IEEE1100-1999/IEC60364 Recomonded Practice

for Electrical wiring and UPS Grounding

IEC terminology

International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of

earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and
IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the
power-supply equipment (generator or transformer):
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and
the electrical device being supplied
T : Direct connection of a point with earth (French: terre);

I : No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a

high impedance.

N : Connection to earth via supply network

TN Network (Three phase 3W+G System)

In a TN earth system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is

connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of
electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the
transformer.

The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of consumer is called
protective earth (PE). The conductor that connects to the star point in a three -
phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system, is called
neutral (N). Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:
TN−S PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only
: near the power source.

TN−C A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N

: conductor.

TN−C Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some
−S : point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN
conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point
into the building, whereas within the building separate PE and N
conductors are used. In UK, this system is also known as protective
multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the
combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations,
to reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a similar system in Australia
being designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN).
TN-C (Three phase 3W+G System)
TN-S Network (Three phase 3W+G System)
TN-C-S Network (Three phase 3W+G System)
T T Network (Three phase 3W+G System)

a system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed, the exposed-
conductive parts of the installation being connected to earth electrodes electrically
independent of the earth electrodes of the sources; ( Earth loop impedance not
guaranteed.)
I T Network (Three phase 3W+G System)

In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has

only a high impedance connection. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device
is used to monitor the impedance.
Application Examples:-

1 .Most modern homes in Europe have a TN-C-S earthing system. The combined
neutral and earth occurs between the nearest transformer substation and the service
cut out (the fuse before the meter). After this, separate earth and neutral cores are
used in all the internal wiring.

2 .Older urban and suburban homes in the UK tend to have TN-S supplies, with
the earth connection delivered through the lead sheath of the underground lead-
and-paper cable.

3 .Some older homes, especially those built before the invention of residual-
current circuit breakers and wired home area networks, use an in-house TN-C
arrangement. This is no longer recommended practice.
4. Laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops,
mobile electrical installations, and other environments that are supplied via engine-
generators where there is an increased risk of insulation faults, often use an IT
earthing arrangement supplied from isolation transformers. To mitigate the two-
fault issues with IT systems, the isolation transformers should supply only a small
number of loads each and/or should be protected with an insulation monitoring
device (generally used only by medical or military IT systems, because of cost).

5. In remote areas, where the cost of an additional PE conductor outweighs the

cost of a local earth connection, TT networks are commonly used in some countries,
especially in older properties. TT supplies to individual properties are also seen in
mostly TN-C-S systems where an individual property is considered unsuitable for
TN-C-S supply (e.g. petrol stations).
6. In Australia, the TN-C-S system is in use; however, the wiring rules
currently state that, in addition, each customer must provide a separate
connection to earth via both a water pipe bond (if metallic water pipes enter
the consumer's premises) and a dedicated earth electrode. In older
installations, it is not uncommon to find only the water pipe bond, and it is
allowed to remain as such, but the additional earth electrode must be installed
if any upgrade work is done. The protective earth and neutral conductors are
combined until the consumer's neutral link (located on the customer's side of
the electricity meter's neutral connection) - beyond this point, the protective
earth and neutral conductors are separate.
System grounding requirements of isolation transformer (IEEE 1100-1999)
Isolated grounding conductor wiring method with separately derived
source:- There is no direct electrical connection between input and output
Configuration 1:Single UPS/Non-Isolated/Ground Wye
Service
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement

Since the UPS module output neutral is solidly connected to the bypass input
(service entrance) neutral, the UPS module is not considered a separately derived
system according to the NEC. In this system

a) The UPS neutral should not be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor;
and
b) No local grounding electrode conductor should be installed to the UPS module.

Features/performance
it does not provide any isolation or common-mode noise attenuation for sensitive
loads. It appears that ground-fault current from the inverter may adversely affect the
service entrance ground fault relay for standby generators as per IEEE Std 446-
1987. In many cases, the inverter cannot supply ground-fault current since the static
switch will transfer because of the higher capacity design of bypass source.
Configuration 2—single UPS module, isolated bypass
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement

Since this configuration is considered a separately derived source, the neutral of the
UPS module should be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor, and a local
grounding electrode module should be installed. (In this particular system, the
bonding of the neutral to the grounding conductor could be done at either the
bypass transformer or at the UPS module—the UPS module is chosen for the point
of bonding because it is in the normal power flow and is electrically closer to the
load). The bypass transformer is used in the bypass input to provide isolation and to
step down the voltage if required (e.g., in a 480 V input/208 V output configuration).
Features/performance
With this arrangement, isolation from the input is achieved and common-mode noise
attenuation can be obtained for the electronic loads if the UPS and bypass
transformer are located electrically close [recommendation is 15.2 m (50 ft) or less] to
the power distribution center and the sensitive loads.
Configuration 3—single UPS module, non-isolated bypass, isolated
distribution center
Ground/grounding conductor arrangement
As explained in Configuration 1, the UPS module is not considered to be a
separately derived source, since the neutral is bonded to the grounding conductor at
the service entrance equipment and is solidly connected to the UPS module output
neutral. Therefore, the UPS neutral would not be bonded to the equipment
grounding conductor in the UPS module. However, the power distribution center is
provided with an isolation transformer and is considered a separately derived
source. Therefore, the power distribution center neutral should be bonded to the
equipment grounding conductor and should be connected to a local grounding
electrode.
Features/performance
The common-mode noise attenuation of this arrangement is better than
Configuration 1 or Configuration 2, since the isolation (common-mode rejection)
occurs as close to the load as is practical. Using this configuration, the UPS module
can be located remotely from the power distribution center without compromising
the common-mode noise performance. This is the preferred arrangement when
using UPS modules and power distribution centers for the IDC
Configuration 4—single UPS module, 3-wire bypass, isolated
distribution center, grounded-wye service

Note:- our system does not support this configuration. We need bypass neutral as reference to get transfer from inverter mode to bypass mode.
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement
In Configuration 4, the neutral of the service entrance equipment is not brought into
the UPS module. The UPS module is, therefore, considered a separately derived
source. As such, the neutral should be bonded to the equipment grounding
conductor, and a local grounding electrode conductor should be installed. Since the
power distribution center contains an isolation transformer, it also is a separately
derived source. This neutral should also be bonded to the equipment grounding
conductor and to a local grounding electrode.
Features/performance
when no neutral is available for the bypass input, provided that
a) The main input and bypass input are fed from the same source;
b) The source is a solidly grounded wye source; and
c) No neutral is required for the UPS load.

Note:- With some UPS systems, the neutral should be included with the bypass
input, even if not required for the output, because the neutral is used for
sensing and monitoring of the bypass input.
Configuration 5—single UPS module, isolated bypass, delta-
connected source
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement

Configuration 5 is similar to Configuration 2, with the exception that the input power
source (service entrance) is delta connected. Most UPS modules require that the
bypass input be fed from a wye-connected source. Therefore, when the UPS
module is used with other than a wye-connected source, the bypass input should be
fed from a bypass transformer with a wye-connected secondary ,

the UPS module neutral should be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor,
and a local grounding electrode conductor should be installed.

Features/performance

With this arrangement, as in Configuration 2, isolation from the input is achieved, and
common-mode noise attenuation can be obtained for the electronic loads if the UPS
and bypass transformer are located electrically close (recommended 15.2 m (50 ft) or
less) to the power distribution center and to the electronic loads.
Configuration 6—multiple-module UPS system example
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement
illustrates one of the grounding schemes for multiple UPS modules with a standalone
static switch. In this configuration, the bypass transformer and UPS modules 1 and 2are
considered to be a separately derived system, since there is no direct electrical
connection between the input and output circuit conductors. In order to provide a central
point for bonding the UPS output neutral to the ground for the entire UPS scheme, the
stand-alone static switch is utilized. (When the neutral is bonded to the grounding
conductor in the stand-alone static switch, full-size neutrals shall be run from the UPS
modules and bypass transformer to the static switch, regardless of whether the neutral is
required for the static switch loads.) The neutral-to-grounding-conductor bond and the
local grounding electrode conductor should be installed.

Features/performance
By using the static switch to provide the central point for bonding the neutral to the
grounding conductor, as in this sample multiple-UPS module configuration, a UPS
module could be removed from, or added to, the overall scheme without jeopardizing
the integrity of the grounding system. Depending upon the multiple-module
configuration, the grounding concepts of single-model Configurations 1 through 5 can
be applied
Configuration 7—multiple-module UPS system / No bypass connection
Grounded/grounding conductor arrangement
In Configuration 7 there is no bypass feeder, so the neutral of the service entrance
equipment is not connected to the UPS output neutral. The UPS module is
considered a separately derived source. As such the UPS output neutral should be
bonded to the equipment grounding conductor and a local grounding electrode
conductor should be installed. In this case, both UPS modules would meet the NEC
requirements for a separately derived source. To provide a central point for bonding
the UPS output neutral to the ground for the entire UPS system, the neutral-to-
grounding-conductor bond should be made in the output switchgear (if a single 415
Hz UPS module is used, the neutral-to-grounding-conductor bond should be made
inside the UPS module).
Features/performance

Using the output switchgear to provide the central point for bonding the neutral to the
grounding conductor allows a UPS module to be removed or added to the parallel
system without jeopardizing the integrity of the grounding system.
Transfer Switch arrangements:-
 Not Better Excellent
Recommended
Power Source

Ground Bus
Question for Group Discussion:-
Thank You Very
Much