n -s±v_sf]]
hDdf 3224 741 3965 26019 10831 36850 63837 32194 96031 35483 13919 49402 296 56 352 234 46 280 129093 57787 186880

;°]tM
OlGh– OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfg s[lif– s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg lrls– lrlsT;f zf:q cWoog ;+:yfg,
jg– jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg lj1fg– lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfg sfg'– sfg'g ;ª\sfo,
Joj– Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo lzIff– lzIff zf:q ;ª\sfo dfg– dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\so .

111
 cg';"rL–@@

lzIFf;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfosf j]e;fO6, Od]n

tyf kmf]g gDa/x¿
;+:yfx¿ j]e;fO6 ;Kks{
kmf]g g+= km\ofS; Od]n
lzIFf dGqfno www.moe.gov.np 4418784, info@moe.gov.np
4412013,
4411704,
4418191
lzIff ljefu www.doe.gov.np 6631075,
6634178
z}lIfs hgzlQm www.nced.gov.np 6630193, 6631486/ decedu@mail.com.np
6630766 6630457
ljsf; s]Gb|
kf7\oqmd ljsf; www.moescdc.gov.np 6630588,
6630797
s]Gb|
k/LIff lgoGq0f www.soce.gov.np 6630739, 6631146 info@soce.gov.np
6630819,
sfof{no 6630070
cgf}krfl/s lzIff www.nfec.gov.np 6631288 6631280 nfec@mos.com.np
nfec@wsn.com.np
s]Gb|
ljBfno lzIfs www.stro.gov.np 4283023 info@stro.gov.np

lstfjvfgf
lzIffsf] nflu vfB 4431853,
4431895
sfo{qmd
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg www.ugcnepal.edu.np 6638549, 6638552 info@ugcnepal.edu.np
6638434,
cfo]fu 6638550,
6638551
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u www.tsc.gov.np 6637872, 6637873 info@tsc.gov.np
6637873
o'g]:sf]sf] lgldQ www.nncu.org.np 4418782, 4412460 unesco@nncu.wlink.com.np
4428107
/fli6«o ;lrjfno
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno www.tribhuvan- 4330840
university.edu.np 4330843
g]kfn ;+:s[t 08252901,
Contact Off: 4221510
ljZjljBfno
sf7df08f} www.ku.edu.np 11-661299, 11-661443 web@ku.edu.np
661399
ljZjljBfno
k"jf{~rn www.purbuniv.edu.np 021-521204

ljZjljBfno
kf]v/f ljZjljBfno www.pu.edu.np 61-560489, 61-560392 info@pu.edu.np
560639
Contact off: 4440904, contact-office@pu.edu.np
4412196 4440905
pRr lzIff dfWolds www.hseb.edu.np 6630598, 6631586 hseboard@mos.com.np
6631362,

112
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6630769
hgs lzIff s]Gb| 66307878,
6630796
lnld6]8
s];/ nfOa|]/L www.klib.gov.np 4411318 4442010 info@klib.gov.np

g]kfn /fli6«o www.nnl.gov.np 5521132 5010061 nnl@nnl.wlink.com.np

k':tsfno
l8NnL/d0f– www.drkrmlibrary.np 4411090, dkrmlibrary@htp.com.np.
4417835
sNof0fL k':tsfno

lzIff;+u ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox¿sf kmf]g gDa/x¿

Institutions websites Contact No
kmf]g km\ofS; Od]n
g+=
Research Centre for www.cerid.org 4274527, 4274224 http://www.cerid.org
Educational Innovation 4286732
and Development
(CERID)
Central Bureau of www.cbs.gov.np 4245947 4227720 info@cbs.gov.np
Statistical Department 4229406
Education Sector Advisory www.esat.org.np 4411597, 4423590 info@esat.org.np
Team (ESAT) 4422507
UNESCO Kathmandu www.unesco.org/kathmandu
5554396
IIEP PARIS www.unesco.org/iiep
Education Journalist www.ejg.org.np 257655 4218686 info@ejg.org.np
Group
Teacher Monthly www.teacher.org.np
Madan Puraskar Library www.mpp.org.np 5549948, 5536390
5005515
TU Central Library www.tucl.org.np 4330834, tucl@healthnet.org.
4331317 np
TU Exam Controller's www.tuexam.edu.np 4283913, ocoe@ioe.edu.np
Office 4222962

113
 lzIFf dGqfnosf dxfzfvf / zfvfsf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x¿
SN Division/Section Contact No. Fax
1 Secretariat of Minister 4411499/4414690 4435140
2 Secretary (Education) 4411599 4414887
3 Secretary (Basic Education) 4416693 4423252
4 Administration Division 4418781
5 Higher Education and Educational 4418582 4418673
Management Division
6 Planning Division 4418783
Monitoring, Evaluation and Supervision 4418191
Division
7 Internal Administration and Property 4427782
management Section
8 Personal Administration and Human 4412015/4410090
Resource Development Section
9 Financial Administration Section 4427782
10 Legal Counselling Section 4422340
11 Higher and Technical Education Section 4423251 4423251
12 Scholarship Section 4418169
13 School Education Section 4414357
14 Policy Analysis and Programme Section 4419233 4419233
15 Foreign Aid Coordination Section 4443332 4443332
16 Library Coordination Section
17 Monitoring and Evaluation Section 4412199
18 Inspection Section 4412804
19 Research and Education Information 4410465
Management Section
20 UNESCO National Commission 4428107/4418782 4412460

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8f]6L

114
 lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x¿

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