Drafting: Institute of Design and Technology

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Drafting
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[For 1st Year Diploma Students of Interior Designing]
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Institute of Design &
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Technology
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Mr. Ashok. Goyal
Founder and Director
Institute of Design & Technology
Surat
Board of Studies and Content preparation Team
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Mr. Ashok Goyal Mr. Anupam Goyal
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Founder And Director Director
Institute of Design & Technology Institute of Design &Technology
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Surat Surat
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Mrs Ankita Goyal
Lecturer at IDT
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MBA in Human Resource and Information Tech from Institute of
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Management Education, Ghaziabad
Advanced Diploma in Interior Designing, IIFT
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Diploma Course in Vastu Shashtra and Numerology

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Mrs Shabnam Dagur

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Lecturer at IDT
3 years Diploma in Interior Designing from UID (United Istitute of Designing)
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Azad Nagar Kanpur.

Persuing B.Arch through AMIE.
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Drafting
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Content Writing Content Editing

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Mrs Ankita Goyal Mrs Ankita Goyal

This Book comprises a collection of learning material for students of
Institute of Design and Technology, Surat. The centre is well known for
its multifaceted fields in Education and technology. This Book is printed
and Published on behalf of Institute of Design and Technology for
Interior Designing, Surat.
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Index
Unit Name of Unit Page No.
Unit 1 Introduction of Drafting 01
Unit 2 Lettering 05
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Unit 3 Scales 06
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Unit 4 Dimensions 08
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Unit 5 Drafting Standards and Symbols 10
Unit 6 Orthographic Projection 16
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Introduction of Drafting Unit 1
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION OF DRAFTING
WHY DO WE NEED TO DRAFT BY HANDS?
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WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN DRAFTING MANUALLY
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WHEN EVERYTHING CAN BE DONE ON COMPUTERS?
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This is the general question being asked by the students who begin their
interior designing education.
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The idea that designing is inherent to an individual is true to an extent.
People have the ability to rationalize concepts such as symmetry,
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spacing, and colour without significant help from others. However,
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having a particular point of view and style aesthetic differs among
individuals. It can be difficult for the beginning designer to realize that
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clients may not have the same desire for their style and point of view as
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others. This understanding is part of the education process, and learning

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the basic design concepts is the beginning.

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After these basic concepts are understood, the designer can then work
toward more complex design problems. A beginning designer must learn
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the basics of drafting to understand how to properly establish the

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process of a design.
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There is more to design than learning item placement or wall

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dimensions. The design process is far more complex because the

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designer must work with the most intricate creation on earth— the
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human being. Clients have incredibly different tastes and emotional
1 Institute of Design & Technology

Drafting Unit 1
states that must be exploited during the design process. Designers must
learn to work with the client, but also coordinate the designer’s own
developed skills and personal design characteristic.
DRAFTING TOOLS AND THEIR USES
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Drafting tools are used to prepare drawings accurately and easily. The
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accuracy of the drawings depends largely on the quality of tools being
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used. With instruments of good quality, desirable accuracy can be
attained with ease.
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Below is the list of minimum drawing tools and other drawing materials
which every student must possess:
1. Drawing Board d
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2. T- Scale
3. Set Squares- 45 and 30-60
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4. Conversion Scales- Feet Inches and MM

5. French Curves
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6. Drawing Sheets
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7. Drawing Pencils
8. Eraser
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9. Drawing Pins, clips or adhesive tapes

10. Drawing Colours
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We shall now describe each of the above with its uses:

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1. Drawing Board: It is rectangular in shape and is made of strips of

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wood. It is cleated at the back by two battens to prevent warping.

Introduction of Drafting Unit 1
One of the edges of the board is used as the working edge, on which
the T-scale is made to slide. It should therefore be perfectly straight.
The drawing board is placed on the table in front of the student, with
its working edge on the left side.
Use: Drawing sheet is paste on the drawing board and then drawing
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can be done easily using various drafting tools.
2. T- Scale: It is called T- Scale because it has a T- Shape. It consist of
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two parts- the Stock and the Blade, joined together at right angles to
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each other. The stock is placed adjoining the working edge of the
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board and is made to slide on it as and when required. The blade lies
on the surface of the board.
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Uses: It is used for drawing horizontal lines.
The working edge of the T-Scale is also used as a base for Set
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Squares to draw vertical lines, inclined or mutually parallel lines.
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3. Set Squares: Two forms of set squares are in general use: 30-60 set
square and 45 set squares.
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Uses: It is used to draw all straight lines except horizontal lines.

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4. Conversion Scales: The conversion scales are used to transfer the

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true or relative dimensions of the object to the drawing.

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Generally two types of conversion scales are broadly being used:

a) Feet - Inches Scale: It is a reducing scale which is used to
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convert large feet distances into smaller one. The proportion

remains the same.
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b) MM scale: It is also a reducing scale used to measure distance in

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meters or centimetres.
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5. French Curves: It is made of plastic, wood or celluloid. They are

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used to draw various curves that cannot be drawn by using compass.

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6. Drawing Sheets
Drafting Unit 1
7. Drawing pencils: The accuracy and appearance of the drawing

depends largely on the quality of pencils used.
8. Eraser: Soft India Rubber is the most suitable kind of eraser for
pencil drawings. Frequent use of rubber should be avoided by careful
planning.
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9. Drawing Pins, Clips or Adhesive tapes: They are used to fix the
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drawing paper on the drawing board from all the four corners.
10. Drawing colours: Colours are used to give rendering effect to the
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drawing.
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Lettering Unit 2
UNIT 2
LETTERING
INTRODUCTION
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Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a
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drawing is called lettering. T is an important part of a drawing. However
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accurate and neat a drawing may be drawn, its appearance is spoiled
and sometimes, its usefulness in impaired by poor lettering. Lettering
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should, therefore, be done properly in clear, legible and uniform style. It
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should be in plain and simple style so that it could be done freehand and
speedily.
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1. Single – stroke letters: The Bureau of Indian standards (IS : 9609-
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2001) recommends single – stroke lettering for use in engineering
drawing. There are the simplest forms of letters and are usually
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employed in most of the engineering drawings.

The word single – stroke should not be taken to mean that the letter
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should be made in one stroke of the pencil.

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It actually means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be
such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. The horizontal lines of
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letters should be drawn from left to right and vertical or inclined lines,
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from top to bottom.

2. Gothic Letters: Steams of single-stroke letters, if given more
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thickness, form what are known as gothic letters. These are mostly
used for main titles of ink-drawings, the outlines of the letters are first
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drawn with the aid of instruments and then filled – in with ink.

Drafting Unit 1
UNIT 3
SCALES
WHAT IS SCALE?
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Everything has a scale. It is what the object is scaled against that can
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change a person’s perception. Buildings are designed for humans and
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human interaction. Designers work in a human scale; therefore, objects
are designed for human use, focusing on reach, height, and comfort.
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Within this realm of the design world, human bodies are the reference
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for sizing objects. Most designers reduce a scale down to the basic
elements and principles, but it must always be converted into a scale for
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human habitation. This is why we have forms of measurement. It is to
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create and understand how to design for humans. Therefore, what is
scale? It is a representation of an object’s full size.
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Scales Unit 3
TYPES OF SCALE
1) Feet Inches Scale

2) Metric Scale
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1) Feet Inches Scale: There are 8 or 11 types of scales in one
particular scale. Each scale is broken down into inches on the
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concept of the measurement of 1feet =12 inches.
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2) Metric Scale: The metric scale is based on units divisible by 10.
The unit of measurement is the millimeter. The metric scale is based
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on ratios of millimeters. 1:10 scale could represent 1 mm = 10 mm,
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or 1:100 ratio is 1 mm = 100 mm.
Chart of Metric Scale
10 mm = 1 cm
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1000 mm = 1 meter
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Drafting Unit 4
UNIT 4
DIMENSIONS
INTRODUCTION OF DIMENSIONS
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Dimensions are the actual measurements for a given distance.
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Dimensions are required on drawings for construction documents.
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These construction documents are called working drawings. Interior
design is focused on drawing interior elements such as plans, interior
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elevations, and interiors sections within a space. This gives interior
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designers a standard that is simple to follow and practical to understand.
Because interior design is part of the architectural and construction
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industry, most designers use the same dimension standards, thus
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allowing seamless transition between reading architecture and interior
design plans. The main objective is to convey accurate information in a
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logical manner.
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The main component of a dimension is the dimension line, which is the

actual distance between two point. The dimension line is continuous and
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connects the extension line. This creates an exact point to measure

between lines. The exact point is where the dimension and extension
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line cross.
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GENERAL RULES FOR DIMENSIONING

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Dimensioning should be done so completely that further calculation

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or assumption of any dimension, or direct measurement from the

drawing is not necessary.
Dimensions Unit 4
Every dimension must be given, but none should be given more than
once.
A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown
more clearly.
Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless they are
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clearer and more easily read inside.
Mutual crossing of dimensions lines and dimensioning between
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hidden lines should be avoided. Dimension lines should not cross
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any other line of the drawing.
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An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line.
A centre line may be extended to serve as an extension line.
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TYPES OF DIMENSIONING
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1) Progressive or Parallel Dimensioning
2) Continuous or Chain Dimensioning
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1) Progressive or Parallel Dimensioning: All

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dimensions are shown from a common base

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line. Cumulative error is avoided by this

method. This method is preferable.
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2) Continuous or Chain Dimensioning:

Dimensions are arranged in a straight
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line. An overall dimension is placed

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outside the smaller dimensions. One of

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the smaller dimensions (the least

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important) is generally omitted.

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Drafting Unit 5
UNIT 5
DRAFTING STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS
Architectural drawings are intended to communicate design intentions in
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a clear manner. This can be best presented with graphic symbols and
written forms. Industry standards have been developed to provide a
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universal language of graphic symbols and written forms for different
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design companies and building professionals. Typical drafting standards
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and symbols are described below.
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LINE TYPE
Along with line weight and quality, there are standards for different types
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of lines. Each has a definite meaning and is recognized as a typical
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symbol or object within the building trades industry. Listed below are the
standard types of lines that will typically be used in design drawings.
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Solid Line:
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Solid lines are used to indicate visible objects that can be seen in plan,
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elevation or 3D views. Solid lines are also used for leader lines and
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dimension lines.
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Dashed Line:
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Hidden objects edges are drawn with short dashed lines. These are
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used to show hidden parts of an object or objects below or behind

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another object. Dashed lines are also used to indicate shelving or

Drafting Standards and Symbols Unit 5
cabinets above a counter. These lines should be in contact at concerns

and when perpendicular to another line.
Movement, Ghost or Phantom Line:
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These lines are a series of dashes and very short dashes are used to
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show movement or imply direction. These typically are used instead of a
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dashed line to show an alternate position of an object that can be
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moved. One object would be drawn with a solid line and its alternate
position would be dashed or a phantom line. This can include bi-swing
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doors, the space needed for drawer and cabinet door openings, sliding
door opening direction, hinge points for doors and windows in elevation
views, etc.
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Leader Line:
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Leader lines are used to connect notes or references to objects or lines

in a drawing. Leader lines start as solid line and end in an arrow. Leader
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lines may be drawn at an angle or curved.

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Break Lines:
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Drafting Unit 5
Break lines are used when the extents of a drawing cannot fit on the size
of paper being used for the drawing. It can also be used when you only
need to illustrate a portion of a design or a partial view.
Center Line:
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Center lines are used to indicate the center of a plan, object, circle, arc,
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or any symmetrical object, use a series of very long and short dashes to
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create a center line. If two center lines intersect use short dashes at the
intersection.
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Section Line:
The section line is used to show a cutaway view of a floor plan. A

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section cutting all the way through a floor plan is reerred to as a full
section. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of the section
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view. The symbols on the end of the section line indicate the drawing
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number on top and the page number the section will be located on the
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bottom.
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Dimension Line:
The dimension line is used to show the measurement of an object. It can

be used to indicate length, width, diameter, etc. The dimensions are
listed in feet and inches on floor plans and elevations. Detail drawings of
cabinetry or other custom pieces are dimensioned in inches.
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MATERIAOL SYMBOLS
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Material symbols represent the construction materials cut in section.
Below is a list of materials and their symbols used on architectural
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drawings.
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Drafting Unit 5
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ACRCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
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Drafting Unit 6
UNIT 6
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Ortho − Greek word meaning perpendicular.
Show the views of an object projected in 2−D
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Usually the top, front, and right side views
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Orthographic Projection Unit 6
Imagine the object is surrounded by a glass cube.
Object surfaces are projected onto the faces.
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Drafting Unit 6
Unfold the cube so that it lies in a single plane.
Three views of the object are now visible on the same plane in space
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When the glass cube is unfold:
Front View: Height and width

Top View: Width and Depth
Right View: Depth and Height
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Drafting Unit 6
Align views with each other (features project from one view to the next)
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ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE VIEW
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A drawing has one-point perspective when it contains only one
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vanishing point on the horizon line. This type of perspective is typically
used for images of roads, railway tracks, hallways, or buildings viewed
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so that the front is directly facing the viewer. Any objects that are made
up of lines either directly parallel with the viewer's line of sight or directly
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perpendicular (the railroad slats) can be represented with one-point

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perspective. These parallel lines converge at the vanishing point.

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The cuboids which are above the Horizon Line, we can see their bottom
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and which are below the Horizon Line, their top can be seen.
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Drafting Unit 6
In One point Perspective, front of an object, or furniture or wall is

prominent and the depth or side walls moves towards the Vanishing
point.
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ISOMETRIC VIEW
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A pictorial representation of an object in which all three dimensions are

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drawn at full scale at 30 degree. In isometric drawing all

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the lines parallel to the three major axes are measurable.

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TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE VIEW

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A drawing has two-point perspective when it contains two vanishing

points on the horizon line. In an illustration, these vanishing points can
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be placed arbitrarily along the horizon. Two-point perspective can be

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used to draw the same objects as one-point perspective, rotated: looking

at the corner of a house. One point represents one set of parallel lines,
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the other point represents the other. Looking at a house from the corner,
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one wall would recede towards one vanishing point, the other wall would
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recede towards the opposite vanishing point.

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Drafting Unit 6
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OBLIQUE VIEW
In an oblique view, front of an object is prominent and the oblique lines

are drawn either at 45 degree or 30 degree or 60 degree to the
horizontal.
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Drafting Unit 6
AXONOMETRIC VIEW
Axonometric drawing is an angled drawing in which the horizontal lines

are drawn at 45-45 degree or 30-60 degree and the vertical lines are
drawn straight.
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The object’s height is drawn vertically, and the horizontal lines in the
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width and depth are shown at 45 degrees or 30-60 degrees to the
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horizontal.
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Summarizing all the 5 Views
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In an Oblique View, front of an object is very prominent and the third
side or the depth is drawn at either 45 degree or 30 degree or 60
degree. d
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Only three types of lines are drawn in oblique view- Horizontal, Vertical
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or at 45, 30 or 60
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Similarly in One point Perspective View, front of an object is very

prominent and the third side or depth moves towards the vanishing
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point.
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Only three types of lines are drawn in one point perspective- Horizontal,
Vertical or Line towards Vanishing point
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In an Isometric View both Length and Breadth are drawn at 30 degree

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and Height is drawn at 90 degree from the ground line. In this case
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Height or the corner of an object is prominent.

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Again, only three types of lines are drawn- Vertical 90 degree, 30 degree
from the left side or 30 degree from the right side.
Two point Perspective View
Similarly, corner or the height of an object is prominent, which is drawn
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straight at 90 degree. Two sides- length and breadth moves towards the
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two vanishing points.
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gy

Board of Studies and Content preparation Team

Diploma Course in Vastu Shashtra and Numerology

Mrs Shabnam Dagur

Azad Nagar Kanpur.

Content Writing Content Editing

Mrs Ankita Goyal Mrs Ankita Goyal

WHY DO WE NEED TO DRAFT BY HANDS?

others. This understanding is part of the education process, and learning

the basic design concepts is the beginning.

the basics of drafting to understand how to properly establish the

There is more to design than learning item placement or wall

dimensions. The design process is far more complex because the

human being. Clients have incredibly different tastes and emotional

1 Institute of Design & Technology

DRAFTING TOOLS AND THEIR USES

4. Conversion Scales- Feet Inches and MM

9. Drawing Pins, clips or adhesive tapes

We shall now describe each of the above with its uses:

1. Drawing Board: It is rectangular in shape and is made of strips of

wood. It is cleated at the back by two battens to prevent warping.

2 Institute of Design & Technology

Uses: It is used to draw all straight lines except horizontal lines.

4. Conversion Scales: The conversion scales are used to transfer the

true or relative dimensions of the object to the drawing.

Generally two types of conversion scales are broadly being used:

convert large feet distances into smaller one. The proportion

b) MM scale: It is also a reducing scale used to measure distance in

5. French Curves: It is made of plastic, wood or celluloid. They are

used to draw various curves that cannot be drawn by using compass.

7. Drawing pencils: The accuracy and appearance of the drawing

4 Institute of Design & Technology

employed in most of the engineering drawings.

should be made in one stroke of the pencil.

from top to bottom.

5 Institute of Design & Technology

6 Institute of Design & Technology

1) Feet Inches Scale

7 Institute of Design & Technology

The main component of a dimension is the dimension line, which is the

connects the extension line. This creates an exact point to measure

GENERAL RULES FOR DIMENSIONING

Dimensioning should be done so completely that further calculation

or assumption of any dimension, or direct measurement from the

1) Progressive or Parallel Dimensioning: All

dimensions are shown from a common base

line. Cumulative error is avoided by this

2) Continuous or Chain Dimensioning:

line. An overall dimension is placed

outside the smaller dimensions. One of

the smaller dimensions (the least

important) is generally omitted.

9 Institute of Design & Technology

Architectural drawings are intended to communicate design intentions in

used to show hidden parts of an object or objects below or behind

another object. Dashed lines are also used to indicate shelving or

10 Institute of Design & Technology

cabinets above a counter. These lines should be in contact at concerns

Movement, Ghost or Phantom Line:

Leader lines are used to connect notes or references to objects or lines

lines may be drawn at an angle or curved.

11 Institute of Design & Technology