Kvlevis Metodebi 2 1 PDF

ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის მეთოდები 2 საკითხავი მასალა 1
ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის მეთოდები 2

საკითხავი მასალა
თემა 1. შემთხვევის შესწავლა, ინტერვიუ

ლექცია 1-2.
ნ. ჯავახიშვილი (2004). ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის მეთოდები. თსუ, თბილისი.
თავი VI. შემთხვევის შესწავლა და ინტერვიუ
SemTxvevis Seswavlis meTodi medicinis sferoSi gaCnda, es iyo avadmyofis

istoria, sadac aRwerili iyo pacientis biografia, simptomebi, diagnozi,
mkurnalobis procesi da misi Sedegebi.
fsiqologiaSi SemTxvevis Seswavlis mizani calke aRebuli individis qcevis
an subieqturi gamocdilebis raRac aspeqtis siRrmiseuli Seswavlaa.
SemTxvevis Seswavla xorcieldeba pirovnebisgan detaluri Tvisebrivi
(aRweriTi) monacemebis SegrovebiT ZiriTadad intervius, ufro iSviaTad
dakvirvebis, xandaxan ki am ori meTodis kombinaciis gziT.
aseT kvlevas maSin iyeneben, roca gansakuTrebul, gamorCeul pirovnebasTan
aqvT saqme. magaliTad, luriam 1968 wels Seiswavla SereSevskis mexsiereba.
garda amisa, am meTodiT aRweren tipiur adamianebsac. magaliTad, patara
bavSvebSi metyvelebis ganviTarebis Seswavla xSirad am meTodiT xdeba.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Semdegia:
1. SemTxvevis Seswavla aRweriTi meTodia – aq Segrovebuli monacemebi
aris fsiqologiuri procesebis, movlenebis aRwera. SesaZlebelia
raodenobrivi monacemebis Segrovebac, magram ZiriTadi aqcenti yovelTvis
qcevis an gamocdilebis verbalur aRweraze keTdeba.
2. SemTxvevis Seswavla mxolod erT adamianze tardeba, Tumca iSviaTad
jgufebzec, Tanac umetes SemTxvevaSi aRwers ara mTel pirovnebas, armed
mis erT romelime aspeqts, es aRwera zedmiwevniT detaluria.
1
3. SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi kombinirebulia obieqturi da subieqturi

monacemebi – qcevis da misi Sinaarsis obieqturi aRweris garda, subieqtur
aspeqtsac Seicavs, rogoricaa grZnobebi, rwmenebi, STabeWdilebebi da a.S.
4. SemTxvevis Seswavla proceszea orientirebuli – eqsperimentisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelic TiTqosda procesis fotos iRebs, anu raRac moments
afiqsirebs, SemTxvevis Seswavla Tan misdevs mimdinare process da aRwers
mas, magaliTad metyvelebis ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla.
garda movlenaTa detaluri aRwerisa, SemTxvevis Seswavla moicavs mis
axsnasac, interpretacias, misi erT an ramdenime TeoriasTan mimarTebis
dadgenas. aq avtorma Zalian naTlad unda Camoayalibos da ganasxvavos
erTmaneTisagan faqtebis aRwera da am faqtebis safuZvelze mis mier
gakeTebuli daskvnebi. froidis naSromebSi aseTi sxvaoba xSirad waSlilia da
gaugebaria, sad aris faqti da sad avtoriseuli varaudi. mag: "kvlevebi
isteriaze" (froidi da breieri, 1894).
SemTxvevis Seswavlis meTodi SeiZleba orgvarad gamoviyenoT romelime
Teoriis Sesamowmeblad. pirveli koncentrirdeba erTi adamianis raime qcevaze
an gancdaze. am gziT mkvlevari Seecdeba raime Teoriis damamtkicebeli masala
Seagrovos, magaliTad, Seecados moipovos masala, romelic eTanxmeba an ar
eTanxmeba frodis oidiposis kompleqsis Teorias.
meore, alternatiuli midgomisas ufro sakvlev xazs mivdevT, romlis
CarCoebs Teoria gvaZlevs, xolo mkvlevari am CarCos SigniT moZraobs
monacemTa bunebidan gamomdinare. SemTxvevis Seswavla aqac TeoriiT
warimarTeba, magram is nakleb SemzRudavia. am midgomis magaliTia lurias mier
SereSevskis mexsierebis Seswavla.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gzaa intervius Catareba.
arsebobs intervius sxvadasxva tipi, Tu maT kontiniumze ganvixilavT, mis erT
boloze sruliad arastruqturirebuli forma moxvdeba, xolo meoreze -
ukiduresad struqturirebuli.
struqturirebuli interviu – intervius procesi winaswar aris
organizebuli da dagegmili interviueris mier, anu kiTxvebi ukve
2
Camoyalibebulia. struqturirebuli intervius yvelaze ukidures formaSi

interviueri ubralod kiTxulobs Tavis mier Sedgenil kiTxvebs da iwers
respondentis mier gacemul pasuxebs. aseTi interviu nakleb dros ikavebs da
SedarebiT advili Casatarebelia, gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia gamoucdeli
interviuerebisaTvis, Tumca, meores mxriv, interviueri SezRudulia, radgan
erTxel dadgenil wess ukve ver Secvlis.
arastruqturirebuli interviu – interviueri faqtiurad arafers ar wyvets
manam, sanam informants ar Sexvdeba. kiTxvebi TviTon intervius procesSi
ibadeba, gamomdinare respondentebis pasuxebidan. es ufro moqnili tipis
interviua, interviueri bevrad ufro Tavisufalia da meti arCevani aqvs.
samagierod, interviueri ufro gamocdili unda iyos, Tanac unda erkveodes
im sakiTxebSi, romlebzec intervius dros iqneba saubari. intervius am ori
ukiduresi formis Sualeduri variantia naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu,
romelic orive ukiduresi formis ukeTesi variantia, radgan maT upiratesobebs
aerTianebs. interviuers momzadebuli aqvs raRac raodenobiT kiTxvebi, xolo
danarCens intervius procesSi amatebs.
rCevebi interviuers
SeecadeT Tavi aaridoT:

 im kiTxvebis dasmas, romelic Tqvens cnobismoyvareobas akmayofilebs;
 mouTmenlobis, kritikulobis an indiferentulobis gamovlenas;
 respondentze miSterebas, an sxva mxares yurebas;
 respondentisaTvis saubris gawyvetinebas.
SeecadeT uzrunvelyoT, rom:

 srulad usminoT informants mTeli intervius ganmavlobaSi;
 daamyaroT Tvalebis kargi kontaqti;
 daakvirdeT informantis sxeulis enas, raTa warmodgena SegeqmnaT mis
damokidebulebebze da grZnobebze;
 gamoiyenoT Tqveni poza da saxis gamometyveleba interesis da simpatiis
gamosaxatavad;
 neitraluri damokidebuleba SeinarCunoT naTqvamisadmi, maSinac ki, Tu Tqveni
azri ainteresebT.
intervius dagegmva
3
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros intervius mizani, vTqvaT, romeli

Teoriis dasadastureblad an uarsayofad gvinda intervius Catareba, Semdeg
forma – struqturirebuli iqneba interviu, arastruqturirebuli Tu naxevrad
struqturirebuli. Semdeg unda Seiqmnas ZiriTadi kiTxvebis CamonaTvali.
arsebobs kiTxvebis ramdenime saxeoba:
 aRweriTi kiTxvebi – movlenis an procesis aRwerazea mimarTuli, mag:

ra Tqva dedam, roca daginaxaT rogor exmarebodiT mamas?
 struqturuli kiTxvebi – pirovnebis sxvadasxva gamocdilebas Soris
mimarTebas exeba, mag: rogor gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan Tqveni qceva
skolaSi da saxlSi?
 hipoTeturi kiTxvebi – SemoitanT SesaZlo situacias da dasvamT
kiTxvas, mag: ras ityoda deda, rom gaigo, rom Tqven narkotikebs xmarobT?
 zogadi kiTxvebi – informantis azri sxvadasxva sakiTxze, mag:
migaCniaT, rom biWebi dRes iseve Zlierad axdenen identifikacias mamebTan,
rogorc 30 wlis win?
 konkretuli kiTxvebi – konkretul informacias moiTxovs, aq pasuxebis
mcire rangia SesaZlebeli, mag: migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Zlieri identifikacia
gaqvT mamasTan?
kiTxvebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg isini Tanmimdevrulad unda daalagoT.

Semdegi nabijia respondentis moZebna, es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni ojaxis wevri,
megobari, nacnobi an saerTod ucnobi adamiani, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi
respondenti winaswar unda iyos informirebuli intervius miznisa da formis
Sesaxeb.
interviuirebis procesi
garemo, romelSic interviu tardeba – xSirad interviuers ar SeuZlia

garemos gakontroleba, magaliTad, Tu interviu respondentis saxlSi tardeba.
neitralur teritoriaze Sexvedras Tavisi pliusebi da minusebi aqvs. erTis
mxriv, Tqven metad SegiZliaT gaakontroloT intervius pirobebi, magram
4
TviTon respondentma SeiZleba Tavi uxerxulad da arakomfortulad igrZnos.

garda amisa, sasurvelia daicvaT intervius Catarebis Semdegi pirobebi:
1. interviueric da respondentic erTi da imave doneze unda isxdnen, Tu
es SeuZlebelia, maSin respondenti ufro zemoT unda ijdes.
2. interviueri informantis mimarT 90 gradusiani kuTxiT unda ijdes,
amgvarad Tqven SeinarCunebT informantTan Tvalebis kontaqts da Tavidan
aicilebT dominantur pozicias. alternativa: gverdi–gverd jdoma
arasasurvelia, radgan Tvalebis kontaqti ver xerxdeba, pirispir jdomac
ar gamodgeba, radgan SesaZloa oficialuri gasaubrebis asociacia
gamoiwvios, ramac SeiZleba informants xeli SeuSalos gulwrfelobaSi.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis angariSi
nebismieri fsiqologiuri kvlevis angariSis formatSi unda daiweros, Tumca

gansxvaveba mainc iqneba.
1. Sesavali – CamoayalibeT kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli, unda aCvenoT
rogor da ratom gamomdinareobs Tqveni kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi
mocemuli Teoriidan.
2. cdis pirebi – aRwereT Tqveni respondenti. garegnobas aq ara aqvs didi
mniSvneloba, magram misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, manerebi, guneba-ganwyobileba
unda aRiweros. miuTiTeT: ramdenad advilad daamyareT masTan urTierToba,
ramdenad Ria da gulwrfeli iyo respondenti? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni
Sexeduleba masze intervius procesSi? ram gamoiwvia es cvlileba?
3. procedura – unda dafiqsirdes intervius/interviuebis
TariRi/TariRebi, dro/droebi, xangrZlivoba/xangrZlivobebi, garda amisa,
respondentis sqesi, asaki da sxva Tqveni kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTeblebi.
4. Sedegebis warmodgena – aRweriT masalas aq Tqveni daskvnebi da axsna
unda daerTos. umjobesia informacia kategoriebad dayoT da ise
warmoadginoT. davuSvaT, rom sqesis identurobis SemTxvevas swavlobT
socialuri daswavlis Teoriidan gamomdinare. interviuSi Tqveni
respondentis bavSvobaze geqnebaT saubari sqesTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze,
5
magram intervius Catarebamde gansazRvreT informaciis ZiriTadi

kategoriebi, romlebic miRebuli pasuxebis gasaanalizeblad dagWirdebaT.
magaliTad:
 kategoria 1. igive an sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis dadebiTad
ganmtkicebuli imitacia.
 kategoria 2. igive an sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis uaryofiTad
ganmtkicebuli imitacia.
 kategoria 3. igive an sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis imitacia,
romelsac saerTod ar miaqcies yuradReba.
 kategoria 4. sqesTan dakavSirebuli qcevis magaliTebi respondentis
ojaxSi
5. Sedegebis ganxilva – unda Seicavdes sami tipis informacias:
1) SemTxvevis Seswavlis miznidan gamomdinare mopovebuli monacemebis

Sefaseba da ganxilva. aq pasuxi unda gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
 miaRwieT Tu ara kvlevis miznebs da amocanebs? rogor?
 ra zomiT pasuxobs Tqvens mier dasmul kiTxvebs miRebuli monacemebi? ra
aRmoaCineT? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
 Zneli iyo Tu ara romelime aspeqtze informaciis miReba? ratom?
gaiZulaT Tu ara monacemebma gadagesinjaT dasmuli kiTxvebi?
Zalian mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gamijnoT interviueris

naTqvami da Tqveni daskvnebi an perifrazi. garda amisa, sasurvelia naSroms
daurToT TviTon intervius Canaweri, e.w. "umi masala".
2) masalis Sefaseba da ganxilva safuZvlad mdebare Teoriis terminebSi.

unda ganvixiloT kavSirebi, romelic miRebul monacemebsa da Teorias Soris
arsebobs:
 sad eTanxmeba monacemebi Teorias da sad ara?
 sad da rogor gvibiZgebs monacemebi gavavrcoT Teoria?
 rogor unda gavavrcoT Teoria?
3) monacemTa Segrovebis procesis Sefaseba.
6
 ramdenad warmatebiT gamoiyeneT intervius meTodi?

 Tu sxva meTodebic gamoiyeneT, ramdenad sasargeblo iyvnen isini?
 ra reaqcia hqonda respondents sxvadasxva meTodze?
6. damateba – intervius gegma da Canaweri. sasurvelia angariSs Tan

daerTos damateba, sadac moviyvanT intervius gegmas da mis detalur
Canawers, anu oqms.
sasurvelia angariSi respondents waakiTxoT da Semdeg misi komentarebi

ganixiloT.
კოჰენი ლ., მანიონი ლ., მორისონი ქ. (2010). კვლევის მეთოდების განათლებაში. ილიაუნის გამომცემლობა. თბილისი
თავი 11 SemTxvevis Seswavla
ra aris SemTxvevis Seswavla?

SemTxvevis Seswavla aris konkretuli magaliTi, romelic xSirad ufro
zogadi principis sailustraciodaa mowodebuli (Nisbet and Watt 1984: 72). es aris
„konkretuli magaliTis moqmedebaSi Seswavla“ (Adelman et al. 1980) (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 1. ppt). erTi
SemTxveva SemosazRvruli sistemaa, magaliTad, bavSvi, jgufi, klasi, skola,
Temi. is realur garemoSi, realuri adamianebis unikalur magaliTs iZleva,
romelic mkiTxvels ideebisa da mosazrebebis ukeT gagebis saSualebas aZlevs,
vidre abstraqtuli Teoriebis an principebis ubralod miwodeba. faqtobrivad,
SemTxvevis Seswavlis saSualebiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaigos, rogor ergeba
erTmaneTs ideebi da abstraqtuli principebi (Watt 1984: 72 – 3). SemTxvevis
Seswavlas iseT situaciebSi SeuZlia wvdoma, romlebic yovelTvis ar
eqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs. rogorc robsoni (2002: 183) SeniSnavs,
SemTxvevis Seswavla axdens analitur da ara _ statistikur ganzogadebas, anu,
misi gamoyenebiT iqmneba Teoria, romelic mkvlevrebs sxva msgavsi SemTxvevebis,
fenomenebis an situaciebis gagebaSi gauwevs daxmarebas.
7
SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi SesaZlebelia mizezisa da Sedegis dadgena.

faqtobrivad, misi erT-erTi Zlieri mxarea Sedegebze realur konteqstSi
dakvirveba da aRiareba. xolo konteqsti, rogorc mizezebis, ise Sedegebis
mZlavri determinantia. rogorc nisbeti da vati (1984: 78) aRniSnaven, mTliani
gacilebiT metia, vidre misi nawilebis jami. sturmeni (Sturman 1999: 103)
amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom
adamianTa sistemebi mTlianobiT, anu integrirebulobiT xasiaTdebian, niSnebis
Tavisufal kavSirs ar warmoadgenen da es mTlianoba siRrmiseul Seswavlas
saWiroebs. garda amisa, konteqstebi unikaluri da danamikuria, Sesabamisad,
SemTxvevis Seswavla movlenebis rTuli dinamikuri da ganviTarebadi
urTierTqmedebebis, adamianTa urTierTobebisa da sxva faqtorebis unikalur,
ganumeorebel magaliTs kidec ikvlevs da kidec _ warmoadgens. hiCkoki da
hagisi (1995: 316) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla naklebad
gamoirCeva im meTodologiebiT, romelsac is iyenebs, samagierod, metad
gamoirCeva kvlevis subieqtiT/obieqtiT (Tumca, rogorc qvemoT mivuTiTebT,
xSiria SemTxvevis Seswavlisa da interpretaciuli meTodologiebis
Tanxvedra). hiCkoki da hagisi (1995: 322), aseve, Tvlian, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis
midgoma gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac mkvlevari naklebad akontrolebs
mimdinare movlenebs. maT miaCniaT (gv. 317), rom SemTxvevis Seswavla Semdegi
niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
 dainteresebulia SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis mravalferovani

da xatovani aRweriT;
 qronologiurad mogviTxrobs SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis
Sesaxeb;
 Serwymulad gadmoscems movlenebis aRwerasa da analizis;
 yuradRebas amaxvilebs calkeul aqtorebze, an aqtorTa jgufebze da
movlenebis maTeuli aRqmis gagebas cdilobs;
 gamokveTs SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebul konkretul movlenebs;
 mkvlevari mTlianad CarTulia SemTxvevaSi;
8
 angariSis werisas SemTxvevis mravalferovnebis, simdidris gadmocemas

cdiloben.
SemTxvevis Seswavla xorciledeba droiT, geografiul, organizaciul,

instituciur da sxva konteqstebSi, romelic mis irgvliv sazRvrebis dawesebis
saSualebas iZleva. maTi gansazRvra SesaZlebelia maTSi CarTuli adamianebisa
da jgufebis maxasiaTeblebze miTiTebiT da, aseve, monawileTa rolebisa da
funqciebis meSveobiT (Hitchcock and Hughes 1995: 319) (ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 2. ppt).
SemTxvevis Seswavlas:
 eqneba drois maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic misi bunebis gansazRvraSi
dagvexmareba;
 aqvs geografiuli parametrebi, romlebic misi gansazRvris saSualebas
gvaZlevs;
 eqneba sazRvrebi, romelic misi gansazRvris saSualebas mogvcems;
 ganvsazRvravT individiT, romelic drois konkretul momentSi konkretul
konteqstSi imyofeba;
 ganvsazRvravT jgufis maxasiaTeblebiT;
 ganvsazRvravT roliT an funqciiT;
 SeiZleba forma misces organizaciulma an instituciurma garemoebebma.
SemTxvevis Seswavla cdilobs aRweros, „rogoria“ konkretul mocemul

situaciaSi yofna, rogoria axlodan danaxuli realoba, vrclad gadmogvces
(Girtz 1973b) monawileebis konkretul situaciasTan dakavSirebuli realuri
gamocdileba, azrebi da grZnobebi. masSi SemTxvevaze an fenomenze missave
realur konteqstSi dakvirveba moiazreba da, Cveulebriv, mravalgvari monacemi
gamoiyeneba (Robson 2002: 178). es aris aRweriTi da detaluri meTodi, romelsac
viwro fokusi aqvs da subieqturi da obieqturi monacemebis kombinirebas
axdens (Dyer 1995: 48 – 9). SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovania, rom movlenebi
da situaciebi Tavad laparakobdnen sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da ar xdeba maTi
9
intensiuri interpretacia da Sefaseba. am TvalsazrisiT, SemTxvevis Seswavla

sateleviozio dokumentalistikas uaxlovdeba.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla arasistemuri, an mxolod
ilustraciulia. misTvis monacemebi sistematurad da skurpulozurad
grovdeba. nisbeti da vati (1984: 91) SemTxvevis SeswavliT dakavebul mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT urCeven, rom eridon:
 Jurnalistobas: SemTxvevis yvelaze TvalSisacemi niSnebis amorCevas da
Sedegad _ mTeli suraTis darRvevas SedarebiT sensaciuri aspeqtebis
gamokveTis fasad;
 SerCeviT mowodebas: konkretuli daskvnis zurgis gamamagrebeli mxolod
erTi mtkicebulebis arCeva da amiT mTliani SemTxvevis mcdarad
interpretireba;
 gamartivebul stils: dabali donis da banaluri ilustraciebis doneze
daSveba, rac Sorsaa siRrmiseuli, skurpulozuri analizisgan. aq SeiZleba
gavixsenoT steikis (Stake 1978) ironiuli komentari, rom „Cveni albomebi
savsea msxvili kadrebiTa da kidev msxvili kadrebiT“ _ amiT imis Tqma unda,
rom zogierTi SemTxvevis Seswavla gamoirCeva tendenciurobiT, azviadebs
detalebs da amiT azaralebs erTian suraTs;
 pompezurobas: elementaruli donis monacemebze dayrdnobiT an
enawylianobiT dasrulebuli Teoriebis gamoyvanis an formulirebis
mcdeloba;
 sirbiles: respondentis mosazrebebis upirobod, kiTxvis dausmelad miReba
an SemTxvevis Seswavlis mxolod im aspeqtebis amorCeva, romlebsac
adamianebi daeTanxmebian da ara im aspeqtebisa, romelTac isini SeiZleba ar
daeTanxmon.
SemTxvevis Seswavlaze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia Teoriuli mosazrebebis

gamoTqma, magram, kvlevis da adamianis Semswavleli mecnierebaTa sxva formebis
msgavsad, am mosazrebebs TvalsaCino empiriuli sabuTebi unda amyarebdes.
amisaTvis SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi ganzogadebis sakiTxis garkvevaa saWiro.
ganzogadebam SeiZleba sxavadasxva forma miiRos, magaliTad:
10
 erTi konkretuli magaliTidan im SemTxvevebis klasze, romelsac es

magaliTi warmoadgens (magaliTad, skola, sadac mxolod erTi sqesis
bavSvebi swavloben, SeiZleba SemTxvevis Seswavlis magaliTi iyos,
romelSic sxva aseTive skolebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi ikveTeba);
 erTi calkeuli SemTxvevis maxasiaTeblebidan klasebis erTobliobaze,
romelTac aseTive maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;
 SemTxvevis erTi calkeuli maxasiaTeblidan srul SemTxvevis
maxasiaTeblebze.
saimoni (1996) amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlisas eqvsi paradoqsi unda

iqnas ganxiluli. man unda:
 uari Tqvas diqotomiaze subieqturi-obieqturi da yvela monawile

Tanasworad ganixilos;
 dainaxos da aRiaros is wvlili, romelic ganaTlebis xedvis axal
formebSi realurad kreatulma gamocdilebam SeiZleba Seitanos;
 xedvis gansxvavebuli gzebi codnis miRebis axal saSualebebad miiCnios;
 SeZlos SemoqmedTan miaxloveba;
 gaiTavisuflos goneba tradiciuli analizisgan;
 miiRos es paradoqsebi da adamianebisadmi interesebi yvela sxva interesze
win daayenos.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis ramdenime tipi arsebobs. ini (Yin 1984) Sedegebis

mixedviT sam aseT tips ganasxvavebs: ZiebiTi (rogorc piloturi kvleva sxva
kvlevebisTvis, an kvlevis kiTxvebisaTvis), aRweriTi (TxrobiTi angariSebi) da
axsniTi (Teoriebis Semowmeba). ZiebiTi SemTxvevis Seswavla, rogorc piloturi
kvleva, SeiZleba im hipoTezebis CamoyalibebisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli,
romlebic ufro farTomasStabiani gamokiTxvebiT, eqsperimentebiT, an sxva
formis kvleviT mowmdeba. adelmani da misi kolegebi (1980) gvafrTxileben,
rom mxolod SemTxvevis Seswavla ar unda gamoviyenoT sxva kvlevis,
magaliTad, eqsperimentis an gamokiTxvis winaswar kvlevad, Tumca, SemTxvevis
11
Seswavla TavisTavad aris kvlevis mniSvnelovani da legitimuri meTodi

(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 3. ppt).
inis klasifikacia Tanxvdeba meriamis (Merriam 1988) klasifikacias, romelic,
aseve, sam tips ganasxvavebs: aRweriTi (TxrobiTi/naratiuli angariSebi),
interpretaciuli (sawyisi daSvebebis Semowmebis mizniT induqciuri gziT
konceptualuri kategoriebis SemuSaveba) da SefasebiTi (axsna da Sefaseba).
meriami (1988) SemTxvevis Seswavlis oTx ZiriTad sferos an saxeobasac
gamoyofs: eTnografiuli, istoriuli, fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri.
exmianeba ra stenhauzs (Stenhouse 1985) strumeni (1999: 107) SemTxvevis Seswavlis
oTx saxeobas ganasxvavebs: eTnografiuli SemTxvevis Seswavla _ erTi
calkeuli siRrmiseuli kvleva; praqtikuli kvlevis SemTxvevis Seswavla;
SefasebiTi SemTxvevis Seswavla; SemTxvevis Seswavla ganaTlebis sferoSi.
steiki (1994) SemTxvevis Seswavlis sam ZiriTad tips asaxelebs: Sinagani
SemTxvevis Seswavla (kvlevebi, romlebic konkretuli SemTxvevis gasagebad
xorcieldeba); instrumentuli SemTxvevis Seswavla (konkretuli SemTxvevis
kvleva mocemul sakiTxSi an TeoriaSi gasarkvevad); koleqtiuri SemTxvevis
Seswavla (individebis jgufis Seswavla, romelic ufro sruli suraTis
danaxvas emsaxureba). vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavla dawvrilebiT detalebs
iZleva, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sxva, naklebad detalizebuli _ xSirad
msxvilmasStabiani _ kvlevebis damxmare meTodad. am TvalsazrisiT, SemTxvevis
Seswavlis masalebma makropolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis,
Serwymis Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb adamianis faqtoris Semcveli mZlavri
monacemebi SeiZleba mogvces. amis magaliTebs Semdegi Sromebi warmoadgenen:
Ball (1990), Bowe et al. (1992) da Ball (1994a). orive specifikur skolebze samTavrobo
politikis zemoqmedeba.
robsons (2002: 181 – 2) miaCnia, rom SeiZleba gamoiyos individualuri
SemTxvevis Seswavla, individualuri SemTxvevis Seswavlebis erToblioba,
socialuri jgufis Seswavla, organizaciebisa da institutebis Seswavla,
movlenebis, rolebisa da urTierTobebis Seswavla. misi mtkicebiT, es
yvelaferi SemTxvevis Seswavlis meTodSi aisaxeba. robsoni (2002) damatebiT
12
ganasxvavebs kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da eqstremaluri an unikaluri

SemTxvevis Seswavlas. misi TqmiT, kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlaa:
roca Tqveni Teoriuli gagebiT arsebobs naTeli, erTmniSvnelovanad

gansxazRvruli da aratrivialuri garemoebebi, sadac mosalodnel Sedegebs
waawydebiT. iseTi SemTxvevis povnas, romelic Tanxvdeba da aCvenebs imas, rac ukve
nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo, codnisTvisa da wvdomisTvis qmediTi daxmarebis gaweva
SeuZlia.
(Robson 2002: 182)
kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlas SegviZlia davamatoT, rom sakvlev sakiTxs

SeiZleba ufro srulad an ufro gamokveTilad hqondes mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso yvela, an TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebeli an niSani, vidre „normalur“
viTarebaSi, magaliTad, studentis xelis SemSleli qcevis SemTxvevis Seswavla
SeiZleba Zalian xelSemSlel klasSi mimdinareobdes, sadac Zalze
problemuri bavSvebi swavloben da ara _ iseT klasSi, sadac arc ise
SesamCnevia aseTi problema.
amis sapirispirod, robsoni (2002: 182) amtkicebs, rom eqstremaluri da
unikaluri SemTxveva SeiZleba Rirebul „sacdel stends“ iZleodes. is ambobs,
rom eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi Sedis situacia, romelic „Tu aq muSaobs,
yvelgan imuSavebs“, an garemoebebis idealuri nakrebis arCeva, romelSic
farTo auditoriis winaSe wardgenamde axali midgomis an proeqtis gamocdam
SeiZleba misi muSaobis Sesaxeb ufro meti da sruli codna mogvitanos
(magaliTad, kvleva da ganviTarebis modeli).
SemTxvevis Seswavlas ramdenime cnobili Zlieri da susti mxare aqvs,
romlebic Sejamebulia 11. 1 CanarTSi (Adelman et al. 1984) da 11. 2 (Nisbet and Watt
1984) (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 4.
ppt).
CanarTi 11. 1. SemTxvevis Seswavlis SesaZlo upiratesobebi
13
 paradoqsulia, magram SemTxvevis Seswavlis monacemebi „Zlieria

realobaSi“, samagierod _ Znelad dasalagebelia. amis sapirispirod, sxva
kvlevis monacemebi xSirad „sustia realobaSi“, magram swrafad SeiZleba
maTi mowesrigeba. realobaSi aseTi siZliere modis iqidan, rom
SemTxvevis Seswavla myarad dgas miwaze, Tanxvdeba mkiTxvelis
gamocdilebas da amiT, ganzogadebis „bunebriv“ safuZvels
uzrunvelyofs.
 SemTxvevis Seswavla konkretuli SemTxvevis an SemTxvevidan klasze
ganzogadebis saSualebas iZleva. misi ucnauri siZliere SemTxvevis,
rogorc aseTis, niuansebisadmi da kompleqsurobisadmi yuradRebaSi Zevs.
 SemTxvevis Seswavla aRiarebs socialuri WeSmaritebebis
kompleqsurobasa da „CarTulobas“. socialuri situaciebis gulmodgine
ganxilviT SemTxvevis Seswavlas SeuZlia monawileTa mosazrebebs Soris
arsebuli konfliqtebis, an gansvlebis gasaocrad da mniSvnelovnad
warmodgena. saukeTeso SemTxvevis Seswavlas alternatiuli
interpretaciebisTvis garkveuli mxardaWeris SeTavazeba xelewifeba.
 SemTxvevis Seswavlas, rogorc produqts, SeuZlia aRweriTi masalis
arqivis Seqmna. es arqivi sakmaod mravalferovani iqneba imisaTvis, rom
Semdgom xelaxali interpretacia gaxdes SesaZlebeli. saganmanaTleblo
miznebisa da garemo pirobebis mravalferovnebisa da kompleqsurobis
pirobebSi mkvlevrebisTvis da momxmareblebisTvis aSkarad ufro
Rirebulia Cveni wyarosgan gansxvavebuli wyaros qona.
 SemTxvevis Seswavla „moqmedebisken gadadgmuli nabijia“. is Tavisi
mniSvnelovani wvliliT Sedis moqmedebis samyaroSi. misi wyalobiT
miRebuli axali codna SeiZleba pirdapir aixsnas da praqtikaSi
dainergos TanamSromlebis an TviT-ganviTarebisaTvis, institutebSi
ukukavSirisTvis da formirebadi SefasebisTvis, aseve, ganaTlebis
politikis dagegmvaSi iqnas gamoyenebuli.
 SemTxvevis Seswavla kvlevis an Sefasebis masalas sazogadoebas misTvis
ufro xelmisawvdomi saxiT awvdis, vidre kvlevis angariSis sxva
14
formebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom am Rirsebas mas moculoba aniWebs.

prezentaciis sametyvelo ena, tradiciuli kvlevis angariSis enasTan
SedarebiT nakleb ezoTerulia, nakleb saidumloebiT moculi da
specializebul interpretaciaze damokidebuli. SemTxvevis Seswavla
SeiZleba ramdenime auditoriisTvis iyos gankuTvnili. masSi
Semcirebulia mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba gamouTqmel implicitur
daSvebebze da xelmisawvdoms xdis Tavad kvlevis process. maSasadame,
SemTxvevis Seswavlas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis (da Tavad
codnis) „demokratizaciaSi“ SeuZlia wvlilis Setana. saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, is mkiTxvels kvlevis praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
msjelobis SesaZleblobas utovebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Adelman et al. 1980
CanarTi 11. 2. SemTxvevis Seswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
Zlieri mxareebi
 Sedegebi gacilebiT advilad esmis farTo auditorias (araakademiuri
sferos warmomadgenlebis CaTvliT), vinaidan isini xSirad
yoveldRiuri, araprofesiuli sametyvelo eniT aris mocemuli;
 imTaviTve gasagebia; is sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb Tavad metyvelebs;
 unikalur maxasiaTeblebs afiqsirebs, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
daikargeboda didi moculobis mqone monacemebSi (magaliTad,
gamokiTxvebSi). es unikaluri Tvisebebi SeiZleba situaciis gagebis
gasaRebi iyos. Zlieria realobaSi;
 iZleva sxva msgavs situaciebSi da SemTxvevebSi wvdomis saSualebas da
amiT sxva msgavsi SemTxvevebis interpretacias exmareba;
 misi Catareba calkeul mkvlevars SeuZlia. ar aris aucilebeli
kvleviTi jgufis yola;
 SeiZleba moulodnel movlenebsa da arakontrolirebad cvladebs
moicavdes da moazrebdes;
sisusteebi
15
 SeiZleba ver moxerxdes Sedegebis ganzogadeba im SemTxvevebis garda,

roca sxva mkiTxvelebi/mkvlevrebi maTi gamoyenebis gzebs xedaven.
 ar aris ioli maTi gadamowmeba, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba seleqciuri,
mikerZoebuli, piradi da subieqturi iyos.
 refleqsiurobis sakiTxis mosagvareblad ganxorcilebuli
mcdelobebis miuxedavad, damkvirveblis mikerZoebulobiskenaa
midrekili.
wyaro: Nisnet and Watt 1984
Sagnesis da misi kolegebis (Shaughness et al. 2003: 290 – 9) mosazrebiT,

SemTxvevis Seswavla xSirad moklebulia Zlier kontrols, Carevebi iSviaTad
eqvemdebareba sistematur kontrols da garegani cvladebis kontrolic
umniSvneloa. isini amtkiceben, rom es arTulebs SemTxvevis Seswavlis
safuZvelze mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebebze daskvnebis gakeTebas da zogierTi
SemTxvevis Seswavla mikerZoebulobis risksac Seicavs, radgan Terapevti
erTdroulad monawilecaa da damkvirvebelic da, rogorc damkvirvebelma,
SeiZleba gaazviados an daakninos SemTxveva. maT, aseve, miaCniaT, rom SemTxvevis
Seswavla SeiZleba impresionistuli, subieqturi iyos da (monawilis an
damkvirveblis) TviTangariSi mikerZoebuli gamovides. garda amisa, isini
amtkiceben, rom mikerZoebuloba SeiZleba maSin iqces problemad, Tu
SemTxvevis Seswavla individis mexsierebas eyrdnoba.
daieri (Dyer 1995: 50 – 2) SeniSnavs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis kiTxvisas unda
gvaxsovdes, rom SerCevis procesma ukve Caiara da mxolod avtorma icis, Tu ra
SeirCa da ra gamoiricxa da _ ra kriteriumebiT. faqtobrivad, Tavad
monawileebma SeiZleba arc icodnen, rogori SerCeva ganxorcielda. daieris
(1995: 48 – 9) dakvirvebiT, SemTxvevis Seswavla aerTianebs codnasa da
daskvnas da xSirad Znelia am oris erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. mkvlevarma kargad
unda gamokveTos, am ori maxasiaTeblidan romelzea SemTxvevis Seswavlis
monacemebi.
16
zemoT ganxorcielebuli analizidan cxadia, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla

xSirad kvlevis interpretaciul tradicias mihyveba _ situaciis monawilis
TvaliT xedvas da ara _ raodenobriv paradigmas, Tumca, aucilebeli ar aris,
rom es yovelTvis ase iyos. interpretaciuli paradigmisadmi simpaTiis gamo
SemTxvevis Seswavla xSirad xdeba kritikis obieqti. magaliTad, smiTi (1991: 375)
amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla codnis mopovebis ara marto logikurad
yvelaze susti meTodia, aramed individualuri SemTxvevebis, karierebisa da
Temebis Seswavla warsulis sakiTxicaa. amitom, maTi modelebi da kanonebi
istoriuli kvlevis fokuss unda warmoadgendnen.
es crurwmena da ideologiaa da ara _ kritika, magram respeqtabelobisa da
legitimurobis problemaze mianiSnebs, romelic SemTxvevis Seswavlam
garkveul akademiur wreebSi unda moipovos. kvlevis sxva meTodebis msgavsad,
SemTxvevis Seswavlam sandooba da validoba unda warmoaCinos. situaciebis
unikalobis pirobebSi es SeiZleba rTuli iyos, imTaviTve ar Tanxvdebodes
sxva SemTxvevis Seswavlas, an ver SeZlos pozitivisturi TvalsazrisiT
sandoobis demonstrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemTxvevis Sesawavla ar
xasiaTdeba sandoobis am formiT, am meTodis gamoyenebisas mainc Cndeba iseTi
mniSvnelovani pasuxgasacemi kiTxvebi rogoricaa, magaliTad (Adelman et al. 1980;
Nisbet and Watt 1984; Hitchcock and Hughes 1995) (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 5. ppt):
 zustad ra aris SemTxveva?

 rogor xdeba SemTxvevebis identificireba da arCeva?
 ra saxis SemTxvevis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme (ra mizani aqvs mas)?
 ra aris sando mtkicebuleba?
 ra aris obieqturi mtkicebuleba?
 ras niSnavs saTanado SerCevis procesi didi raodenobiT miRebuli
monacemebidan saboloo monacemebis amorCevisTvis?
 rogoria samarTliani, sruli da skurpulozuri angariSi?
17
 ra viTarebaSia gamarTlebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevis (an kritikuli

movlenis _ ixileT dakvirvebis ganxilva, Tavi 18) aReba?
 rogori SerCevaa yvelaze Sesatyvisi?
 ramdenad saWiroa triangulacia da rogor moxdeba es?
 validaciis ra procesebi xorcieldeba SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi?
 rogor SevinarCunoT balansi unikalobasa da ganzogadebadobas Soris?
 ra formis werilobiTi angariSi Seesatyviseba SemTxvevis Seswavlas
yvelaze metad?
 ra eTikuri sakiTxebi dgeba SemTxvevis Seswavlisas?
SemTxvevis SeswavliT kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxi informaciis SerCevaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad sasargebloa tipuri, reprezentaciuli
xdomilobebis Cawera, mkvlevrs yovelTvis ar sWirdeba reprezentaciulobis
kriteriumis dakmayofileba. SeiZleba iseTi iSviaTi, arareprezentaciuli,
magram kritikuli SemTxvevebi an movlenebi moxdes, romlebsac arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvT SemTxvevis gasagebad. magaliTad, subieqtma konkretuli qceva
SeiZleba mxolod erTxel ganaxorcielos, magram Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom
is qceva marto imitom ar gamoiricxos da gadaixazos, rom mxolod erTxel
moxda. zogjer SeiZleba erTeuli movlenebi moxdes, romlebsac pirovnebis, an
situaciis gagebaSi uzarmazari sinaTle SeaqvT (ixileT kritikuli
SemTxvevebis ganxilva, Tavi 18). is situaciis gagebis gasaRebi SeiZleba iyos
(Flanagan 1949).
magaliTad, fsiqologiuri SemTxvevis Seswavla bavSvze Zaladobis erT
konkretul magaliTze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, romelic mozrdili adamianis
cxovrebis adreul periodSi moxda, magram misi gavlena imdenad didi iyo, rom
am mozrdilis gagebis sayrdeni wertilia. bavSvma SeiZleba erTaderTi
komentari gaakeTos, romelic srul frustraciaze da maswavleblis SiSze
miuTiTebdes da is imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ar unda darCes yuradRebis
miRma. vinaidan ar ainteresebs xdomilobebis sixSireebi, SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi
raodenoba SeiZleba Tvisebriobam da intensivobam Caanacvlon da erTmaneTisgan
qcevis mniSvnelovani cota da umniSnvelo bevri SemTxveva gamijnon. swored
18
mniSvnelovnebaa da ara _ sixSire SemTxvevis Seswavlis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli, rac mkvlevars situaciebisa da adamianebis realuri dinamikis
wvdomas sTavazobs.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis saxeebis magaliTebi

im eqsperimentatorisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic cvladebiT manipulirebs
maTi mizezobrivi mniSvnelovnebis dasadgenad, anda gamokiTxvis im avtorisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelic adamianTa did, reprezentaciul SerCevebs
standartizebul kiTxvebs usvams, SemTxvevis SeswavliT dakavebuli mkvlevari,
rogorc wesi, calkeuli erTeulis maxasiaTeblebs akvirdeba, iqneba es bavSvi,
jgufi, klasi, skola Tu Temi. aseTi dakvirvebis mizani im mravalgvari
fenomenebis Rrmad wvdoma da intensiurad gaanalizebaa, romlebic Sesaswavli
erTeulis cxovrebis cikls qmnian (im populaciis Sesaxeb ganzogadebis
SesaZleblobiT, romelsac es erTeuli miekuTvneba).
mkvlevarTa statistikur-eqsperimentuli paradigmisadmi antipaTiam
SemTxvevis Seswavlis kvlevaSi bumi gamoiwvia. damnaSaveTa (Patrick 1973),
garicxulTa (Parker 1974), narkotikebis momxmarebelTa (Young 1971) da skolebis
(King 1979) kvlevebi Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebasa da ganaTlebis
sferoSi kvlevaSi SemTxvevis Seswavlis farTod gamoyenebaze mowmoben. aseTi
farTo gamoyeneba orivenairi _ raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi _ monacemebis
Segrovebisa da gaanalizebis mravalferovani teqnikebis farTo diapazoniT
xasiaTdeba. ra problemac ar unda iyos da rogori midgomac ar unda iyos
arCeuli, SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi mainc dakvirvebis meTodi figurirebs.
11. 3 CanarTSi warmodgenilia dakvirvebis gamoyenebiT kvlevis tipologia,
romlis safuZvelzec SevarCieT Cveni eqvsi magaliTi (am magaliTebis
detaluri ganxilvisTvis ixileT wignis Tanmxlebi vebgverdi:
akeris kvleva (Acker 1990) eTnografiuli angariSia, romelic monawilis
dakvirvebis ramdenime aseulsaaTian masalebs eyrdnoba, xolo boltonis
(Boulton 1992) kvleva piriqiT _ ukiduresad struqturirebul, aramonawilis
19
dakvirvebas efuZneba, romelic xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

uaildisa da misi kolegebis (Wild et al. 1992) kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia monawilis
dakvirveba da Tavisufali struqturis mqone interviuebi, romlebic Sedegad
martivi sixSireebis daTvlas iZleva. kompiuterebTan gamklavebis blizisa da
koheniseul (Blease and Cohen 1990) kvlevaSi ukiduresad struqturirebuli
dakvirvebis cxrilebia gamoyenebuli. maT aramonawile damkvirveblebi,
specialurad, saklaso mecadineobebSi kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb zusti raodenobrivi monacemebis misaRebad awarmoebdnen. dakvirveba
dawyebiTi klasebis longituduri kvlevis nawili iyo da, Sedegad,
moswavleebis mier kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebisas individualuri
qcevisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebebis tipuri profilebi miiRes. antonsenis
(Antonsen 1988) kvleva moicavda fsiqiatriul ganyofilebaSi myofi erTi bavSvis
fsiqoTerapiis process da iyenebda arastruqturirebul dakvirvebas
fsiqiatriuli klinikis xelovnur garemoSi. es kvleva Terapevtis
aradireqtiuli midgomis magaliTia. dabolos, hutonis (Houghton 1991) kvlevaSi
struqturirebuli testebis masalebidan aRebuli monacemebi da fokusirebuli
interviuebi gamoiyenes maTTan, visac es ucxoeli studenti ekontaqteboda.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis dasaxelebuli magaliTebi erTad kargad warmoaCenen
SemTxvevis Seswavlis tipebsa da diapazons (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 6.ppt).
CanarTi 11. 3.
20
dakvirvebis gamoyenebiT kvlevis tipologia
struqturirebulobis struqturirebulobis xarisxi dakvirvebis garemoSi

xarisxi, romelic
bunebrivi xelovnuri
damkvirvebls Seaqvs
kvlevaSi
arastruqturirebuli 1Acker (1990) 3Wild et al. (1992) 5Antonsen (1988) „12
„maswavleblebis „sainformacio wlis biWis
kultura teqnologiebis mkurnaloba“
inglisur Sefaseba“
dawyebiT
skolaSi“
2Boulton (1992) 4Blease and Hohen 6Houghton (1991) „b-

„saTamaSo moednis (1990) ni Congi:
aqtivobebSi „kompiuterebTan damokidebuli
monawileoba“ gamklaveba“ moswavlis
struqturirebuli SemTxvevis
Seswavla“
dakvirvebis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs _ monawilis da aramonawilis

dakvirveba. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi Tavad arian im aqtivobebiT
dakavebulni, ris dakvirvebasac apirebdnen. xSirad maTi „safarveli“ imdenad
srulyofilia, rom sxva monawileebiviT, ubralod, jgufis wevrebi arian.
magaliTad, patrikis SemTxvevaSi (1973), romelic glazgoSi daibada da
gaizarda, misi, rogorc mkvlevris, oTxTviani saqmianoba glazgos bandaSi
sruliad SeumCneveli darCa. Tumca, aseTi sruli anonimurobis miRweva
yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar aris. ase magaliTad, centraluri liverpulis
mozardebis parkeriseul (1974) kvlevaSi sazogadod iyo cnobili, rom
mkvlevari universitetSi muSaobda. dRis ganmavlobaSi quCis yoCebTan erTad
„xetialiTa“ da RamRamobiT pabebSi siaruliT, parkerma swrafad moaxerxa
iseTi saerTo azris Seqmna, rom misi iq yofniT araferi Savdeboda _
„yvelaferi rigze iyo“. misive sityvebiT: mkvlevari „msmeli, Sinauri kaci iyo“
_ sando adamiani, Tu saqme kanonis darRvevaze gaCumebas Seexeboda.
SeniRbva ar aris monawilis dakvirvebis aucilebeli winapiroba. skolis

bolo ori klasis da muSaobis pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, uilisi
21
(Willis 1977) muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli vaJebis mcire jgufis intensiur

kvlevas awarmoebda. igi skolis yvela sagnis mecadineobebs eswreboda „ara
rogorc maswavlebeli, aramed rogorc klasis wevri“ da sakvlevi jgufis wevr
TiToeul vaJTan erTad cota xani warmoebaSic muSaobda (ixileT
meore mxriv, aramonawile damkvirveblebi jgufis aqtivobebisadmi
gulgrilni rCebian da Tavs ikaveben jgufis wevrobisgan, rac arc ise Zneli
aRmoCnda kingisTvis (1979) _ mozrdili damkvirveblisTvis _ patarebis klasSi.
kingi (1979) ixsenebs, ramdenad myarad daimkvidra aramonawilis statusi
bavSvebTan, swrafad gaarkvia ra, rom isini nebismier mozrdils sxva
maswavleblad an mis Semcvlelad aRiqvamdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, mas SeeZlo
socialuri manZilis SenarCuneba, mizanmimarTulad ikavebda Tavs uSualo
interesis gamoxatvisgan da TvalebiT kontaqtsac erideboda.
aramonawile damkvirveblis rolis saukeTeso ilustraciaa mdgomareoba,
rodesac mkvlevari TavisTvis zis saklaso oTaxis boloSi da dasakvirvebeli
kategoriebis winaswar momzadebuli struqturirebuli CamonaTvalis mixedviT,
yovel sam wamSi erTxel, maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris verbaluri
urTierTqmedebis kodirebas axdens.
mkvlevris gamoyenebuli dakvirvebis tipi xSirad ukavSirdeba im garemos
tips, romelSic kvleva xorcieldeba. 11. 3 CanarTSi warmodgenilia garemo
pirobebis kontinuumi konsultantis da Terapevtis klinikebis „xelovnuri“
garemocvidan (5 da 6 ujredebi) saskolo klasebis, TanamSromelTa oTaxebisa
da saTamaSo moednebis „bunebriv“ garemocvamde (1 da 2 ujredebi). vinaidan
Cveni kontinuumi mxolod Tavisufali monaxazia, SegviZlia sainformacio
teqnologiebis auditisa da kompiuteris gamoyenebis kvlevebi (3 da 4
ujredebi) sadRac SuaSi, „xelovnursa“ da „bunebrivs“ Soris movaTavsoT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 11. 3 CanarTSi mocemuli SemTxvevis Seswavlis
TiToeuli magaliTi Teoriulad SeiZleba monawilis an aramonawilis
dakvirvebiT ganxorcieldes, faqtorebis mTeli rigi ganapirobebs imas, rom
konkretuli tipis garemoSi dakvirvebis erT-erTi strategia dominirebdes.
22
beili (1994: 247) xsnis, rom mkvlevars, romelsac faruli kvlevis warmoeba
surs, gauWirdeba, Tu bunebriv garemoSi monawilesaviT ar moiqceva,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ratom aris is iq? amitom, bevr bunebriv garemoSi
mkvlevari monawilec iqneba. sapirispiro viTarebaa laboratoriul an
xelovnur garemoSi, sadac SeiZleba aramonawilis dakvirvebis (magaliTad,
video CanaweriT) warmoeba.
imis Tqma gvinda, rom maswavleblebis muSaobis arastruqturirebuli,
eTnografiuli angariSi (1 ujredi) skolis bunebriv saswavlo garemoSi
dakvirvebis yvelaze tipuri meTodia. analogiurad, Cvevebisa da pirovnebis
Seswavlis struqturirebuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogorc es b-ni Congis
(6 ujredi) Seswavlisas moxda, konsultantis samuSao kabinetis xelovnur
garemoSi kvlevisadmi gavrcelebuli midgomaa.
ratom monawilis dakvirveba?
Suci ambobs (Schutz 1962), rom naturalisti mecnieri swavlobs vels,

romelic arafers niSnavs masSi arsebuli molekulebisTvis, atomebisa da
eleqtronebisTvis. amis sapirispirod, Seswavlis sagani im samyaroSi, romelic
ganaTlebis sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevars ainteresebs, adamianebisgan Sedgeba da
mas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs am adamianebisTvis. samyaro subieqturad aris
struqturirebuli da masSi mcxovrebTaTvis konkretuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs.
ganaTlebis sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevris amocana xSirad saerTo mniSvnelobebis
terminebiT im saSualebebis axsna, romliTac iqmneba da arsebobas inarCunebs
mowesrigebuli socialuri samyaro. rogor iyenebs mkvlevari dakvirvebis
meqanizmebs am amocanis Sesrulebisas? beili (1994: 243 – 4) monawilis
dakvirvebis ramdenime ganuyofel upiratesobas asaxelebs:
 dakvirvebas upiratesoba eniWeba eqsperimentebTan da gamokiTxvebTan

SedarebiT maSin, rodesac araverbaluri qcevis Sesaxeb unda aikrifos
monacemebi;
 dakvirvebisas mkvlevrebs mimdinare qcevis bunebriv viTarebaSi danaxvis da
misi TvalsaCino maxasiaTeblebis Caweris SesaZlebloba aqvT;
23
 vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavlis dakvirvebebi drois xangrZliv periodSi

mimdinareobs, mkvlevrebs gacilebiT axlo da araformaluri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba SeuZliaT maTTan, visac akvirdebian, zogadad,
ufro bunebriv garemoSi, vidre es eqsperimentebis da gamokiTxvebis
SemTxvevaSia;
 SemTxvevis Seswavlis dakvirvebebi naklebad reaqtiulia, vidre _
monacemebis Segrovebis sxva meTodebi. magaliTad, laboratoriul
eqsperimentebSi da gamokiTxvebSi, romlebic sturuqturirebul kiTvebze
miRebul verbalur pasuxebzea damokidebuli, swored is monacemebi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes mikerZoebuli, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs mkvlevri.
dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawera

TiTqmis eqvsassaaTiani dakvirvebis procesSi daaxloebiT naxevari milioni
sityviT ocdaTormeti rveuli gavavse
(King 1979)
dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawera xSirad afiqrebT gamoucel mkvlevrebs,

romlebic SemTxvevis Seswavlas kideben xels. ramdeni unda Caiweros? ra
formiT unda Caiweros? ra unda uqnan uamrav Caweril monacems? loflendi
(Lofland 1971) savele Canawerebis warmoebisTvis ramdenime sasargeblo rCevas
gvTavazobs:
 dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad CawereT, radgan

male jer informaciis mcire nawili dagaviwdebaT, drois ganmavlobaSi
ki _ meti. drosTan erTad swrafad izrdeba daviwyebulis moculoba;
 ivarjiSeT Canawerebis swrafad warmoebaSi da SeeCvieT azrs, rom,
ramdenadac ironiulad unda mogeCvenoT, savele Canawerebis warmoebam
imdenive dro SeiZleba waiRos, ramdensac realur dakvirvebas uTmobT;
24
 misaRebi meTodia audioCanaweris gakeTebaa da ara _ xeliT Cawera (Tu amas

moaxerxebT), samagierod, wera azrovnebis stimulirebas axdens.
 savele Canawerebis kompiuterze akrefva gacilebiT sjobs xeliT weras,
radgan es meTodi ufro swrafia da wasakiTxad advili, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, rodesac Canawerebis ramdenime variants akeTebT;
 sasurvelia savele Canawerebis, sul mcire, ori aslis gakeTeba. originali
inaxeba, rogorc Tavdapirveli wyaro, romelsac SegiZliaT miubrundeT
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo danarCeni aslebi SegiZliaT daWraT,
gadaalagoT da xelaxla gadaweroT;
 Canawerebi imdenad sruli unda iyos, rom ramdenime Tvis Semdegac SeZlos
mkvlevarma nebismieri aRwerili movlenis TvalsaCino da xatovani suraTis
danaxva. es, savaraudod, niSnavs imas, rom mkvlevarma yoveli erTsaaTiani
dakvirvebisTvis, sul mcire, ori gverdi (erTiani SualediT) mainc unda
Caweros.
loflendis (1971) mier rekomendebuli da kingis (1979) da uolkotis (Wolcott

1973) mier TavianT eTnografiul angariSebSi realurad gamoyenebuli
rekomendaciebi Canawerebis warmoebisTvis arastruqturirebuli dakvirvebis
bunebidan momdinareobs. uolkoti (1973) aRiarebs, rom Canawerebis warmoeba
daexmara ukidures mowyenilobasTan gamklavebaSi, romelic zogjer
dausrulebel yoveldRiur Sexvedrebze eufleboda, rac skolis direqtoris
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils Seadgens. Tumca, xanxadan movlenebi imdenad
swrafad viTardeboda, rom uolkoti (1973) Zlivs aswrebda Caweras da mxolod
zedapirul, naCqarev Canawerebs akeTebda, romelTac mogvianebiT sruli saxiT
werda. erT-erTi sasargeblo rCeva, romelsac es gamocdili eTnografi
gvaZlevs, namdvilad yuradsaRebia: arasodes ganaaxloT dakvirveba manam, vidre
wina dakvirvebis Canawerebs ar daasrulebT. axals verafers miiRebT, Tu
situaciaSi ubralo damkirvebeli iqnebiT. sanam jer kidev dasaweri gaqvT erTi
vizitiT miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da dakvirvebebi, azri ara aqvs klasSi an
skolaSi dabrunebas da movlenebis erTi jgufis gavlenis ufro mogvianebiT
momxdari movlenebiT gamowveuli gavleniT gadafarvas. faqtobrivad, rodis
25
unda Caiweros monacemebi im praqtikuli problemebidan erT-erTia, rac

uolkerma (1980) gamohyo da 11. 4. CanarTSia warmodgenili.
CanarTi 11. 4. SemTxvevis Seswavla da arCevis problemebi

SemTxvevis Seswavlis dawyebisas mkvlevris winaSe mdgar problemaTa Soris aris
arCevis problema. qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi miuTiTebs zogierT im dabrkolebaze,
romelic mkvlevars SeiZleba am TvalsazrisiT Sexvdes:
 rogor unda mixvideT sawyisi ideidan samuSao formatamde (ideidan konkretul,
gamoyenebad monacemebamde)?
 ras kargavT procesSi?
 Sedegad ra arasasurveli problemebi giCndebaT?
 rogor ipoviT Tqveni saqemisaTvis saukeTeso mdebareobis adgils?
 rogor aRmoaCenT, daadgenT da miudgebiT ZiriTad informantebs?
 is, Tu rogor xedaven isini, qmnis konteqsts, romelSic Tven xedavT maT. rogor
SegiZliaT aseT socialur sirTulesTan gamklaveba?
 rogor CaiwerT mtkicebulebebs? rodis? ramdens?
 rogor SeinaxavT da daaxarisxebTYmaT?
 ra dros dauTmobT imaze fiqrsa da refleqcias, Tu ras akeTebT?
 ra momentSi gaumJRavnebT Tqvens subieqts, ras akeTebT?
 pirveli vin naxavs angariSs?
wyaro: adaptirebulia Walker 1980
SemTxvevis Seswavlis dagegmva

SemTxvevis Seswavlis dagegmvisas mkvlevrisTvis sasargeblo iqneba
ramdenime sakiTxis ganxilva (magaliTad, Adelman et al. 1980) (ixileT
 SemTxvevis konkretul garemo pirobebSi Sedis: konkretuli monawileebis

SesaZlo dakargva, rac Tan sdevs monawileobas; monacemebis kuTvnilebis da
gacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba;
26
 kvlevis warmoebaSi Sedis: pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis gamoyeneba;

monacemebis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba; triangulacia (kolegebis mier
Sedegebis ganxilvis, respondentebis mier validaciisa da refleqsurobis
CaTvliT); monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebi interpretaciuli paradigmis
farglebSi _ SemTxvevis Seswavla monacemebis Segrovebis garkveuli
meTodebisken ixreba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, naxevrad struqturirebuli da
arastruqturirebuli interviuebi, TxrobiTi formiT warmodgenili
angariSebi da dokumentebi, dRiurebi, aseve, SesaZlebelia testebi da ara _
sxva meTodebi, magaliTad, gamokiTxvebi da eqsperimentebi. nisbeti da uati
(1984) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom interviuebis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba
Wkvianuri iyos ufro asakovani adamianebis mogvianebiT interviuireba da ara
dasawyisSive. diskusiis dro maqsimalurad sasargeblod rom gamoiyenoT,
mkvlevari intervius Catarebamde ukve situaciis saerTo suraTis nawili
unda iyos. dabolos, kvlevis warmoeba monacemebis analizs, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, Teoriis generirebas da angariSis daweras moiazrebs. nisbeti
da uati (1984) Tvlian, rom mniSvnelovania daskvnebisa da mtkicebulebebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, arsebiTi mtkicebulebebi ZiriTad teqstSi unda
iyos mocemuli da ilustracia analiziTa da ganzogadebiT unda
balansirdebodes;
 kvlevis Sedegebi (monawileebisTvis). aq SeiZleba Sediodes kvlevis
gaanonimureba monawileebis dacvis mizniT, Tumca aseTma gaanonimurebam
SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis ZiriTadi mizani
ganzogadebaa da ara _ unikaluri SemTxvevis aRwera, anu, es SemTxvevis
Seswavlis centralur maxasiaTebels SeiZleba daupirispirdes. angariSis
gaanonimurebam SeiZleba tkivilgamayuCebeliviT imoqmedos. adelmeni da misi
kolegebi (1980) miiCneven, rom damaxinjeba, romelic aseT gaanonimurebas
axlavs _ SemTxveva amoucnobi gaxda _ kvlevis gasajaroebisagan Tavis
dacvisaTvis Zalian maRali fasia.
nisbeti da uati (1984: 78) SemTxvevis Seswavlis ganxorcielebis sam ZiriTad

etaps gamoyofen. vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavla ganviTarebadi situaciebis
27
dinamikas asaxavs, sasurvelia Zalian farTo fokusiT dawyeba, SerCeviTobisa

da winaswari msjelobebis gareSe. Semdgomi fokusis TandaTanobiT daviwroeba
Seqmnis viwro, konkretuli fokusis, anu Semdgomi kvlevisTvis da monacemebis
SegrovebisTvis ZiriTadi fokusis gamokveTis SesaZleblobas. mesame etapze
mzaddeba interpretaciis monaxazi, romelic saboloo formis miRebamde
respondentTan unda gadamowmdes. nisbeti da uati (1984: 79) ar gvirCeven
SemTxvevis Seswavlisas hipoTezis Zalian adreul etapze formulirebas. maT
miaCniaT, rom mniSvnelovania monacemebis Riad, Tavisuflad mogroveba.
respondentis mier validacia SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos,
radgan man mocemuli sakiTxis gamoxatvis ukeTesi gza SeiZleba SemogTavazoT,
an raimes damateba an dazusteba surdes.
Tumca, respondentis mier validacia garkveul risks ukavSirdeba, radgan is
SeiZleba ar daeTanxmobs interpretacias. nisbeti da uati (1984: 81) vetos
uflebis Taobaze SeTanxmebis saWiroebaze miuTiTeben. isini, aseve gvirCeven,
rom mkvlevari dapirdes respondents, rom is angariSis im nawilebs naxavs,
romelic piradad mas exeba (konfidencialobis dacvis meqanizmebi SemTxvevis
SeswavlaSi, magaliTad, sxvebis konfidencialobis). mkvlevarma unda miiRos
respondentis mier micemuli yvela SeTavazeba da pasuxi da, sadac
SesaZlebelia, Secvalos angariSi. mkvlevrisa da respondentis uTanxmoebis
SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari unda Sepirdes respondents, rom is angariSTan erTad
respondentis komentarebsa da kritikul SeniSvnebsac gamoaqveynebs.
sturmeni (1997) kontinuumze alagebs im monacemebis Segrovebis bunebas,
tipebsa da analizis teqnikebs, romlebic SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi gamoiyeneba. es
Sejamebulia 11. 5 CanarTSi (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi 11, faili 11. 9. ppt).
28
CanarTi 11. 5. monacemebis mogrovebis kontinuumi, tipebi da analizi SemTxvevis

SeswavlaSi
monacemebis Segroveba
arastruqturirebuli (interviuebi _ Riadan struqturirebuli
(savele Canawerebi) daxuruli kiTxvebisken) (gamokiTxvebi, aRweris
monacemebi)
monacemebis tipebi
Txroba (kodirebuli Tvisebrivi ricxobrivi
(savele Canawerebi) monacemebi da (Sefardebis skalis
araparametruli monacemebi)
statistikebi)
monacemebis analizi
Jurnalisturi
(impresionistuli) (kontent analizi) statistikuri
(daskvniTi statistika)
wyaro: adaptirebulia Sturman 1997
erT polusze arastruqturirebuli, tipuri Tvisebrivi monacemebi gvaqvs,

xolo meoreze _ struqturirebuli raodenobrivi monacemebi. mkvlevrebma,
romlebic SemTxvevis Seswavlas iyeneben, unda gadawyviton, monacemebis
Segrovebis ra meTodebs, ra tipis monacemebs da analizis romel teqnikebs
gamoiyeneben.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT gaformeba

SemTxvevis Seswavlis dawerisas mkvlevari ori cnebis _ „miznisTvis
Sesatyvisobis“ da „auditoriisTvis Sesatyvisobis“ _ erTguli rCeba. robsoni
(2002: 512 – 13) SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiTi dalagebis eqvs formas
gvTavazobs:
29
 momlodine struqturis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari angariSis dasawyisSi

(magaliTad, abstraqtSi) ZiriTad Sedegebs warmoadgens da danarCen angariSs
mtkicebulebebs, analizs, axsnebs, dasabuTebasa (magaliTad, ra SeirCa da ra
_ ara, ra daskvnebi gakeTda, ra alternatiuli axsnebi uaryves) da
msjelobas uTmobs, romelsac mTlian suraTamde an daskvnamde mivyavarT.
 naratiul angariSSi TxrobiTi angariSia warmodgenili, romelSic
CarTulia saTanado grafikebi, cxrilebi, wamoWrili sakiTxebi, analizi da
daskvnebi.
 Sedarebis struqturaSi erTi da igive SemTxveva ori an meti xedvis
kuTxidan aris Seswavlili (magaliTad, axsniTi, aRweriTi, Teoriuli), raTa
an SemTxvevis mdidari, yovelmxrivi axsna mogvces mkvlevrma, an mkiTxvels
sakmarisi informacia miewodos, rom man Tavad Seafasos, romeli axsnebi,
aRwerebi an Teoriebi Seesatyviseba yvelaze metad mopovebul monacemebs.
 qronologiur struqturaSi organizebis principad martivi Tanmimdevroba,
anu, qronologia gamoiyeneba, Sesabamisad, ara marto mizezebisa da
Sedegebis ganxilvaa SesaZlebeli, aramed _ ganviTarebadi ambisTvis Tvalis
midevnebac. robsonis (2002) komentars SegviZlia davamatoT, rom qronologia
SeiZleba ise daiyos nawilebad, rogorc mosaxerxebeli iqneba (magaliTad,
ZiriTadi movlenebi an drois ZiriTadi periodebi) da CaerTveba komentarebi,
interpretaciebi, axsnebi da Sejamebebi movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
wamoWril sakiTxebze (magaliTad, eTnografiul kvlevaSi „SeniSvnebis
keTebis“ msgavsad). qronologia maorganizebeli principia, magram
qronologiuri ganviTarebis yovel etapze sxvadasxvagvari Sinaarsia
mocemuli.
 Teoriis warmomqmneli struqturaa, rodesac struqtura Teoriuli
konstruqtebis dalagebis logikas miyveba. aq robsoni (2002) gvTavazobs, rom
SemTxvevis Seswavlis yoveli Semdegi nawili „Teoriul formulirebas“
unda matebdes raimes, warmoadgendes mas an misi mdgeneli iyos, msjelobis
jaWvis rgoli unda iyos da sabolood erTiani Teoriuli
formulirebisaken mivyavdeT.
30
 araTanmimdevrul struqturaSi Tanmidevroba, magaliTad, qronologiuri,

sakiTxis, movlenis, Teoriis mixedviT, umniSvneloa. robsons (2002) miaCnia,
rom es midgoma mkiTxvelis urTulebs imis gagebas, Tu romeli sferoebia
mniSvnelovani da romeli _ umniSvnelo, anda, gamotovebulia rame Tu _ ara.
es avtoris kaprizebs uqmnis safrTxes.
zogierTi SemTxvevis Seswavla mxolod erT situacias moicavs _ erT

bavSvs, erT socialur jgufs, erT klass, erT skolas. aseT SemTxvevaSi zemoT
dasaxelebuli yvela struqtura SeiZleba gamousadegari iyos. zogi SemTxvevis
Seswavla movlenebis ganviTarebas saWiroebs, zogi _ „erTi kadris“ principiT
muSaobs (magaliTad, ramdenime skola, klasi an jgufi drois konkretul
momentSi). pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos qronologiis
dacva, xolo meoreSi aseTi qronologia, SesaZloa, Seusabamo iyos. zogi
SemTxvevis Seswavla or ZiriTad nawilad aris gayofili (magaliTad, Willis
1977): monacemebis wardgena da Semdeg analizi/interpretacia/axsna.
daskvna
sxvadasxva strategia, romelic saganmanaTleblo garemoSi SemTxvevis
Seswavlis eqvsi magaliTiT davasuraTeT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom monawilis
dakvirveba yvelaze kargi zogadi terminia, romelic meTodologiur midgomas
aRwers da ara _ erT konkretul meTods.1 Cvenma magaliTebma gvaCvena, rom
konkretuli SerCevis reprezentaciuloba xSirad mkvlevrisTvis xelmisawvdom
dakvirvebis strategias ukavSirdeba. zogadad, rac metia SerCevis zoma, miT
reprezentaciulia is da miT metia albaToba, rom damkvirveblis roli
monawileobas uaxlovdeba.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis magaliTebisTvis ixileT wignis Tanmxlebi veb gverdi
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 2. doc.,
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780_ Tavi 11, faili 11. 3. doc da
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 4. doc).
31
თემა 2. ტესტი, კითხვარი, სკალა
ლექცია 3-4
თავი VII. კითხვარი, სკალა, ტესტი
kiTxvari, skala da testi struqturirebuli informaciis Sesagrovebeli

instrumentebia.
atitudis skalebiT, saxelwodebidan gamomdianre, atitudebs swavloben. atitudi

ufro xanieri konstruqtia, vidre sazogadoebrivi azri, radgan pirovnebis ufro
permanentul aspeqtebs exeba, mag: atitudi religiis an avtoritetis mimarT. skalebi
teqnikuri sazomi insturmentebia da amdenad standartizacias saWiroebs, iseve
rogorc sandoobisa da validobis dadgenas.
fsiqologiuri testis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens adamianTa Soris sxvaobis da

erTi adamianis sxvadasxva pirobebSi reaqciis gazomva. iTvleba, rom Tavdapirvelad
testebi gonebrivad CamorCenili individebis gamosavlenad Seiqmna, Semdeg isini
gavrcelda klinikaSi nervuli sistemis tipis diferencirebis, kanondamrRvevTa,
emociuri da sxva tipis darRvevebis Seswavlisas. aq monawileebs davalebebs
asruleben.
kiTxvarebs ZiriTadad gamokiTxvaSi iyeneben da maTi saSualebiT sazogadoebriv

azrs an qcevis models adgenen. aq davalebebi kiTxvebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
kiTxvarebi, romlebic sociologiur kvlevebSi gamoiyeneba da mxolod faqtebs

adgens (profesia, moswavleebis raodenoba klasSi, televizoris yurebis saaTebi,
presis reitingi da a.S.) TavisTavad validuria, aseT validobas “uSualos” uwodeben,
magram arsebobs kiTxvarebi, romlebic fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs zomavs. amitom
mniSvnelovania, rom kiTxvari, iseve rogorc atitudis skala da testi Semdeg
moTxovnebs akmayofilebdes:
1. TiToeul kiTxvas unda SeeZlos adaminaTa Soris gansvavebis asaxva, anu
kiTxvaze gansxvavebuli pasuxebis mTeli speqtri unda iyos miRebuli, amas
diskriminaciis unari ewodeba. am unariT unda xasiaTdebodes yoveli kiTxva.
2. instrumenti sando da validuri sazomi iaraRi unda iyos.
32
3. instrumenti standartizebuli unda iyos.
kiTxvari
kiTxvari, romelic fsiqodiagnostikuri mizniT gamoiyeneba, pirovnebis kiTxvarebad

da anketebad iyofa.
anketis saSualebiT viRebT informacias respondentze da ara mis pirovnul
Tvisebebze. aseTia biografiuli anketebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs adamianis
cxovrebis istoriis garkvevas.
pirovnebis kiTxvari pirovnebis Taviseburebebs zomavs. Tavis mxriv, pirovnuli
kiTxvari iyofa: a) pirovnebis Tvisebebis kiTxvari, b) tipologiuri kiTxvari, g)
motivebis kiTxvari, d) interesebis kiTxvari, e) Rirebulebebis kiTxvari.
fsiqodiagnostikuri kiTxvarebis magaliTebia: ketelis 16 faqtoriani kiTxvari,
minesotas mravalfaqtoriani kiTxvari, aizenkis pirovnebis kiTxvari, roteris
kontrolis lokusis kiTxvari da sxv.
kiTxvarisaTvis debulebebis Seqmna xSirad imave principiT xdeba, rogorc
skalisaTvis, amitom am process aq ar ganvixilavT.
gamokiTxvaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvarebis debulebebi, anu kiTxvebi ori saxisaa: Ria
da daxuruli. Tu kiTxvari naklebad struqturirebulia, is Ria kiTxvebisagan Sedgeba,
Ria kiTxvas ramdenime upiratesoba gaaCnia:
1. ufro mdidar informacias gvZlevs, vidre daxuruli kiTxva
2. respondenti ar aris SezRuduli fiqsirebuli pasuxebiT
3. respondents sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufri meti saSualeba aqvs
magram Ria kiTxvebis damuSaveba SedarebiT Znelia, iseve rogorc maTTvis kodebis
miniWeba. aqve mogvyavs daxuruli kiTxvis magaliTebi:
a) wina arCevnebSi monawileoba miviRe ki/ara
b) Cems amJamindel sacxovrebels

1. mTlianad me vflob
2. sesxiT maqvs nayidi
3. qiras vixdi
4. samsaxuri mixdis qiras
5. sxva ___________
33
g) Cemi asakia:
1. 16 wlamde
2. 16-21
3. 22-35
4. 35 is zemoT
atitudis skalebi
ganvixiloT atitudis 5 popularuli skala:
turstonis tipis skala Tanabari intervalebiT

aseTi skalis ageba Semdegnairad xdeba:
1. iqmneba didi raodenobiT debulebebi atitudis obieqtis Sesaxeb.
2. TiTeul debulebas afasebineben eqspertebs 1 dan 11 mde skalaze.
3. eqspertebis miniWebul qulebs TiTeuli debulebis mixedviT asaSualoeben,
amas skalis maCvenebeli ewodeba.
4. mRali gafantvis mqone debulebebi amovardeba. gafantva standartuli
gadaxriT izomeba
5. darCenili debulebebi skalis saboloo variants warmoadgens, romelic unda
Catardes, sasurvelia isev 10 qulian skalaze.
turstonis meTodis nakli
debulebaTa SerCeva faqtiurad eqspertebis mier xdeba, rac mraval nakls
gulisxmobs, radgan eqspertebis Sefaseba mainc ver iqneba sruliad obieqturi.
BUlikertis tipis skalaL
am skalis ageba Semdegnairad xdeba:

1. iqmneba Tanabri raodenobiT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi debulebebi atitudis
obieqtis Sesaxeb
2. respondentebi TiTeul debulebas Semdeg skalaze afaseben:
5 4 3 2 1
savsebiT veTanxmebi ver ar veTanxmebi saerTod ar
vTanxmebi gadamiwyvetia veTanxmebi
34
3. yvela debulebis qulas ajameben da cdis piris saerTo qulas iReben.

4. atareben debulebis analizs, raTa maRali diskriminaciis unaris mqone
kiTxvebi SearCion.
likertis skalis sisuste
1. maSin, roca turstonis skala intevalebis donezea (turstoni amtkicebda, rom mis
skalaze intervalebi absoluturad Tanabaria), likertis skala rigis donezea
2. pasuxi “ver gadamiwyvetia” orazrovnad JRers. niSnavs es, rom respondenti neitralurad
aris ganwyobili, Tu ver gadauwyvetia, romel mxares gadaixaros?
socialuri distanciis skala (bogardusi)
es skala სxvadaxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT atitudis gasazomad Seiqmna.

respondentebs eZlevaT Semdegi instruqcia:
“pirveli reaqciis mixedviT siamovnebiT mivaniWeb TiTeuli erovnebis wevrs
(rogorc am erovnebis tipiur warmomadgenels, aq ar igulisxmeba saukeTeso an
yvelaze uaresi warmomadgeneli) qvemoT moyvanil erT an ramdenime debulebas”
1. viqorwinebdi
2. vimegobrebdi
3. vomezoblebdi erT quCaze
4. viTanamSromlebdi
5. Cemi qveynis moqalaqed miviRebdi
6. miviRebdi mxolod stumrad Cems qveyanaSi
7. gavaZevebdi Cemi qveynidan
Cveulebriv, Tu respondenti romeliRac doneze SeCerdeba, masze ufro maRals aRar
irCevs. magaliTad, Tu respondenti aRniSnavs 3-e punqts, igi aRar Semoxazavs meoTxe,
mexuTe da a. S. punqtebs. am movlenas ü”ukan dabruneba”ewodeba.
bogardusis skalis sisuste
1. ”ukan dabrunebas” mTlianad ver aRmovfxvriT, zogierTi adamianisaTvis TanamSromloba

ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mezobloba
2. qulebis dasaTvleli skala mcirea da ar iZleva daxvewili statisitkuri analizis

saSualebas.
35
kumulaciuri skala (gatmani)
aq bogardusis principi atitudis nebismier obieqtze vrceldeba da ara marto

pirovnul kategoriebze. gatmanis skalis magaliTia simaRlis Sesamowmebeli skla,
sadac respondents SesaZloa ramdenime pasuxi Seesabamebodes:
1 1.50-ze maRali var

Sesabamisad, Tu respondenti 1.70 ze maRalia, is aRniSnavs 1, 2, 3 da 4-e pasuxebs.
rodesac skalaze fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebi mowmdeba, aseTi Tanmimdevrobis

dacva rTulia.
gatmanis skalis sisuste
ver gamovricxavT “ukan dabrunebis “efeqts.
semantikuri diferenciali (osgudi)
es skala Seiqmna obieqtis konotaciuri mniSvnelobis gasazomad. denotaciuri

mniSvneloba sityvis ganmartebas, definicias niSnavs, magaliTad, sityva eqTani unda
ganimartos ise, rogorc leqsikonSia, xolo igive sityvis konotaciuri mniSvneloba
mis mier gamowveul asociaciebs gulisxmobs da amitom sxvadasxva adamianTan
gansxvavebulia.
respondentma unda aRniSnos bipolarul zedsarTavebs Soris skalaze moTavsebuli

romelime danayofi. magaliTad, eqTnisaTvis:
kargi _____ _____ ______ _____ ______ ______ cudi
susti ______ _____ ______ _____ ________ _____ Zlieri
aqtiuri _____ _____ ______ ______ _______ _____ pasiuri
osgudis mixedviT, yvela skalis faqtorulma analizma gamoavlina sami zogadi

faqtori: aqtiurobis, potenciis da Sefasebis. aqtiurobis faqtors miekuTvneba iseTi
daxasiaTebebi, rogoricaa – aqtiuri-pasiuri, neli-Cqari, civi-cxeli. potenciis
36
faqtors: Zlieri-susti, sqeli-Txeli, uxeSi-nazi, xolo Sefasebis faqtors: kargi-

cudi, sufTa-WuWyiani, sasiamovno-usiamovno.
semantikuri diferencialis sisuste
respondentebs SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxebis gacemis, anu ukiduresi marcxena danayofis

aRniSvnis tendencia qondeT.
kiTxvarebSic da skalebSic gaTvaliswinebulia debulebis miwodebis Tanmimdevroba.

respondentebs aqvT tendencia dadebiTi pasuxi gascen kiTxvebs, amas mdumare
Tanxmobis efeqti ewodeba. am efeqtis Tavis asarideblad dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
debulebebi cdis pirs areulad unda miewodos.
garda amisa, cdis pirebs aqvT tendencia Semoxazon socialurad sasurveli

pasuxebi. amitom, zogierT kiTxvarSi specialurad rTaven iseT debulebebs, romlebsac
mxolod "angelozi" Tu SeiZleba daeTanxmos. aseT kiTxvebs aizenki tyuilis skalაs
uwodebs.
rac Seexeba debulebebis raodenobas, is ar unda iyos Zalian didi, raTa

kiTxvarisa da skalis Sevsebas zomieri dro daeTmos. amave dros, instrumentis
sandoobisaTvis debulebaTa sakmarisi raodenobaa saWiro, radgan, roca debulebebis
raodenoba didia, cdis pirTa individualuri interpretaciiTa da gaugebrobiT
gamowveuli SemTxveviTi Secdomebi erTmaneTs gaabaTilebs.
testi
testi fsiqikuri Taviseburebebis sakvlevi standartuli instrumentia da

individualur sxvaobebs zomavs. pirveli testis Semqmnelad ingliseli frensis
galtoni iTvleba, romelmac gonebrivi unarebis testebi SeimuSava, Tumca is testebi
didad gansxvavdebodnen amJamad arsebuli analogebisagan. testirebis bumi amerikaSi
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis gaCenasTan erTad daiwyo pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg.
testis ori msxvili jgufi arsebobs: fsiqometruli da proeqciuli testebi.
fsiqometruli testebi
es testebi adamianis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs swavlobs. pirveli aseTi testi

galtonma Seqmna 1890-ian wlebSi, rodesac aTasobiT adamians mravali sensoruli da
kognituri amocana misca. fsiqometruli testebi gazomvis standartuli
instrumentebia. marTalia, zogierTi atitudis skala imdenad daxvewilia, rom maTac
37
fsiqometrul testebs uwodeben, iseve, rogorc proeqciul testebs, magram WeSmaritad

standartizebuli, sando da validuri mxolod inteleqtis da pirovnebis sakvlevi
testebia.
proeqciuli testebi
es testebi fsiqoanalizis Teoriul safuZvelze Seiqmna da proeqciis, rogorc

dacvis meqanizmis koncefcias eyrdnoba. proeqciul testebs miekuTvneba rorSaxis
melnis laqebis testi, Tematuri apercepciis testi da sxva. iTvleba, rom aseTi
testebi pirovnebis dafarul Tvisebebs avlens da zomavs; aseTebia agresiuloba,
SfoTva, mtruloba da sxv.
proeqciuli testebis sisuste
amgvari testebis sandooba da validoba did eWvs iwvevs. gansakuTrebiT monacemebis

damuSavebisas, radgan pasuxebis Sefaseba Zalian subieqturia, amitom, xSirad erTi da igive
respondentis pasuxebs or an met damoukidebel specialists afasebineben da Semdeg maT Soris
Tanxmobis xarisxs iTvlian; Tu is sakmarisad maRalia, Sedegebi sandod iTvleba, winaaRmdeg
SemTxevvaSi – Sedegebi ar unda ganvixiloT.
amrigad, kiTxvars, skalasa da tests bevri saerTo aqvT da xSirad erevaT kidec
erTmaneTSi. magaliTad, xSirad termin "anketis" nacvlad iyneben termins "kiTxvari".
testi unarebs zomavs, amitom, masSi davalebebia mocemuli samizne unarebis
aRmosaCenad. aseTebia inteleqtis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis testebi, proeqciuli
testebi. kiTxvari, testis msgavsad, pirovnul Tvisebebs zomavs, oRond, aq,
davalebebis nacvlad debulebebia moyvanili, romelsac respondenti an eTanxmeba, an
uaryofs. ese igi, kiTxvis tipis mixedviT, kiTxvarSi ufro metad daxuruli kiTxvebi
gamoiyeneba, xolo testSi - ufro xSirad Ria. anketas gamokiTxvis meTodis dros
iyeneben. skala ar izRudeba mxolod dadastureba-uaryofiT da avlens, ra zomiT
eTanxmeba, an ar eTanxmeba adamiani ama Tu im debulebas; gaaCnia, an ar gaaCnia adamians
esa Tu is Tviseba. amitom, skala ara marto damoukideblad arsebobs, rogorc
atitudis skala, aramed, kiTxvarSic monawileobs xolme, rogorc adamianTa Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebis ufro zusti da daxvewili sazomi. anu, skalis Semcveli
kiTxvaris Catarebis Semdeg, SegviZlia vTqvaT ara marto is, rom adamians gaaCnia esa
Tu is Tviseba, aramed isic, rom erTs es Tviseba ufro metad gaaCnia, vidre meores.
instrumenti magaliTi ras zomavs rogor kiTxvis
38
zomavs tipi
testi veqsleris, rorSaxis unarebs, davalebebi Ria
Tvisebebs
kiTxvari aizenkis, fraiburgis Tvisebebs, kiTxvebi daxuruli

pirovnebis, damokidebulebeb
gamokiTxvis - arCevnebis s
win, Semdeg, reitinguli
skala atitudis, damokidebulebe skalebi daxuruli
kiTxvarSi Casmuli - bs, Tvisebebs
depresiis skala,
კოჰენი ლ., მანიონი ლ., მორისონი ქ. (2010). კვლევის მეთოდების განათლებაში. ილიაუნის გამომცემლობა. თბილისი
15 kiTxvarebi
Sesavali
kiTxvaris dizainis sfero ukideganoa. am TavSi gTavazobT martiv Sesavals mis

ZiriTad elementebSi, ZiriTadi yuradsaRebi sakiTxebze miTiTebiT, zogierT
mniSvnelovan problemur garCeva-ganxilvasa da maTi gadawyvetis gzebs. aq
warmodgenili masala kiTxvaris agebis procesis Tanmimdevrobis Sesatyvisad aris
dalagebuli, rac, imedi gvaqvs, gamoadgebaT mkvlevrebs. es Tanmimdevrobaa:
 eTikuri sakiTxebi;
 kiTxvaris dagegmvis dawyeba:
- kiTxvaris operacionalizacia;
- struqturirebuli, naxevrad struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli
kiTxvarebi.
 kiTxvaris debulebebis tipebi:
- Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi;
- monacemebis skalebi;
- codnis an mosazrebis daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi;
- diqotomiuri kiTxvebi;
39
- mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebi;

- ranguli rigi (ranJireba);
- reitingis skalebi;
- mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi;
- Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi;
- Ria kiTxvebi;
- marticuli kiTxvebi;
- SeWiduli kiTxvebi, filtrebi da ganStoebebi.
 sensitiuri kiTxvebis dasma;
 kiTxvebis Sedgenisas maxeebisTvis Tavis arideba;
 kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis dalageba;
 mcire raodenobis verbaluri erTeulebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi;
 kiTxvaris ganlageba;
 Sesavali da gadamowmebis werilebi;
 kiTxvaris pilotireba;
 kiTxvaris agebasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli mosazrebebi;
 kiTxvaris administrireba:
- TviTadministrirebadi kiTxvarebi;
- safosto kiTxvarebi.
 kiTxvaris monacemebis damuSaveba.
marTalia, mkvlevrebisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes, rom dasaxelebul

sakiTxebze mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT imuSaon, magram sasurvelia garkveuli
rekursiulobac (cikluri ganmeoreba).
kiTxvari gamokiTxvisTvis informaciis mogrovebis farTod gamoyenebadi da
sasargeblo instrumentia, romelic struqturirebuli, xSirad ricxobriv monacemebs
iZleva, SesaZlebelia mkvlevaris Tandaswrebis gareSe misi administrireba da xSirad
SedarebiT martivia gasaanalizeblad (Wilson and McLean 1994). am mimzidvel mxareebs
abalansebs is dro, romelic kiTxvarebis Seqmnas, pilotirebasa da daxvewas sWirdeba,
rac, savaraudod, daumuSavebeli da SezRuduli moculobis monacemebiT xorcieldeba,
romelic, albaT, naklebad moqnili pasuxebiT iqna miRebuli (Tumca, rogor vilsoni
da maklini (1994: 3) aRniSnaven, es xSirad mimzidveli SeiZleba iyos). mkvlevarma unda
imsjelos da ise gadawyvitos, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba monacemebis mogrovebisTvis
40
kiTxvaris gamoyeneba mis miznebs da Tu gadawyvets, rom Seesabameba, maSin ra tipis

kiTxvari unda iyos es?
kiTxvaris dagegmis dawyeba
dizainis am mosamzadebel etapze kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis dagegmvisas zogjer

blok-sqemis teqnika SeiZleba gamogadgeT. am gziT mkvlevars SeuZlia winaswar
gansazRvros im pasuxebis tipi da diapazoni, romelic mis kiTxvebs mohyveba. CanarTSi
15. 1 warmodgenilia blok-sqemis ilustracia, romelic intervius formiT warmoebul
komerciul gamokiTxvaSi gamoiyenes, Tumca naTelia, rom es meTodi
TviTadministrirebadi kiTxvarebis SemTxvevaSi gamosadegia.
selici da misi TanamSromlebi (Sellitz et al. 1978) mkvlevars kiTxvaris SedgenisTvis
sakmaod amomwurav miTiTebebs aZleven, romlebic Sejamebulia CanarTSi 15. 2 (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780425368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 1. ppt).
sakiTxebi, romlebic aq ganvixileT, mxolod Sesavalia da am TavSi TiToeuli
maTgani dawvridebiT aris warmodgenili. amasTan, kiTxvaris dagegmvis etapobrivi
mimdinareoba ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
1. gansazRvreT kiTxvaris miznebi;

2. gansazRvreT populacia da SerCeva (vinaidan maTi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb
kiTxvebi unda CarToT kiTxvaris „piradi informacia“-Si);
3. CamoayalibeT Temebi/konstruqtebi/cnebebi/sakiTxebi, romelic unda dafaros
kiTxvarma da monacemebi, romelic gWirdebaT kvlevis miznebis misaRevad
(amis gakeTeba SeiZleba literaturidan an pilotirebamdeli kvleviT,
magaliTad, fokus jgufebiT da naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebiT);
4. CamoyalibdiT, rogori sazomebi/skalebi/kiTxvebi/pasuxebi gWirdebaT;
5. dawereT kiTxvaris debulebebi;
6. gadaamowmeT, rom (3) punqtSi dasaxelebuli yoveli sakiTxi dafareT,
TiToeuli maTanisTvis ramdenime debuleba gamoiyeneT;
7. CaatareT kiTxvaris pilotireba da Sedegad daxveweT debulebebi;
8. CaatareT saboloo kiTxvari.
es etapebi moicavs ramdenime qvekomponents, romeTac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
CanarTi 15. 1. kiTxvis dagegmvis blok-sqemis teqnika
41
gaqvT Tu ara ormagi Seminva saxlis romelime fanjaraze?

diax ara
Tqven CasviT gegmavT mis
Tu dagxvdaT? Casmas Tu ara?
me Cavsvi damxvda diax ara
ra rogor fiqrobT, ra vinmes rom
mizezebis gadmoxvidodiT mizezebis fuli
gamo aq gamoapireb moeca,
CasviT? sacxovreblad, T mis Secvlida
rom ar Casmas? es raimes
dagxvedrodaT? Tu ara?
rogor rogor
fiqrobT, ra fiqrobT, ra
upiratesobebi upiratesobebi
aqvs mas? ra aqvs mas? ra
naklovanebebi? naklovanebebi?
wyaro: socialuri da sazogadoebrivi dagegmvis kvleva 1972
CanarTi 15. 2. kiTxvaris agebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
a) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb

1. aucilebelia kiTxva? ra sargebels moitans?
2. im Temas, romelsac es kiTxva miekuTvneba, ramdenime kiTxva sWirdeba?
3. aqvT Tu ara respodentebs am kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis aucilebeli informacia?
4. saWiroa Tu ara, rom kiTxva ufro konkretuli, specifikuri da
miaxloebuli iyos respodentis pirad gamocdilebas?
5. sakmarisad zogadia Tu ara kiTxvis Sinaarsi da Tavisufali yalbi
konkretikisgan da speficikurobisgan?
6. pasuxebi zogad damokidebulebebs gamoxatavs da mxolod Cans, rom aseTi
konkretulia?
7. kiTxvis Sinaarsi mikerZoebuli da calmxrivia, damabalansebeli kiTxvebis
Tanxlebis gareSe?
8. mogvcemen Tu ara respodentebi im informacias, rasac vTxovT?
b) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvis verbaluri formulirebis Sesaxeb
42
1. SeiZleba, rom kiTxva arasworad gaigon? Seicavs Tu ara rTul an

dauzustebel frazebs?
2. masSi gadmocemuli azris TvalsazsiriT, adekvaturad gamoxatavs Tu ara
kiTxva alternativas?
3. SevyavarT Tu ara kiTxvas SecdomaSi navaraudevi daSvebebis an uxilavi
Sedegebis gamo?
4. aris Tu ara formulireba mikerZoebuli? is emociurad aris datvirTuli
Tu konkretuli saxis kiTxvisken ixreba?
5. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom respodenti, nebismieri mosazrebiT,
SeewinaaRmdegos kiTxvis formulirebas?
6. ukeTes Sedegs mogvcemda Tu ara kiTxvis ufro metad personalizebuli
formulireba?
7. SeiZleba Tu ara igive kiTxvis ufro pirdapir an naklebad pirdapir dasma?
g) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvaze pasuxis formis Sesaxeb

1. kiTxvis dasmis saukeTeso formaa pasuxis arCeva (mokle pasuxi, erTi-ori
sityva an ricxvi), Tavisufali pasuxi, Tu mocemuli CamonaTvalidan pasuxis
arCeva?
2. Tu pasuxis arCeva gamoiyeneba, rogori pasuxebis SeTavazeba iqneba upriani
am kiTxvisTvis: diqotomuri, mravaljeradi arCevanis („kafeteriis“ kiTxva)
Tu skalis?
3. Tu pasuxebis aRniSnva gamoiyeneba, masSi adekvaturad aris Tu ara
warmodgenili yvela mniSvnelovani alternativa ise, rom ar faravdnen
erTmaneTs da saTanado TanmimdevrobiT? zomieri sigrZisaa CamonaTvali?
pasuxebi miukerZoebelad da dabalansebulad aris Tu ara formulirebuli?
4. aris Tu ara pasuxis forma martivi, gansazRvruli, erTgvarovani da miznis
Sesatyvisi?
d) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvarSi kiTxvis adgilis Taobaze

1. aris Tu ara albaToba imisa, rom kiTxvis Sinaarsze misi winmswrebi
kiTxvebis Sinaarsma imoqmedos?
2. bunebrivad mivdivarT Tu ara am kiTxvamde? es marTebuli fsiqologiuri
Tanmimdevrobaa?
43
3. interesis aRZvris, sakmarisi yuradRebis miqcevis, winaaRmdegobis aridebisa

da a. S. TvalsazrisiT, Zalian adre an Zalian gviani xom ar aris am kiTxvis
dasma?
wyaro: Sallitz et al. 1976
kiTxvaris operacionalizacia
kiTxvaris operacionalizaciisas iReben zogad mizans an miznebs da maT

konkretul, kvlevad sferoebad gardaqmnian, romelTa Sesaxebac unda mogrovdes
realuri monacemebi. pirvel rigSi, kiTxvaris zogadi miznebi unda dazustdes da
specifikur, konkretul amocanad an amocanebad iqces. amgvarad, „ras fiqroben
maswavleblebi saStato samsaxurze“ gacilebiT bundovania, vidre aseTi formulireba:
„warmoebisgan mowyvetis gareSe saswavlo kursebis miwodebis Taobaze dawyebiTi da
saSualo skolis maswavlebelebis mosazrebebis detaluri aRwera“, es ukve sakmaod
konkretulia.
kiTxvaris ZiriTadi mizanis gansazRvrisa da dazustebis Semdeg, dagegmvis meore
faza moicavs centralur mizanTan dakavSirebuli, damxmare Temebis gamovlenasa da
debulebebis saxiT formulirebas. Cvens magaliTSi damxmare sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos
saWiro kursebis tipebi, maTi Sinaarsi, adgilmdebareoba, vadebi, dizaini da
dafinanseba.
damxmare Temebis identifikaciasa da debulebebad formulirebas mosdevs mesame
faza, romelic moicavs im konkretuli moTxovnebis formulirebas, romelsac unda
akmayofilebdes TiToeul am sakiTxze miRebuli informacia. magaliTad, saWiro
kursebis tipebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli iqneboda detaluri informacia kursebis
xangrZliobis (erTi Sexvedra, ramdenime Sexvedra, kvira, Tve, semestri Tu weliwadi),
statusis (jildos gareSe, jildos gaTvaliswinebiT, sertifikati, diplomi, kolejis
an universitetis mier miniWebuli xarisxi) da orientaciis (Teoriaze orienitrebuli,
rac gulisxmobs leqciebs, kiTxvas da a. S., Tu praqtikaze orientirebuli
seminarebisa da saswavlo masalebis Seqmnis CaTvliT) Sesaxeb.
rogorc SeamCnevdiT, interesTa zogadi sferodan an miznidan Zalze konkretul
maxasiaTeblebze gadavediT, romelTa Sesaxebac ukve SesaZlebelia uSualo
monacemebis mogroveba. vilsoni da maklini (1994L 8 – 9) gvTavazoben alternatiul
midgomas: sakvlevi problemis identificireba, Semdeg saTanado cnebebis an
konstruqtebis dazusteba, Semdeg imis garkveva, Tu ra sazomebi (Tu SesaZlebelia) an
44
empiriuli indikatorebi arsebobs maTTvis anu am cnebebis Sesaxeb relevanturi

mtkicebulebebis misaRebad ra saxis monacemebi sWirdeba mkvlevars, magaliTad, maTi
gamovlena, intensiuroba, ZiriTadi niSnebi da ganzomilebebi, ZiriTadi elementebi da
a. S.
saerTo, rac am or midgomas aqvs, isaa, rom maTi mixedviT, unda davwmundeT, rom:
 garkveulia kiTxvaris mizani;

 garkveulia, ra unda iyos kiTxvarSi am miznis misaRwevad;
 kiTxvari amomwuravad faravs masSi CarTul elementebs;
 moicavs yvelaze Sesatyvisi saxis kiTxvebs (qvemoT aris ganxiluli);
 misi miznebisa da qvemiznebis sapasuxod yvelaze Sesatyvisi saxis monacemebs
moipovebs;
 empiriul monacemebs iTxovs.
struqturirebuli, naxevrad struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli

kiTxvarebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom uamravi saxis kiTxvari arsebobs, gaqvs martivi wesi: rac
ufro didia SerCevis moculoba, miT ufro struqturirebuli, daxuruli da
ricxobrivi unda iyos kiTxvari, xolo rac ufro mcirea SerCevis moculoba, miT
naklebad struqturirebuli, ufro Ria da verbalizebuli SeiZleba iyos is.
mkvlevars ramdenime tipis kiTxvaris arCeva SeuZlia, ukiduresad
struqturirebulidan arastruqturirebulamde. Tu daxuruli da struqturirebuli
kiTxvari gamoiyeneba, romelic paternebis dadgenisa da Sedarebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva, maSin saWiroa kiTxvaris pilotireba da imgvarad daxvewa, rom saboloo
versia yvela im savaraudo pasuxs moicavdes, romelTa winaswar gaTvlac
SesaZlebelia. aseTi kiTxvariT muSaoba mZimea kvlevis dasawyisSi, magram mas Semdeg,
rac is erTxel gaimarTeba, analitikuri samuSao SedarebiT swrafad warmoebs.
magaliTad, ori-sami Tve SeiZleba waiRos gamokiTxvisTvis gankuTvnili kiTxvaris
gamarTvam, pilotirebam, daxvewam da misTvis im formis micemam, romelic SesaZlebels
gaxdis miRebuli monacemebis statistikur damuSavebas, Tumca amisi amonagebi isaa,
rom monacemebis analizi sakmaod swrafad xdeba. Cven ukve viciT pasuxebis
kategoriebi, monacemebis buneba da statistikebi, romelsac gamoviyenebT. es mxolod
da mxolod monacemebis damuSavebis, xSirad kompiuteruli analizis, saqmea.
45
albaT, araswori iqneba kiTxvarze „arastruqturirebulis“ Tqma, radgan kiTxvaris

arsi swored isaa, rom respodentebisgan garkveuli mocemuli struqturis miyolas
moiTxovs. miuxedavad amisa, sruliad Ria kiTxvarsa, romelic „dawereT, rac gsurT“
SeTavazebas hgavs, da sruliad daxurul, struqturirebul kiTxvars Soris iseTi
mZlavri iaraRi Tavsdeba, rogoric naxevrad struqturirebuli interviua. aq
mocemulia kiTxvebi, debulebebi an punqtebi da respodentma ise unda upasuxos,
SearCios pasuxi an komentari gaakeTos, rogorc TviTon miiCnevs uprianad. kiTxvars
aqvs naTeli struqtura, Tanmimdevroba da fokusi, magram formati Riaa da
respodentebs TavianTi sityvebiT SeuZliaT pasuxebis mocema. naxevrad
struqturirebul kiTxvarebs aqvT programa, magram ar akeTeben winaswar daSvebebs
pasuxebis bunebis Sesaxeb.
kiTxvaris debulebebis tipebi
Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi
kiTxvarebSi kiTxvisa da pasuxis ramdenime forma arsebobs, maT Soris, magaliTad,

diqotomiuri kiTxvebi, mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebi, reitingis skalebi, mudmivi
jamis mqone kiTxvebi, sixSiris monacemebi da Tanafardobis monacemebi da Ria
kiTxvebi. TiToeul maTgans qvemoT ganvixilavT (aseve, ixileT Wilson 1996). daxurul
kiTxvebSi mocemulia pasuxebis SezRuduli raodenoba, saidanac respodents
saTanado pasuxis arCeva SeuZlia. ukiduresad struqturirebul, daxurul kiTxvebs is
sargebeli aqvT, rom pasuxebis sixSireebs iZlevian, romlebic statistikur
damuSavebasa da analizs eqvemdebarebian. isini SerCevaSi jgufebs Soris Sedarebasac
SesaZlebels xdian (Oppenheim 1992: 115). daxuruli kiTxvis kodireba da analizi ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre sityvieri monacemebis (Baily 1994: 118), is xSirad pirdapir
sakiTxze miemarTeba da ganzrax ufro metad fokusirebulia, vidre _ Ria kiTxva.
faqtobrivad, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia (da arc aris aucilebeli) xanmokle droSi didi
raodenobiT sityvieri masalis damuSaveba.
Tu konkretul konteqstSi mimdinare SemTxvevis Seswavla moiTxovs, maSin
Tvisebrivi, naklebad struqturirebuli, sityvieri masaliT mdidari da Ria
kiTxvarebi SeiZleba ufro gamosadegi iyos, rameTi maT konkretuli situaciis
specifikis moxelTeba SeuZliaT. sadac gazomvas cdiloben, iq kiTxvari unda
gamoiyenon. sadac mdidari da pirovnuli monacemebi esaWiroebaT, iq sityvier masalaze
46
agebuli, Tvisebrivi midgoma ufro gamoadgebaT. Ria kiTxvebi maSin aris sasargeblo,
rodesac ucnobia SesaZlo pasuxebi an kiTxvari sakiTxis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad
(Bailey 1994: 120), an rodesac pasuxebis imdenad bevri SesaZlo variantia, rom daxurul
kiTxvaSi savaraudo pasuxebis Zalian grZeli nusxa gamovidoda. isini respodents im
moculobis pasuxis gacemis saSualebasac aZleven, ramdenic mas Tavad surs da
gansakuTrebiT nayoifieria kompleqsuri sakiTxebis Seswavlisas, romelTa wvdoma
SeuZlebelia martivi pasuxebiT. Ria kiTxvebi SeiZleba debulebebis Sesaqmnelad
gamoviyenoT, romlebic momaval kiTxvarSi daxuruli kiTxvebis masalad gamodgeba
(anu prepilotireba).
zogadad, daxurul kiTxvebze (doqotomiuri, mravaljeradi arCevanis, mudmivi jamis
mqone da reitingis skalebi) pasuxis gacema swrafad xdeba, martivia maTi kodireba
(magaliTad, kompiuteruli analizisTvis) da ar axdens respodentebis gaumarTleblad
dikriminacias imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad gasagebad ayalibeben saTqmels (Wilson and
McLean 1994: 21). Tumca, meore mxriv, isini ar aZleven respodentebs pasuxebis
kategoriebisTvis raime SeniSvnebis, Sefasebebisa da axsnebis damatebis saSualebas da
arsebobs riski, rom kategoriebi mikerZoebuli da araamomwuravi iyos (Oppenheim 1992:
115).
Ria kiTxvebi, erTi mxriv, monawileebs sakuTari sityvebiT Tavisuflad weris _
pasuxebis aRweris, axsnisa da Sefasebis _ saSualebas aZlevs da ar arian
SezRudulebi pasuxebis winaswar dadgenili kategoriebiT. meore mxriv, Ria kiTxvebs
uadgilo da Warbi informacia moaqvT. isini respodentisTvis SeiZleba imdenad Ria
iyos, rom is ver mixvdes, Tu ra saxis informacias iTxoven misgan. maTze pasuxis
gacemas gacilebiT meti dro SeiZleba sWirdebodes (ramac debulebaze pasuxis
gacemaze uari SeiZleba aRqmevinos) da amitom kiTxvari SeiZleba ufro grZlad da
damabnevlad moeCvenoT. analizis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris martivi monawileebis
monacemebis urTierTSedareba da pasuxebis kodireba da daxarisxebac Znelia (ixileT
qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT sxvadasxva saxis daxurul da Ria kiTxvebs.
monacemebis skalebi
kiTxvaris SeqmnisTvis saWiroa gazomvis sistemis _ monacemebis skalis _ arCeva. es

ricxobriv monacemebs Seexeba da mkiTxvels vurCevT, rom mimarTos mexuTe Tavs
sxvadasxva skalis (saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebisa da Sefardebis) monacemebis
47
analizisa da am analizSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva statistikis Sesaxeb

informaciisTvis. saxeldebis skalis monacemebi kategoriebze migviTiTeben, rigis
skalis monacemebi _ Tanmimdevrobaze („maRlidan“ „dablisken“, „pirvelidan“
„bolosken“, „pataridan“ „didisken“, „Zalian ar veTanxmebi-dan“ „Zalian veTanxmebi-
mde“), Sefardebis skalis monacemebi _ uwyvet mniSvnelobebsa da realur nulze
(magaliTad, testSi miRebuli qula, weliwadSi daswrebebis raodenoba) (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 3. ppt). kiTxvebis tipebsa
da monacemebis doneebs Soris mimarTeba aseTia:
kiTxvis tipi monacemebis done

diqotomiuri kiTxvebi saxeldebis
mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebi saxeldebis
ranguli rigi rigis
reitingis skalebi rigis
mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi rigis
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi Sefardebis
Ria kiTxvebi sityvieri monacemebi
codnis an mosazrebis daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi
xSirad uSveben, rom respodents ecodineba an eqneba Tavisi azris mkvlevrisTvis

saintereso Temis Sesaxeb. es saxifaTo daSvebaa. es gansakuTrebulad problemuria,
rodesac kiTxvarebi bavSvebTan tardeba, romelTac SeiZleba daweron yvelaferi da
ara _ araferi. es niSnavs imas, rom respodentebs unda SevuqmnaT SesaZlebloba, rom
Tqvan: rom ar aqvT mosazreba; mocemul kiTxvaze ar ician pasuxi; rom grZnoben, rom
kiTxva maT ar exeba. aseTi situacia xSiria socialur mecnierebaSi momxmareblis
kmayofilebis gamokiTxvebSi, sadac, magaliTad, respodentebs romelime
sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis (eleqtroenergia, gazi, wyali, telefoni) Sesaxeb mTel
rig kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas sTxoven, romlis mimarTac mas ar aqvs gamokveTili
damokidebuleba da, faqtiurad, mxolod is ainteresebT, Tu ramdenad gamarTuli,
sando, iafi da moxerxebulia gadasaxadis gadaxdis TvalsazrisiT momsaxureba da
ramdenad Sedegianad gvardeba saCivrebis sakiTxi.
aq gamoyenebuli sityvebis SerCevis da maT ukan mdgari cnebebisa da informaciis
sakiTxic dgeba. arsebiTia, rom respodentebs unda esmodeT kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli
sametyvelo ena da mis ukan mdgari cnebebi. analogiurad, vinaidan mkvlevari
48
dainteresebulia konkretuli TemiT da mis Sesaxeb garkveul codnasac flobs, ar

arsebobs garantia imisa, rom respodentic aseTive iqneba. respodentze kiTxvaris
gavlena guldasmiT unda iqnas ganxiluli.
diqotomiuri kiTxvebi
Zalze struqturirebul kiTxvarSi daxuruli kiTxvebi iqneba. daxuruli kiTxva

ramdenime formis SeiZleba iyos. diqotomiur kiTxvebze pasuxia „ki“/„ara“, magaliTad,
„rodesme sasamarTloSi Tu gamouZaxebixarT?“, „bavSvze centrirebul meTodebTan
SedarebiT, didaqtikur meTodebs aniWebT upiratesobas?“ (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 4. ppt). diqotomiuri
kiTxva ase SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:
sqesi (aRniSneT): mamrobiTi  mdedrobiTi 
diqotomiuri kiTxva respodents axal sakiTxze gadasasvleli barieris daZlevas

aiZulebs. is zust, calsaxa pasuxs uzrunvelyofs. garda amisa, SesaZlebelia
pasuxebis swrafad kodireba _ pasuxebis mxolod ori kategoria iqneba. diqotomiuri
kiTxva Semdgomi kiTxvebis gadasaxarisxebladac gamodgeba, magaliTad, „Tu X kiTxvas
‚diax„ upasuxeT, gadadiT Y kiTxvaze; Tu X kiTxvas ‚ara„ upasuxeT, gadadiT Z kiTxvaze“
(qvemoT naxeT qveTavi SeWiduli kiTxvebis Sesaxeb). sudmeni da bredberni (Sudman and
Bradburn 1982: 89) Tvlian, rom Tu diqotomiur kiTxvebs viyenebT, maSin sasurvelia, rom
erTi da igive Temis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad ramdenime aseTi kiTxva
gamoviyenoT, raTa SevamciroT respodentebis „navaraudev“ pasuxebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi.
meore mxriv, SeiZleba ikiTxoT, magaliTad, ramdenad realurad iZleva „diax“/„ara“
pasuxi raime sasargeblo informacias. respodentebisgan „diax“/„ara“ saxis arCevanis
gakeTebis moTxovna SeiZleba araadekvaturi iyos. SeiZleba ufro sasargeblo
gamodges pasuxebis CamonaTvali, magaliTad, reitingis skala, romelSic SedarebiT
naklebi raodenobis kompleqsuri an odnav ganxvavebuli kiTxvebi iqneba mocemuli,
vidre martivi „diax“/„ara“. „diax“ an „ara“ SeiZleba ar Seeferebodes situaciebs,
romelTa kompleqsuroba ukeT aisaxeba iseT kiTxvebSi, romlebic axerxeben am
kompleqsurobas dafiqsirebas. amasTan, iangmeni (Youngman 1984: 163) aRniSnavs, rom
adamians bunebrivad axasiaTebs debulebaze daTanxmebis da ara _ misi uaryofis _
tendencia. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom martivma diqotomiurma kiTxvam respodentis
49
mikerZoebulobas SeiZleba daudos saTave. zogadad, adamianebs uaryofiTad

formulirebul debulebebze daTanxmeba ufro uWirT, vidre _ dadebiTad
formulirebul kiTxvebze uaryofiTi pasuxebis gacema (Weems et al. 2003).
diqotomiur kiTxvebTan („diax“/„ara“ tipis kiTxvebi) erTad, kvlevaSi diqotomiur
cvladebzec SeiZleba iTxovdnen informacias. aseTia, magaliTad, sqesi
(mamrobiTi/mdedrobiTi), skolis tipi (dawyebiTi/saSualo), kursis tipi
(profesiuli/araprofesiuli). am SemTxvevebSi oridan mxolod erTi kiTxva unda
airCion, rac saxeldebis skalis monacemebis mogrovebis saSualebas iZleva, romlebic
Semdeg xi-kvadratis, binomialuri testis, G-testisa da krostabulaciis gamoyenebiT
damuSavdeba (magaliTebisTvis ixileT Cohen and Holliday (1996)). diqotomiuri kiTxvebi
saxeldebis skalis monacemebad ganixileba (ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).
mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebi
meri sirTulis Sesatanad, mkvlevars mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebis gamoyeneba

SeuZlia, sadac mocemuli debulebis savaraudo, SesaZlo pasuxebis CamonaTvalia
wamodgenili (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 5.
ppt). magaliTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba dasvas rigi kiTxvebisa, romelic skolaSi qimiis
swavlebis axal sqemas Seexeba. debuleba iseT savaraudo pasuxebsac moicavs,
rogoricaa:
axali saSualo qimiuri ganaTleba aris:

(a) drois flangva;
(b) zedmeti tvirTi maswavleblebisTvis;
(g) ar Seefereba Cvens skolas;
(d) sasargeblo damxmare sqema;
(e) sasargeblo ZiriTadi sqema mTeli skolisTvis;
(v) kargad mowodebuli da ganxorcielebadi.
kategoriebi unda iyos diskretuli (anu ar unda iyos urTierTgadamfaravi da unda

iyos urTierTgamomricxavi) da srulad faravdes yvela pasuxebs. mravaljeradi
arCevanis kiTxvas Tan unda axldes pasuxis gacemis instruqcia, magaliTad, dazusteba
_ respodentma SeTavazebuli CamonaTvalidan mxolod erTi pasuxi unda aRniSnos
(erTi pasuxis forma), Tu ramdenime pasuxis arCeva (mravaljeradi pasuxis forma)
SeuZlia? diqotomiuri kiTxvebis msgavsad, mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebis kodireba
50
swrafad xdeba da swrafadve grovdeba pasuxebis sixSireebis dasaTvlelad. Te

kvlevas Seesabameba, maSin is gamosadegi instrumentia.
mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxva vizualurad ase SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:
swavlebis wlebis raodenoba 1 – 5  6 – 14 

15 – 24  25 + 
romel asakobriv jgufs aswavliT amJamad (SegiZliaT aRniSnoT erTze meti

pasuxi)?
skolamdels 
dawyebiTs 
saSualos 
damamTavrebels 
rogorc diqotomiur kiTxvebs aqvT paraleluri
forma diqotomiuri cvladebis saxiT, ise mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebs moepovebaT
TavianTi paraleluri cvladis mravaljeradi elementebi. magaliTad, mkvlevarma
SeiZleba ikiTxos, Tu romel klasSia moswavle. did skolaSi, ase, ormocamde klasi
iqneba; anda mkvlevars SeiZleba ainteresebdes, Tu romel 16+ programaSia moswavle
CarTuli (magaliTad, akademiuri profesiuli). am SemTxvevebSi mxolod erTi pasuxi
SeiZleba SeirCes. diqotomiuri cvladis msgavsad, cvladis ramdenime kategoriis anu
elementis CamonaTvali (magaliTad, wevrobis formebi an SeTavazebuli kursebi)
saxeldebis skalis monacemebis mogrovebis saSualebas iZleva, romelic xi-kvadratis,
G-testisa da krostabulaciis gamoyenebiT damuSavdeba (Cohen and Holliday 1996).
mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebi saxeldebis skalis monacemebad ganixileba (ixileT
wignis mexuTe nawili).
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos savaraudo pasuxebSi iseTi debulebebis CarTva,
romlebic respodents iseTi pasuxis arCevis saSualebas miscems, romelic yvelaze
kargad asaxavs mis mosazrebas. aqedan gamomdinare, piloturi kvlevaa saWiro imaSi
dasarwmuneblad, rom kategoriebi yovelmxrivi, amomwuravi da reprezentaciulia.
meore mxriv, mkvlevars SeiZleba mxolod konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebdes
da mxolod maT Sesaxeb debulebebs Seitans savaraudo pasuxebis CamonaTvalSi.
mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebiani kiTxvaSi iSviaTad iZleva uxeS, daumuSavebel
statistikaze mets. sityvebis TvalsazrisiT, is imTaviTve bundovania. magaliTad,
zemoT mocemul magaliTSi, romelic qimiis swavlebas Seexeboda, bundovania sityva
„sasargeblo“. igive iTqmis sityvebze „Seefereba“, „ganxorcielebadi“ da „tvirTi“.
51
respodentebma, TavianTi konteqstidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad gaigon

es sityvebi da amiT monacemebi araerTmniSvnelovani gaxadon. erTi respodenti qimiis
kursis sargeblianobas erT sferoSi SeiZleba xedavdes da amitom Tqvas, rom is
sasargebloa da (d) varianti aRniSnos. meore respodentma kursis sargebeli imave
sferoSi SeiZleba dainaxos, magram radgan mxolod am erT sferoSi xedavs sargebels,
es SeiZleba naklad miiCnios da Sedegad ar aRniSnos (d) varianti. anonimuri
kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba am gansxvavebebis gamovlena.
sxvadasxva respodents rom sxvadasxvagvarad esmis erTi da igive sityvebi _ es
kiTxvarebis umTavresi problemaa. pasuxebSi diskriminaciis xarisxis Semosatanad
„sayrdeni debulebebi“ (magaliTad, „sruliad veTanxmebi“, „veTanxmebi“ da a. S.)
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, magram ar arsebobs garantia imisa, rom respodenti maT iseve
gaigebs, rogorc iyo miwodebuli. zemoT mocemul magaliTSi SeiZleba ar idges amis
provlema, radgan mkvlevars mxolod sargeblianobis maCvenebeli ainteresebs imis
codnis gareSe, Tu ra sferoebSi xedaven respodentebi sargeblianobas an ratom?
Semfasebels SeiZleba mxolod daumuSavebeli, pirveladi statistika ainteresebdes
(rac SeiZleba, statistikuri TvalsazrisiT, Zalian gamosadegi iyos programis
Sesaxeb gadamwyveti msjelobisTvis). am SemTxvevaSi es uxeSi da swrafi statistika
SeiZleba sruliad misaRebi iyos.
qimiis programis Sesaxeb zemoT motanil magaliTSi debulebebis ara marto
sityvieri formulirebaa bundovani, aramed pasuxebis CamonaTvalic arasrulia,
romelic didi gaWirvebiTac ki ver warmoaCens qimiis sqemis yvela aspeqts. SeiZleba
politikurad mizanSewonili iyos, rom yuradRebis miRma darCes es, radgan Tu
pasuxebis arCevani SezRudulia, maSin isini kvlevas mikerZoebuls xdian. magaliTad,
Tu pasuxebi mxolod qimiis swavlebis sqemis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb debulebebs
moicavs, maSin Semfasebels didad ar gauWirdeba imis dadgena, rom qimiis swavlebis
SemoTavazebuli sqema sasargebloa. uaryofiTad formulirebuli debulebebis
CarTvisTvis an uaryofiTi pasuxebis Caweris SesaZleblobisTvis Tavis aridebiT
kvleva uciloblad mikerZoebuli iqneba. kiTxvebis formulirebis sakiTxi zemoT ukve
ganvixileT.
mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebebi sityvebis Tanmimdevrobisa da debulebebis
rigis problemasac qmnis. magaliTad, dilmani da misi kolegebi (2003: 6) aRweren
germaneli moswavleebis kvlevas, romelTac sTxovdnen, rom erTmaneTisTvis
SeedarebinaT TavianTi maswavleblebi da ganesazRvraT, qali maswavleblebi ufro
52
empaTiurebi iyvnen Tu mamakacebi. maT aRmoaCines, rom rodesac moswavleebs sTxovdnen,

rom qali maswavleblebi mamakaci maswavleblebisTvis SeedarebinaT, isini qal
maswavleblebs ufro maRal qulas aniWebdnen, vidre mamakacebs, vidre maSin, rodesac
mamakaci maswavleblebis qal maswavleblebTan Sedareba moeTxovebodaT. analogiurad,
avtorebi aRweren kvlevas, romelSic CogburTi fexburTze naklebad sainteresod iyo
miCneuli, rodesac jer CogburTis varianti iyo SeTavazebuli da Semdeg modioda
fexburTi da ufro metad sainteresod, rodesac jer fexburTi iyo dasaxelebuli da
Semdeg CogburTi. es kvlevebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom respodentebi ufro gvian
miwodebul debulebebs maTi winmswrebi debulebebis mixedviT afaseben da ara
piriqiT; isini uyuradRebod toveben gvian miwodebuli debulebebis maxasiaTeblebs,
romelic maT winmswreb myof debulebebSi ar xvdebaT. es „pirvelobis efeqtis“ anu
„rigis efeqtis“ SemTxvevaa, rodesac CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi myof debulebebs ufro
meti wona eniWeba, vidre siis bolosken ganTavsebulT. rigir efeqti Znelad
emorCileba misi Semcirebis mcdelobebs da pirvelobis efeqti gamorCeulad Zlieria
internet kiTxvarebSi (Dillman et al. 2003: 22).
ranguli rigi (ranJireba)
ranguli rigis kiTxvebi mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebs hgavs imiT, rom masSi
mocemulia variantebi, saidanac irCevs respodenti, Tumca is ufro metia, vidre
mravaljeradi arCevani, radgan aq respodents prioritetebis miTiTeba moeTxoveba. es
upiraterobis, prioritetis, intensiurobisa da a. S. fardobiTi xarisxis dadgebis
saSualebas iZleva (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili
15. 6. ppt). ranguli rigis kiTxvaSi mocemulia faqtorebis CamonaTvali da respodents
maTTvis rangebis miniWeba (maTi ranJireba) moeTxoveba, magaliTad:
gTxovT, cariel ujrebSi Sesabamisi ricxvebis CaweriT miuTiToT, Tu ras ra

upiratesobas aniWebT. „1“ niSnavs yvelaze met upiratesobas, „2“ _ rigiT meore,
SedarebiT nakleb upiratesobas da a. S.
 skolaSi aris saTanado materialuri resursebi. 
 Sesworebebi yvela maswavlebls kargad auxsnes. 
 Sesworebs mxars uWers maTematikosTa gundi. 
 uzrunvelyofilia TanamSromelTa aucilebeli ganviTareba. 
 Sesabamisad, gaumjobesda moswavleTa miRwevis done. 
 proeqtebs yvela maswavlebeli eTanxmeba. 
53
 isini aumjobeseben moswavleTa motivacias. 

 mSoblebisTvis misaRebia Sesworebebi. 
 isini niWieri moswavleebis Sedegebs gaaumjobeseben. 
 muSaoba metad problemebis gadaWraze orientirebuli xdeba. 
am magaliTSi aTi debulebaa mocemuli. Tu es mkvlevrisTvis mimzidvelad

gamoiyureba, radgan naTlad SeuZlia erTmaneTisgan respodentis prioritetebis
gamijvna, Tavad respodentisTvis aseTi natifi gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba SeiZleba
metismetis moTxovna iyos. maT SeiZleba marTlac ar SeeZloT TavianTi pasuxebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, an ubralod Tvlidnen, rom arc ise gansxvavebulia
SeTavazebuli variantebi erTmaneTisgan. Zalian grZeli nusxis SeTavazeba SeiZleba
damabnebeli iyos. vilsoni da maklini (1994: 26) Tvlian, rom ararealisturia
respodentebisgan prioritetebis dalagebis moTxovna, Tu CamonaTvalSi xuTze meti
variantia warmodgenili. zemoT mocemuli aTdebulebiani davalebis SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevars problemis mogvarebis ori gza aqvs. pirveli, debulebebis raodenoba
xuTamde unda Seamciros da am SemTxvevaSi respodentis damokidebulebis amsaxveli
pasuxebis diapazoni da sisrule sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba. amis alternatiuli gzaa
aTive debulebis SenarCuneba, magram am SemTxvevaSi respodents mxolo pirveli xuTi
prioritetis ranJireba moeTxoveba. aq variantebis raodenobac ucvleli rCeba da
aRarc davalebaa damabneveli (Tumca matulobs analizisTvis monacemebis
daxarisxebis problema).
zemoT mocemuli magaliTis ufro mokle versia ase SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:
 moswavleebs unda uxarodeT skolaSi misvla. 

 maswavleblebi ufro nakleb saSinao davalebas unda iZleodnen. 
 moswavleebs sagnebis ufro mdidari arCevani unda 
hqondeT skolaSi.
 maswavleblebi ufro met TanamSromlobiT meTodebs 
unda iyenebdnen.
 moswavleebs ufro xSirad unda amowmebdnen; ase isini 
ufro mets imecadineben.
ranJireba sasargebloa pasuxebis xarisxis misaTiTeblad. am TvalsazrisiT, isini

reitingis skalebs emsgavsebian, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT. ranJirebis kiTxvebi
54
rigis skalis monacemebad ganixileba (rigis skalis monacemebis Sesaxeb ixileT

wignis mexuTe nawili).
reitingis skalebi
pasuxebis xarisxi da intensivoba da diqotomiur kiTxvebze uaris Tqma kargad Cans

reitingis skalebis cnebaSi, rogoricaa likertis skala, semantikuri diferencialis
skala, Turstonisa da gatmanis skalebi. es mkvlevrisTvis Zalze gamosadegi
saSualebebia, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom maT imTaviTve axasiaTebT sensitiurobis
xarisxi da pasuxebis deferencireba, mainc ricxobriv monacemebs iZlevian. am TavSi
pirvel or skalaze visaubrebT, Tumca danarCenebis ganxilva openheimTan (1992)
SeigiZliaT naxoT. (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368680Y_ Tavi 15, faili
15. 7. ppt). likertis skala (es saxeli avtoris, rensis likertis sapativcemulod hqvia,
romelmac skala 1932 wels Seqmna) mocemuli kiTxvisTvis an debulebisTvis pasuxebis
diapazons sTavazobs respodents, magaliTad:
ramdenad mniSvnelovnad migaCniaT, rom saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis samuSao

adgilebis arseboba?
1 = sul ara;
2 = Zalian mcired;
3 = mcired;
4 – sakmaod;
5 = Zalian.
ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba yvela studentisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos.

1 = sruliad ar veTanxmebi;
2 = ar veTanxmebi;
3 = arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi;
4 = veTanxmebi;
5 = sruliad veTanxmebi.
aseTi skala Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:
gTxovT, upaxusoT kiTxvas mxolod erTi Sesabamisi ricxvis qveS aRniSvnis gakeTebiT.
ricxvebis mniSvnelobebia:
1 = sruliad ar veTanxmebi;
2 = ar veTanxmebi;
3 = arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi;
55
4 = veTanxmebi;
5 = sruliad veTanxmebi.
1 2 3 4 5
ufrosi asakis maswavleblebs ufro meti          
gakveTilebi unda hqodeT.
warmodgenil magaliTebSi es kategoriebi wyvetili unda iyos da amowuravdes

yvela SesaZlo pasuxs, romlic mocemac ki SeiZleba moisurvos respodentma.
miuxedavad wina magaliTSi warmoWrili internretaciis problemebis msgavsi
problemebisa, rodesac erTi respodentis „veTanxmebi“ meoris „sruliad veTanxmebi“
SeiZleba iyos da erTis „sul mcired“, meoris „mcired“-s niSnavdes, pasuxebs Soris
natifi sxvaoba, romelic reitingis skalebis Tandayolili niSania, maT Zalian
mimzidvelsa da kvlevi farTod gamoyenebad instrumentad aqcevs.
es orive magaliTi damokidebulebis skalirebis instrumentis mniSvnelovan
Tvisebas avlens, kerZod, skalis erTganzomilebianobis daSvebas. skalaze erT jerze
mxolod erTi ram SeiZleba gaizomos (Oppenheim 1992: 187 – 8). faqtobrivad, swored es
aris Tavad likertis (1932) azrovnebis qvakuTxedi.
Zalian martivia diqotomiuri kiTxvis mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvad gardaqmna.
magaliTad, diqotomiuri formatis „SegiZliaT?“, „gaqvT?“, „xarT?“, „SegiZliaT?“ tipis
kiTxvebis nacvlad, formulirebis martivi gadaxalisebiT, gacilebis natifi
reitingis skalis miReba SeiZleba. amisaTvis mxolod saWiroeba, rom zemoT
dasaxelebuli sityvebi CavanacvloT sityvebiT „ramdenad Zlierad?“, „ramdenad
Soris?“, „ramdenad bevri?“, „ramdenad xSirad?“ da a. S.
semantikuri diferenciali reitingis skalis nairsaxeobaa, romelSic skalis or
boloSi antonimi zedsarTavis saxelebi Tavsdeba _ erTi zedsarTavi erT boloSi da
misi sawinaaRmdebo _ meore boloSi, magaliTad:
rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad informaciulia istoriis axali saxelmZRvaneloebi?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
sasargebloa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ usargebloa
respodentebi sakuTar mosazrebas skalis im ricxvis SemoxazviT an aRniSvniT

afiqsireben, romelic yvelaze metad gamoxatavs maT damokidebulebas. mkvlevrebi
sakuTar pirobebsa da antominur wyvilebs qmnian, magaliTad:
miaxloebadi . . . . ganridebadi
56
keTilSobili . . . . naZirala
megobruli . . . . mtruli
mzrunveli . . . . udardeli
yuradRebiani . . . . uyuradRebo
bejiTi . . . . zarmaci
osgudi da misi TanamSromlebi (Osgood et al. 1957), am teqnikis pionerebi, Tvlian, rom
semantikuri diferencialis skalebi sam konteqstSi gamogvadgeba: SefasebiT
(magaliTad, Rirebuli-araRirebuli, sasargeblo-usargeblo, kargi-cudi),
SesaZleblobis (magaliTad, didi-patara, susti-Zlieri, msubuqi-mZime) da moqmedebis
(magaliTad, Cqari-neli, aqtiuri-pasiuri, moZravi-zanti).
arsebobs reitingis skalebSi zogierTi farTod gamoyenebadi kategoriebi,
magaliTad:
 sruliad ar veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi-arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi-veTanxmebi-

sruliad veTanxmebi;
 Zalian iSviaTad-xandaxan-sakmaod xSirad-Zalian xSirad;
 Zalian mcire-mcire-raRac saSualo-bevri-Zalian bevri;
 arasodes-zogjer-xSirad-Zalian xSirad;
 sruliad umniSvnelo-umniSvnelo-arc mniSvnelovani, arc umniSvnelo-mniSvnelovani-
Zalian mniSvnelovani;
 sruliad marTalia-nawilobriv aris marTali-ar vici-arc iseTi marTalia-sruliad
ar aris marTali;
 Zalian veTanxmebi-veTanxmebi-ar var darwmunebuli-ar veTanxmebi-Zalian ar veTanxmebi.
dasaxelebul kategoriebs SegviZlia davamatoT „ar vici“ an „ar maqvs mosazreba“.
reitingis skalebi farTod gamoiyeneba kvlevaSi da samarTlianadac, vinaidan moqnil
pasuxebTan erTad sixSireebis gansazRvris, korelaciebisa da raodenobrivi analizis
sxva formebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. isini mkvlevars gazomvis da
mosazrebis, raodenobisa da Tvisebriobis nazavis gamoyenebisa saSualebas aZlevs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom reitingis skalebi kvlevaSi mZlavri da sasargeblo
instrumentia, mkvlevars mainc marTebs misi SezRudvebis codna. magaliTad, man
sensitiurobis xarisxsa da natifobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iseT monacemebze dayrdnobiT
daaskvnas, romlebic ar arian aseTi informaciis matarebelni. reitingebis
skalebisTan mimarTebiT kidev sxva gamafrTxilebeli faqtorebi arsebobs, iqneba es
likertisa Tu semantikuri diferencialis skalebi:
57
 kategoriebs Soris intervalebi ar aris Tanabari, Sesabamisad, rangi 4 arc imaze

miuTiTebs, rom is orjer Zlieria, vidre rangi 2 da arc imas, rom orjer metad
igrZnoba. ver davaskvniT, rom likertis skalaze grZnobis internsivoba „Zalian
veTanxmebisa“ da „ar veTanxmebis“ Soris rogorme Tanxvdeba grZnobis intensivobas
„Zalian ar veTanxmebisa“ da „veTanxmebis“ Soris. es umarTebulo daskvnaa. toli
intervalebis problema Turstonis skalazea mogvarebuli (hurstone and Chave 1929;
Oppenheim 1992: 190 – 5).
 veranairad SevamowmebT, respodenti simarTles ambobs Tu ara. zogierTma maTganma
SeiZleba mizanmimarTulad gaayalbos Tavisi pasuxebi.
 veranairad gavigebT, undoda Tu ara respodents raime SeniSvnis an komentaris
gakeTeba mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba isec momxdariyo, rom raRac
ufro meti, ufro mniSvnelovani yofiliyo saTqmeli mocemul Temaze, vidre
skalaze iyo mocemuli, rac kategoriebis SezRudvis gamo dumilisTvis gaiwira. am
sakiTxis dRis wesrigidan martivad mosaxsnelad saWiroa piloturi kvlevis
Catareba da, aseve, „sxva (gTxovT, daasaxeloT)“ kategoriis damateba.
 umravlesoba Tavs aaridebda kidura pasuxebis aRniSvnas. xSirad vcdilobT, rom
bevr aspeqtSi vgavdeT erTmaneTs. reitingis skalebis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom,
SesaZloa, Tavi avaridoT skalis kontinuumis orive boloSi myof ukidures
pasuxebs da skalis punqtebis arCevani sam SesaZlo variantze daviyvanoT (5-qulian
skalze). es niSnavs, rom, faqtiurad, Zalian mwiri arCevani gveqneba. aqedan
gamosavalia ufro didi skalis Seqmna, vidre 5-quliani skalaa, magaliTad, 7-
qulianis. 7-qulian skalaze meti ufro met detalizaciasa da sizustes iTxovs,
rac SeiZleba ar Seeferebodes mocemul debulebas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu marTebulad miviCnevT zemoT mocemul msjelobas imis Taobaze, rom erTi
respodentis mier skalaze aRniSnuli qula 3, SeiZleba meoris 4 qula iyos.
 respodentebi 5 an 7-quliani skalis Sua nawilisken gadaxris tendenciiT
xasiaTdebian (centraluri tendencia). es gasakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aRmosavleT
azieli respodentebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac konfucianul kulturaSi „saSualos
doqtrinaa“ miRebuli. amis daZlevis erTi gza skalaze luwi raodenobis punqtebis
gamoyenebaa, sadac ar aris Suawertili. meore mxriv, SeiZleba SemogvekamaTon, rom
Tu respodents momlodine poziciis dakaveba unda Suawertils irCevs, maSin mas
unda mivces ase moqcevis arCevis Tavisufleba.
58
 aqamde ganxilul skalebze gvqonda Suawertili: 5-qulian skalaze esaa kategoria

3, xolo 7-qulianze _ kategoria 4. amis SesaZleblobas skalaze kenti punqtebis
gamoyeneba qmnis. Tumca, skalis wyvili punqtebis gamoyenebisa, magaliTad, 6-
punqtianis, saWiroa, rom miuTiToT, ratom miiReT aseTi gadawyvetileba.
magaliTad, skolaSi axali saStato struqtura aqvT da direqtori misi efeqturobis

marTvis raime gzebs eZebs. respodentebs SeiZleba sTxovon, rom 6-qulian reitingis
skalaze miuTiTon TavianTi pasuxi debulebaze:
skolaSi axali saStato struqtura gunduri muSaobis saSualebas iZleva mkafiod

gamokveTili hirizontaluri menejmentis pirobebSi.
(erTi cifri SemoxazeT)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Zalian _ _ _ _ _ _ Zalian ar
veTanxmebi veTanxmebi
vTqvaT, erTma TanamSromelma Semoxaza 1, rva TanamSromelma _ 2, Tormetma _ 3,

cxram _ 4, orma _ 5 da Svidma _ 6. vianidan skalaze ar iyo Suawerili, mkvlevars
SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom respodentebi, romelTac 1, 2 da 3 Semoxazes, garkveulwilad
eTanxmebodnen debulebas, xolo isini, vinc 4, 5 da 6 Semoxaza _ ara. es Zalian
gamoadgeba, magaliTad, direqtors Tanxmobis sajarod gancxadisTvis, rodesac 21
TanamSromeli (1+8+12) eTanxmeba mocemuli debulebas da 18 (9+2+7) _ ara. Tumca
SegviZlia, mivuTiToT, rom punqtma „Zalian ar veTanxmebi“ _ Zalian Zlierma grZnobam
_ Svidi TanamSromeli miizida, rac ar moxda „Zalian veTanxmebi“-is SemTxvevaSi,
romelic mxolod erTma TanamSromelma airCia. ganapirad xmebi daikarga uxeS
ganzogadebaSi.
amasTan, Tu mkvlevari miRebul qulebs mxolod ori SuaTana kategoriis
(kategoriebi 3 da 4) mixedviT daajgufebda, warmodgenili iqneboda 21 TanamSromeli,
xolo 9 TanamSromeli (1+8) 1 da 2 kategoriebidan da 9 TanamSromeli (2+7) 5 da 6
kategoriebidan gamoiricxeboda. 1, 2, 5 da 6 kategoriebSi gadanawilebul
TanamSromelTa raodenobis SekrebiT viRebT 18-s, rac ufro naklebia, vidre 21
TanamSromlis jami or SuaTana (3 da 4) kategoriaSi. am gamoTvliT arc ise kargad
Cans, rom debulebas marTlac eTanxmebodnen. faqtobrivad, SedarebiT didi
raodenobiT miRebuli „Zalian ar veTanxmebis“ gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba vamtkicoT,
rom is TanamSromlebi, romlebic, savaraudod, WoWmanobdnen (kategoriebi 3 da 4) da
59
isini, vinc „Zalian ar veTanxmebi“ aRniSna, erTad Sekrebilni debulebis uayrofaze

miuTiTeben da ara _ Tanxmobaze.
monacemebis interpretacia didi sifrTxiliT unda moxdes. monacemebis mkvlevaris
miznebis Sesatyvisad dalageba SeiZleba Zalian macdunebeli iyos, magram sakmaod
umarTebulo. aq oqros wesia, rom mouxeSav, usufTao da bolomde daumuSavebel
monacemebs aseTive interpretaciebi mohyveba. daxvewil statistikas daxvewili
monacemebi sWirdeba. monacemebis interpretaciam monacemebi arakeTilsindisierad ar
unda damaxinjos. reitingis skalis kiTxvebi rigis skalis monacemebad ganixileba
(ixileT nawili mexuTe) da maTTvis modaluri qulebi da araparametruli monacemebis
analizi gamoiyeneba, Tumca bevri magaliTis povna SeiZleba, sadac es wesi
darRveulia da araparametrul monacemebze parametrulisTvis gankuTvnil
statistikur manipulaciebs axorcieleben, rac miuRebelia.
ukve iTqva, rom reitingis skalebis mimzidvelobas is qmnis, rom isini,
diqotomiur kiTxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro sensitiuri da respodentisTvis Sesatyvisi
monacemebis miRebis met SesaZleblobas iZlevian. es reitingul skalebs
gansakuTrebiT sasargeblos xdis respodentebis damokidebulebebis, aRqmebisa da
mosazrebebis mosaxelTeblad. monacemebis mogrovebis am meTodis aucilebeli nawilia
piloturi kvleva amomwuravi da wyvetili kategoriebis SesamuSaveblad da
dasaxvewad.
SesaZlebelia kiTxvarebis, romlebic ricxobriv an sityvier monacemebs iZlevian,
kompiuteruli programebiT damuSaveba (magaliTad, Sesabamisad, SPSS an Ethnograph). Tu
mkvlevari monacemebis damuSavebas kompiuteruli programiT apirebs, maSin arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, rom kiTxvaris sqema da kodirebis sistema konkretul programul
pakets Seesatyvisebodes. instruqciebi iseTi sqemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic amartiveben
monacemebis Setanas, Tan erTvis xolme aseT programul paketebs.
reitingis skalebi ufro sensitiuri instrumentebia, vidre diqotomiuri skalebi,
magram maTi sargeblianoba mainc SezRudulia, radgan fiqsirebuli pasuxebi aqvs da
respodentma SeTavazebuli variantebidan erTi unda airCios. respodentebs kiTxvari
kidev ufro metad SeiZleba movargoT, Tu masSi Ria kiTxvebs gamoviyenebT, romelze
pasuxadac maT sakuTari sityvebiT sakuTari mosazrebis dafiqsireba SeeZlebaT. aseT
kiTxvebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi
60
aseTi tipis kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi respodents mocemuli qulebis (niSnebis)

mocemul debulebebze gadanawilebas sTxoven (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 8. ppt), magaliTad:
gTxovT, gadaanawiloT mocemuli 10 qula qvemoT mocemul im winadadebebs Soris ise,

romlebic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze zustad aRweren Tqvens qcevas. es qulebi Tavisuflad
SegiZliaT gadaanawiloT: SegiZliaT gafantoT, mxolod ramdenime debulebas mianiWoT, an,
Tu gsurT, mxolod erT winadadebas miakuTvnoT.
SemiZlia axali SesaZleblobebidan sargeblis miReba.  
nebismier adamianTan SemiZlia efeqturad muSaoba.  
ideebis generirebis unari Cemi erT-erTi Zlieri mxarea.  
Cveulebriv, SemiZlia vTqva, Tu ras niSnavs praqtikuli muSaoba.  
sul bolomde SemiZlia amocanebis ganWvreta.  
skolis sakeTildReod, mzad var rom arapopularuli viyo.  
aseTi davaleba prioritetebis dadgenis, maRali da dabali Sefasebebis Sedarebisa

da Tanabari arCevanis miTiTebis saSualebas iZleva da, rac mniSvnelovania, repodenti
amas Tavisi terminebiT akeTebs. man unda Seadaros da airCios debulebaTa
SeTavazebuli diapazonidan. magaliTad, 10 qulis ganwileba pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebs
Soris SeiZleba gvsurdes:
enawyliani  
TanamSromlobiTi  
gamrje  
zarmaci  
mondomebuli  
yuradRebiani  
es niSnavs, rom respodentma TiToeuli SeTavazebuli aspeqtis fardobiTi wona

unda Seafasos da ise miiRos qulis miniWebis gadawyvetileba. amis gakeTeba
SeTavazebuli terminebiT pirovnebis mTliani bunebis gaazrebas niSnavs, raTa
SesaZlebeli iyos im balansis danaxva, romelSic erTi aspeqti ufro Zlierad aris
gamokveTili, vidre meore.1
am midgomaSi rTulia imis gadawyveta, Tu ramdeni qula unda gadanawildes
mocemul debulebebze (mrgvali ricxvi, magaliTad, 10, aadvilebs gamoTvlebs) da
ramdeni debuleba unda SevTavazoT respodents, magaliTad, imdenive, ramdenic
61
gasanawilebeli qula, Tu meti an naklebi? Zalian mcire odenobis debulebebi ver

gamoxatavs sakiTxis sirTules, xolo Zalian bevri debulebebi SeiZleba respodents
qulebis miniWebis gadawyvetilebis miRebas urTulebdes. mcire raodenobis
misaniWebeli qulebi arafris momcemi SeiZleba iyos, magram, amis sapirispirod, Zalian
bevri qula da Zalian bevri debuleba/punqti respodentis mier gamoTvlebSi daSvebul
martiv Secdomebs SeiZleba niSnavdes. Cveni rCeva iqneba 10 qula da 6-8 debuleba.
mudmivi jamis mqone monacemebi rigis skalas ekuTvnis da amitom maTi
damuSavebisTvis araparametruli analizi gamoiyeneba (ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi
Tanafardobis monacemebs wignis mexuTe nawilSi ganvixilavT da amitom maTi

ganmartebisTvis, gTxovT, mas mimarToT (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 9. ppt). aq mxolod imas
vityviT, rom Tanafardobis kiTxvebi uwyvet cvladebs Seexeba, romelTac aqvT
realuri nuli, magaliTad,
ramdeni fuli gaqvT bankSi? 

ramdenjer daigvianeT skolaSi? 
ra niSani miiReT maTematikis testSi? 
ramdeni wlis brZandebiT (wlebiT)? 
aq ar aris fiqsirebuliYfiqsirebuli pasuxebi an kategoriebi da respodenti misi

zusti mdgomareobis Sesatyvis ricxobriv pasuxs iZleva anu maRalia sizustis
xarisxi, ufro maRali, vidre monacemebis kategoriebis SemTxvevaSi. es saSualoebis,
standartuli gadaxrebis, diapazonisa da iseTi maRali rangis statistikuri
kriteriumebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rogoricaa regresia, faqtoruli
analizi da struqturuli gantolebis modelireba (ixileT nawili mexuTe).
Tanafardobis skalirebis alternatiuli formaa, rodesac respodentebma, vTqvaT,
10 qulidan raRac nawili unda mianiWon konkretul debulebas. es meTodi biznessa da
komerciaSi momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxmareblis kmayofilebis Sesafaseblad
gamoiyeneba. is kgeilma da morisonma (2006) ganaTlebaSic gamoiyenes. magaliTisTvis
ixileT CanarTi 15. 3. aseT skalirebas xSirad iyeneben satelefono interviuebSi,
radgan advilad gasagebia respodentebisTvis. SegviZlia ganvaviTaroT msjeloba da
vTqvaT, rom es meTodi reitingi skalis daxvewili formaa, magram instruqciaSi
62
gamoyenebuli terminologiis mixedviT, sruliad naTelia, rom is Sefardebis skalis

monacemebs iTxovs.
CanarTi 15 3
kiTxvaris 10-quliani Sefasebis skala
gTxovT, TiToeuli debuleba SeafasoT 1-dan 10-mde qulebiT, sadac 10 niSnavs saukeTesos
da 1 _ uaress. gTxovT, TiToeuli debulebisTvis SemoxazoT Sesabamisi cifri
swavleba da swavla
uaresi saukeTeso
1. skolaSi swavlebisa da swavlisTvis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

daTmobili yuradReba
2. gakveTilis momzadebis xarisxi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3. ramdenad zrunaven moswaleebze, warmarTaven 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

da mxars uWeren maT
4. ramdenad efeqturad asaqmebs maswavlebeli 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

moswavleebs
5. maswavleblis mier iseTi Sefasebis sistemis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

gamoyeneba, romelic moswavlis swavlis
maqsimizaciisTvis aris mowodebuli
6. ramdenad kargad swavloben moswavleebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. diskusiebi da ganxilvebi, romelTac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

maswavleblebi swavlebisa da swavlis
xarisxis Sesaxeb marTaven
Ria kiTxvebi
Ria kiTxvebi Zalze mimzidveli instrumentis mcire zomis kvlevisTvis an

kiTxvaris im nawilisTvis, sadac, ricxvebis Semoxazvisa da aRniSvnebis garda,
respodentebs gulwrfel piradi komentarebsac sTxoven (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415378680 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 10. ppt). kiTxvarSi
ubralod mocemulia Ria kiTxvebi da pasuxis Casawerad adgilia (an carieli xazebi)
datovili. swored Ria kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSia informaciis is „margalitebi“,
romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi SeumCneveli darCeboda. amasTan, Ria kiTxvebis
63
gamoyenebisas monacemebze pasuxismgebloba da sakuTrebis ufleba ufro metad aris

respodentis xelSi.
kargi iqneba, mkvlevari respodents daxmarebasac Tu SesTavazebs, ase mas ukeT
ecodineba, ra tipis pasuxs moelian misgan. magaliTad, Ria kiTxvis Tanmxlebi
daxmareba aseTi SeiZleba iyos:
 gTxovT, aRniSnoT yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, romlebic amcireben

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi TanamSromlebis monawileobas.
 gTxovT, daasaxeloT maTematikis kursis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
 gTxovT, miuTiToT skolaSi ucxo enis swavlebis gasaumjobesebeli aspeqtebi.
es ar niSnavs, rom Ria kiTxva imdenad kargad ver awesebdes gasacemi pasuxis
farglebs, rogorc amas reitingis skalis kiTxva SeiZleba akeTebdes. Tumca, Ria
kiTxvas SeuZlia pasuxis auTenturobis, simdidrisa da siRrmis moxelTeba, romlis
gulwrfeloba da pirdapiroba, rogorc bevrgan aRiniSna am wignSi, Tvisebrivi
monacemebis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia.
openheimi (1992: 56 – 7) Tvlis, rom sasargebloa Ria kiTxvaze „winadadebis
dasrulebis“ debulebis mibma, magaliTad:
gTxovT, Tqveni sityvebiT daasruloT winadadeba:

efeqturi maswavlebeli . . .
an
xelisSemSleli moswavleebi yvelaze metad imiT maRizianeben, rom . . .
kiTxvebis Riaobas monacemebis organizebis problemebi axlavs Tan. magaliTad, Tu

mosazrebebis ricxvebad gardaqmnas SevecdebiT (magaliTad, amdeni adamiani
direqtoris mier SeTavazebuli axali gegmiT amdenad kmayofilia), maSin, SeiZleba
vamtkicoT, rom kiTxvarSi, pirvel rigSi, reitingis skalebi unda gamogveyenebina.
amasTan, SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom mkvlevarma daarRvios sityvieri monacemebis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi principi _ aseTi monacemebi ar aris gankuTvnili krebsiTi saxiT
validurad warmosadgenad, anu es niSnavs, rom sityvier monacemebs raodenobrivi
monacemebisTvis gankuTvnili principebi mivuyenoT, romelTac erTi paradigmidan
(raodenobrivi, pozitiuri meTodologia) meoresTvis (Tvisebrivi, interpretaciuli
meTodologia) vsesxulobT.
garda amisa, Tu realurad Ria kiTxvas vsvamT, albaT, naklebad unda velodoT,
rom miRebuli pasuxebi imdenad msgavsi iqneba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi saTanadod
64
gaerTianeba. Ria kiTxvebi arTuleben respodentebis erTmaneTTan Sedarebas, radgan

maT Soris SeiZleba bevri araferi iyos saerTo da Sesadarebeli. metic, Ria
kiTxvaris Sesavsebad gacilebiT meti droa saWiro, vidre reitingis skalaze
aRniSnvnebis gakeTeba. aq ara marto droa dabrkoleba, aramed daSvebac, rom
respodentebs sakmarisad an erTnairad SeeZlebaT sakuTari azrebis gamoxatva da maTi
qaRaldze gadatana.
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, redlaini da misi kolegebi (Redline at el. 2002) aRniSnaven,
rom Ria kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi respodentebma SeiZleba yuradReba ar miaqcion
instruqciebs, radgan sakuTari sityvebiT weriT ufro iyvnen dakavebulni da ara _
instruqciebis kiTxviT.
miuxedavad am gafrTxilebebisa, Ria kiTxvebis pasuxebisTvis datovili sivrce
respodentebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom naTeli mohfinons mocemul sakiTxsa Tu
process. amgvarad, Ria kiTxvarebis bevris SemoTavazeba SeuZliaT.
marticuli kiTxvebi
matriculia ara Tavad kiTxva, aramed misi gadmocemis forma. matriculi kiTxvebi
ramdenime kiTxvaze garkveuli saxis pasuxis mocemis saSualebas iZleva, magaliTad,
„Zalian ar veTanxmebi“-dan „Zalian veTanxmebi“-mde. matriculi ganlagebiT kiTxvarSi
adgils vzogavT, magaliTad:
gTxovT, qvemoT mocemul debulebebze pasuxebi Sesatyvisi cifris qveS aRniSvniT
daafiqsireT. TiTO jerze mxolod erTi cifri aRniSneT, sadac 1 = sul ara, 2 = Zalian
mcired, 3 = zomierad, 4 = sakmaod, 5 = Zalian.
ramdenad iyenebT SefasebisTvis qvemoT CamoTvlilT?

1 2 3 4 5
(a) fasian testebs          
(b) Tqven mier gakeTebul testebs          
(g) moswavleTa proeqtebs          
(d) eseebs          
(e) moswavleebis namuSevrebs          
65
am magaliTSi xuT kiTxvas mxolod xuT striqonSi vsvamT, cxadia, instruciebisa

da pirobiTi aRniSvnebis ganmartebis gamoklebiT. kiTxvebis mocemis aseTi forma
sivrcis ekonomiaa.
meore magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba kiTxvebis matriculi ganlagebiT
kiTxvarSi mniSvnelovani moculobis sivrcis dazogva. aq (ixileT CanarTi 15. 4)
warmodgenilia kiTxvebi im prolemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kvlevis warmoebisas
SeiZleba wamoiWras da iTxoven monacemebs imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad mogvarebadia
isini. TiTo problemis Sesaxeb ainteresebT misi moculoba (ramdenad didia problema)
da misi mogvarebadobis xarisxi (ramdenad SesaZlebelia am problemis gadaWra).
pirveli sakiTxisTvis 1 = ar aris problema, 2 = mcire problema, 3 = zomieri
problema, 4 = didi problema, 5 = Zalian didi problema. meore sakiTxisTvis 1 =
sruliad mougvarebeli, 2 = mxolod mcired mogvarebadi, 3 = saSualod mogvarebadi, 4
= sakmaod mogvarebadi, 5 = sruliad mogvarebadi.
am magaliTSi 30 kiTxva (152) Zalian mcire farTobzea warmodgenili.
CanarTi 15. 4.
potenciuri problemebi, romlebic kvlevis warmoebisas warmoiqmneba
problemis problemis
moculoba mogvarebadoba
(1_5) 1_5)
1. skolebSi Sesvlis da maswavleblebTan wvdomis
uflebis miReba.
2. kvlevis Catarebis uflebis miReba (magaliTad,
skolis direqtorisgan).
3. skolis direqtoris ukmayofileba.
4. adamianebi gansazRvraven, ra monacemi gamoiyenoT da
ra _ ara.
5. SerCevisTvis sakmarisi msurvelis povna.
6. skolaSi „Zalian bevri kvlevaa“, rogorc garedan
Semosuli, ise _ Sinauri mkvlevrebis mier
warmoebuli.
7. skolas an adamianebs ar surT sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacema.
8. skolebs ar surT TavianTi vinaobis gamJRavneba,
dacvis garantiis pirobebSic ki.
66
9. skolaze moqmedi adgilobrivi politikuri

faqtorebi.
10. maswavleblebis SiSi, rom amoicnoben/daadgenen maT
vinaobas, dacvis garantiis pirobebSic ki.
11. maswavleblebs eSiniaT kvlevaSi monawileobis miReba
(magaliTad, Tu rame kritikuls ityvian skolis an
sxvebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba samsaxuri dakargon).
12. datvirTuli samuSao grafikis gamo maswavleblebi
ver monawileoben kvlevaSi.
13. direqtori TanamSromlebisgan ukiTxavad iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, miiRon Tu ara maT kvlevaSi
monawileoba.
14. skolebs an institutebs eSiniaT kritikis reputaciis
dakargvis SiSis gamo.
15. kvlevis sensitiuroba: sakvlevi sakiTxebi.
kiTxvaris aseTi sqema, erTi mxriv, respodents kiTxvebze pasuxebis swrafad gacemis
saSualebas aZlevs. meore mxriv, aseTi ganlagebiT misi goneba erT pasuxze SeiZleba
moimarTos („ganwyoba pasuxze“, „pasuxze fiqsireba“: Baker 1994: 181) anu erTi pasuxis
gacemis ganwyoba Seeqmnas, ubralod Cayves kiTxvaris svetebs da yvelgan erTi da igive
cifri Caweros (magaliTad, 3), an reitingis skalaze yvelgan samiani Semoxazos.
pasuxze aseTi ganwyobis aRmoCena pasuxebis paternis gadaTvalierebiT da Semdgomi
analizidan aseTi pasuxebis gamoricxviT aris SesaZlebeli.
pasuxebze fiqsirebis sixSiris Semcirebis tradiciuli gzaa zogierTi kiTxvis
mniSvnelobis imgvarad Sebruneba, orm respodentebs guldasmiT sWirdebodeT maTi
wakiTxva. Tumca uimsi da misi kolegebi (Weems et al. 2003) amtkiceben, rom dadebiTad da
uaryofiTad formulirebuli debulebebis erT skalaze gamoyenebiT ar izomeba erTi
da igive safuZvaldmdebare Tvisebebi. isini aRniSnaven, rom zogierTi respodentebi
uaryofiTad formulirebul debulebebze uaris Tqmis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian,
uaryofiTad formulirebuli debulebebis sandooba ufro naklebia, vidre dadebiTad
formulirebulebis da uaryofiTad formulirebul debulebebs ufro xSirad toveben
upasuxod, vidre dadebiTad formulirebulebs. uimsi da misi kolegebi (2003),
faqtiurad, ewinaaRmdegebian Sereuli debulebebis gamoyenebas da argumentad
aRniSnaven, rom Seusabamod formulirebulma debulebebma SeiZleba kidura pasuxebis
gacema gamoiwvios, rac, Tavis mxriv, monacemebis sandoobas azianebs. erT skalaze
67
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad formulirebuli debulebebis SereviT, amtkiceben isini,

validobasac vazaralebT da sandoobasac. isini Tvlian, rom respodentma SeiZleba
iseTi yuradRebiT ar waikiTxos uaryofiTad formulirebuli debuleba, rogorc amas
dadebiTad formulirebuli debulebis SemTxvevaSi gaakeTebda.
SeWiduli kiTxvebi, filtrebi da ganStoebebi
SeWiduli kiTxvebi maT winmswreb kiTxvebzea damokidebuli, magaliTad, „Tu (1)

kiTxvaze ‚diax„ upasuxeT, maSin gadadiT (4) kiTxvaze“. wina kiTxva filtris funqcias
asrulebs da Semdegi kiTxva SeWidulia masTan da mis ganStoebas warmoadgens. zog
kiTxvarSi sityvierad aris mocemuli im kiTxvis rigiTi nomeri, romelzec
gadamisamarTda respodenti (magaliTad, „gadadiT kiTxvaze N6“), zogSi ki sityvebi
isriT aris Canacvlebuli da miuTiTebs Semdeg kiTxvaze, romelsac im SemTxvevaSi
unda upasuxos respodentma, Tu pirvel kiTxvas aseTi da aseTi pasuxi gasca.
SeWiduli da filtris kiTxvebi SeiZleba sasargebloa mkvlevrisTvis, magram maT,
SesaZloa, daabnion respodenti, radgan yovelTvis kargad ar Cans, ra mimarTulebiT
unda wavides, kiTxvebis romeli rigi airCios, zustad sad mTavreba mocemuli
ganStoeba da mere saiT unda wavides. redlainma da misma kolegebma (2002) aRmoaCines,
rom respodentebi ganStoebebis instruqciebis uyuradRebod datovebis, mcdarad
gagebisa da arasworad Sesrulebis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian. Sedegad ki upasuxod
toveben mTel ganStoebas, romelic konkretuli qveSerCevebisTvisaa gankuTvnili,
respodentebi „axtebian“ maT da amitom upasuxod toveben im kiTxvebs, romlebzec,
wesiT, ekuTvnodaT pasuxebis gacema. redlainma da misma kolegebma (2002) daadgines,
rom ganStoebebis instruqciebis SetaniT kiTxvaris sirTulis zrda uaryofiTad
moqmedebs mis sworad Sevsebaze.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 7) aRniSnaven, rom kiTxvaSi kityvebis raodenoba
gavlenas axdens respodentis unarze, miyhves ganStoebis instruqciebs: rac ufro
metsityviania kiTxva, miT metia albaToba imisa, rom respodents gamorCeba is. igive
avtorebi (2002: 19) aRniSnaven, rom xanmokle mexsierebaSi SeiZleba SeCerdes ara umetes
Svidi debulebisa. es kanonzomiereba satelefono gamokiTxvebis debulebebis
Sedgenisas gamoiyeneba, sadac ar aris debulebebis TvalsaCinod danaxvis an
gadamowmebis saSualeba. aseve, rac ufro meti iyo savaraudo pasuxebis raodenoba, miT
meti iyo Secdomis daSvebis, magaliTad, ganStoebis instruqciis gamotovebis,
albaTobac. isini aRniSnaven, rom respodentebi maSin ufro xedaven ganStoebis
68
instruqciebs, rodesac isini bolo asarCev kategoriasTan aris mocemuli,

gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu respodentebi bolo kategorias irCeven.
garda amisa, redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 8) aRniSnaven, rom ganStoebebis
instruqciebis debulebebs Soris moqcevas, savaraudod, ori tipis Secdoma moyveba
Tan: yvela kiTxvaze pasuxis gamotoveba da mcdar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema. amasTan,
ganStoebis instruqciis wina pasuxis velisgan garkveuli manZilis daSorebiT
ganTavsebamac SeiZleba instruqciebis gagebis Secdomamde miiyvanos respodenti.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 17) aRniSnaven, rom „ganStoebis instruqciebis
miwodebis vizualuri da sityvieri forma mniSvnelovanwilad moqmedebs imaze, Tu
ramdenad kargad waikiTxaven, gaigeben da imoqmedeben respodentebi ganStoebis
instruqciis moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad“. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom ganStoebebis
instruqciebis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad mniSvnelovania maTi naTeli
adgilmdebareoba da vizualuri efeqti. avtorebi aRiareben, rom respodentTa
umravlesoba gauazreblad tovebs ganStoebis instruqciebs. maT ubralod araferi
ician maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb.
redlainisa da misi kolegebis (2002) aRmoCenebis Sedegebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
iqneba, rom instruqciebi iq unda ganTavsdes, sadac saWiroa maTi gamoyeneba da sadac
respodenti dainaxavs.
filtrebisa da ganStoebebis keTilgonierad da SezRudulad gamoyenebas
girCevdiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom respodentebs kiTxvaris win da ukan
furcvla ar mouwioT filtrebisa da maTi Tanmdevri ganStoebebis kiTxvebis ZiebaSi.
es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT problemuria internet-gamokiTxvebSi, sadac ekrani erT
amobeWdil gverdze gacilebiT pataraa. ganStoebebis problemis daZlevis erTi gzaa
kiTxvaris seqciebad dayofa: konceptualurad axlos mdgomi debulebebis gaerTianeba
da TiTo ganStoebis am TiTo seqciaSi moqceva.
sensitiuri kiTxvebis dasma
sudmeni da bredberni (Sudman and bradburn 1982: ch.3) yuradRebas apyroben kiTxvarSi
sensitiuri debulebebis CarTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
kiTxvaris anonimurobam da, xSirad, mkvlevarisa da respodentis pirispir kontaqtis
ararsebobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos sensitiuri masalis Semcveli pasuxebis mocemas,
sensitiurobisa da safrTxis Temebs mainc ver averidebiT, radgan aman respodentis
naklul (informaciis gaucemloba da Tavis Sekaveba) an Warb (gazviadebul)
69
pasuxebamde SeiZleba migviyvanos. zogierT respodents SeiZleba ar exalisebodes

senstiuri informaciis mowodeba da mzad ar iyos amisTvis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu
amiT sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs avnebs. ratom unda uTxran piraduli ambebi (magaliTad,
ojaxuri csovrebis da skolis menejerebisa da kolegebis mosazrebebis Sesaxeb)
sruliad ucxo adamians (Cooper and Schindler 2001: 341)? asaki, Semosavali, ganaTleba,
specializacia da mosazrebebic ki SeiZleba piradul da/an sensitiur sakiTxad iqnas
miCneuli.
sudmeni da bredberni (1982: 55 – 6) ramdenime mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gamoTqvamen
potenciuri safrTxis Semcveli an sensitiuri sakiTxebis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, socialurad arasasurveli qceva (magaliTad, narkotikebis
moxmareba, seqsualuri Seuracxyofa, Zaladobrivi qceva, danaSauli, avadmyofoba,
dasaqmeba da umuSevroba, fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi, seqsualuri aqtivoba, qceva da
seqsualoba, azartuli TamaSebi, alkoholi, ojaxuri wvrilmanebi, politikuri
rwmenebi, socialuri tabuebi). isini Semdeg strategiebs gvTavazoben:
 socialurad arasasurveli qcevis, gansakuTrebiT misi sixSiris, Sesaxeb Ria

kiTxvebis gamoyeneba ufro Sesatyvisi iqneba da ara _ daxuruli kiTxvebis.
 socialurad arasasurveli qcevis, gansakuTrebiT misi sixSiris, Sesaxeb grZeli
kiTxvebis gamoyeneba ufro Sesatyvisi iqneba da ara _ mokle kiTxvebis.
 socialurad arasasurveli qcevis dasaxelebuli sixSireebis raodenoba SeiZleba
gaizardos respodentisTvis nacnobi sityvebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
 informantebisgan miRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba gaizardos safrTxis
Semcveli qcevis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis albaToba.
 informaciis amoRebis sasargeblo saSualeba SeiZleba iyos kiTxvis ganzrax ise
atvirTva, rom Semcirdes socialurad sasurveli qcevis gadaWarbebulad da
arasasurveli qcevis arasakmarisad Sefaseba.
 socialurad arasasurveli qcevis SemTxvevaSi, sasurvelia, rom respodents jer
hkiTxoT, adre Tu ganuxorcielebia es qceva da mxolod amis Semdeg dausvaT
mimdinare qcevis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi. amis sapirispirod, rodesac socialurad misaReb
qcevaze ekiTxebiT, Sebrunebuli Tanmimdevroba ufro sasargeblo SeiZleba
aRmoCndes anu jer awmyo, mimdinare qcevaze hkiTxoT da Semdeg _ zogadze,
yoveldRiurze.
70
 safrTxis moxsnisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos sensitiuri Temis sxva met-

naklebad sensitiur TemebSi moqceva, raTa respodents aCvenoT, rom es Tema arc
ise mniSvnelovania.
 gamoiyeneT standartuli kiTxvebis dasmis alternatiuli gzebi, magaliTad,
baraTebis daxarisxeba, pasuxebis daluqul konvertSi Cadeba, an kiTxvebis
ramdenjerme gameoreba (es frTxilad unda gakeTdes, ise, rom respodentebma ar
igrZnon, rom „amowmeben“). amiT sandoobac gaizrdeba.
 validobisa da sandoobis gasazrdelad respodentebs dRiurebis warmoeba sTxoveT.
 intervius dasasruls gaarkvieT, ras fiqrobs respodenti ganxiluli sakiTxebis
sensitiurobis Sesaxeb.
 Tu SesaZlebelia, moiZieT monacemebis validaciis gzebi.
sudmeni da bredberni (1982: 86) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom Tu kiTxvebi ufro da

ufro SemaSinebeli da sensitiuri xdeba, maSin, logikurad, ufro met
mikerZoebulobasa da arasandoobas unda velodoT. isini yuradRebas aqceven im
faqts, rom zogierTi demografiuli detali (saxeldebis skalis monacemi)
respodentebma, SesaZloa, safrTxis Semcvelad miiCnion (Sudman and Bradburn 1982: 208). es
dakvirveba praqtikaSi kiTxvarSi maTi ganlagebisas gamoyeneba (qvemoT ganvixilavT). aq
imis Tqma gvsurs, rom sensitiuroba da safrTxe respodentis TvaliT unda iqnas
danaxuli da ara _ kiTxvaris Semqmnelis. is, rac mkvlevrisTvis gulubryvilo,
ubralo kiTxvaa, respodentisTvis uaRresad sensitiuri an Seuracxmyofeli SeiZleba
aRmoCndes. ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiuri kvlevis Sesaxeb informaciisTvis am wignis
mexuTe Tavs SegiZliaT mimarToT.
kiTxvebis werisas maxeebisTvis Tavis arideba
miuxedavad imisa, rom kiTxvebis ramdenime saxesxvaoba arsebobs, kiTxvarSi kiTxvis

Casmisas ramdenime maxeSi SeiZleba gavebaT (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/texstbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 1. ppt):
 erideT STamagonebel kiTxvebs anu kiTxvebs, romlebic isea formulirebuli (an

savaraudo pasuxebis kategoriebia mocemuli), rom respodentebs afiqrebineben, rom
arsebobs erTaderTi swori pasuxi da sxva pasuxebi an moewonebaT, an _ ara,
magaliTad:
71
upiratesobas aniWebT abstraqtur, akademiuri kursebs, Tu miwaze myarad mdgar,

praqtikul kursebs, romlebic raRac sargebels mogcemen yoveldRiur muSaobaSi?
aq rCeva iqneba, rom unda Semowmdes terminebis an zmnebis „datvirTuloba“ anu

SesaZlo Semamcirebeli/damakninebeli obertonebi.
 erideT maRalfardovan, inteleqtualur kiTxvebs, daxvewil respodentebTanac ki.
magaliTad:
mimdinare pozitivisturi-interpretaciuli debatis konkretuli aspeqtebis naxvas

isurvebdiT maswavlebelTa auditoriisTvis gamiznuli ganviTarebis fsiqologiis
kursSi?
rodesac gamokiTxuli SerCeva populaciis reprezentaciulia, Cveulebrivi ambavia,

rom SerCevis wevrebs gaugebrad miaCndeT mkvlevaris sametyvelo ena da is, rac
mas sruliad gasagebad eCveneba. maSasadame, mniSvnelovania gasagebi da martivi enis
gamoyeneba.
 erideT rTul qvewyobil winadadebebs, magaliTad:
girCevniaT xanmokle, jildos gareSe kursebi (3, 4 an 5 Sexvedra) naxevardRiani

SesvenebiT (magaliTad, oTxSabaTs dRis meore naxevarSi) da kviraSi erTsaRamoiani
daswrebiT, ris gzis xarjebsac srulad anazRaureben, Tu ufro xangrZlivi, jildos
gareSe kursi (6, 7 an 8 Sexvedra) erTi sruldRiani dasvenebiT, Tu dRis erT naxevarSi
yoveldRiur kurssa da da meoreSi dasvenebas isurvebdiT?
 erideT gamaRizianebel kiTxvebsa Tu instruqciebs, magaliTad:
muSaobis paralelurad odesme Tu gagivliaT raime saxis kursi mTeli Tqveni

pedagogiuri moRvaweobis manZilze?
Tu ormoc welze metis brZandebiT da arasodes gagivliaT aseTi kursi, aRniSneT

pasuxebi arasodes da beberi.
 erideT uaryofis da ormagi uaryofis Semcvel kiTxves (Oppenheim 1992: 128),

magaliTad:
ramdenad darwmunebuli xarT, rom arc erT maswavlebels ar gauSveben samsaxuridan

mouwyvetlad SemoTavazebul sertificirebul kursebze, visac srul ganakveTze ar
uswavlebia, sul mcire, or welze meti?
an:
72
migaCniaT, rom mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis asociaciis gareSe maswavleblebi ver

SeZlebdnen mSoblebisTvis TavianTi mosazrebebis naTlad gadacemas?
Tu am SemTxvevaSi fiqrobT, rom mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis asociacia aris

gadamwyveti faqtori, rom maswavleblebma SeZlon sakuTari azrebis gamoTqma, ras
upasuxebdiT, „diax“-s Tu „ara“-s? aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas respodenti
aucileblad iyoymanebs; SesaZloa, kiTxvis gadakiTxva ramdenjerme dasWirdes da
amis Sedegi is iqneba, rom kiTxvas upasuxod datovebs da Semdeg SekiTxvaze gadava.
aq problematuri ormagi _ „gareSe“ da „ver SeZleben“ _ uaryofaa, rac abnevs
respodents.
 erideT Zalian bevr Ria kiTxvas TviTadministrirebad kiTxvarebSi. vinaidan
TviTadministrirebad kiTxvarebSi ver vkiTxavT respodents, Tu ras gulisxmobs
konkretul pasuxsSi, Ria kiTxvebiT naklebad xerxdeba informaciis mopoveba.
(Tumca, es gafrTxileba gamoiricxeba intervius situaciaSi.) metic, Ria kiTxvebi
Zalian bevr dros iTxovs respodentisgan. maT dasafrTxobad sxvas verafers
gaakeTebT, garda imisa, rom aseTi formiT miawodoT debuleba:
gamoiyeneT gverdebi 5, 6 da 7 da aRwereT samuSaos paralelurad SemoTavazebuli
kursebisadmi zogadad Tqveni damokidebulebebii da maTi Rirebuleba praqtikosi
maswavleblis profesiuli cxovrebisTvis.
 erideT reitingis skalebis ganapira pasuxebs, magaliTad, „arasodes“, „yovelTvis“,

„sruliad“, „sulac ara“, Tu ar gaqvT myari safuZveli maTi gamoyenebisTvis.
respodentebis umravlesoba uars ambobs am kategoriebis gamoyenebaze (Anderson and
Arsenault 2001: 174).
 erideT asociaciiT zewolas/mikerZoebas, magaliTad: „erTanxmebiT Tqvens
direqtors, rom biWebi ufro celqebi arian, vidre gogonebi?“. am SemTxvevaSi
direqtorze miTiTeba ubralod amosaRebia.
 erideT iseT debulebebs, romelzec adamianebi daTanxmebis an uaryofis
tendenciiT gamoirCevian anu TavisTavad ukve garkveuli elferis mqone,
„gadaxrili“ kiTxvebi („sabaziso ganakveTis“ problema, rodesac populaciis
Tandayolili mikerZoebebi SerCevis Sedegebze axdens gavlenas).
da bolos, erideT bundovan kiTxvebs an kiTxvebs, romlebic SeiZleba

sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirdes imis mixedviT, Tu risi miReba gvsurs. sityvebis
bundovanebis, orazrovnebis problema Znelad daZlevadia. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia misi Semcireba da ara _ sruliad aRmofxvra. yvelaze uwyinari
73
kiTxvebic ki SeiZleba daxunZluli iyos orazrovnebis (Youngman 1984: 158 – 9; Morrison

1993: 71 – 2). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
Tqveni Svili regularulad asrulebs saSinao davalebas?
rac niSnavs „regularulad“ _ dReSi erTxel, weliwadSi erTxel, semestrSi

erTxel Tu kviraSi erTxel?
ramdeni moswavlea skolaSi?
ras niSnavs es: iricxeba; iricxeba, magram acdens; aRniSnulia, rom aris, magram
savele swavlebazea wasuli; am konkretul momentSi Tu am kviraSi (da gansxvavebuli
iqneba daswrebis maCvenebli orSabaTsa da paraskevs), Tu akademiuri wlis pirvel
semestrsa da akademiuri wlis bolo semestrs Soris saSualo skolis moswavleebi,
romelTagan zogierTs skolis datoveba da muSaobis dawyeba mouwevs, danarCenebi ki
saxlSi iqnebian da gamocdebisTvis moemzadebian?
ramdeni kompiuteri gaqvT skolaSi?
ras niSnavs es: aqvT, magram ar muSaobs; imaTi CaTvliT, romlebic gadakeTeblad
aris skolidan waRebuli; skolis sakuTrebaSi myofi Tu TanamSromlebisa da
moswavleebis sakuTari kompiuterebi? skolaSi amJamad arsebuli kompiuterebis zusti
raodenoba Tu saSualo?
am kviras gqondaT frangulis gakveTili?
ras niSnavs „kvira“: saswavlo kviris dasawyisi (anu orSabaTidan paraskevis

CaTvliT), gasuli kviradRis (an orSabaTis, gaaCnia religias) Semdeg, an Tu kiTxva
oTxSabaTs daisva, gasuli oTxSabaTidan dRemde; ramdenad hgavs es kvira yvela sxva
kviras?
Tqveni asaki:
15_20
20_30
30_40
40_50
50_60
kategoriebi ar aris wyvetili. asakis Sesatyvisi garegnobis 40 wlis respodenti

asiamovnebs sakuTar Tavs da aRniSnavs kategorias 30_40, an 20 wlis axalgazrda,
74
romelic cdilobs, rom didi iyos, 20_30 kategorias miakuTvnebs Tavs? kiTxvaris
Seqmnis wesia, rom unda veridoT kategoriebis nebismieri saxiT urTierTgadafarvas.
profesiuli ganaTleba mxolod naklebi unarebis mqode moswavleebisTvisaa

gankuTvnili, Tumca is yvelaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos.
es, faqtobrivad, ormagi kiTxvaa. ra qnas respodentma, romelis eTanxmeba

winadadebis pirvel nawils: „profesiuli ganaTleba mxolod naklebi unarebis mqode
moswavleebisTvisaa gankuTvnili“, magram ar eTanxmeba mis meore nawils, an piriqiT?
kiTxvaris Seqmnis wesia, rom erT jerze erTi kiTxva unda davsvaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SeuZlebelia kiTxvaSi sityvebis respodentiseuli
interpretaciebis gaTvaliswineba, mkvlevari, cxadia, saRi azriT unda miudges amas da
aRiaros Tandayolili orazrovneba, magram SeinarCunos gancda, rom SesaZlebelia
aseT ganusazRvrelobaSi cxovreba.
idealur kiTxvars igive Tvisebebi aqvs, rac karg kanons _ zusti, calsaxad
gansazRvruli da ganxorcielebadia, amcirebs Secdomebs monawileebsa da monacemebis
damuSavebaSi, amotivirebs monawileebs da SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyofs, rom
monawileebi simarTles amboben (Davidson 1970). oqros wesia, rom kiTxvebi
SeZlebisdagvarad mokle unda iyos.
kiTxvarebis Tanmimdevrobis dalageba
kiTxvarSi kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba, garkveulwilad, damokidebulia samizne

SerCevaze (magaliTad, ra reaqcia eqnebaT garkveul kiTxvebze), kiTxvaris miznebze
(magaliTad, faqtebis an mosazrebebis Sekreba), kvlevis sensitiurobasa (magaliTad,
ramdenad piraduli da potenciurad Semawuxebelia sakvlevi Tema) da kiTxvaris
mTlian balansze (magaliTad, sad iqneba ukeTesi sensitiuri kiTxvebis ganlageba
naklebad damafrTxobel kiTxvebTan mimarTebiT da ramdeni unda iyos TiToeuli
maTgani).
kiTxvarSi kiTxvebis rigi mniSvnelovania, sawyisma kiTxvebma Semdegi kiTxvebisTvis
garkveuli toni an ganwyoba SeiZleba Seuqmnan respodents. magaliTad, Tu kiTxvari
aRizianebs an abrazebs respodents dasawyisSi, savaraudod, ver moxerxdeba misi
gaRizianebis an brazis Cacxroba kiTxvaris bolosken. rogorc openheimi (1992: 121)
SeniSnavs, yoveli kiTxvis erTi aSkara mizani imis uzrunvelyofaa, rom respodentma
gaagrZelos CvenTan TanamSromloba.
75
garda amisa, respodenma SeiZleba kiTxvaris „niSnebis amokiTxva“ daiwyos:

debulebebs Soris msgavsebebi da Tanxvedrebi eZebos da Sedegad wina debulebebze
gacemuli pasuxebi isev imoqmedebs mogvianebiT gacemul pasuxebze da piriqiT. jvaredi
SemowmebisTvis gankuTvnilma msgavsma debulebebma SeiZleba gaaRizianos zogierTi
respodenti.
krosnikma da alvinma (Krosnick and Alwin 1987) „pirvelobis efeqti“ (romelic zemoT
ganvixileT) aRmoaCines anu respodentebi CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi mocemuli
debulebebis arCevis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
ganStoebebis instruqciebisTvis, sadac imis gamo, rom instruqcia siis boloSia
mocemuli, SeiZleba iolad gamorCeT. krosnikma (1999) isic aRmoaCina, rom rac ufro
rTulia kiTxva, miT metia „damakmayofileblobis“ albaToba anu albaToba imisa, rom
respodenti savaraudo pasuxebis CamonaTvalidan pirvelive racionalur pasuxs
airCevs da meTodurad ar CaikiTxavs CamonaTvals yvelaze Sesatyvisi variantis
mosaZebnad.
albaT, ZiriTadi principi unda iyos kiTxvaris sawyis stadiaze guneba-
ganwyobilebis fiqsirebisa da konkretuli mimarTulebiT moqmedebis ganwyobis
SeqmnisTvis Tavis arideba. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania kiTxvaris usafrTxo kiTxvebiT
dawyeba, romlebsac respodenti xalisiT upasuxebs. amis Semdeg SeiZleba ufro
personificirebul kiTxvebze gadasvla.
kiTxvaris Sevseba swavlis process SegviZlia SevdaroT, romelSic respodentebi
kiTxvarSi winswvlasTan erTad ufro da ufro uSinaurdebian sakvlev sakiTxs.
Sesabamisad, sawyisi kiTxvebi martivi unda iyos da daainteresos da waaxalisos
respodenti. es respodents Tavdajerebulobasa da motivacias Sematebs. kiTxvaris Sua
nawilSi unda iyos rTuli kiTxvebi, bolo ramdenime kiTxva kvlav saintereso unda
iyos respodentTa wasaxaliseblad, raTa man dasrulebuli kiTxvarebi daabrunon.
kiTxvaris zogadi Tanmimdevroba aseTia:
 faqtobrivi usafrTxo kiTxvebiT daiwyeT (rac mkvlevars, albaT, SerCevis Sesaxeb

saxeldebis skalis monacemebiT moamaragebs, magaliTad, asakobrivi jgufi, sqesi,
saqmianoba, staJi, kvalifikacia da a. S.).
 gadadiT daxurul kiTxvebze (magaliTad, diqotomiuri, mravaljeradi arCevanis,
reitingis skalebi, mudmivi jamis kiTxvebi) mocemuli debulebebis an sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic poziciebis, damokidebulebebis, aRqmebis da mosazrebebis
gamomxatvel pasuxebs iZlevian.
76
 Semdeg gadadiT ufro Ria kiTxvebze (an, daxurul kiTxvebSi gafanteT Ria
kiTxvebi), romlebic poziciebis, damokidebulebebis, aRqmebisa da mosazrebebis
Sesaxeb iZlevian pasuxebs da, aseve, aseTi pasuxebis mocemis mizezebsac xsnian. es
mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes sensitiur an ufro piradul monacemebs.
aq obieqturi faqtebidan dasabuTebuli subieqturi damokidebulebebisa da

mosazrebebisken da sensitiuri, piradi monacemebisken vinacvlebT. cxadia, rom
amisTvis kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba verc wyvetili iqneba da verc _ sworxazovani.
magaliTad, aSkarad uwyinari kiTxva asakis Sesaxeb zogierTi respodentisTvis
SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeli iyos, kiTxva Semosavlis Sesaxeb gulgrils ver datovebs
respodents, romelic axlaxans umuSevari darCa, xolo kiTxva religiuri
mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb pirad sferoSi gaumarTlebel SeWrad SeiZleba iqnas
ganxiluli. faqtiurad, bevr kiTxvarSi piradi informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi sul
boloSia xolme mocemuli.
saqme isaa, rom kiTxvaris Semqmnelma Temebis sensitiuroba respodentis TvaliT
unda Seafasos, es ki didwilad sociokulturuli ganzomilebaa. amiT imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom kiTxvaris logikuri mimdevroba misi fsiqologiuri mimdevrobiT unda
iyos gaSualebuli. instrumenti orives _ respodentis da misi dizaineris _ TvaliT
unda iqnas danaxuli.
kiTxvaris mTlian TanmimdevrobasTan erTad, openheimi (1992: Tavi 7) Tvlis, rom
kiTxvaris seqciebis SigniT kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobac mniSvnelovania. igi miuTiTebs,
rom kiTxvaris Semqmnels
Zabrebisa da filtrebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. Zabrisebri procesi zogadidan kerZosken
moZraobs: jer zogadi konteqstis an Temebis Sesaxeb vsvamT kiTxvebs, Semdeg ki am
konteqstis farglebSi vakonkretebT sakiTxebs. filtri garkveuli respodentebis
CasarTvelad an gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba anu viRebT gadawyvetilebas, garkveuli
kiTxvebi relevanturia Tu ara maTTvis da Semdeg vaZlevT instruqcias, Tu rogor
moiqcnen (magaliTad, romeli debulebebi gamotovon an romels upasuxon). magaliTad,
Tu respodentebi garkveul kiTxvaze pasuxoben „diax“ an „ara“, maSin isini
Tavisufldebian am seqciis an Semdgomi kiTxvebisgan.
mcire odenobis verbaluri debulebebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi
aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom kiTxvarebis mTlianad sityvier masalaze iyo agebuli. aseTi
kiTxvarebi mraval respodents SeiZleba uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ayenebdnen,
77
gansakuTrebiT bavSvebs. aseT situaciebSi kiTxvarebi an vizualur informacias unda

moicavdes da respodentebs maTze pasuxis gacemas sTxovdnen (magaliTad, suraTebi,
naxatebi, diagramebi), an _ garkveul proeqciul vizualur teqnikebs (magaliTad,
naxatis an diagramis daxatva, ori urTierTdakavSirebuli suraTis xaziT SeerTeba,
„Rrublian“ suraTze gamoxatuli personaJis sityvebis an nafiqris „RrubelSi“
Cawera), anda _ suraTebis Tanmimdevrobaze moTxrobis Sedgenas respodentis piradi
komentarebis TanxlebiT. aq idea isaa, rom kiTxvaris formatis samizne SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebze morgebisas mis did nawilSi araverbaluri teqnikebis farTod
gamoyeneba SeiZleba gaxdes aucilebeli. es exeba ara marto respodentebs, aramed, rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, respodentebisTvis kiTxvaris xelmiswvdomobis sakiTxsac anu
sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxs.
kiTxvaris sqema
kiTxvaris garegnuli mxare Zalze mniSvnelovania. is iolad, mimzidvelad da

sainteresod unda gamoiyurebodes da ar unda tovebdes rTuli, bundovanis,
SemaSineblis da mosawyenis STabeWdilebas. SemWidrovebulad dabeWdili kiTxvari ar
aris mimzidveli da masSi yvelaferi erTad aris „Cayrili“. ufro farTod dabeWdili
kiTxvari, sadac kiTxvebsa da pasuxebs sakmarisi farTobi eTmoba, ufro metad
waamaxalisebelia respodentebisTvis. verma da maliki (Verma and Mallick 1999: 120)
gvirCreven, rom kiTxvaris dasabeWdad maRali xarisxis qalRaldis gamoyeneba sjobs,
Tu finansebi iZleva amisa saSualebas.
dilmanma da misma kolegebma (1999) aRmoaCines, rom respodenebi ufro naklebs
moelian kiTxvaris Sevsebis amocanisgan, vidre maT realurad moeTxovebaT. isini
moelian, rom waikiTxon kiTxva, waikiTxon pasuxebi, aRniSnon Sesatyvisi pasuxi da
Semdeg kiTxvaze gadavidnen, magram bevri kiTxvari amaze gacilebiT rTulia. arsebobs
martivi wesi: kiTxvari, rac SeiZleba, martivi unda iyos.
mniSvnelovania, rom respodents gavacnoT kiTxvaris TiToeuli seqciis mizani,
raTa ukeT gaerkves, ras akeTebs da risTvis. Tu sakmarisi adgili gvaqvs, kargia, rom
redpodents vuTxraT kiTxvaris yoveli seqciis miznebisa da fokusebis Sesaxeb da
isic, Tu ra mosazrebebiT CavrTeT es debulbebi kiTxvarSi.
aucilebelia formulirebis sizuste da dizainis simartive. respodents zusti,
gasagebi instruqciebi unda mivawodoT: magaliTad, „dasviT tick“ izidavs respodentebs
maSin, roca CaxlarTuli instruqciebi da rTuli procedurebi afrTxoben maT.
78
ujrebSi tick-is dasmiT kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema respodentTa umravlesobisTvis

nacnobi gzaa, xolo kiTxvebis gaswvriv, marjvniv mocemuli gadakodirebuli pasuxebis
Semoxazva SeiZleba damabnebeli aRmoCndes da Secdomebis wyaro iqces. zog
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos kiTxvaris Sevsebis magaliTis micemac
(magaliTad, debulebis SemoxazviT, ujraSi aRniSvnis gakeTebiT), Tumca, cxadia, rom
unda veridoT, rom miwodebuli magaliTiT respodents uneburad ar vubiZgoT
konkretuli mimarTulebis pasuxebisken (magaliTad, Semodgomi kiTxvebisTvis
sasurveli pasuxebis SeTavazebiT). verma da maliki (1999: 121) kiTxvaris mniSvnelovan
punqtebze respodentis yuradRebis misapyrobad msxvili Sriftis gamoyenebas gvirCeven.
darwmundiT, rom kiTxvaris yovel seqcias mokle, zusti da gadagebi instruqcia
axlavs Tan. instruqciebis imdenjer gameoreba, ramdenjerad aucilebelia, kargad
muSaobs safosto kiTxvarebSi. vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli,
Tu ramdenad kargad icis respodentma, Tu ras sTxoven, zust, gasageb, calsaxad
mocemul, msxvilad da TvalisTvis mimzidvelad mocemul instruqciebs arsebiTi
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
gasagebad gadmocema da vizualuri mxare kiTxvebis raodenobazec axdes gavlenas.
magaliTad, oTxgverdian kiTxvarSi oTx seqciad dayofili 60 kiTxva SeiZleba iyos.
respodenti SeiZleba daafrTxos 1-dan 60-mde gadanomrilma kiTxvebma, radgan
CamonaTvali uzomod grZeli gamoCndeba, xolo seqciebis 1-dan 4-mde rigiTi nomrebi
kiTxvars daZlevadad warmoadCens. aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebi da logikuri rom
iyos, umjobesia kiTxvaris dasaTaurebul seqciebad dayofa. amiT respodents mTliani
kiTxvaris logikasa da Tanmimdevrulobasac davanaxebT, rac maT kiTxvarSi „gzis
gagnebis“ saSualebas miscems. SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos yoveli seqciis mokle
SesavliT dawyeba, romelSic respodents seqciis miznebs gavacnobT.
konkretuli Temebis mixedviT kiTxvebis dajgufebis kargi saSUalebaa maTi
seqciebad dayofa da Sesabamisad gadanomvra (magaliTad, Q9, (a), (b), (g), . . . ). ase
danomrivi kiTxvari ufro pataradac gamoiyureba, vidre realurad aris!
aqve naTlad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu respodentma unda gamotovos garkveuli
kiTxvebi an seqciebi (am sakiTxze filtrebis Sesaxeb qveTavSi visaubreT). Tu mas uwevs
garkveuli kiTxvebis gamotoveba, maSin arsebiTia, rom kiTxvebi an seqciebi ise iyos
danomrili, rom respodensma zustad icodes, saiT wavides. aq aseTi instruqcia
SeiZleba mivceT: „Tu kiTxvas N10 upasuxeT ‚diax„, maSin gadadiT kiTxvaze N15, Tu _
‚ara„, maSin gaagrZeleT kiTxviT N11“, an, magaliTad: „Tu skolis direqtori
79
brZandebiT, maSin upasuxeT am seqciaSi Semaval kiTxvebs, Tu ara da gadadiT seqciaze

N3“.
kiTxvaris Sinaarsis amgvarad organizeba respodentis mxridan TanamSromlobis
maqsimizaciis gzaa. magaliTad, kiTxvebis CarTva zogadi interesisTvis. darwmundiT,
rom kiTxvaris dasawyisSi mocemulma kiTxvebma ar afiqrebinos respodentebs, rom es
kvleva maTTvis ar aris gankuTvnili. damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi gafanteT
kiTxvarSi, raTa respodentebs sakuTari mosazrebebis kargad gamoTqmis da ara _
ubralod qcevis aRweris _ saSualeba mieceT. aseTi kiTxvebi amcireben mowyenilobasa
da frustracias da Rirebul informaciasac gvawvdian.
Seferadebuli furclebi kiTxvaris mTlian stuqturaSi garkvevaSi exmareba
respodents. aseve, damxmare funqcia aqvs instruqciebisTvis gansxvavebuli ferebis
gamoyenebas.
mniSvnelovania, rom kiTxvarSi CarTuli iyos, savaraudod, dasawyisSi, SeniSnva
konfidencialobis, anonimurobisa da amoucnoblobis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, imis TqmiT,
rom respodentebs ar moeTxovebaT saxelebis miTiTeba, monacemebi ikribeba da
SeuZlebeli iqneba individebis amocnoba maT mier miTiTebuli adgilmdebareobebisa
da detalebis mixedviT (anu SeuZlebeli iqneba maT mier mowodebuli saxeldebiTi
skalis, aRweriTi monacemebis mixedviT respodentebis vinaobis amocnoba). Tumca zog
SemTxvevaSi, respodentebs SeiZleba sTxovon saxelebis dawera, raTa SesaZlebeli
iyos maTi povna kvlevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli Semdegi interviusTvis (Verma and Mallick
1999: 121). am SemTxvevaSi mainc aucilebelia Semdgomi anonimurobisa da
amoucnoblobis garantiebis micema.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002) miuTiTeben, rom savaraudo pasuxebis iqve,
kiTxvis teqstis marjvniv ganTavseba zrdis pasuxebis miRebis Sansebs (vizualuri
lokacia), xolo masalis ufro SesamCnevad mowodebiT (magaliTad, gamsxvilebuli
Sriftis an didi asoebis gamoyenebiT) SegviZlia maTi SemCnevis Sansebi gavzardoT
(xilvadobis sakiTxi). es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganStoebis kiTxvebisa da
instruqciebisTvis.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002) imasac aRniSnaven, rom gverdis bolos
ganTavsebuli kiTxvebi ufro xSirad rCeba upasuxod, vidre zemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi.
faqtobrivad, maT daadgines, rom respodentebi iolad toveben uyuradRebod gverdis
bolos mocemul instruqciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu es instruqciebi Semdeg
gverdze mocemuli debulebebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. amitom mniSvnelovania imis
80
mofiqreba, Tu ra unda iyos gverdis bolos; es, savaraudod, mocemuli TemisTvis

naklebad mniSvnelovani debulebebi iqneba. redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002) gvirCeven,
rom ganStoebebis instruqciebi ar unda ganTavsdes gverdis boloSi.
da bolos, kiTxvaris sul bolos mocemul SeniSvnaSi SegviZlia: vTxovoT
respodents, rom gadaamowmos, romelime kiTxva xom ar gamorCa; vTxovoT, rom droze
daabrunos Sevsebuli kiTxvari; madloba gadavuxadoT monawileobisa da
TanamSromlobisTvis da vuTxraT, rom monacemebis analizis dasrulebis Semdeg
ZiriTadi Sedegebis mokle mimoxilvas gavugzavniT.
kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi da Semdgomi werilebi
Tanmxlebi werilis mizania, respodents miuTiTos kvlevis mizanze, acnobos

kvlevis mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb, daarwmunos konfidencialobaSi da waaxalisos
pasuxebis gasacemad. Tanmxlebi werili unda:
 acnobdes kvlevis dasaxelebas;

 waradgendes mkvlevars: saxeli, gvari, misamarTi, organizacia, sakontaqto
telefoni/faqsi/el.fosta. aseve, naTqvami unda iyos, rom ar moeridos respodents
da Semdgomi detalebisTvis da ganmartebebisTvis mimarTos mkvlevars;
 acnobdes kvlevis miznebs;
 acnobdes kvlevis mniSvnelovnebasa da sargebels;
 miuTiTebdes, ratom SeirCa maincdamainc es respodenti;
 miuTiTebdes nebismier profesiul daxmarebze, kvlevis damtkicebaze, dafinansebaze
an nebarTvaze (magaliTd, universitetis profesiuli asociaciebi, samTavrobo
departamentebi, aq SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos logos gamoyeneba);
 aRwerdes, Tu rogor unda daabrunon kiTxvari (magaliTad, Tanmxlebi markiani da
ukana misamarTiani konvertiT, konkretuli institutis safosto yuTSi, konkretul
dasaxelebul pirovnebas miawodon; waiReben Tu ara kiTxvarebs _ rodis, rogor da
vin);
 miuTiTebdes ukana misamarTs, romelzec unda gaigzavnos Sevsebuli kiTxvari‟
 miuTiTebdes, Tu ra qnas respodentma, Tu kiTxvebi gauCnda an raRac ver gaigo;
 miTiTebuli iyos kiTxvaris ukan dabrunebis TariRi
 aRwerili unda iyos kiTxvaris Sevsebis nebismieri arsebuli wamaxalisebeli;
 arwmunebdes konfidencialobaSi, anonimurobasa da amoucnoblobaSi;
81
 miuTiTebdes, Tu rogor da vis mier gavrceldeba an ar gavrceldeba monacemebi;

 winaswar uxdides madlobas repodentebs TanamSromlobisTvis.
verma da maliki (1999: 122) gvirCeven, rom sadac SesaZlebelia, kargi iqneba werilis
personalizacia yovelgvari „Zvirfaso kolegav“, „Zvirfaso qalbatono/batono“ da a.
S. gareSe, konkretuli saxelebis miTiTebiT.
am miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rekomendebulia:
 Tanmxleb werilSi mocemuli mimarTva konkretul autidoriaze unda iyos

morgebuli. amgvarad, maswavleblebis gamokiTxvaSi xazgasmuli unda iyos maTi
profesiisTvis, rogorc aseTisTvis kvlevis mniSvnelovneba;
 safosto gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSireze ar moqmedebs Tanmxleb werilSi
CarTuli prestiJuli mxareebis xelmowerebi, arc altruizmze apelireba da arc
xeliT minawerebi;
 sponsoris an im organizaciis saxeli, romelic atarebs kvlevas, mocemuli unda
iyos rogorc Tanmxlebi werilis satitulo furcelze, ise _ mis teqstSic;
 pirdapir unda mieTiTos respodentis pasuxebis konfidencialobis Sesaxeb da
axsnili unda iyos nebismieri seriuli normisa da kodirebis miznebi;
 dadgenilia, rom gamokiTxvis winmswrebi weriliT respodentebisTvis momavali
kiTxvaris Sesaxeb Setyobineba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs pasuxebis sixSireze.
yvelaze efeqturia mokle Tanmxlebi werili, ara umetes erTi gverdisa. qvemoT
mocemulia kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi werilis magaliTi, romelic maswavleblebisTvis da
skolis xelmZRvaneli pirebisTvis SeiZleba iyos gankuTvnili:
Zvirfaso kolegav,
skolis efeqturobis gaumjobeseba
gTxovT, TandarTuli mokle kiTxvaris SevsebiT monawileoba miiRoT skolis

efeqturobis gaumjobesebis proeqtSi. es proeqti Tqveni skolis ganviTarebis nawilia,
romelic skolis efeqturobis marTvisa da monitoringisTvisaa mowodebuli. is xels
Seuwyobs marTvis programis imgvarad Secvlas, rom is kargad ergebodes skolas. mocemuli
kiTxvaris mizania Tqveni skolis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Taviseburebebis, Zlieri da susti
mxareebis gamovlena, kerZod, im aspeqtebis, romleTac skola, agrkveulwilad, Tavad
akontrolebs. didad dagvavalebT, Tu CaerTvebiT Tanmxlebi kiTxvaris Sevsebis procesSi
da Sevsebul formas ukan damibrunebT. gTxovT, kiTxvaris Sevsebisas SeZlebisdagvarad
gulwrfeli iyaviT.
82
ar gWirdebaT Tqveni saxelis miTiTeba da aqedan SeuZlebeli iqneba individebis

vinaobis dadgena da povna anu garantirebuli iqneba konfidelcialoba da anonimuroba. Tu
gsurT am dokumentis romelime aspeqtis damatebiT ganxilva, gTxovT, ar mogeridoT CemTan
dakavSireba. vimedovneb, rom SeZlebT am proeqtSi monawileobas.
madloba
xelmowera
sakontaqto informacia (misamarTi, faqsi, telefoni, el. fosta)
kidev erTi magaliTi aseTi SeiZleba iyos:
Zvirfaso kolegav,
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis proeqti
vatareb im sakiTxebis mcire masStabian kvlevas, romlebic kvlevis warmoebisas dgeba

ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebis winaSe. ganaTlebaSi es Tema intnsiuri Seswavlis
sagania da swored amitom ganvizraxe am sferos Seswavla.
Tqven imitom gTxovT kvlevaSi monawileobas, rom samagistro an sadoqtoro
naSromisTvis Tavad gaqvT ganxorcielebuli empiriuli kvleva. aravis ecodineba
ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevris winaSe mdgari problemebi ise, rogorc Tqven.
TandarTuli kiTxvari Cemi kvlevis nawils Seadgens. SemiZlia gTxovoT, rom mcireodeni
dro dauTmoT mis Sevsebas?
Tu mzad xarT, rom CaerToT kvlevaSi, gTxovT, SeavsoT kiTxvari da noembris bolomde
daubrunoT XXX-s. Tqven SegiZliaT kiTxvari moaTavsoT Cemi institutis mTavari korpusis
safosto yuTSi, fostiT gamogzavnoT (markiani da ukana misamarTiani konverti Tan erTvis),
anda faqsiT an eleqtronuli fostiT gadmogzavnoT.
kiTxvaris Sevseba daaxloebiT 15 wuTs waiRebs. masSi gamoyenebulia reitingis skalebi
da Tqvengan ramdenime komentarisa da zogierTi piradi detalis miTiTebas saWiroebs. ar
unda miuTiToT Tqveni saxeli da SeuZlebeli iqneba Tqveni amocnoba da povna.
anonimuroba da amoucnobloba garantirebulia. rodesac davasruleb kvlevas, Sedegebis
gamoqveynebas ganaTlebis JurnalSi vapireb.
Tu gsurT kvlevis nebismieri aspeqtis damatebiT ganxilva, gTxovT, ar mogeridoT
CemTan dakavSireba.
Zalian vimedovneb, rom SeZlebT kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebas. neba momeciT, winaswar
gadagixadoT madloba Rirebuli TanamSromlobisTvis.
gulwrfelad Tqveni,
xelmowera
83
sakontaqto informacia (misamarTi, faqsi, telefoni, el. fosta)
kiTxvarebis da maTi Tanmxlebi werilebis damatebiTi magaliTebisTvis mimarTeT

wignis Tanmxleb veb gverds (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/8679415368780 _ Tavi
15, faili 15. 1. doc).
kiTxvaris pilotireba
bevrjer gavimeoreT ukve, rom kiTxvarebis formulirebas upirvelesi mniSvneloba

aqvs da warmatebuli kvlevisTvis gadamwyvetia maTi winaswari Semowmeba (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/8679415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 12. ppt). pilotur kvlevas
ramdenime fuqncia aqvs, upirveles yovlisa, kiTxvaris sandoobis, validobisa da
praqtikulad ganxorcielebadobis gazrda (Oppenheim 1992; Morrison 1993; Wilson and McLean
1994: 47):
 kiTxvaris debulebebis, instruqciebisa da sqemis sizustis Semowmeba;

 kiTxvaris debulebebis, konstruqtebis operacionalizaciisa da kvlevis miznebis
Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba;
 formulirebaSi orazrovnebisa da sirTuleebis aRmofxvra;
 samizne auditoriisTvis teqstis gagebadobis donis Semowmeba;
 kiTxvis tipisa da misi formatis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba (magaliTad, reitingis
skala, mravaljeradi arCevani, Ria, daxuruli da a. S.);
 daxuruli da mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebis savaraudo pasuxebis da
konkretuli kiTxvebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba;
 gamotovebuli, zedmeti da Seusabamo debulebebis gamovlena;
 STamagonebel kiTxvebze ukukavSiris miReba;
 kiTxvaris garegnuli mxarisa da mimzidvelobis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba;
 kiTxvaris sqemis, seqciebis, gadanomvrisa da debulebebad dayofis Sesaxeb
ukukavSiris miReba;
 kiTxvaris SevsebisTvis saWiro drois gansazRvra;
 imis Semowmeba, Tu ramdenad grZeli, mokle, advili an rTulia kiTxvari;
 Ria kiTxvebidan daxuruli kiTxvebisTvis (magaliTad, reitingis skalebis
debulebebisTvis) savaraudo pasuxebis Sesaqmnelad;
84
 imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad mamotivirebeli, aramamotivirebeli, sensitiuri,

damafrTxobeli, intruziuli, Seuracxmyofeli SeiZleba iyos debulebebi;
 zedmeti kiTxvebis gamovlena (magaliTad, kiTxvebi, romlebzec mudmivad „diax“ an
„ara“ pasuxs iZlevian respodentebi: Youngman 1984: 172) anu naklebi diskriminaciuli
xarisxis mqone kiTxvebi;
 imis dadgena, Tu romeli debulebebia Zalian ioli, rTuli, kompleqsuri an
respodentis gamocdilebidan daSorebuli;
 zogadad gaugebari an dausrulebeli debulebebis (magaliTad, moulodneli
pasuxebis zogadi da upasuxod datovebis paternebis Seswavla) gamovlena (Varma and
Mallick 1999: 120);
 monacemebis analizisTvis kodirebisa da klasificirebis sistemis gamocda.
erTi sityviT, rogorc openheimi (1992: 48) SeniSnavs, yvelaferi unda iyos pilotur
kvlevaSi CarTuli, rac kiTxvars Seexeba; araferi unda gamoiricxos, Sriftis saxeoba
da qaRaldis xarisxic ki.
zemoT warmodgenili sqema konkretuli saxis pilotur kvlevas aRwers: iseT,
romelic fokusirdeba ara monacemebze, aramed _ kiTxvariT dafarul masalasa da
formatze da zemoT dasaxelebuli punqtebis Sesaxeb mcire raodenobis
respodentebisgan da eqspertebisgan iRebs ukukavSirs.
arsebobs sxva tipis piloturi kvleva, romelic debulebebis grZeli CamonaTvaliT
iwyeba da, statistikuri analiziTa da ukukavSiriT, amcirebs maT raodenobas (Kgaile
and Morrison 2006). magaliTad, mkvlevarma kiTxvarisTvis SeiZleba, vTqvaT, 120
debulebiani CamonaTvali gaakeTos da undodes imis gageba, Tu romeli debulebi unda
amoaklos. am SemTxvevaSi piloturi kvleva mniSvnelovani zomisa da sakmaod
warmomadgenlobiTi raodenobis respodentebis SerCevaze (50_100) unda Catardes, riTac
realuri monacemebi _ ricxobrivi pasuxebi _ miiReba. es monacemebis Semdegi
faqtorebis mixedviT SeiZleba gaaanalizdes:
 sandooba: SegiZliaT amoakloT dabali sandoobis mqone debulebebi (kronbaxis

alfa Sinagani SeTanxmebulobisTvis: ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili);
 paraleluroba: Tu debulebebi mWidrod korelirebs erTmaneTTan, SeiZleba erTi
an ramdenime maTganis amokleba. cxadia, amiT ar unda daikargos kvlevis
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi (anu adamianis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba statistikur
analizze upiratesia);
85
 mravaljeradi regresia: SegviZlia amovakloT dabali betas mqone (ixileT mexuTe

nawili) debulebebi, cxadia, amiT ar unda daikargos kvlevis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi (anu adamianis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba statistikur analizze
upiratesia);
 faqtoruli analizi: ZiriTadi cvladebis jgufebisa da zedmeti debulebebis
gamovlena (ixileT mexuTe nawili).
aseTi analizis Sedegad gamovlindeba amosaklebi debulebebi, rac kiTxvars

zomier moculobas SesZens. aq statistikuri analizisTvis sando monacemebis
misaRebad mniSvnelovania kargi zomis da resprezentaciuli SerCeva. Zalian cota
respodentis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani debulebi kiTxvaridan amoklebuli
aRmoCndes.
kiTxvaris Seqmnaze muSaobisas gansaxilveli praqtikuli sakiTxebi
kiTxvaris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT aqamde ganxilul sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT mTeli

rigi praqtikuli rCevebis mocema SegviZlia:
 zustad gansazRvreT kiTxvaris miznebi (operacionalizacia);

 moemzadeT piloturi kiTxvarisTvis debulebebis generirebisTvis prepiloturi
kvlevisTvis da Semdeg, saboloo versiis misaRebad, pilotirebul kiTxvarSi
cvlilebebis Sesatanad;
 Tu kiTxvaris sapilote variantSi Zalian bevri debulebaa da Tqven maTi Semcireba
gsurT, maTi ricxvi statistikuri analiziT an ukukavSiriT SeamcireT da pirveli
piloturi kvlevis Sedegad modificirebuli kiTxvaris pilotirebis meore
talRisTvis moemzadeT;
 kiTxvis yvelaze Sesatyvisi tipi SearCieT _ diqotomiuri, mravaljeradi arCevanis,
ranJireba, reitingis skalebi, mudmivi jamis mqone, Tanafardoba, daxuruli, Ria;
 darwmundiT, rom yvela debuleba amomwuravad da yovelmxriv iqna Seswavlili.
SeajereT Sinaarsi da is Rrmad da farTod gamoikvlieT;
 konkretuli damokidebulebis, cnebisa Tu sakiTxis gasazomad ramdenime debuleba
gamoiyeneT;
 darwmundiT, rom miRebuli monacemebi upasuxeben kvlevis kiTxvas;
 analizis gasaioleblad ufro meti daxuruli kiTxva dasviT, vidre _ Ria
(gansakuTrebiT did SerCevebSi);
86
 daabalansireT, erTi mxriv, sakiTxebis amomwuravi dafarva da, meore mxriv,

ramdenime gverdiani kiTxvaris problemebi, romelic respodentis motivaciis
Semamcirebel faqtors warmoadgens;
 erT kiTxvaSi mxolod erTi ramis Sesaxeb hkiTxeT. gamoiyeneT martivi winadadebebi
da TiTo winadadeba TiTo debulebaSi, sadac es SesaZlebelia;
 savaraudo pasuxebi martivi unda iyos;
 erideT Jargons;
 sadac ki SesaZlebelia, debulebebi awmyo droSi dawereT;
 ecadeT erTmniSvnelovani, calsaxad gansazRvruli da zusti formulirebebi
gqondeT;
 sadac SesaZlebelia, SeinarCuneT simartive, sizuste, mkafiooba da mokle frazebi;
 SeinarCuneT wonasworoba siTamamesa da zrdilobianobas Soris (Oppenheim 1992: 122).
uxeSi „ojaxuri mdgomareoba“, sasurvelia da umjobesia CaanacvloT ufro rbili
da zrdilobiani formiT: „gTxovT, miuTiToT, daqorwinebuli xarT, partiori
gyavT, dauojaxebeli . . .“ an „madlieri dagrCeniT, Tu metyviT, xarT Tu ara
daojaxebuli, partniorTan erTad cxovrobT Tu marto“.
 daabalansireT faqtebisa da mosazrebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi (es gansakuTrebiT
saWiroa, Tu statistikuri korelaciebisa da kros-tabulaciebis gamoyenebas
apirebT);
 erideT STamagonebel kiTxvebs;
 ecadeT, eridoT safrTxis Semcvel kiTxvebs;
 nu dauSvebT, rom respodentma icis pasuxi, aqvs kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
saWiro informacia, an yovelTvis marTals ityvis (nebsiT Tu uneblieT). maSasadame,
kiTxvarSi unda CarToT kategoriebi „ar vici“, „Seusabamoa“, „ar Seesatyviseba“;
 erideT kiTxvebis Zalian daxunZvlas da damZinebas;
 Tanabari raodenobiT gqondeT uaryofiTi da dadebiTi kiTxvebi (Black 1999: 229);
 gaiazreT kiTxvaris wakiTxvadobis doneebi da respodentis wera-kiTxvis unarebi
(ramac SeiZleba mkvlevari kiTxvaris struqturirebuli intervius saxiT
Catarebamde miiyvanos);
 sensitiuri kiTxvebi mogvianebiT dasviT, raTa aeridoT respodentebSi pasuxebze
ganwyobis Seqmnas, magram arc ise mogvianebiT unda iyos es kiTxvebi, rom maTze
moyirWebam da koncentraciis dakargvam imoqmedos;
87
 gaakeTeT sensitiuri da arasensitiuri kiTxvebis nazavi;

 gqondeT kiTxvaris Zalian zusti da naTeli sqema, rom is arabundovani da
mimzidveli iyos (es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu kompiuteruli programiT
unda damuSavdes miRebuli monacemebi);
 sadac SesZlebelia, erideT daumTavrebeli debulebis meore gverdze gadatanas (ar
gaxliCoT teqsti), radgan respodentma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom wina gverdze
dawyebuli debuleba iq damTavrda da es Semdegia;
 darwmundiT, rom respodentma icis, Tu rogor daafiqsiros TiToeuli kiTxvis
pasuxi, magaliTad, xazi gausvas, Semoxazos, aRniSnos, Caweros. mieciT kiTxvaris
raobis, Sevsebisa da dabrunebis (an agrovebis, akrefvis) instruqciebi (kiTxvars
Tan daurTeT markiani da ukana misamarTiani konverti);
 CaatareT kiTxvaris pilotireba, gamoiyeneT SesaZlo SerCevidan arCeuli
respodentebi, romlebic ar miiReben monawileobas ZiriTad kvlevaSi;
 monacemebis analizis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansazRvreT monacemebis Sesatyvisi romel
skalebsa da saxeebs gamoiyenebT (magaliTad, saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebisa da
Sefardebis);
 gadawyviteT, rogor airidebT Tavidan pasuxebis gayalbebas (magaliTad, kiTxvarSi
CarTeT kiTxvebi, romlebic imave TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs gadaamowmebs);
 dakmayofildiT, Tu kiTxvarebis 50 procentze miiRebT pasuxs. gadawyviteT, ras
mouxerxebT naklul monacemebs, ramdenad mniSvnelovani es nakluli monacemebi
(amas SeiZleba praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqondes stratificirebuli SerCevis
stratasTvis) da ratom ar Seivso srulad da ar dabrunda kiTxvari. magaliTad,
kiTxvebi iyo Zalian damafrTxobeli Tu kiTxvari iyo Zalian grZeli? (es,
savaraudod, unda eCvenebina pilotur kvlevas.)
 CarTeT Tanmxlebi axsna da momavali TanamSromlobisTvis madloba potenciuri
respodentisTvis; miuTiTeT kvlevis miznebi, anonimurobisa da
konfidencialurobis dacvis meqanizmebi, Tqveni vinaoba da pozicia, vin
isargeblebs saboloo angariSiT;
 Tu kiTxvari sxvam unda Caataros da ara _ mkvlevarma, maSin darwmundiT, rom
saTanadod mieciT administrirebis instruqciebi da misTvis gasagebia.
zemoT mocemul CamonaTvals zolad gasdevs ZiriTadi sakiTxi: mkvlevarma

mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda dauTmos respodentebs; maTi TvaliT dainaxos kiTxvari
88
da warmoidginos, rogor miiReben mas (magaliTad, mtruloba-iWvneuloba, apaTiuroba-

ukmayofileba-gulgaSliloba, ioli-rTuli, motivirebuli-mosawyeni, sworxazovani-
kompleqsuri da a. S.).
kiTxvarebis administrireba
kiTxvaris administrireba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba:
 TviT-administrireba;
 fostiT;
 pirpispir interviu;
 telefoniT;
 internetiT.
aq mxolod TviT-administrirebisa da safosto kiTxvarebis SemTxvevebs

ganvixilavT. meTeqvsmete TavSi ganxilulia piririspir interviu da satelefono
interviu, xolo internet-kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb mecxre TavSi visaubreT.
TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvaris ori tipi arsebobs: kiTxvarebi, romlebic

mkvlevris TandaswrebiT ivseba da kiTxvarebi, romlebsac mkvlevris dauswreblad
avseben respodentebi (magaliTad, saxlSi, samsaxurSi).
mkvlevris TandaswrebiT TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
mkvlvaris iq yofna kiTxvaris Sevsebisas imiT aris sasargeblo, rom respodents

nebismieri kiTxviT da komentariT SeuZlia mimarTos mas. amasTan, es, rogorc wesi,
pasuxebis maRal sixSires uzrunvelyofs (magaliTad, rodesac tardeba
maswavleblebTan TanamSromlebis Sekrebaze, an erTi an meti klasis moswavleebTan).
aseve, uzrunvelyofs, rom yvela kiTxvas (mkvlevars SeuZlia kiTxvari gadamowmeba,
sanam sabolood Caibarebdes mas) da sworad (magaliTad, reitingis kiTxvebSi mxolod
erTi pasuxi unda iyos aRniSnuli da araferi unda iyos gamotovili) gaeces pasuxi.
es niSnavs, rom kiTxvari swrafad da erT jerze ivseba anu bevri respodentisgan
erTdroulad SeiZleba monacemebis miReba.
meore mxriv, respodentebi SeiZleba daafrTxos da iZulebis gancda gauCinos
mkvlevaris daswrebam. maT SeiZleba uxerxulad igrZnon Tavi kiTxvaris Sevsebisas da
89
ar daasrulon is, anda sulac ar daiwyon. respodentebs SeiZleba damatebiTi droc

dasWirdeT, rom gaiazron da srulad Seavson kiTxvari, magaliTad, saxlSi da maT
aseT SemTxvevaSi ar aqvT amis saSualeba.
mkvlevris Tandaswreba mkvlevars uqmnis drois problemas: is unda iyos
SeTanxmebul dros da SeTanxmebul adgilas, rac did drosa da bevr mogzaurobas
SeiZleba moiTxovdes. es ki imas niSnavs, rom monacemebis mogroveba gacilebiT met
dros waiRebs. aseve, gafantuli SerCevis SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod Zviri jdeba mgzavroba.
mkvlevris Tandaswrebis gareSe TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
mkvlevris ar yofna sasargebloa, radgan respodents saSualeba aqvs TavisiT

Seavsos kiTxvari, roca unda da sadac unda: imdeni dro dauTmos, ramdenic sWirdeba,
nacnob garemoSi iyos, sadac aranairi safrTxe da zewola ar daemuqreba, rac
mkvlevris Tansawrebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba momxdariyo. amasTan, mkvlevris gareSe
kiTxvaris administrireba ufro iafi SeiZleba iyos da metad anonimuria, vidre
mkvlevris iq yofnisas iqneboda. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, monacemebs met-naklebad
gulwrfels xdis: albaT, mkvlevris TanxaswrebiT ufro Znelia tyuilis an naxevri
simarTlis Tqma da, aseve, advilia sensitiur Temebze Zalian gulwrfeli pasuxebis
gacema, Tu mkvlevari iqve ar dgas.
Tumca, amas meore mxarec aqvs: mkvlevari ver upasuxebs respodentis spontanurad
gaCenil kiTxvebsa da problemebs da maT SeiZleba gamotovon an Tavi daanebon
debulebas da ar daukavSirdnen mkvlevars. respodentebma SeiZleba arasworadac
gaigon kiTxvebi da, Sesabamisad, arasworad upasuxon. maT SeiZleba mcdari suraTi
miawodon mkvlevars, magaliTad, imiT, rom upasuxon, Tu ra situacia SeiZleboda
yofiliyo da ara is, Tu realurad ra situaciaa amJamad, an aramarTebulad
dadebiTad an uaryofiTad aRweron situacia an sakuTari Tavi. faqtobrivad,
mkvlevari ver akontrolebs im garemos, romelSic respodenti kiTxvars avsebs,
magaliTa, dRis dros, xmaurs, sxvebis Tandaswrebas, visTanac respodentma SeiZleba
gaarCios kiTxvebi da pasuxebi, kiTxvaris Sevsebisadmi damokidebulebis seriozulobas
da imasac ki, is adamiani pasuxobs Tu ara kiTxvebze, visTvisac gankuTvnili iyo
kiTxvari.
safosto kiTxvarebi
90
xSirad safosto kiTxvarebi ganaTlebis sferoSi gamokiTxvebis warmoebis

saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, mkvlevari saSualo skolebSi axali
saswavlo programis miRebisa da gamoyenebis Seswavlas apirebs. skolebis
populaciidan aRebuli garkveuli SerCevis gamokiTxva Zviri dajdeba da bevr drosac
waiRebs. meore mxriv, safosto gamokiTxvas ramdenime gamorCeuli upiratesoba aqvs.
metic, finansebisa da resursebis Cveuli SezRudulobis pirobebSi, es SeiZleba am
kvlevis ganxorcielebis erTaderTi realuri gza iyos.
safosto gamokiTxvebis upiratesobebi da naklovani mxareebi sxva (ganaTlebis
sferosgan gansxvavebuli) viTarebebidan momdinareobs; Tumca bevri miRebuli Sedegi
ganaTlebis sferos mkvlevarsac waadgeba. aq im zogierT saSualebas ganvixilavT,
romliTac ganaTlebis mkvlevars safosto gamokiTxvebSi miRebuli pasuxebis sixSiris
maqsimizacia SeuZlia.
safosto gamokiTxvebis Sesaxeb miTebi ar aris empiriul safuZvels moklebuli
(ixileT Hoinville and Jowell 1978). safosto gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSire yovelTvis ar
aris intervius Sedegad miRebuli pasuxebis sixSireze naklebi. xSirad es
maCveneblebi tolia da zogjer aWarbebs kidev intervius maCvenebels. arc mcire
moculobis kiTxvaria pasuxebis damakmayofilebeli sixSiris sawindari. ganaTlebuli,
daxvewili respodentebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, mokle kiTxvari SeiZleba maTTvis
nacnobi kompleqsuri sakiTxebis trivialurad warmoCenad SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli.
hoinvili da joueli (Hoinville and Jowell 1978) safosto gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis
optimaluri sixSiris miRebaze moqmed oTx ZiriTad faqtors asaxeleben.
pirveli gzavnili
 gamoiyeneT xarisxiani konvertebi, sadac SesaZlebelia, adresatis dabeWdili

misamarTiTa da saxeliT;
 sadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT pirveli klasis, swrafi safosto momsaxureba,
markiani da ara _ Stampiani konvertebi;
 respodentis pasuxisTvis kiTxvars Tan daurTeT pirveli klasis markiani konverti;
 zogadi populaciis gamosakiTxad xuTSabaTi saukeTeso dRea kiTxvarebis
dasagzavnad, organizaciebisTvis ki orSabaTi da samSabaTia rekomendebuli;
 yvelanairad erideT gamokiTxvis dekemberSi Catarebas (dasavlur samyaroSi
kiTxvarebi saSobao misalocebis grovaSi Caikargeba).
91
kiTxvaris Semdgomi/mimyoli werili
im oTx faqtors Soris, romelsac hoinvili da joueli (1978) asaxeleben pasuxebis

sixSiris maqsimizaciasTan mimarTebiT, yvelaze nayofieri kiTxvaris Semdgomi/mimyoli
werili aRmoCnda. Semaxsenebeli werilebis momzadebisasa unda gvaxsovdes Semdegi:
 yvela wesi, romelic Tanmxleb werils Seexeba, ufro mkacrad vrceldeba
Semdgom/mimyol werilze;
 Semdgomi/mimyoli werili kidev erTxel unda usvamdes xazs kvlevis
mniSvnelovnebasa da respodentis monawileobis Rirebulebas;
 efeqturi fandebi aRmoCnda mimarTvisas meore piris mxolobiTi ricxvis gamoyeneba,
upasuxod darCenis gamo imedgacruebis elferis mqone qveteqsti da garkveuli
gaocebis gamoxatva imiT, rom respodentma ar iTanamSromla TqvenTan;
 kiTxvaris Semdgom/mimyol werilSi arsad unda ikiTxebodes, respodents ar unda
rCebodes STabeWdileba, rom kiTxvaris upasuxod datoveba normaluria, an rom
mocemul konkretul kvlevaSi uamravi kiTxvari darCa upasuxod;
 kiTxvaris Semdgom/mimyol werils isev unda axldes Tan kiTxvari da pirveli
klasis markiani da ukana misamarTiani konverti;
 meore da mesame Semdgom/mimyol werilebs Tan axlavs dabrunebuli pasuxebis
kleba. ase rom, ramdeni aseTi werilis gagzavnaa rekomentebuli da ra warmatebas
aRweven isini? Znelia ganzogadeba, magram unda gvaxsovdes Semdegi: kargad
dagegmil safosto gamokiTxvaSipasuxebis sixSire, sul mcire, 40 procenti unda
iyos da Semaxseneblebis keTilgonierad gamoyenebis pirobebSi es maCvenebeli 70-80
procentamdec SeiZleba gaizardos. winaswari piloturi kvleva arafris momcemia
pasuxebis mosalodneli sixSiris prognozirebis TvalsazrisiT. ZiriTadi
gamokiTxvebi, zogadad, sul mcire, pasuxebis igive an ufro met sixSires unda
aRwevdes, rasac piloturi kvleva. mosaxleobis aRwerebisa da gamokiTxvebis
samsaxuri (The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) sami Semaxseneblis gamoyenebis
rekomendacias iZleva, romelTac zogadi mosaxleobis gamokiTxvisas
Tavdapirvelad dabrunebuli pasuxebis raodenobis daaxloebiT 30 procentiT
gazrda SeuZliaT. kiTxvaris Semdgomi sami Sexsenebis Sedegad miRebuli pasuxebis
tipuri suraTi aseTia:
 sawyisi gzavnili 40%
 pirveli Sexseneba +20%
92
 meore Sexseneba +10%

 mesame Sexseneba +5%
 sul jamSi 75%
Bbeili (1994: 163 – 9) aCvenebs, rom respodents fostiTac SeiZleba SevaxsenoT da

telefoniTac. Tu kiTxvaris Semdgomi/mimyoli werili igzavneba, es pirveli gzavnilis
gaSvebidan daaxloebiT sam kviraSi unda moxdes. meore Sexsenebac sasurvelia da is
pirvelis gagzavnidan erTi kviris Semdeg unda gaigzavnos. beili (1994: 165) aRwers
kvlevas, romelic aCvenebs, rom Sexsenebis meore weriliT pasuxebis sixSiris 95.6
procentamde gazrdac kia SesaZlebeli. am werilis gareSe es maCvenebeli mxolod 74.8
procents udris. kiTxvaris gagzavnamde, winaswari satelefono zariTac SeiZleba
pasuxebis sixSiris momateba (8 procentamde) aweva.
stimulebi
pasuxebis sixSiris maqsimizaciis mniSvnelovani faqtoria stimulebis gamoyeneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi praqtika SedarebiT iSviaTia did britaneTSi warmoebul
gamokiTxvebSi, mas SeuZlia arsebiTad Seamciros upasuxod darCenili kiTxvarebis
raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arCeuli stimuli Tan axlavs sawyis
gzavnils da ara maSin, rodesac is mogvianebiT igzavneba Sevsebuli kiTxvaris
dabrunebisTvis gacemuli jildos saxiT. am konkretuli fandis efeqturobis axsna im
valdebulebis grZnobaSi Zevs, romelic mimRebs eqmneba. guldasmiT unda SeirCes
respodentebisTvis Sesatyvisi tipis stimuli. is mkafiod simboluri xasiaTis unda
iyos, ar unda aRiqmebodes, rogorc respodentis mier gaweruli Zalisxmebis
anazRaureba da, hoinvilisa da jouelis (1978) TqmiT, maqsimalurad neitraluri unda
iyos. am TvalsazrisiT, isini gvTavazoven, rom safosto markebis nakrebi da
kalmistrebi advilad eteva kiTxvaris konvertSi da im amocanis Sesatyvisia, romlis
Sesrulebasac respodents vTxovT.
sxvadasxva tipis safosto gamokiTxvis sxvadasxva nawilis vadebisa da
Tanmimdevrobis dagegmvaSi blok-sqema dagexmarebaT. erT-erT aseT blok-sqemas
hoinvili da joueli (1978) gvTavazoben, romelic warmodgenilia CanarTSi 15. 5.
mkvlevars am sqemaze mocemuli movlenebis droSi ufro zustad gasawerad SeiZleba
qronologiuri sqemis damateba undodes.
CanarTi 15. 5. safosto gamokiTxvis dagegmvis blok-sqema
93
gasagzavn kiTxvarebisa da markiani da ukana stimulebis (Tu

konvertebze Tanmxlebi misamarTiani Sesaferisia)
misamarTebisa da werilebis konvertebis momzadeba
seriuli nomrebis momzadeba momzadeba
dawera
seriuli nomrebis
kiTxvarebsa da
Tanmxleb werilebze
gadatana
gasagzavn
konvertebSi
kiTxvarebis,
Tanmxlebi
werilebisa
(stimulebis) ukan
dasabrunebeli
konvertebis Cawyoba
gasagzavni
konvertebis
daluqva da markebis
dakvra
gagzavna
Sevsebuli pirveli Sexsenebis

kiTxvarebis SerCevis gagzavna maTTvis,
seriuli nomrebis vinc ar daabruna
mixedviT kiTxvari
meore Sexsenebis
gagzavna maTTvis,
vinc ar daabruna
kiTxvari
saboloo pasuxebis madlobis werilebis

Sejamebis momzadeba dagzavna yvela
respodentisTvis
94
kiTxvarebis
gadacema
monacemebze momuSave
TanamSromlebisTvis
wyaro: Hoinville and Jowell 1978
validoba
aqamde safosto kiTxvarebze miRebuli pasuxebis sixSiris gazrdis teqnikebze

vsaubrobdiT da jer araferi gviTqvams am konkretuli teqnikis validobis Sesaxeb.
belsonis (Belson 1986) mixedviT, safosto kiTxvebis validoba ori TvalsazrisiT
SegviZlia ganvixiloT. pirveli, respodenti, romelic avsebs kiTxvars, amas sworad da
zustad akeTebs Tu ara da meore, isini, vinc ar daabruna kiTxvari, pasuxebis iseTive
ganawilebas mogvcemdnen Tu ara, rogoric dabrunebuli pasuxebi SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs.
sisworisa da sizustis sakiTxi intensiuri intervius meTodiT SeiZleba
gadamowmdes. es aris teqnika, romelc 12 ZiriTadi taqtikisgan Semdgari teqnika,
romelSic Sedis cnobadoba, drois rekonstruqcia, zondireba da SekamaTeba.
dainteresebulma belsons (1986: 35 – 8) unda mimarTos.
upasuxod datovebis problema („moxalises mikerZoebulobis“ sakiTxi, rogorc
belsoni uwodebs mas), nawilobriv, maSin SeiZleba Semowmdes da gakontroldes,
rodesac kiTxvarebi mudmivad, regularulad igzavneba. es procesi moicavs
specialurad aseT respodentebTan samuSaod gawvrTnili interviuerebis kiTxvaris
Semdgom dakavSirebas im respodentebTan, romlebmac ar daabrunes Sevsebuli
kiTxvarebi. Semdeg erTmaneTs dardeba respodentTa da respodentobaze uaris
mTqmelTa pasuxebi
kiTxvariT miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba
davuSvaT, rom mkvlevrebma safosto kiTxvarebis dagegmvisTvis micemuli yvela

rCeva gaiTvaliswines da gamokiTxvaSi didi raodenobis sixSiris pasuxebic miiRes.
axla Semdegi amocanis winaSe dgeba mkvlevari: saTanado analizisTvis miRebuli
uamravi monacemis reducireba unda moaxdinos. „monacemebis reduqcia“, rogorc
uwodeben am process, zogadad, analizisTvis (romelic mcire kvlevis SemTxvevaSi
xeliT keTdeba, didmasStaniani kvlevisas ki _ kompiuteris gamoyenebiT) monacemebis
95
kodirebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, kodirebamde saWiroa kiTxvarebis

gadamowmeba. am process redaqtirebas uwodeben.
kiTxvarebis redaqtireba respodentebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis gamovlenasa da
gamoricxvas moicavs. kiTxvarebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis xeliT gasworebasTan erTad,
razec am qveTavSi vsaubrobT, monacemebis redaqtireba kompiuteriTac xdeba.
kompiuteruli struqturuli Semowmebisa da validuri kodirebis diapazonis
gadamowmebis Sesaxeb naxeT hoinvili da joueli (1978: 150 – 5). moseri da kaltoni
(1977) redaqtirebis sam ZiriTad amocanaze miuTiTeben:
 dasrulebuloba: mowmdeba, yvela kiTxvazea gacemuli pasuxi Tu ara. gamokiTxvebis

umravlesobaSi interviuers evaleba TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxis Cawera (kategoria
„Seusabamoa“ yovelTvis aris mocemuli). nakluli pasuxebi zogjer SeiZleba
gamokiTxvis sxva seqciebidan gadamowmdes. uares SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba
respodentebTan kidev erTxel dakavSireba da nakluli informaciis Sevseba.
 sizuste: SeZlebisdagvarad mowmdeba, yvela kiTxvaze sworad aris Tu ara pasuxi
gacemuli. arazusti pasuxebi interviueris an respodentis uyuradRebobis Sedegia.
zogjer respodentebi mizanmimarTulad iZlevian mcdar pasuxebs. arasworad
aRniSnuli ujra, mcdarad Semoxaruli kodi, martivi ariTmetikuli Secdomebi, _
es yvelaferi monacemebis validobaze imoqmedebs, Tu ar amoikrifeba redaqtirebis
procesSi.
 erTgvarovneba: mowmdeba, interviuerebma erTnairad auxsnes Tu ara respodentebs
instruqciebi da kiTxvebi. xandaxan, rodesac ver axerxeben respodentebis pasuxebis
saTanado instruqciis mixedviT interpretacias, interviuerebi erTsa da imave
pasuxs sxvadaxva kodis gaswvriv iweren imis nacvlad, rom erTi pasuxi erTi kodiT
aRniSnon.
monacemebis reduqciis upirvelesi amocana kodireba anu gamokiTxvis TiToeuli

kiTxvis TiToeuli pasuxisTvis kodis _ cifris miniWebaa. cxadia, gamokiTxvis yvela
kiTxvas ver gadaviyvanT kodur cifrSi. magaliTad, bevri Ria kiTxva am gziT
arareducirebadia kompiuteruli analizisTvis. kodireba Tavad kiTxvaris
struqturaSi SeiZleba Caidos. am SemTxvevaSi winaswar kodirebul pasuxebze
vlaparakobT. rodesac kodireba kiTxvarebis Sevsebis Semdeg xdeba, maSin post-
kodirebuli pasuxebi gveqneba. winaswari kodireba misaRebia daxuruli kiTxvebisTvis,
magaliTad, mamrobiTi _ 1, mdedrobiTi _ 2; an dauojaxebeli _ 1, daojaxebuli _ 2,
96
daojaxebuli, magram calke cxovrobs _ 3, ganqorwinebuli _ 4. iseTi kiTxvebisTvis,

romelTa pasuxebi winaswar ukve cnobilia, zogadad, winaswarve, interviuirebis
dawyebamde iqmneba kodirebis CarCo, amitom kodebi pirdapir kiTxvarSi SeiZleba
CaibeWdos. Ria kiTxvebisTvis („ratom airCieT es konkretuli kursi da ara XYZ?“)
kodirebis CarCo kiTxvarebis Sevsebis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas. amis gakeTebis saukeTeso
gzaa kiTxvarebis SemTxveviTad SerCeva (10 procenti an meti, Tu dro iZleva amis
saSualebas) da pasuxebis sixSireebis aRniSvnebis, rogorc kodirebis klasifikaciis
winaswari monaxazis, SemuSaveba. kodirebis CarCos SemuSavebis Semdeg mkvlevars
SeuZlia kidev Seamowmos misi validoba kiTxvarebis sxva SerCevis sacdeli
kodirebiT. ukiduresad mniSvnelovania, rom kodirebis CarCo sul dasawyisSive
SemuSavdes. kvlevis Semdgom etapebze misi ganvrcoba an Secvla Zviricaa da
damRlelic.
kiTxvarebis monacemebis damuSavebisTvis ramdenime programa arsebobs. wignis weris
momentisTvis aseTi programaa SphinxSurvey. es paketi, sxva am tipis paketebis msgavsad,
mkvlevrebs tradiciuri an eleqtronuli kiTxvaris SeqmnaSi, administrirebasa da
damuSavebaSi exmareba. pasuxebis Setana swrafad aris SesaZlebeli da monacemebi
avtomaturad muSavdeba, grafikebisa da cxrilebis saxiT moicema; aseve
xelmisawvdomia statistikuri operaciebis farTo speqtri (am paketis Plus-versia Ria
kiTxvebiT miRebuli teqstis leqsikur analizsac gvTavazobs, xolo Lexical Edition-s
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisTvis damatebiTi funqciebic aqvs). am programis
sademonstracio versiis naxva SeiZleba misamarTze http://scolari.com.uk da es tipuri
versiaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kodirebas, Cveulebisamebr, mkvlevari akeTebs, sudmeni da
bredberni (1982: 149) imasac uSveben, rom validobis gasazrdelad Tavad respodentebma
gaakeTon kodireba. es gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia Ria kiTxvebis SemTxvevasi, Tumca,
cxadia, es uSvebs ara marto respodentebis mzaobas, rom kiTxvaris Sevsebis Semdegac
CarTulni iyvnen kvlevaSi, aramed imasac, rom mkvlevars maTi vinaobis dadgena da
amocnoba SeeZleba, rac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, eTikis saqmea.
19 testebi
97
Sesavali
raisis (Rice 1897) marTlweris testis, ebinghausis (1987) daviwyebis testisa da bines
(1905) inteleqtis skalis Semdeg, testebi arnaxuli siswrafiT ganviTarda moculobis,
mravalferovnebis, dafarvis sferoebisa da daxvewilobis TvalsazrisiT. testirebis
sfero imdenad farToa, rom aq mxolod Sesavalis saxiT mimovixilavT masTan
dakavSirebul zogierT sakiTxs, ufro meti da detaluri informaciisTvis ki
specialuri teqstebisa da wyaroebis moZieba mogiwevT. aq mxolod testebTan da
testirebasTan dakavSirebul ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs mimovixilavT.
testebis saxiT mkvlevrebs monacemebis mogrovebis mZlavri iaraRi aqvT, romliTac
maT raodenobrivi da ara _ sityvieri _ monacemebis miReba SeuZliaT. testirebis
monacemebis mosagroveblad gamoyenebaze saubrisas ramenime momenti unda gvaxsovdes,
maT Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovania is, Tu saerTod ratom viyenebT testebs:
 ras vamowmebs (magaliTad, miRwevas, unars, damokidebulebas, pirovnebas, inteleqts,

socialur adaptacias da a. S.);
 parametrul testebs viyenebT Tu araparametruls?
 isini normaze orientirebulni arian Tu kriteriumze?
 mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT maTi yidva Tu Tavad unda Seqmnan?
 testis qulebi eqsperimentul meTodSi pretestisa da post-testisidan aris
miRebuli?
 individualuri testia Tu jgufuri?
 TviTangariSis testia Tu administrirebadi?
modiT, zogierTi am sakiTxTagani ufro vrclad ganvixiloT.
ras vamowmebT?
aTiaTasobiT testi arsebobs, romlebic yvela asakis (patara bavSvebiT dawyebuli

mozrdilebis CaTvliT) moswavlis cxovrebis yvela aspeqts faravs, maT Sorisaa,
magaliTad: midrekileba, aTvisebuli codna, pirovneba, socialuri adaptacia,
damokidebulebebi da Rirebulebebi, stresi da gadaRla, unarebi, miRweva, diagnozi da
sirTuleebi, inteleqti, verbaluri da araverbaluri msjeloba, abstraqtuli
azrovneba, miRweva saskolo saganebSi, introversia da eqstraversia, TviTpativiscema,
kontrolis lokusi, depresia da SfoTva, kiTxvisTvis mzaoba, universitetSi misaRebi
testebi, enis codnis testebi, motivacia da interesi, sensoruli da perceptuli
98
testebi, specialuri unarebi da deficituri unarebi da bevri sxva. gamoqveynebuli

testebis mosaZieblad sasargebloa „The Manual Measurement Yearbooks“ da „Tests in Print“,
aseve konkretuli gamomcemlebis wyaroebi, rogoricaa Harcourt Assessment and John Wiley.
aseve, testebis da maTi momwodeblebis Sesaxeb informacia Tavis veb gverdze aqvT
amerikis fsiqologiur asociacias Finding Information about Psychological Tests
(http://www.apa.org/science/faq-findtests.html) da britaneTis fsiqologiur sazogadoebas
(http://www.bps.org.uk, http://www.psychtesting.org.uk da http://www.bps.org.uk/the-
society/psych_testing/psych_testing_home.cfm). mravalferovani testebis, maTi momwodeblebisa
da Sesabamisi veb gverdebis Sesaxeb informaciis Semcveli standartuli teqstebi
SegiZliaT naxoT Semdeg wyaroebSi: Gronlund and Linn (1990), Kline (2000), Loewenthal (2001) da
Aiken (2003).
parametruli da araparametruli testebi
parametruli testebi mowodebulia farTo populaciis warmosadgenad, magaliTad,

qveyana an asakobrivi jgufi. isini akeTeben daSvebebs populaciisa da am populaciis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, anu, cnobilia unarebis parametrebi. isini uSveben, rom:
 populaciaSi qulebi normalurad nawildeba: SesamCnevia gausis zarisebri formis

mqone ganawileba. populaciaSi asea ganawilebuli, magaliTad, inteleqtis
koeficientis standartizebuli qulebi, adamianebis simaRle, miRweva an kiTxvis
testSi miRebuli Sefasebebi.
 testis qulebi uwyveti da Tanabari intervalebisTaa erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli,
testebs aqvT WeSmaritad nulovani mniSvneloba (anu namdvili nuli, ixileT Tavi
24) da SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom, magaliTad, 80 procenti orjer metia 40 procentze.
aq imisgan gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs, razec kiTxvarebis dizainis ganxilvisas
rigis skalaze ganTavsebuli reitingis skalirebis Sesaxeb visaubreT, sadac ver
vityviT, rom qulebs Soris intervalebi Tanabaria.
parametruli testebi, Cveulebriv, gamoqveynebuli testebia, romlebic iyideba da

pilotirebuli da standartizebulia did da populaciis reprezentaciul SerCevaze.
isini, rogorc wesi, testis momzadebisas gamoyenebuli SerCevis, sandoobisa da
validobis amsaxveli statistikis danarTebiTurT iyideba. aseTi testebiT muSaoba
mkvlevrebs intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebisTvis gankuTvnili statistikuri
sidideebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnis.
99
araparametruli testebi bevrs an saerTod arafers ambobs populaciis ganawilebis

(qulebis parametrebis) an am populaciis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. testebSi ar aris
daSvebuli populaciis zarisebri ganawilebis arseboba. faqtobrivad, farTo
populacia arc arafer SuaSia, vinaidan es testebi konkretuli mocemuli
situaciisTvisaa Seqmnili, iqneba es mocemuli skolis klasi, qimiis Semswavleli
jgufi Tu dawyebiTi skolis pirvelklaselebi. vinaidan isini ar akeTeben daSvebebs
populaciis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarma saxeldebis da rigis skalis monacemebisTvis
Sesatyvisi araparametruli statistikur sidideebTan unda imuSaos. parametruli
testebi, WeSmariti nuliTa da misaniWebeli qulebiT, maswavleblis yoveldRiuri
moxmarebis instrumentebia, magaliTad, marTlweris da maTematikis testebi, saswavlo
wlis bolos gamocdebisa da sacdeli gamocdebis testebi.
araparametruli statistikis mimzidvelobas mcire SerCevebisTvis sargeblianoba
qmnis, radgan isini arafers amboben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad normaluri, Tanabari da
regularuli iqneba miRebuli qulebis ganawileba. garda amisa, araparametruli
testebisTvis statistikuri sidideebis gamoTvla ufro martivia, vidre _
parametruli testebisTvis. araparametruli testebis upiratesobaa, rom isini
konkretuli institutis, departamentisa da individis garemoebebzea morgebuli.
parametruli testebi ufro mZlavri sazomia, vidre araparametruli, vinaidan isini
ara marto standartizebul qulebs iZlevian, aramed populaciis qvepopulaciebis
Sedarebis SesaZleblobasac aZleven mkvlevars (magaliTad, erTi skolis an
adgilobrivi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Sedegebis mTeli qveynis monacemebTan
Sedareba, vTqvaT, normaze an kriteriumze orientirebul testebSi moswavleebis
Sedegebis Sedareba qveynis masStabiT imave testis saSualo maCvenebelTan). aseve,
SesaZlebels xdian monacemebis damuSavebisTvis mZlavri statistikuri meTodebis
gamoyenebas (ixileT Tavebi 24-26) da Sedegebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTebas. vinaidan
araparametruli testebi arafers amboben populaciis Sesaxeb, maT mimarT
gansxvavebuli statistikuri teqnikebi gamoiyeneba (ixileT Tavi 24). maTi Zalze
specifikur situaciebSi iyeneben, iqneba es erTi klasis moswavleebi, erT wels
miRebuli jgufebi, erTi stilis swavleba Tu erTi saswavlo sfero. swored amitom
aris maswavleblebisTvis aseTi testebi Rirebuli.
normaze, kriteriumsa da sferoze orientirebuli testebi
100
normaze orientirebuli testi moswavleebis miRwevas sxva moswavleebis miRwevas

adarebs, magaliTad, maTematikis nacionaluri testi an inteleqtis testi, romelic 6-
16 wlis moswavleebis did da reprezentaciul SerCevazea standartizebuli.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testi moswavleebs ki ar adarebs erTmaneTTan, aramed
maTgan konkretuli kriteriumis, winaswar gansazRvruli da absoluturi standartis
an Sedegis miRwevas iTxovs (Cunningham 1998). magaliTad, manqanis marTvis testi,
rogorc wesi, kriteriumzea orientirebuli, vinaidan am testis Cabareba testis
debulebebSi mocemuli kriteriumebis dakmayofilebas niSnavs, magaliTad, wreze
Semovlas, avariuli maniSneblebis CarTvas, Sejaxebis aridebasa da a. S., imisgan
damoukideblad, Tu sxva ramdenma adamianma Caabara Tu ver Caabara is. analogiurad,
musikalur instrumentze dakvris bevri testi specifikur qmedebas moiTxovs,
rogoricaa konkretuli savarjiSos an arpejios dakvra, an baxis fugis uyoymanod da
teqnikurad uSecdomod Sesruleba. Tu moswavle akmayofilebs kriteriums, maSin mas
gamocda Cabarebuli aqvs.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testi mkvlevars awvdis informacias, Tu zustad ra
iswavla moswavlem, risi gakeTeba SeuZlia mas, xolo normaze orientirebuli testi
uCvenebs, sxvebTan SedarebiT ramdenad kargad Seasrula studentma mocemuli
davaleba da iZleva miRwevis ranJirebis saSualebas. amgvarad, normaze orientirebuli
testis mTavari maxasiaTebelia studentebisa da maTi miRwevebis diskriminaciis unari:
kargad agebuli normaze orientirebuli testi miRwevaSi gansxvavebebis zustad
gazomvis saSualebas, anu, qulebis farTo diapazons anu did cvalebadobas iZleva.
kriteriumze orientirebul tests es ar ainteresebs. misi mizania imis Cveneba,
akmayofilebs Tu ara moswavle mocemul kriteriumebs, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenma
moswavlem daakmayofila an ver daakmayofila isini, Sesabamisad, cvalebadoba anu
diapazoni aq naklebad mniSvnelovania.
bolo periodSi SeimCneva kriteriumze orientirebuli testebis danamatis
ganviTareba sferoze orientirebuli testebis saxiT (Gipps 1994: 81). aq didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba sakvlevi Sinaarsisa Tu sferos zedmiwevniT da detalurad
daxasiaTebas. sfero Sesamowmebeli Temis konkretuli veli an area, magaliTad,
sinaTle mecnierebaSi, ornawiliani kontrapunqti musikaSi, metyvelebis nawilebi
inglisur enaSi. sfero Zalian zustad da srulad aris gansazRvruli, ise, rom
Sinaarsi sruli siRrmiTa da siganiT iyos warmodgenili. testis debulebebi am
sruli velidan, SerCevis procedurebisadmi udidesi yuradRebiT, airCeva ise, rom
101
maTSi SenarCulebuli iyos im velis reprezentaciuloba, saidanac aiRes. moswavlis

mier am testze naCvenebi Sedegis gamoTvliT miiReba SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri qulis
wili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTliani sferos am moswavlis mier moculi wilis
indeqsad anu maCveneblad gamoiyeneba. ase magaliTad, Tu sfero 1000 debulebas
moicavs, testSi Setanilia 50 da moswavlem 50 SesaZlebelidan 30-s upasuxa sworad
anu qula daagrova, maSin vaskvniT, rom man 1000 debulebiani sferos 60 procenti
(3050100) dafara. aq mTlian sferoSi moswavlis miRwevis Sesaxeb debulebebis
SezRuduli raodenobis mixedviT davaskveniT, rac testis debulebebis zedmiwevniT da
reprezentaciul SerCevas saWiroebs.
komerciuli da mkvlevris mier Seqmnili testebi
saerTo sargeblobisTvis arsebobs testebis nakrebi, romelic Temebis farTo

diapazons faravs da Sefasebis miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba (wyaroebze zemoT mivuTiTeT).
skolebis didi nawili rodesme erTxel mainc iyenebs gamoqveynebul testebs. aseTi
testebis gamoyenebas ramdenime pliusi aqvs:
 obieqturia;
 pilotirebuli da daxvewilia;
 cnobil populaciazea standartizebuli (magaliTad, qveynis regionze, mTel
qveyanaze, konkretul asakobriv jgufze an sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebze), amitom
populaciis reprezentaciulia;
 cnobilia maTi sandooba da validoba (testis instruqciebisa da administrirebis
saxelmZRvanelo, Cveulebriv, misi Seqmnis statistikuri detalebsac moicavs);
 parametruli testebia, amitom rTuli statistikuri damuSavebis saSualebas
iZleva;
 iyideba sruli paketi, Catarebis instruqciebiTurT;
 xSirad martivia, swrafad xdeba maTi Catareba da gasworeba;
 rogorc, wesi, Tan axlavs monacemebis interpretaciis saxelmZRvanelo;
 mkvlevrebs ar uwevT sakuTari testis Seqmna, pilotireba da daxvewa.
meore mxriv, hoviti da krameri (Howitt and Cramer 2005) Tvlian, rom Zviri jdeba
komerciuli testebis SeZena da administrireba. isini xSirad specialur da ara _
zogad populaciebzea mimarTuli (magaliTad, fsiqologiuri testireba) da SeiZleba
zustad ar ergebodes kvlevis mizans. garda amisa, zogierTi komerciuli testi
102
SezRuduli raodenobiT gamoicema da SezRudulia masze wvdoma, amitom mkvlevars

testis gamoyenebisTvis an flobisTvis SeiZleba romelime konkretul asociaciaSi
mouwios gawevrianeba an daSvebaze nebarTvis aReba. magaliTad, gamomcemlebs Harcourt
Assessment da McGraw-Hill ara marto mTel msoflioSi yvelanair testze aqvT saavtoro
ufleba, aramed testis gacemamde registraciasac iTxoven. Harcourt Assessment-s, aseve,
sxvadasxva donis daSveba aqvs, ase rom, zogierTi mxare an mkvlevari ver miiRebs
testis gamoyenebis nebarTvas, vinaidan ver akmayofilebs daSvebis misaRebad saWiro
konkretul kriteriumebs.
gamoqveynebuli testebi, dasaxelebidanac Cans, rom ar aris morgebuli konkretuli
institutze, situacisa an moTxovnebze. faqtobrivad, obieqturobaze pretenziis
safuZvels swored is qmnis, rom isini mizanmimzarTulad zeinstituciuri bunebisaa.
mkvlevari, romelsac gamoqveynebuli testebis gamoyeneba surs, darwmunebuli unda
iyos, rom am testebis miznebi, amocanebi da Sinaarsi Tanxvdeba Sefasebis miznebs,
amocanebsa da Sinaarss. magaliTad, gamoqveynebuli sadiagnostiko testi SeiZleba ver
moergos imas, ris Sesafasebladac miRwevis testia saWiro; miRwevis tests SeiZleba
ar hqondes prediqtuli Rirebuleba, rasac mkvlevari vargisianobis testisgan moelis;
kiTxvis unaris Sesafasebeli gamoqveynebuli testi ver faravs kiTxvis unaris im
aspeqtebs, romlis kvlevasac mecnieri apirebs, inglisur enaze Sedgenili verbaluri
kiTxvis testis Sesruleba Zneli iqneba im moswavlisTvis, visTvisac inglisuri ar
aris mSobliuri ena. es mniSvnelovani momentebia. mkvlevrebisTvis komerciuli
testebis sargeblianobis Sefasebis Sesaxeb yvelaze xSirad citirebuli teqsti
amerikis fsiqologiur asociacias (1999) ekuTvnis, esaa saganmanaTleblo da
fsiqologiuri testirebis standartebi (Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
http://www.apa.org/science/standards.html).
komerciuli testebis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas oqros wesia, rom
isini miznisTvis Sesatyvisi unda iyos. Tu testi ar Seesatyviseba mizans, maSin misi
Seqmna mkvlevars Tavad mouwevs. am ukanasknelis mimzidveloba isaa, rom aseTi
„saxlSi gamozrdili“ testi Zalze mWidrod iqneba morgebuli konkretul
adgilobriv da instituciur konteqsts, anu, testis miznebi, amocanebi da Sinaarsi
mizanmimarTulad iqneba morgebuli mocemul specifikur konteqstSi mkvlevris
specifikur moTxovnilebebze. miznisadmi Sesatyvisobis ganxilvisas kronbaxi (1949) da
kronbaxi da lini (1990) mTel rig kriteriumebs asaxeleben, romliTac SeiZleba
Sefasdes komerciuli testis konkretuli kvlevis miznebisTvis Sesatyvisoba.
103
dasaxelebuli upiratesobebis miuxedavad, arsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani

momenti, romelic „saxlSi gamozrdili“ testis Seqmnisas unda ganvixiloT. aseTi
testebis Seqmna, pilotireba, daxvewa da Semdeg Catareba ara marto did dros
moiTxovs, aramed, vinaidan maTi umravlesoba araparametrulia, ufro SezRudulia
miRebuli monacemebis damuSavebisTvis gamosadegi statistikuri operaciebis
diapazoni, vidre parametruli testebis SemTxvevaSi.
testebis gamoiyenebis areali Zalian farToa. ganaTlebis sferoSi ar arsebobs
aqtivoba, romelsac jer ar Sexebia testireba. miRwevis testebi, metwilad,
Semajamebeli Tavisi bunebiT, mocemul Sinaarsobriv velSi miRweul Sedegs aCvenebs,
xolo unarebis testebi SesaZleblobis, miRwevis potencialis, swavlis potencialisa
da samomavlo miRwevebis winaswarmetyvelebisTvisaa mowodebuli. Tumca, daSveba, rom
es ori konstruqti _ miRweva da unari _ sxvadasxvaa, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas da
gasarCevia (Cunningham 1998). xSirad xdeba, rom unari, vTqvaT, geografiaSi, mocemul
asakSi an ganviTarebis etapze amave asakisTvis an etapisTvis gankuTvnili miRwevis
testiT gaizomeba. kuningemis (1998) azriT, miRwevis testi SeiZleba bazisuri unarebis
ufro martivi da sworxazovani sazomi iyos, xolo unarebis testebi kombinaciebs
moicavdnen, magaliTad, msjelobis (xSirad abstraqtulis) da konkretuli codnisas.
amgvarad, miRwevisa da unarebis testebi imiT gansxvavdebian, Tu ras amowmeben.
testebis es ori nairsaxeoba ara marto imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rasac
zomaven, aramed imiTic, Tu risi winaswarmetyveleba SeuZliaT, radgan prediqtoruli
TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba. magaliTad, vinaidan miRwevis testi ufro
specifikuria da xSirad specifikur Sinaarszea mibmuli, is samomavlo miRwevis
prediqtorad gamodgeba, magram sruliad arafris momcemi iqneba im miRwevis
prognozirebisTvis, romelic mocemuli Sinaarsis farglebs scildeba. unarebis testi
ufro zogad unarebs amowmebs (magaliTad, „inteleqtis“ aspeqtebs, codnis an
saswavlo programis ramdenime sferosTvis saerTo unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs),
amitom is miRwevis ufro ganzogadebul prediqtorad gamodgeba. gronlundis (Gronlund
1985) mixedviT, miRwevis testebi saskolo gamocdilebas ufro ukavSirdeba, unarebis
testebi ki _ skolis gareT swavlas da ufro farTo gamocdilebebsa da
SesaZleblobebs moicavs. Tumca, kuningemi (1998) amtkicebs, rom testebis es ori tipi
mniSvnelovnad faravs erTmaneTs da Tvlis, rom gansxvaveba, metwilad, kosmetikuria.
miRwevis testi ufro specifikuria da saswavlo programebsa da monaTesave sferoebs
104
ukavSirdeba, vidre unarebis testi, romelic ufro zogad unarebs eZebs (Hanna 1993)
(magaliTad, inteleqts: Gardner 1993).
testis Sedgena
testis Seqmnisas mkvlevarma unda ganixilos da gaiazros:
 testis mizani (Sefasebis kiTxvebisTvis pasuxis gasacemad da darwmuneba, rom imas

amowmebs, rac unda Seemowmebina, magaliTad, programis erTi nawilis miznebis
miRwevas);
 testis tipi (magaliTad, diagnostikuri, miRwevis, unaris, kriteriumze
orientirebuli, normebze orientirebuli);
 testis amocanebi (Zalian specifikuri terminebiT formulirebuli ise, rom testis
debulebebis Sinaarsi TvalsaCinod ukavSirdebodes programis an kurikulumis
specifikur amocanebs);
 testis Sinaarsi (ra mowmdeba da ra debulebebia testSi);
 testis ageba, sadac Sedis debulebebis analizi maTi diskriminaciis unarisa da
sirTulis Sesafaseblad (ixileT qvemoT);
 testis formati: debulebebis ganlagebis sqema, instruqciebi, muSaobisa da
Sevsebis meTodi (magaliTad, davalebebis micemisas zepiri instruqcia Tu
praqtikuli amocanis SesrulebisTvis werilobiTi instruqciebis nakrebi);
 testis pilotirebis buneba;
 testis validoba da sandooba;
 instruqciebis saxelmZRvanelo testis administrirebis, gasworebisa da miRebuli
monacemebis damuSavebisTvis (es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu tests Tavad
mkvlevari ar atarebs, an Tu is ramdenime adamianma unda Caataros; ase rom,
standartuli proceduriT uzrunveliyofa sandooba).
testis dagegmvisas mkvlevarma Semdegi etapebi unda gaiaros:
1. testis miznis gansazRvra;

2. testis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra;
3. testis Sinaarsis arCeva;
4. testis formis ganxilva;
5. testis debulebebis dawera;
105
6. testis wyobis, ganlagebis ganxilva;

7. testis Sesrulebis drois ganxilva;
8. testSi qulebis miniWebis proceduris dagegmva.
testis miznis gansazRvra
tests sxvadasxva mizani SeiZleba hqondes, magaliTad, moswavlis Zlieri, susti da

problemuri mxareebis diagnostireba, miRwevis gazomva, unarisa da potencialis
dadgena, programisTvis mzaobis Sefaseba. gronlundi da lini (1990) amas „ganawilebis
tests“ uwodebs da is, Cveulebriv, pretestis saxiT tardeba da mowodebulia imis
Sesafaseblad, akmayofilebs Tu ara moswavle mocemuli programis dawyebisTvis
aucilebel winapirobebs (magaliTad, codnis, unarebis, wvdomis unaris
TvalsazrisiT). aseTi testebi sxvadasxva etapze gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, ganawilebis
testi programis dawyebamde tardeba da sawyis unarebsa da miRwevebs anu moswavlis
„misaReb“ unarebs afasebs. Tu ganawilebis testis daniSnuleba moswavleebis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, programebSi an saswavlo jgufebSi gadanawilebaa (anu, maTi
administraciul an saswavlo jgufebad dayofa), maSin misaRebi testi kriteriumze an
normaze orientirebuli SeiZleba iyos. Tu detalurad zomavs sawyis mdgomareobas,
codnas, unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs, maSin testi ufro kriteriumze orientirebuli
iqneba, vinaidan is met detalizacias iTxovs. mas Tavisi ekvivalenti aqvs „bazisur
SefasebaSi“ da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, Tu mkvlevari swavlebisa da swavlis
„damatebuli Rirebulebis“ komponents zomavs: mas mxolod maSin SeuZlia imis
Sefaseba, Tu ra Sehmata moswavles saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebam, Tu misi sawyisi
mdgomareoba da sawyisi unarebi da miRwevebi ecodineba.
 maformirebeli testireba programis mimdinareobisas tardeba da miznad isaxavs

saswavlo procesSi moswavleebis progresis monitorings, programis sxvadasxva
nawilSi miRwevis gazomvas da Zlieri da susti mxareebis dadgenas. es, rogorc
wesi, kriteriumze orientirebuli testirebaa.
 diagnostikuri testireba siRrmiseuli testia da moswavlis konkretuli Zlieri,
susti da problemuri mxareebis gamovlenas emsaxureba. is, aseve, specifikuri
susti da Zlieri sferoebisa da maTi mizezebis saCvenebladaa mowodebuli.
amisaTvis xSirad saWiroa, rom erTi maxasiaTebeli testSi ramdenime debulebiT
izomebodes. diagnostikur testSi iseTi debulebebi unda Seitanon, romlebic
Zalian specifikuri, konkretuli sirTuleebdan TiToeulze cal-calke
106
fokusirdeba, raTa yvela SesaZlo problemas Soris zustad gansazRvron is

problema, romelic moswavles aqvs. cxadia, rom aseTi testi kriteriumze
orientirebulia.
 Semajamebeli testireba programis dasasruls tardeba da miRwevas, Sedegs an
„ostatobas“ zomavs. aseTi testi SeiZleba kriteriumze an normaze orientirebuli
iyos, garkveulwilad, imisda mixedviT, Tu risTvis unda gamoiyenon miRebuli
Sedegebi (magaliTad, sertifikacis gacema an niSnis dawera, konkretuli amocanebis
Sesrulebis identificireba).
testis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra
testis specifikaciebSi Sedis:
 ra programis miznebs da swavlis Sedegebs Seexeba;

 ra Sinaarsobriv sferoebs Seexeba;
 debulebebis fardobiTi wonebi, balansi da dafarvis are;
 testSi debulebebis saerTo raodenoba;
 programis an swavlis Sedegebis konkretuli elementis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis
raodenoba;
 testis zusti debulebebi.
testis validobis uzrunvelsayofad arsebiTi mniSnveloba aqvs, rom testis

miznebi zustad aisaxebodes testis debulebebSi. amtkiceben, rom miznebi (Mager 1962;
Wiles and Bondi 1984):
 specifikuri unda iyos da saTanado sizustiT unda gamoiTqmeodes;

 unda asaxavdes swavlis mosalodnel Sedegebs;
 unda axdendes realuri da dakvirvebadi qcevis identificirebas, romliTac
xdeba miRwevis demonstrireba;
 zmna aqtiuri formiT unda iyos mocemuli;
 unitaruli unda iyos (erTi debuleba erT amocanas unda emsaxurebodes).
imaSi darwmunebis erT-erTi saSualeba, rom testis amocanebi marTebulad aisaxeba

mis debulebebSi, aris matricis Sedgenaa, romelic gviCvenebs testSi Sinaarsobrivi
mxaris dafarvas, programis amocanebis dafarvasa da debulebebis fardobiT wonebs.
107
CanarTSi 19. 1 aseTi matricaa warmodgenili, romelic saSualo skolis istoriis

kursis silabusidanaa aRebuli.
CanarTi 19. 1.
testis debulebebis matrica
Sinaarsis sferoebi mizani/ mizani/ mizani/
programis programis programis
Sinaarsis Sinaarsis Sinaarsis sul
sfero sfero sfero
II msoflio omis aspeqtebi 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c
II msoflio omis dawyeba 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 10
poloneTis SeWra 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 20
safrangeTis SeWra 3 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 35
aliansis SeWra 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 25
konfliqtis dasasruli 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 10
sul 11 10 9 13 12 10 13 12 10 100
CanarTSi 19. 1 mocemuli matrica migviTiTebs programis ZiriTad sferoebze,

romlebic unda aisaxos testSi (Sinaarsis sferoebi). Semdeg gviCvenebs, Tu romeli
amocana an detalizebuli Sinaarsis sfero aisaxeba (1a – 3c) _ es ricxvebi silabusSi
identificirebul specifikaciebs Seesabameba. da bolos, gviCvenebs niSnebs/procentebs,
romelic TiToeul sferos mieniWeba da ramdenime momentze migvaniSnebs:
 yvelaze naklebi aqcenti keTdeba II msoflio omis dawyebasa da dasrulebaze

(10 qula svetSi „sul“);
 yvelaze didi aqcenti keTdeba safrangeTis SeWraze (10 qula svetSi „sul“);
 sakmaod Tanabradaa dafaruli gamoyofili miznebi (striqonSi „sul“
maCveneblebi mxolod 9-dan 13-mde icvleba);
 yvelaze metad aris asaxuli miznebi 2a da 3a, yvelaze naklebad ki _ 1c;
 Sinaarsis zogierTi sfero ar aris warmodgenili testis debulebebSi
(carieli adgilebi matricaSi).
amrigad, gvaqvs testis sqema, romelic gviCvenebs fardobiT wonebs, miznebisa da

Sinaarsis dafarvasa am ori ukanaskneli elementis urTierTmimarTebas. gronlundisa
da linis (1990) azriT, fardobiTi wonebis gamosaTvlelad jer yoveli svetis bolos
Sesabamisi procenti unda mivuweroT, Semdeg yoveli striqonis bolos unda
mivuweroT Sesabamisi procenti da bolos matricis TiToeuli ujra am
specifikaciebis farglebSi SevavsoT. matricis magaliTSi svetebis dasaxelebebi
specifikur miznebs Seesabameba. cxadia, rac am magaliTSia mocemuli, konceptualuri
108
codniTa da principebiT da, aseve, TiToeuli svetis dasaxelebis Sesabamisi unarebiT

unda Seicvalos. sxva variantia am dasaxelebebis aqtivobis specifikuri aspeqtebiT
Secvla, magaliTad, (Cohen et al. 2004: 339): amwes dizainis Seqmna, amwes gakeTeba, amwes
gamocda, Sedegebis Sefaseba, dizainis gaumjobeseba. faqtobrivad, es ukanaskneli
SeiZleboda Sinaarsis (striqoni) dasaxeleba yofiliyo, rogorc naCvenebia CanarTSi
19. 2. aq SegiZliaT naxoT, rom praqtikul unarebs ufro naklebi qulebi eniWeba, vidre
Caweris unarebs (sveti „sul“) da gakeTebasa da Sefasebaze erTnairi qulebi
nawildeba (striqoni „sul“).
CanarTi 19. 2.
testis debulebebis elementebis formireba
ZiriTadi cnebebisa
Sinaarsis praqtikuli Sefasebis Sedegebis
da principebis sul
sferoebi unarebi unarebi Cawera
identificireba
amwes dizainis
2 1 1 3 7
Seqmna
amwes gakeTeba 2 5 2 3 12
amwes gamocda 3 3 1 4 11
Sedegebis
3 5 4 12
Sefaseba
dizainis
2 2 3 1 8
gaumjobeseba
sul 12 11 12 15 50
matrica garkveul infromacias gvaZlevs testSi Sesuli debulebebis raodenobis

Sesaxeb, magaliTad, istoriis testis matricis SemTxvevaSi 96=54 SesaZlo debulebaa,
amwesTan dakavSirebuli aqtiobis magaliTSi ki _ 54=20. cxadia, realurad
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli suraTi SeiZleba gvqondes, magaliTad, testSi ufro meti
debuleba SevitanoT, Tu movifiqrebT, rom matricis erTi ujris Semowmeba ramdenime
(da ara _ erTi) debulebiT gvsurs (savaraudod, jvaredini gadamowmebisTvis), an ufro
naklebi raodenobis debulebebs miviRebT, Tu SevZlebdiT, rom erTi debuleba
matricis erTze met ujras yofnoda. matricis agebis sirTule isaa, rom advilad
SeiZleba masze kontrolis dakargva _ SevqmnaT Zalian bevri debuleba da
usargeblod grZeli testi miviRoT. Cveulebisamebr, rac ufro meti specifikurobaa
saWiro, miT meti debuleba iqneba testSi. testis agebisas gamosadegi erT-erTi unaria,
rom gvqondes testis erTi debuleba, romelic erTze meti faqtorisTvis iZleva
validur da sando monacems.
109
testis specifikaciebis dadgenis Semdeg mkvlevarma unda daazustos da sruliad

gasagebi gaxados testis debulebebi, romlebic miznebis, programebis, Sinaarsebis da
a. S. miRwevis konkretul aspeqtebs amowmeben; Sinaarsis dafarva da testis
debulebebis mier dafarvis balansi da testis debulebebis fardobiTi wonebi.
testis Sinaarsis arCeva
am etapze xdeba testis debulebebis analizi. gronlundi da lini (1990) Tvlian,

rom debulebebis analizisas unda ganvixiloT Semdegi:
 TiToeuli debulebis formatis sargeblianoba (swavlis) miznisTvis

(Sesatyvisoba);
 TiToeuli debulebis unari, moswavles (swavlis) miznis Cvenebis/warmodgenis
SesaZleblobis misces (relevanturoba);
 TiToeuli debulebis amocanis sicxade;
 amocanis sworxazovneba _ simartive;
 TiToeuli debulebis Sedegis erTmniSvnelovneba da SeTanxmeba imaze, Tu
rogori unda iyos es Sedegi;
 TiToeuli debulebis kulturulad gamarTlebuloba;
 TiToeuli debulebis damoukidebloba (anu, rodesac testis sxva
debulebebis gavlena minimaluria da erTi debulebis warmatebiT Sesruleba
ar aris damokidebuli meoris warmatebiT Sesrulebaze);
 testis debulebis mier TiToeuli (swavlis) miznis dafarvis adekvaturoba.
„Sefasebisa da testirebis amocanis jgufi“ (Task Group on Assessment and Testing 1988)
did britaneTSi gvirCevs, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT testis prezentaciis, moqmedebis
da reaqciis meTodebs:
 rogor waradgenT amocanas (magaliTad, wepirad, werilobiT, piqtogramebiT,

kompiuteriT, praqtikuli CvenebiT);
 ras akeTeben moswavleebi testze muSaobisas (magaliTad, zepiri gamoTvlebi,
praqtikuli samuSao, zepiri samuSao, werilobiTi);
 ra Sedegs miiRebT _ rogor aCveneben miRwevas da Sedegebis arsebobas
(magaliTad, mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvidan debulebis arCeviT, mokle
110
pasuxis daweriT, Ria kiTxvaze werilobiTi pasuxit, zepirad, praqtikuli

Sedegis saxiT Tu kompiuteris mier gamotanili SedegiT).
miznebidan testis operacionalizacia Semdeg etapebs moicavs:
 miznebis/Sedegebis/elementebis identificireba, romlebic unda aisaxos

testSi.
 miznebis/Sedegebis/elementebis mdgelenebad anu elementebad dayofa;
 im komponentebis arCeva, romlebic testSi Seva, ise, rom, Tu SesaZlebelia,
ufro farTo sferos warmoadgendnen (anu, Tu saWiroa, sferoze
orientirebuli).
 gadaamuSaveT komponentebi da specifikuri/konkretuli, praqtikuli,
dakvirvebadi qcevebis, aqtivobebisa da praqtikebis terminebiT gadmoeciT,
romlebic saTanadod warmoadgenen da faraven mocemul komponents.
 gansazRvreT, ra saxis monacemebi gWirdebaT miRwevis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb
informaciis misaRebad.
 praqtikuli terminebiT gansazRvreT warmatebis kriteriumebi (Sesrulebis
indikatorebi), SeimuSaveT misaniWebeli qulebisa da niSnebis sistema da
SeTanxmdiT, Tu rogor moagvarebT wonebis sakiTxs.
 dawereT testis TiToeuli debuleba.
 CaatareT piloturi kvleva debulebebis enis/kiTxvadobisa da mowodebis
formis dasaxvewad, debulebebis diskriminaciulobis, maTi sirTulisa da
distraqtorebis (qvemoTaa ganxiluli) Sesafaseblad da moagvareT
validobisa da sandoobis sakiTxi.
gronlundisa da linis (1990: 255) azriT, debulebebis analiziT unda iqnas

uzrunvelyofili, rom isini im funqcias asruleben, rac ganzraxuli iyo, rom unda
SeesrulebinaT, magaliTad: kriteriumze orientirebuli debulebebi saTanadod
faraven saWiro sferoebs da kriteriumebs, xolo normaze orientirebuli debulebebi
debulebis diskriminaciulobas (qvemoTaa ganxiluli) avlenen; debulebebi saTanadod
rTulia (ixileT qvemoT: debulebis sirTule); testi sandoa (masSi ar aris
distraqtorebi anu usargeblo informacia da Seusabamo maniSneblebi, ixileT qvemoT:
distraqtorebi) (ixileT Millan and Greene (1993)). debulebebis analizSi ganixileba
pasuxSi xelmisawvdomi doneebis sizuste, debulebis sirTule, Sesamowmebeli codnis
111
an unaris mniSvnelovneba, debulebis programasTan Sesatyvisoba da testSi Sesatani

debulebebis raodenoba.
debulebebis analizis safuZvels debulebaze pasuxis Teoria qmnis (ixileT
Hambelton 1993). debulebaze pasuxis Teoria agebulia principze, rom SesaZlebelia
calkeuli, specifikuri faruli niSnebis, unarebis da damokidebulebebis gazomva,
romlebic TavisTavad aradakvirvebadia, anu, SegviZlia, ganvsazRvroT aradakvirvebadi
sidideebis dakvirvebadi sidideebi. Teoria uSvebs, rom arsebobs kavSiri pirovnebis
mier konkretuli Tvisebis, niSnis an unaris qonas an maTi qonis xarisxsa da testis
debulebaze mis pasuxs Soris. es Teoria, aseve emyareba mosazrebas, rom SesaZlebelia:
 debulebis sirTulis obieqturi donis dadgena, magaliTad, raSis modeli

(Wainer and Mislevy 1990);
 iseTi debulebebis Seqmna, romlebic efeqturad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan
individebs;
 debulebis aRwera adamianebis nebismieri konkretuli SerCevisgan
damoukideblad, romlebic SeiZleba pasuxobdnen am debulebas, anu, debuleba
ar aris jgufze damokidebuli (anu debulebis sirTule da misi
diskriminaciis xarisxi damoukidebelia SerCevisgan);
 pirovnebis aRwera debulebebis nebismieri SerCevisgan damoukideblad,
romlebsac awvdian mas (anu testirebuli pirovnebis unari ar aris
damokidebuli testis debulebebis konkretul SerCevaze);
 testis administrirebamde misi Tvisebebis aRwera da prognozireba;
 niSnebi erTganzomilebiani iyos (SesaZlebelia calkeuli niSnebis gamoyofa
da aRwera, magaliTad, verbaluri unari, maTematikuri gavarjiSebuloba) da
testis Sedegebisa da Sesrulebis axsna;
 debulebebis nakrebi erT saerTo niSans an unars zomavdes;
 testirebulis pasuxi testis nebismier erT debulebaze ar moqmedebs testis
sxva debulebaze mis mier gacemul pasuxze;
 debulebaze swori pasuxis albaToba ar aris damokidebuli im
testirebulTa raodenobaze, romlebic, SesaZloa, mocemuli unaris mixedviT,
erT doneze iyvnen;
 SesaZlebelia debulebis sirTulis obieqturi doneebis dadgena;
112
 SesaZlebelia iseTi statistikis gamoTvla, romelic gviCvenebs TiToeuli

testirebulis gazomili unaris sizustes da es statistika testirebulis
unarze da testis debulebebis raodenobasa da Tvisebebzea damokidebuli.
testis agebisas debulebebis analizi saWiroa testis TiToeuli debulebis

diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis dasadgenad. debulebis diskriminaciulobaSi
moiazreba mocemuli debulebis potenciali, rom mas sworad upasuxon im
moswavleebma, romelTac didi raodenobiT aqvT is mocemuli Tviseba, romlis
gasazomadacaa Seqmnili mocemuli debuleba da arasworad upasuxon is moswavleebma,
visac naklebad aqvT igive Tviseba. sxva sityvebiT, ramdenad efeqturia testi
moswavleebis Soris gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad? iZleva Tu ara debuleba mocemul
sferoSi moswavleTa unarebs Soris gansxvavebis danaxvis SesaZleblobas? maRali
diskriminaciulobis debuleba mkvlevars am debulebaze qulebis potenciurad farTo
diapazons miscems, dabali diskriminaciulobis debuleba ki _ mwirad
diferencirebul qulebs. cxadia, sasurvelia diskriminaciulobis maRali xarisxi da
dabali diskriminaciulobis debulebebi unda gamoiricxos.
davuSvaT, mkvlevars konkretuli skolis 30 moswavlisTvis (an konkretuli skolis
a klasisTvis) maTematikis testis ageba surs. is qmnis tests da sxva skolaSi an b
klasSi imave asakis 30 moswavleze atarebs pilotur testirebebs (anu mkvlevari
skolis im SerCevis msgavs, Tanazomier SerCevaze atarebs pilotur testirebas,
romlisTvisac saboloo testia gankuTvili). pilotur testirebaSi 30 moswavlisgan
miRebuli qulebi Semdeg sam Tanabar jgufad iyofa (maRali, saSualo da dabali
qulebi). marTebuli iqneba daSveba, rom konkretul debulebaze maRal qulebs Soris
ufro meti swori pasuxi gveqneba, vidre _ dablebSi. TiToeuli debulebisTvis es
maCvenebeli ase gamoiTvleba:
sadac
A = maRali qulebis mqone moswavleTa jgufSi swori pasuxebis raodenoba
B = dabali qulebis mqone moswavleTa jgufSi swori pasuxebis raodenoba
N = or jgufSi moswavleTa saerTo raodenoba.
davuSvaT, mocemul debulebas sworad upasuxa maRali qulebis mqone aTive da
dabali qulebis mqone orma moswavlem. am SemTxvevaSi formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
113
დისკრიმინაციულობის ინდექსი
diskriminaciulobis maqsimaluri indeqsia 1.00. nebismieri debuleba, romlis

diskriminaciulobis indeqsi 0.67-ze naklebia anu Zalian aradiskriminaciulia, jer
unda gadaixedos da inaxos, es bundovani formulirebis an teqstSi SesaZlo
maniSneblebis gamo xom ar aris ase. Tu ase araa, maSin gadasawyvetia, gamoviyenoT Tu
ara 0.67-ze dabalindeqsiani debuleba. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom marTebulia am
debulebis testSi gamoyeneba. debulebis diskriminaciulobis Sesaxeb meti informacia
SegiZliaT naxoT Linn (1993) da Aiken (2003).
diskriminaciulobis indeqsi distraqtorebis efeqturobis Semowmebladac
gamodgeba. es emyareba daSvebas, rom efeqturi distraqtori dabali qulebis mqone
moswavleTa jgufidan ufro met moswavles unda izidavdes, vidre maRali qulebis
mqoneT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi, sadac gamoiyo maRal da dabalquliani
moswavleebis jgufebi:
a b g
pirveli 10 moswavle 10 0 2
bolo 10 moswavle 8 0 10
a magaliTSi debuleba dadebiTad diskriminaciulia, radgan masze pirveli aTi
moswavle ufro met swor pasuxs (10) iZleva, vidre _ bolo aTi (8) da amitom is cudi
distraqtoria. aseve, am debulebis diskriminaciulobis indeqsia 0.20, amitom is cudi
diskriminatorisaa da, amasTan, cudi distraqtoric. b magaliTis debuleba
araefeqturi distraqtoria, radgan arc erTi jgufidan aravis gasca swori pasuxi. g
magaliTis debuleba efeqturi distraqtoria, radgan masze bolo aTi studentis
jgufidan ufro meti (10) pasuxobs sworad, vidre _ pirveli aTidan (2). Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli Zalis gamoujobesebamde nebismieri bundovaneba unda
gamoiricxos.
distraqtorebi mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebebis nawilia, sadac mcdari
alternativebia SemoTavazebuli da moswavleebma swori pasuxi unda airCion. aq
konkretuli alternativis arCevis raodenobis ubralod daTvla distraqtoris
efeqturobis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias: Tu mas xSirad irCeven, maSin is efeqturad
muSaobs. Tu mas iSviaTad an saerTod ar irCeven, maSin is ar muSaobs efeqturad da
Sesacvlelia.
Tu testis debulebis sirTulis gamoTvla gvsurs, es Semdegi formuliT
SegviZlia gavakeToT:
114
sadac
A = moswavleebis raodenoba, romlebsac sworad upasuxes debulebas;
N = moswavleebis saerTo raodenoba, visac miawodes debuleba.
amrigad, Tu oci moswavlisgan Semdgari klasidan 12 moswavle sworad pasuxobs

debulebas, maSin formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
 პროცენტი
sirTulis maqsimaluri indeqsia 1.00. debulebebi, romlebic 33 procentis qvemoT da

67 procentis zemoT xvdebian, savaraudod, Sesabamisad, Zalian rTuli da Zalian
martivia. Semdeg gairkveva, rom marTebulia Tu ara am debulebis testSi CarTva. aqac
mkvlevris gadasawyvetia, testSi gamoiyenebs Tu ara sirTulis zRvris qvemoT an
zemoT myof debulebas. normaze orientirebul testSi debulebis sirTule
daaxloebiT 50 procenti unda iyos (Frisbie 1981). debulebis sirTulis Semdgomi
detaluri ganxilvisTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT Linn (1993) da Hanna (1993).
vinaidan mkvlevars mxolod testis Catarebis Semdeg ecodineba debulebis
diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis indeqsebi, gardauvalia „saxlSi gakeTebuli“
testebis pilotireba. SezRuduli diskriminaciulobisa da SezRuduli sirTulis
debulebebi unda amoeklos tests da Canacvldes maqsimaluri diskriminaciulobis da
yvelaze Sesatyvisi sirTulis mqone debulebebiT. amis gakeTeba mxolod piloturi
kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis gaanalizebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli.
debulebis diskriminaciulobas da sirTules sxvadasxvagvari mniSvneloba aqvs
normaze orientirebul da kriteriumze orientirebul testebSi. normaze
orientirebul testSi moswavleebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba gvinda, amitom debulebis
diskriminaciuloba Zalian mniSvnelovania. kriteriumze orientirebul testSi
TavisTavad ar aris mniSvnelovani, rom testi adarebdes an erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebdes moswavleebis Sedegebs. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT, aiTvises Tu
ara moswavleebma garkveuli moculobis codna, mizani aTvisebuli codnis raodenobis
gazomvaa da ara imis naxva, Tu ramdenma moswavlem gaakeTa es sxvebze ukeTesad.
amgvarad, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom kriteriumze orientirebul tests
diskriminaciulobis Zalian dabali maCvenebli hqondes, Tu yvela moswavle Zalian
karg an Zalian cud Sedegs aCvenebs, magram es ufro nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre is
115
faqti, rom maT daiswavles an ver daiswavles mocemuli masala. normaze

orientirebuli testis SemTxvevaSi aseTi dabali diskriminaciulobis debuleba
uvargisi iqneboda testSi Sesatanad, Tumca kriteriumze orientirebuli testisTvis
igive debuleba sasargeblo informacias (warmateba an marcxi) iZleva.
rac Seexeba debulebis sirTules, kriteriumze orientirebul testSi sirTulis is
donea sasurveli, romelic mocemul amocanas an mizans Seesatyviseba. amgvarad, Tu
mizani advilad miRwevadia, maSin testis debulebaze pasuxic advili unda iyos. Tu
mizani rTulia, maSin testis debulebac, Sesabamisad, rTuli unda iyos. es niSnavs,
rom normaze orientirebuli testisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac debulebis gadamuSaveba
SeiZleba gaxdes diskriminaciulobis ufro maRali indeqsis misaRwevad, kriteriumze
orientirebul testSi es sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania. ra Tqma unda, es
debulebis sirTulis analizis Rirebulebis uaryofas ki ar niSnavs, aramed aq saqme
mis centralurobas exeba. gronlundi da lini (1990: 265) amboben, rom sadac
instruqciebi efeqturia, iq kriteriumze orientirebuli testis debulebis sirTulis
indeqsic maRali iqneba.
konkretuli testis debulebebis dikriminaciulobis, sirTulisa da distraqtoris
efeqtebis dadgenisas, cxadia, gvWirdeba pilotireba, Tumca, Zalian frTxilad unda
viyoT, rom Zalian didi imedebi ar davamyaroT mcire moculobis SerCevebidan
miRebuli monacemebiT gamoTvlili diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis indeqsebze.
debulebis analizis gamoyenebiT testis agebisas, debulebis dikriminaciulobis,
debulebis sirTulisa da distraqtoris efeqtebis garda, mniSvnelovania testis
realuri moTxovnebis ganxilvac (Nuttall 1987; Cresswell and Houston 1991):
 testis yvela debuleba Tanabari sirTulisaa Tu ara?

 romeli debulebebis martivi, zomierad rTuli, rTuli an Zalian rTuli?
 ra saxis amocanaa mocemuli TiToeul debulebaSi: is praqtikis debulebaa
(aTvisebuli masalis gameoreba), gamoyenebis (miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba) Tu
sinTezis (sxvadasxva masalis mogroveba da integracia)?
 Tu ara, ra arTulebs zog debulebas sxvebTan SedarebiT?
 sakmarisad Seesabameba Tu ara debulebebi moswavleebis gamocdilebas?
 ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebian moswavleebi TiToeuli debulebis
SinaarsiT (anu ramdenad adekvaturad miiCneben debulebas, ramdenad
saintereso iqneba is maTTvis)?
116
testis SinaarsSi miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis ideac unda gaviTvaliswinoT,

magaliTad, testis debulebebis tipis SerCevisas. mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros,
garkveuli saxis monacemebi saukeTesod asaxavs Tu ara mocemul unars, wvdomasa da
miRwevas, magaliTad (Lewis 1974; Cohen et al. 2004: Tavi 16):
 Tavisufali Tema;
 faqtobrivi da uaRresad direqtiuli ese;
 mokle pasuxiani kiTxvebi;
 divergenciuli/SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis debulebebi;
 dasasrulebeli debulebebi;
 mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebebi (erTi swori pasuxiT an ramdenime swori
pasuxiT);
 SeWiduli debulebebi an mtkicebebi;
 gamotovebuli sityvebis Casma;
 dausrulebeli winadadebebi an dausrulebeli, usaxelo diagramebi;
 sworia-mcdaria tipis debulebebi;
 Ria kiTxvebi, sadac moswavleebs eTiTebaT pasuxis moculoba (magaliTad,
300 sityva, winadadeba, abzaci);
 daxuruli kiTxvebi.
am debulebebs gaxsenebis, codnis, gagebis, gamoyenebis, analizis, sinTezisa da

Sefasebis anu sxvadasxvagvari azrovnebis Semowmeba SeuZliaT. amis logikuri
dasabuTeba azrovnebis blumiseuli (1956) ierarqiaa _ dabali rigis (gageba, gamoyeneba)
saSualo rigis (analizi, sinTezi) da maRali rigis azrovneba (Sefaseba, msjeloba,
kritika). cxadia, testis formis arCeva yvelaze ekonomiuri gziT maqsimaluri
odenobis informaciis miRebis princips daemyareba. amis kargi magaliTia
mravaljeradi arCevanis testebis meqanikuri damuSaveba, rodesac optikuri
amomcnobebisa da skanerebis gamoyenebis swrafad xdeba didi raodenobis monacemebis
Setana da damuSaveba.
testis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas zogierTi testisTvis skalis dadgenac
aucilebelia. skalis (klasifikaciis graduirebuli sistema) Seqmnis ori ZiriTadi
gza arsebobs:
117
 debulebebis CamonaTvali, romliT gazomvis Sedegad miRebuli maCveneblebi

dabalidan maRlisken lagdeba (magaliTad, IQ-testi, seqsizmis an
agresiulobis sazomi) ise, rom, Sesrulebuli debulebebis maqsimaluri
donis codniT, SesaZlebeli iyos imis Sefaseba, Tu sadamde miaRwia
moswavlem skalaze;
 „dajamebuli qulebis“ meTodi (Howill and Cramer 2005: 203), rodesac iqneba
debulebebi da moswavlis saboloo qula yvela calkeuli debulebaze
miRebuli qulis dajamebiT miiReba.
garda amisa, ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoyenebuli bevri fsiqologiuri testi

erTganzomilebiania anu yvela debuleba erT elements anu ganzomilebas zomavs.
hoviti da krameri (2005: 204) amas adareben situcias, rodesac 30 adamians 10 sasworiT
wonian da moelian, rom sasworebs Soris maRali korelacia iqneba. zogi testi
SeiZleba mravalganzomilebiani iyos, anu, erTi testiT ori an meti faqtori anu
sidide izomebodes. hoviti da krameri (2005: 204) amas adareben situacias, rodesac 30
adamians 10 sasworiT wonian da Semdeg 5 sxvadasxva santimetriT simaRlesac uzomaven.
am gazomvebis Semdeg ki moelian, rom maRali korelacia iqneba sasworebis
maCveneblebs Soris; aseve, maRali iqneba korelacia santimetrebis maCveneblebs Soris,
xolo dabal korelacias miiReben sasworiTa da santimetriT gazomviT miRebul
Sedegebs Soris, vinaidan isini sxvadasxva rames anu sidides zomaven.
amitom testis konstruqtorebma zustad unda icodnen, erTganzomilebian skalas
iyeneben Tu mravalganzomilebians. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr teqstSi
erTganzomilebiani testis sisufTaves uWeren mxars, romelic erT konstruqts an
cnebas zomavs, mravalganzomilebiani testebis qmedunarianobas, praqtikulobasa da
efeqturobasac aRiareben. magaliTad, marTalia vinmem inteleqti SeiZleba
erTganzomilebian faqtorad miiCnios, magram sinamdvileSi inteleqtis mZlavri sazomi
misi mravalganzomilebian konstruqtad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi miiReba da, Sesabamisad,
mravalganzomilebian skalirebas moiTxovs. cxadia, testis zogierTi debuleba
imTaviTve erTganzomilebiania, magaliTad, asaki da saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze
daxarjuli dro.
garda amisa, debulebebis arCevisas maqsimalurad maRali sandoobis miRwevis
aucileblobac ar unda dagvaviwydes. davuSvaT, moswavleebSi gamocdebiT gamowveul
negatiur stress vzomavT. TiToeuli debuleba stresis gasazomad unda iyos
mowodebuli, magaliTad:
118
debuleba 1: uZiloba gamocdebis periodSi;

debuleba 2: SfoTva gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 3: gaRizianeba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 4: depresia gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 5: cremlianoba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 6: saSiano saqmeebis keTebis survilis uqonloba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 7: guneba-ganwyobilebis rxeva gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 8: yavis momatebuli moxmareba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 9: dadebiTi damokidebuleba da xalisianoba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 10: gamocdebis mouTmeneli molodini.
vTqvaT, gavakeTeT Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis sandoobis testi (sandooba SPSS-Si,

ixileT Tavi 24) da davadgineT maRali korelacia (vTqvaT, daaxloebiT 0.85) 1 _ 5
debulebebs, uaryofiTi korelaciebi 9 da 10 da yvela sxva debulebas (vTqvaT, _0.79)
da Zalian dabali korelacia 6 da 8 da yvela sxva danarCens Soris (vTqvaT, 0.26).
calkeuli debulebisa da saerTo qulis (debulebebis analizis erT-erTi saxeoba,
rodesac iTvleba erT debulebaze miRebuli qulisa da danarCen debulebebze
miRebuli qulebis jamis korelacia) korelaciebi sxvadasxvaa. axla ra unda vqnaT?
SegviZlia davtovoT 1 _ 5 debulebebi, 9 da 10 debulebebis Sebrunebulad mivaniWoT
qulebi (vinaidan es debulebebi stresis dadebiT aspeqtebs zomavs da ara _
uaryofiTs) da davfiqrdeT 6 da 8 debulebebis testidan amoRebaze, radgan isini,
rogorc Canas, sxva raRacas zomaven. debulebebis aseTi analizis mizania testSi im
debulebebis CarTva, romlebic erTsa da imave konstruqts zomaven da imaTi
gamoricxva, romlebic ar zomaven amave konstruqts. am sakiTxis ufro dawvrilebiT
ganxilvisTvis SegiZlia mimarToT Howill and Cramer (2005: Tavi 12).
testSi dasatovebeli an amosaRebi debulebebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebisadmi alternatiuli midgoma faqtoruli analizis gamoyenebaa (ixileT Tavi
25), rasac didad aiolebs SPSS. faqtoruli analizi daajgufebs msgavs debulebebs
da maT sxvebisgan gamijnavs. Cvens magaliTSi, sailustraciod davuSvaT, rom
faqtoruli analiziT ganisazRvra sami faqtori:
 dadebiTi grZnobebi (debulebebi 9 da 10);

 uaryofiTi fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi (debulebebi 2, 3, 4, 5, 7);
 fizikuri, qceviTi cvlilebebi (debulebebi 1, 6, 8).
119
faqtorebis atvirTvis naxvisas (ixileT Tavi 25) gadavwyvetT, romeli faqtoris

datovebaa yvelaze marTebuli da, Sesabamisad, romeli debulebebi unda davtovoT
testSi da romeli _ amoviRoT. zogadi wesia, rom unda davfiqrdeT dabali
faqtoruli datvirTvis (vTqvaT, 0.3) mqone debulebebis amoRebaze, faqtorSi maTi
arasakmarisi wonis gamo. faqtoruli analizi imasac gviCvenebs, konstruqti
erTganzomilebiania Tu mravalganzomilebiani (Tu erT faqtors miviRebT, savadaurod,
konstruqti erTganzomilebiania).
testis forma
am TavSi warmodgenili ganxilvis did nawilSi daSvebulia, rom Cveulebriv,

dabeWdil, xeliT Sesavseb testze vsaubrobT. cxadia, araa aucilebli, rom es ase
iyos. testiSeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, werilobiT, zepiri, praqtikuli, interaqciuli,
kompiuteris gamoyenebiT, dramatuli, diagramuli, hiqtogramuli, fotografiuli,
moicavdes audio-video masalebis gamoyenebas, prezentacia, roluri gaTamaSeba da
simulacia. zepiri testebi, magaliTad, SeiZleba maSin Catardes, Tu mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom kiTxva da wera xels SeuSlis testis realuri mizanis miRwevas (anu is
wera-kiTxvis testad iqceva da aRar iqneba, vTqvaT, maTematikis testi). es ar uaryofs
zemoT ganxilul sakiTxvebs: nebismieri formis testisTvis mainc saWiroa, magaliTad,
sandoobisa da validobis, sirTulis, diskriminaciulobis, gasworebisa da qulebis
miniWebis sakiTxebis ganxilva, debulebebis analizi da testis SesrulebisTvis
gankuTvnili drois gawera. faqtobrivad, zogierTi es sakiTxi kidev ufro
mniSvnelovani xdeba arawerilobiTi testirebisas, magaliTad, sandooba umTavresi
sakiTxia musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas an tanvarjiSSi savaldebulo
programis Cvenebisas, sadac mxolod erTjeradi, erTeuli Sedegi miiReba. amasTan,
sandooba da validoba mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs warmodgens jgufuri warmodgenisas,
sadac jgufis dinamikam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos calkeuli gamosacdeli individis
realuri unarebis gamovlenas. cxadia, mklevarma unda gadawyvitos, individualuri
testi Caataros Tu jgufuri da ra formiT gaakeTos es.
testis debulebebis dawera
testSi unda mogvardes gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli miniSnebebisa da

maTze mimniSneblebis sakiTxi, magaliTad (Morris et et. 1987):
120
 pasuxis Casawerad gankuTvnili xazebis raodenoba SeiZleba saWiro sityvebis

raodenobaze miuTiTebdes;
 wertilebis raodenoba SeiZleba saWiro asoebis raodenobaze miuTiTebdes;
 pasuxis Casawerad gankuTvnili xazis sigrZe SeiZleba saWiro pasuxis sigrZeze
miuTiTebdes;
 pasuxis Casawerad datovili adgili SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, Tu ramdeni unda
daiweros;
 winadadebis sxvadasxva gamotovebuli nawilis aRdgenaSi mkiTxvels amave
winadadebis danarCeni nawilebi daexmarebian (wakiTxvis anaforuli da kataforuli
maniSneblebi).
hana (Hanna 1993: 139 – 41) da kuningemi (1998) ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo princips
gvTavazoben, romlebic moklepasuxiani debulebebis agebisas zogierTi qvemoT
CamoTvlili problemis Tavidan asacileblad gamogvadgeba:
 pasuxebis Casawerad gankuTvnili xazebi winadadebis bolosken gadaitaneT;

 pasuxebis Casawerad Tanabari sigrZis xazebi gaakeTeT;
 darwmundiT, rom namdvilad mxolod erTi pasuxia swori;
 erideT pasuxis Casaweri ramdenime xazis erTmaneTTan axlos (winadadebaSi an
abzacSi) ise ganlagebas, rom azri daikargos;
 mxolod ZiriTadi sityvebi an cnebebi gamotoveT da ara _ damxmare, Cveulebrivi
sityvebi;
 erideT mxolod wvrilmanebze Cakirkitebas;
 darwmundiT, rom moswavleebma zustad ician, ra saxis da specifikis pasuxebis
mocema moeTxovebaT;
 daazusteT ricxobrivi pasuxebis gasacemad gankuTvnili erTeulebi;
 codnis gaxsenebis unaris Sesamowmeblad mokle pasuxebi gamoiyeneT.
rac Seexeba mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebebs, maTTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime

potenciuri problema arsebobs:
 ramdeni alternatiuli pasuxi unda iyos mravaljeradi arCevanis TiTo debulebaSi

da erTi pasuxi unda iyos swori Tu ramdenime?
121
 mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebaSi distraqtorebis raodenoba da realuroba

(magaliTad, SeiZleba bevri distraqtori gvqondes, magram maTi umravlesoba
aSkarad mcdari iyos anu ramdenime zedmeti debulebebi gvqondes);
 debulebebis Tanmimdevroba da maTi gavlena erTmaneTze;
 mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebaSi swori pasuxis adgilmdebareoba.
gronlundi da lini (1990), hana (2003: 161 – 75), kuningemi (1998) da aikeni (2003)
ramdenime rCevas gvTavazoben efeqturi mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebebis
SedgenisTvis:
 darwmundiT, rom debulebebi mniSvnelovan codnasa da naswavl masalaze

migviTiTeben da ara _ ubralod faqtebis gaxsenebaze;
 sakiTxis arsi debulebis ZiriTad teqstSi CamoayalibeT da darwmundiT, rom
ZiriTad teqsts TavisTavad aqvs azri (magaliTad, aseTi debuleba Sesacvlelia:
„cxvari“: (a) balaxismWamelia, (b) Cliqosania, (g) Cveulebriv, erT jerze erT an or
batkans Sobs. umjobesia, iyos ase: „ramden batkans Sobs, Cveulebriv, cxvari erT
jerze?“);
 darwmundiT, rom debulebis ZiriTad teqstSi, zedmeti sityvebis gareSe,
SeZlebisdagvarad bevria mocemuli;
 erideT debulebis uaryofiTad formulirebul ZiriTad teqsts;
 martivi da gasagebi eniT wereT;
 uzrunvelyaviT sizuste da erTmniSvnelovneba;
 darwmundiT, rom yvela mosazreba imdenad damajerebelia, rom SeuZlebeli iyos
erTaderTi SesaZlo swori variantis gamocnoba;
 erideT, rom moswavleebma ver SeZlon mcdar msjelobaze swori arCevanis gakeTeba;
 siaxle SeitaneT debulebaSi, Tu is ukve gamoiyenebuli gaqvT debuleba masalis
gagebis Sesamowmeblad;
 uzrunvelyaviT, rom namdvilad mxolod erTi pasuxi iyos swori;
 erideT sintaqsul da gramatikul miniSnebebs imiT, rom savaraudo pasuxebi
sintaqsurad da gramatikurad paraleluri gqondeT da Tavi aaridoT ZiriTadi
teqstisa da pasuxebis erTnairad formulirebas;
 erideT debulebis ZiriTad teqstSi swori pasuxis Semcveli maniSneblebis CarTvas;
122
 alternatiuli pasuxebi Tanabari sigrZis gqondeT (magaliTad, ar daweroT

sxvebisgan gamorCeuli erTi grZeli pasuxi);
 alternatiuli pasuxebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli unda iyos, ar CarToT iseTi
pasuxebi, romlebic erTi meores moicaven;
 swori pasuxis sxvadasxva debulebaSi sxvadasxv adgilas ganaTavseT (magaliTad,
yovelTvis meore varianti rom ar iyos swori pasuxi);
 erideT iseTi variantebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa „yvela zemoT CamoTvlili“ an
„arc erTi zemoT CamoTvlilTagani“;
 erideT erTi debulebis pasuxebis meoreSi maniSneblad gamoyenebas _ debulebebi
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli unda iyos.
testis pasuxebis variantebi gaazrebuli unda iyos da amis Sesaxeb meti

informaciisTvis kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb me-15 Tavs SegiZliaT mimarToT (magaliTad,
likertis, gatmanis, semantikuri diferencialis da turstonis skalebi).
morisi da misi kolegebi (1987: 161), gronlundi da lini (1990), hana (1993: 147),
kuningemi (1998) da aikeni (2003) sworia-mcdaria tipis kiTxvebTan dakavSirebul
problemebzec miuTiTeben:
 mniSvnelobis bundovaneba;
 zogi debuleba SeiZleba nawilobriv swori an nawilobriv mcdari iyos;
 Sedarebis/dapirispirebis debulebebi SeiZleba Zalian martivi an Zalian rTuli
iyos;
 debulebaTa umetesoba garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba iyos swori an mcdari;
 moswavles SeiZleba ar esmodes, faqtebi ainteresebT Tu mosazrebebi;
 diqotomiurobis gamo moswavles swori pasuxis gamocnobis Tanabari Sansi aqvs;
 daubalansirebeli swori da mcdari debulebebi;
 zogi debuleba SeiZleba „absolutebs“ moicavdes da mniSvnelovan miniSnebas
iZleodes, magaliTad, „yovelTvis“, „arasodes“, „yvela“, „arc erTi“;
avtorebi am problemebis dasaZlevis ramdenime gzas gvTavazoben
 erideT ganzogadebul debulebebs (vinaidan isini, Cveulebriv, mcdaria);

 erideT trivialur kiTxvebs;
 erideT uaryofas da ormag uaryofas debulebebSi;
 erideT Zalian grZnel da Zalian rTul qvewyobil debulebebs;
123
 darwmundiT, rom debulebebi faqtebs eyrdnoba;

 darwmundiT, rom debulebebi an swori SeiZleba iyos, an _ mcdari;
 debulebebi yofiTi, yoveldRiuri sametyvelo eniT dawereT;
 gadawyviteT, sad aris marTebuli „sixSiris“ maCveneblebis gamoyeneba _ „zogadad“,
„Cveulebriv“, „xSirad“, vinaidan SesaZlebelia maTi interpretacia;
 erideT orazrovnebas;
 darwmundiT, rom TiTo debuleba TiTo azrs gadmoscems;
 Tu mosazreba gainteresebT, maSin darwmundiT, rom SesaZlebelia mocemul wyaroze
misi miwera;
 darwmundiT, rom swori da mcdari debulebebi Tanabari raodenobiT da sigrZis
gaqvT.
morisi da misi kolegebi (1987), hana (1993: 150 – 2), kuningemi (1998) da aikeni (2003)
SeWidul debulebebTan dakavSirebul garkveul sirTuleebzec miuTiTeben:
 moswavlisTvis SeiZleba Zalian naTeli iyos, CamonaTvalSi romeli debuleba

ubralod ver iqneba meore CamonaTvalSi mocemuli debulebebis wyvili
(magaliTad, Sinaarsis, gramatikisa da cnebebis mixedviT) da amitom is debulebebs
gamoricxvis meTodiT daawyvilebs da ara _ gagebis safuZvelze;
 erT siaSi mocemuli debuleba SeiZleba meore siis ramdenime debulebasTan
wyvildebodes;
 siebSi SeiZleba araTanabari raodenobis debulebebi iyos mocemuli anu
distraqtorebs vawodebdeT. amiT dasawyvilebeli debulebebis arCeva
mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebas ufro daemsgavdeba, vidre _ dawyvilebas;
avtorebi Tvlian, rom Sewyvilebisas warmoqmnili sirTuleebis mogvareba

Semdegnairadaa SesaZlebeli:
 darwmundiT, rom Sesawyvilebeli debulebebi homogenuria anu msgavsia mTel

testSi (raTa garTuldes gamocnoba);
 erideT iseT Sesawyvilebel debulebebs, romlebze pasuxis gacema iqneba
SesaZlebeli gamorcxviT (magaliTad, imiT, rom: (a) TiToeul svetSi gansxvavebuli
raodenobis debulebebia da amitom Sesawyvilebeli vatiantebi ufro metia, vidre
debulebebi; (b) moswavleebi naklebad SeZleben asarCevi variantebis diapazonis
124
Semcirebas, radgan ufro meti debuleba eqnebaT Sesawyvilebeli; (g) erTi da igive
varianti ramdenjerme SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT);
 gadawyviteT, SeurevT Tu ara erTmaneTSi SeWiduli debulebebis or svets (anu, Tu
sasurvelia, darwmundiT, rom yovel svetSi orivea mocemuli _ debulebac da
alternativebic);
 Sesawyvilebeli variantebi logikurad da advilad gasagebi TanmimdevrobiT
daalageT (magaliTad, raodenobis an qronologiis mixedviT);
 erideT grZel svetebs da isini erT gverdze daatieT;
 asarCevi variantebis svetebSi SeZlebisdagvarad mokle debulebebi CarTeT;
 Tavi aarideT orazrovnebas imiT, rom gqondeT naTlad Sesatyvisi varianti,
romelic gamoirCeva alternativebisgan;
 gasagebad gadmoeciT, Tu ra mimarTeba unda iyos debulebasa da alternatiul
variantebs Soris (ra mxriv ukavSirdebian isini erTmaneTs);
 debulebebisa da maTi alternatiuli variantebis raodenoba.
rac Seexeba eses tipis kiTxvebs, maT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvT. magaliTad, ese,
rogorc testirebis Ria forma, swavlis kompleqsuri Sedegis gazomvis saSualebas
iZleva. aseve, moswavles codnis integrirebis, gamoyenebisa da sinTezis, gamoxatvisa
da TviTgamoxatvis unaris, divergenciuli azrovnebisa da umaRlesi kognituri
gadamuSavebis demonstrirebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. garda amisa, SedarebiT martivia
eses saTauris formulireba. meore mxriv, eses akritikeben arasando monacemebis
mowodebis (Gronlund and Linn 1990; Cunningham 1998), qulebis miniWebis arasando
(araTanmimdevruli da cvaldebadi) procesisa da swavlis mosalodneli Sedegebisadmi
uyuradRebobis da mikerZoebisa da prioritetebis mixedviT gasworebis (gasworebas
bevri dro miaqvs, intuiciuri, subieqturi da holisturia) gamo. am siZneleebis
dasaZlevad avtorebi gvTavazoben Semdegs:
 eses tipis kiTxva im swavlis miznebiT unda Semoifarglos, romelsac obieqturad

ver gavzomavT;
 eses tipis kiTxva mkafiod unda ukavSirdebodes sasurvel swavlis Sedegs da
naTeli unda iyos, ra qcevebi unda aCvenon moswavleebma;
 ese kiTxva Zalian mkafiod unda miuTiTebdes sferosa da amocanebze (magaliTad,
„daasabuTeT“, „SeadareT“, „gaakritikeT“, „SeajameT“, „gaaanalizeT“, „daazusteT“,
125
„gaarCieT“, „gamoiyeneT“, „SeafaseT“, „gaaerTianeT“, „daupirispireT“, „magaliTi

moitaneT“);
 TiToeul eses dauweseT Sesrulebis dro;
 Tavi aarideT variantebs, magram Tu sTavazobT variantebs, maSin mieciT saTaurebis
CamonaTvali, saidanac airCeven; amasTan, SeTavazebuli saTaurebi Tanabari
sirTulis unda iyos da moswavles erTnairad aZlevdnen miRwevis, gagebisa da a. S.
demonstrirebis saSualebas;
 winaswar gansazRvreT da axseniT kriteriumebi, miuTiTeT, Tu ra unda iyos
pasuxebSi mocemuli, TiToeul punqtze ramden qulas mianiWebT da ramdeni qula
unda moagrovon mocemuli kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad;
 SeaTanxmeT, ras mouxerxebT da rogor SeafasebT Secdomebs, uzustobebs da
gramatikul Secdomebs;
 naSromi orjer, brmad da, rodesac marTebulia, eses avtoris vinaobis codnis
gareSe swordeba.
cxadia, sandoobis sakiTxebic dgeba (ixileT Tavi 6). aq saqme isaa, rom testis
sqemam anu debulebebis wyobam SeiZleba mZlavri gavlena moaxsinos Sedegze.
testis wyoba, ganlageba
testis wyobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaze Semdegi faqtorebi moqmedebs

(Grounland and Linn 1990; Hanna 1993; Linn 1993; Cunningham 1998):
 instruqciebis xasiaTi, sigrZe da sizuste, magaliTad, ra unda gaakeTos, ramdeni

unda aiRos, ramdeni unda gaakeTos, ramdeni debuleba unda mosinjos, ra saxis
pasuxebia saWiro (magaliTad, erTi sityva, winadadeba, abzaci, formula, ricxvi,
debuleba da a. S.), rogor da sad Caweros pasuxi, sad aCvenos/Caweros, Tu rogor
wyvets problemas, saidan daiwyos axali pasuxis Cawera (magaliTad, axali
pasuxebis furceli);
 mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebaze erTi pasuxia saWiro Tu ramdenime;
 instruqciebi teqstSi gaabnieT, Tavidanve nu gadatvirTavT moswavleebs Warbi
informaciiT; instruqciebi saWiroebisamebr mieciT _ yoveli seqsiis dasawyisSi
mxolod am seqciisTvis gankuTvnili instruqcia miawodeT;
 ra qulas aniWebT testis TiToeul nawils;
 minimumamde daiyvaneT orazrovneba da debulebebi wakiTxvadi gaxadeT;
126
 testSi debulebebi sirTulis zrdis mixedviT daalageT (anu debulebebis

mdebareoba da Tanmimdevroba);
 gverdis vizualuri mxare, magaliTad, erideT moswavleebis vizualuri masaliT an
sityvebiT gadatvirTvas;
 daajgufeT debulebebi _ msgavsi Sinaarsis an formatis debulebebi erTad
miawodeT;
 gaakeTeT pasuxebis furceli, romelsac kompiuterSi SeitanT da optikuri
amomcnobi da skaneri waikiTxavs (Tu marTebulia).
testis wyoba iseTi unda iyos, rom amartivebdes testis Sevsebas da amas imdenad
efeqturad da qmediTad unda akeTebdes, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia moswavlisTvis.
testis Sesrulebis dro
testirebisas wesdeba orgvari dro: testis Catarebis dro (kviris dRe, Tve, dRis
dro) da moswavlisTvis testis Sesasruleblad micemuli dro. rac Seexeba pirvels,
es, nawilobriv, sandoobis sakiTxia, vinaidan dRis an kviris an a.S. dro SeiZleba
gavlenas axdendes imaze, Tu ramdenad mobilizebuli an motivirebuli moswavle, an
ramdenad SeuZlia testze muSaoba. rac Seexeba meores, mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos,
drois rogor SezRudvas awesebs da ratom. magaliTad, Tu sasurvelia Tu ara drois
SezRudviT gamowveuli zewola imis sanaxavad, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZlia moswavles
SezRuduli drois pirobebSi, Tu usargeblo moTxovnaa drois limitis daweseba
imaze, rac ar unda izRudebodes droSi (SezRuduli hqonda van gogs dro, roca
cnobil mzesumzirebs xatavda?) (aseve, ixileT Kohn 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, moswavleebama icodnen, zogadad,
testisTvis gamoyofili drois odenobis Sesaxeb, maT namdvilad waadgebaT imis
codnac, Tu testis TiToeul nawils ramdeni dro unda dauTmon. Tu dro testis
fardobiTi wonebis mixedviT nawildeba (ixileT wonebisa da qulebis ganxilva), maSin
moswavles saSualeba eZleva, Tavad gadawyvitos, testis romel nawilze gaakeTos
aqcenti _ maT SeiZleba testis im nawilebze surdeT koncentrireba, romelSic ufro
met qulas miiReben. garda amisa, Tu testis debulebebisTvis zustadaa dro
gansazRvruli, es zrdis misi standartizaciis xarisxs da SeiZleba sasargebloc
iyos, Tu Sedegebi individebis an jgufebis Sesadareblad unda gamoiyenon.
testSi qulebis miniWebis proceduris dagegmva
127
testis sxvadasxva debulebebisTvis qulebis miniWeba TiToeuli debulebis

fardobiTi mniSvnelobis TvalsaCino maCvenebelia _ qulebis miniWebisas
gaTvaliswinebulia TiToeuli debulebis wona. mniSvnelovania, rom testis ufro iol
nawilebs ufro naklebi qulebi mieniWos, vidre _ ufro rTulebs, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis Sedegebi SeiZleba xelovnurad gaiberos Zalian bevr martiv
da cota rTul kiTxvaze sworad gacemuli pasuxebis gamo (Gronlund and Linn 1990).
amasTan, testis debulebebisTvis qulebis miniWebis SeZlebisdagvarad didi sizuste
da specifikuroba ramdenime TvalsazrisiTaa mimzidevli (Cresswell and Houston 1991; Gipps
1994; Aiken 2003), TiToeuli debulebisa da qvedebulebisTvis konkretuli qulis
miniWeba, magaliTad:
 ar ikargeba nawilobriv Sesrulebuli davaleba _ moswavleebi qulebs im

proporciiT iReben, davalebis ra nawilic aqvT warmatebiT Sesrulebuli (sferoze
orientirebulobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli);
 moswavles saSualeba eZleva, testis cudad gakeTebuli nawili sxva nawilebSi
miRebuli ukeTesi SedegebiT daakompensiros;
 saSualebas iZleva, moswavleebisTvis gasagebi gaxdes debulebebis wonebi;
 testis nawilebis warmatebulad SesrulebisTvis miniWebul qulebSi iseTi
momentebis gaTvaliswinebisa da asaxvis SesaZleblobas qmnis, rogoricaa
debulebis moculoba, mis Sesasruleblad saWiro dro, sirTulisa da
mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi;
 amartivebs moderacias, vinaidan gasagebi da konkretulia;
 SesaZlebels xdis debulebis mixedviT jgufebis Sedarebas;
 sandoobis indeqsebis daTvlis SesaZleblobas iZleva (naxeT sandoobis ganxilva);
 SesaZlebelia qulebis dagroveba da pirdapir niSanSi gadayvana.
ebeli (1979) amtkicebs, rom rac ufro meti quliT aRiwereba miRwevis sxvadasxva
done (magaliTad, niSnebis dawerisas), miT meti iqneba dawerili niSnebis sandooba,
Tumca, es, cxadia, rom gazrdis testis moculobas. qulebi gramatikisa da
punqtuaciisTvisac unda gaviTvaliswinoT _ moswavleebs gramatikur Secdomebzec
unda daakldeT qulebi da rogor unda movaxerxoT, rom Tanmimdevrulebi viyoT aq?
amasTan, ras vuSvrebiT gamotovebul pasuxebs, erTeulebs, debulebebs da a. S.,
magaliTad, ras vakeTebT, Tu moswavles gazomvis erTeulebi ar uweria (km/sT, dolari
an girvanqa sterlingi, metri an santimetri)?
128
testSi qulebis daweras ukavSirdeba Sedegebi wardgenis sakiTxic. Tu testSi

qulebis miniWeba specifikuria, maSin es Sedegebis sxvadasxvagvarad wardgenis
SesaZleblobas qmnis, magaliTad, Sedegebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT: saTiTaod, yoveli
debulebis qula cal-calke, testis nawilebis mixedviT an mTliani testis jamuri
qula. aseTi moqniloba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos mkvlevrisTvis, radgan moswavleebis
jgufis konkretuli Zlieri da susti mxareebis Seswavlis saSualebas miscems.
zemoT warmodgeni zogierTi mosazrebis sasurveloba sakamaToa. magaliTad,
SegviZlia vikamaToT imis Taobaze, rom kriteriumze orientirebulobis siZliere
swored misi specifikurobaa da rom kriteriumze orientirebisas ikargeba
agregirebuli monacemebis (magaliTad, miniWebuli qulebis) arsi (Gipps 1994: 85).
magaliTad, Tu moswavles inglisur gramatikaSi E dauweres da mxatvrul weraSi _ A,
es ori Sefaseba, SesaZloa, C niSnad agregirdes, rogorc misi jamuri kompetencia
inglisur enaSi, magram ras niSnavs es C? is moklebulia azrs, ar aqvs aTvlis
wertili anda gasagebi kriteriumi, masSi ikargeba A da E niSnebis sasargeblo
specifikuroba, es kompromisia, romelic, faqtobrivad, arafers gveubneba. amasTan,
aseTi niSnebis agregireba uSvebs, rom yvela debuleba erTnairi sirTulisaa.
cxadia, rom nedli qulebi mainc Riaa interpretaciisTvis, rac ukve msjelobis
sakiTxia da ara _ sizustis (Wiliam 1996). magaliTad, Tu testi saganis „codnas“
afasebs, mkvlevarma und gadawyvitos, ra qmnis am „codnas“ _ es absoluturi qulaa
(anu Zalian maRali) Tu gradaciebi arsebobs da Tu es ukanasknelia, maSin
rogoria/sad xvdeba es gradaciebi? gamoqveynebuli testebisTvis qulebis miniWeba
standartizebulia da ukve gasagebi, radgan aq nedli qulebi ukve gadayvanilia
standartul qulebSi, magaliTad, procentilebSi an niSnebSi.
qulebis miniWebis Taobaze diskusiis safuZvels markirebis kriteriumis zustad da
calsaxad gansazRvris saWiroeba qmnis: ras mieniWeba qula da ras ara. amisaTvis unda
gairkves, arsebobs Tu ara maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali, romelic unda moiZebnebodes
moswavlis pasuxSi.
naTelia, rom kriteriaze orientirebul testebSi deklarirebuli unda iyos
umdablesi zRvari _ minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari _ romlis qvemoTac moxvedrili
moswavleebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom maT ver daakmayofiles kriteriumi. kompromisi
SeimCneva kriteriumze orientirebul im testebSi, romlebic erTi da imave davalebis
sxvadasxva doniT Sesrulebas sxvadasxva qulas aniWeben da gamocdaze sxvadasxva
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris dadgenas saWiroeben. amis gavrcelebuli magaliTia
129
did britaneTSi saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis saSualo ganaTlebis zogadi

sertifikatis (GCSE) gamocda, sadac moswavleebi kriteriumze orientirebul
gamocdaSi A-sa da F-s Soris iReben niSnebs.
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris dadgenis Sesaxeb meti informacia SegiZliaT
naxoT Semdeg avtorebTan: Nedelsky (1954), Angoff (1971), Ebel (1979) da Linn (1993). angofi
(1971) debulebebisTvis qulebis diqotomiurad miniWebis meTods gvTavazobs. aq
gamsworeblebs minimalurad misaRebi individebis wilis identificireba moeTxovebaT,
vinc yovel debulebas sworad upasuxebda. am wilebis jami warmoadgens minimalur
misaReb qulas. am principis ufro daxvewili versia ebels (1979) ekuTvnis. am meTodis
mixedviT, yvela debulebisTvis aigeba sirTulisa da relevanturobis matrica.
sirTule SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros (magaliTad, advili, saSualo da Zneli)
da, aseve, sam doneze ganisazRvreba relevanturobas (magaliTad, Zalian relevanturo,
zogierad relevanturi da odnav relevanturi). rodesac testis TiToeuli calkeuli
debuleba matricis ujraSi ganTavsdeba, Semfaseblebi afaseben, TiToeul ujraSi
moxvedrili debulebebis ra nawils upasuxebdnen sworad minimalurad misaRebi
individebi, amasTan, yoveli Semfasebeli standartad iRebs TiToeuli ujris wilebis
Sewonil saSualos (romelic TiToeul ujraSi moxvedrili debulebebis raodenobiT
aris gansazRvruli). am meTodSi Semfaseblebma ori faqtori unda ganixilon _
relevanturoba da sirTule (angofis (1971) meTodisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac mxolod
sirTulezea saubari). am midgomebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ndoba, romelsac isini
eqspertebs ucxadeben doneebis Sefasebisas (magaliTad, sirTulis an relevanturobis,
anda warmatebiT miRwevis wilebis), anu, isini SecdomebiT aRsavse adamianur
subieqturobas efuZnebian.
ebelis (1979) mtkicebiT, niSnebis daweris erT-erTi principia, rom isini qulebis
skalaze Tanabar intervalebs unda warmoadgendnen. is medianasa da standartul
gadaxraze miuTiTebs: mediana imitom, rom yovelgvar azrs moklebulia qulebis
dawerisas absoluturi nulis arsebobis daSveba, xolo standartuli gadaxra,
rogorc misaRebi diapazonis erTeuli, romelSic xvdebian TiToeuli
gradaciis/klasis Semadgeneli qulebi (aseve, ixileT Cohen and Holliday 1996). amgvarad,
erT-erTi procedura Semdegnairia:
 gamoTvaleT qulebis mediana da standartuli gadaxra;

 medianis da standartuli gadaxris, rogorc TiToeuli gradaciis/klasis zomis
erTeulis, gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT niSnis intervalebis qulis qveda zRvari.
130
Tumca, minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris sakiTxs is faqti arTulebs, rom es zRvari

SeiZleba icvlebodes sxvadasxva miznisa da qulebis sxvadasxvagvari gamoyenebis
mixedviT (magaliTad, diagnostirebisTvis, sertificirebisTvis, SerCevisTvis,
programis SefasebisTvis), radgan es miznebi gavlenas moaxdens minimaluri
kompetenciis zRvrebis raodenobasa da gradaciaze da, aseve, detalebis moTxovnil
sizusteze. minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris dadgenis sakiTxis sruli analizisTvis
ixileT Linn (1993).
qulebis miniWebis sakiTxi mTel rig faqtorebs moicavs, magaliTad, klasis
normebi, asakobrivi normebi, procentiluri normebi da standartuli qulis normebi
(magaliTad, z-qulebi, T-qulebi, stanainebi, procentilebi). es sakiTxi Cveni wignis
farglebs scildeba, amitom mkiTxvels vurCevdiT miemarTa Semdegi avtorebisTvis:
Cronbach (1970), Gronlund and Linn (1990), Cohen and Holliday (1996), Hopkins et al. (1996).
pretestisa da post-testis Sedgena
testis ageba da Catareba kvlevis eqsperimentuli modelis arsebiTi nawilia, sadac

sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebisTvis iqmneba pretesti da post-testi.
pretesti da post-testi ramenime saxelmZRvanelo princips unda mihyvebodes:
 pretestSi SeiZleba iyos post-testisgan formiT an formulirebiT gansxvavebuli

kiTxvebi, Tumca am or tests erTi da igive Sinaarsi unda hqondes, anu, erTi da
igive jgufebisTvis gankuTvnili testis alternatiul variantebs unda
warmoadgendnen.
 sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs erTi da igive pretesti unda miewodoT.
 sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs erTi da igive post-testi unda miewodoT.
 sifrTxile gvmarTebs post-testis gakeTebisas, rom is erTi jgufisTvis ufro
martivi ar aRmoCndes, vidre meoresTvis.
 orive testi erTnairi sirTulis unda iyos.
testis monacemebi, ZiriTadad, kvlevis eqsperimentuli modelisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. amas garda, isini SeiZleba kiTxvaris, interviusa da dokumenturi
masalis nawili iyos.
131
თემა 3. სანდოობა, ვალიდობა და სტანდარტიზაცია.
თავი VII. სანდოობა, ვალიდობა და სტანდარტიზაცოა

sandooba
sandooba niSnavs testis, kiTxvaris stabilurobas, Tanmimdevrulobas,

prognozirebis unars, mis sizustes. sxva sityvebiT, Tu imave cdis pirs tests sxva
pirobebSi CavutarebT, igive qulebs miiRebs Tu ara?
arsebobs sandoobis miRwevis oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi: test-retestireba,
alternatiuli formebis Catareba, punqtebis Sinagani Tanxmoba, or eqsperimentators
Soris Tanxmoba. yvela es meTodi erTi da imave logikazea dafuZnebuli. Tu erTi da
igive raRacis orjer gazomviT igive Sedegebs miviRebT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
orive gazomviT namdvili qula gavzomeT. roca sandoobas statistikurad vzomavT, es
niSnavs, rom vzomavT xarisxs, romliTac ori gazomva msgavs qulebs gvaZlevs, anu,
SegviZlia SevafasoT mTeli dispersiis proporcia, rac korelaciis koeficientze
dayrdnobiT xdeba.
1. test-retestireba - stabiloba, anu droSi gamZleoba. testi unda Catardes
orjer, intervali sasurvelia iyos 3 Tve, Tumca, bavSvebi swrafad icvlebian da
maTTan naklebi intervalia saWiro. Semdeg iTvleba korelacia, romelic ar unda iyos
0.70-ze naklebi, xolo Tu testi klinikaSi diagnostikur iaraRadaa gaTvaliswinebuli,
korelacia ar unda iyos 0.90-ze naklebi. roca r=0.70, es niSnavs, rom Tanxmoba aris
qulebis 49%-ze (0.702 X 100).
2. alternatiuli formebis Catareba - testis sizuste mocemul momentSi.
alternatiul formebs warmoadgens damoukideblad Seqmnili testebi, an igive testis
sxva varianti, vTqvaT, aizenkis kiTxvaris A da B varianti, romlebic igive formatiT,
SinaarsiT, kiTxvebis raodenobiT da Catarebis maneriT xasiaTdeba.
1. punqtebis Sinagani Tanxmoba - es meTodi gulisxmobs, rom testis, kiTxvaris yvela
punqti (kiTxva) erTi da igives unda zomavdes, mag: eqstraversiis kiTxvaris yvela
kiTxva eqstraversias unda zomavdes. statistikurad punqtebis Sinagani Tanxmoba
Semdegnairad izomeba:
132
a) debulebis analizi, anu punqtis korelacia mTel testTan. iTvleba testze

miRebuli saerTo qulis korelacia TiTeul qulasTan, es korelaciebi 0.30-ze meti
unda iyos.
b) testis Suaze gayofa. testi mTlianad tardeba, Semdeg punqtebi Suaze iyofa da
iTvleba korelacia maT Soris. sandoobis gamoTvlis erT-erTi gza aris kronbaxis .
 arasodes ar unda iyos 0.70-ze naklebi.
rkk = k / k-1 (1 -  i2 / t2),
sadac rkk aris k punqtiani testis  koeficienti, k _ punqtebis raodenoba, i2 _
punqtebis dispersia, t2 _ testis disperisia.
2. or eqsperimentators Soris Tanxmobis xarisxi - tests, kiTxvars ori
eqsperimentatori damoukideblad atarebs da amuSavebs. Semdeg gamoiTvleba
korelacia maT Sedegebs Soris.
am oTxidan romelime meTodis arCeva mkvlevaris miznebzea damokidebuli. Tu
gasazomi Tviseba an unari maRali stabilobiT gamoirCeva, umjobesia test-retest
meTodi, xolo testis Suaze gayofa ufro gamosadegia naklebi stabilobiT anu
maRali fluqtuaciiT gamorCeul testebSi.
Tu testi sxvadasxva qveteqstis an qveskalisgan Sedgeba, unda davTvaloT TiTeuli
maTganis sandooba calke da mTeli testis, anu saerTo sandooba calke. Cveulebriv,
saerTo sandooba mniSvnelovnad maRalia calkeul sandoobaze. aseve sandooba
damokidebulia pasuxis formatze: ki-ara pasuxs naklebi sandooba eqneba, vidre ufro
mravalvariantians.
validoba
testma jer validobas unda miaRwios da mere sandoobas. Tanac, testi

absoluturad validuri ver iqneba, is iqneba validuri mxolod konkretul
konteqstSi, adamianebis specifikur jgufSi.
ganvixiloT validobis miRwevis ori meTodi:

1. Sinaarsis validoba - mkvlevari sTxovs kolegebs Seafason testis Sinaarsi, raTa
darwmundes, rom is namdvilad im sferos asaxavs, romlis gazomvis pretenziac aqvs.
Sinaarsis validoba uSualo validobis ufro daxvewili saxea. tests Tavad
specialistebi afaseben, amitom, subieqturobis gamo, es validobis miRwevis yvelaze
susti meTodia. is araadeqvaturia pirovnebis testebisTvis, sadac rTuli da
abstraqtuli cvladebi gamoiyeneba, xolo gamosadegia unarebis miRwevis testebisTvis.
133
mag: musikaluri unaris ESesamowmebel testebs profesionalebi Seamowmeben da

Sesworebebs Seitanen (ra unda daematos, ra - amovadres). es SesaZlebelia, radgan
musikaSi iseve, rogorc maTematikasa da enaSi, normebi dadgenilia.
2. kriteriumis validoba - anu empiriuli, anu winaswarmetyveluri validoba.
kriteriumis validoba gviCvenebs, ramdenad SeiZleba vimsjeloT adamianis qcevis
romelime aspeqtze (im aspeqtze, romelic Cven gvainteresebs) awmyoSi an momavalSi
testis Sedegebis mixedviT. misi gansazRvris mizniT, testis Sesrulebas udareben
kriteriums, anu imis damoukidebel da uSualo sazoms, rasac unda
winaswarmetyvelebdes testi. ase, magaliTad, teqnikuri unarebis testisTvis
kriteriums SeiZleba warmoadgendes Semdgomi muSaoba warmoebaSi, nevrotizmis
testisTvis - cdis piris Sefaseba kolegaTa mier, an sxva raime cnoba misi sxvadasxva
situaciaSi qcevis Sesaxeb. aq testis Sedegad miRebul qulebs sxva sazomiT miRebul
Sedegebs vudarebT, am sazoms Teoriuli kavSiri unda hqondes im cvladTan, romelsac
zomavs testi. mag: inteleqtis testi unda SevudaroT skolis niSnebs, unaris testi
samuSaoze miRebul reitings, an sxva testebs, romlebic igives zomaven.
standartizacia
testis standartizacia gulisxmobs mis morgebas, aq misi sandoobis da validobis

dadgenac igulisxmeba. amis Semdeg ki testi unda Catardes did SerCevaze, saidanac
dadgindeba saSualoebi da standartuli qulebi, anu gvecodineba, adamianebis ra
procents aqvs tendencia garkveul qulebs Soris moxvdes maTi pasuxi.
standartizacia tardeba SerCevaze, Sesabamisad es SerCeva unda iZleodes imis
saSualebas, rom miRebuli Sedegebi gavavrceloT, gadavitanoT sakvlev populaciaze,
anu SerCeva unda iyos sakvlevi populaciis reprezentatuli. garda amisa, SerCevis
zoma unda iyos adeqvaturi, raTa monacemebi sando iyos, rom SesaZlo iyos Sedegebis
populaciaze gavrcoba. aseve, sasurvelia gamoiyos specializirebuli jgufebis
normebi - es jgufebi unda gamoiyos sqesis, geografiuli adgilmdegbareobis, asakis,
ganaTlebis donis, socioekonomikuri statusis mixedviT (testis instruqcia unda
gvaZlevdes testis standartizebulad Catarebis saSualebas).
Sesabamisad standartizacia unda Catardes:
1. adeკvatur SerCevaze (unda iyos daculi misi zoma da Semadgenloba)
2. specializirebuli qvejgufebis normebis SeqmniT.
134
standartizacia gulisxmobs testis Catarebis da Sefasebis proceduris

erTnairobas. aseT pirobebSi erTaderTi damoukidebeli cvladi TviTon cdis piri
unda iyos. am mizniT, Semdgeneli iZleva dawvrilebiT miTiTebebs testis
CatarebisTvis, aseve miuTiTebs gamosayenebel masalaze, saWiro drosa da sxva
detalebze. meore mniSvnelovani etapi aris normebis gansazRvra. magaliTad, Tu
testis 50 amocanidan 8 wlis normaluri bavSvebi swored xsnian 12 amocanas, maTi
norma iqneba 12. aseT monacems uwodeben daumuSavebel, um qulas. igi gamoixateba
gazomvis obieqturi erTeulebiT, rogorebicaa sworad amoxsnili amocanebis
raodenoba, maTi amoxsnisTvis aucilebeli dro, Secdomebis raodenoba, saSualo qula
da sxv. aseTi umi qula araferze ar metyvelebs manam, sanam normebis Sesabamis
sistemaSi ar Sefasdeba.
testis standartizacia xorcieldeba misi cdis pirTa did SerCevaze CatarebiT. am
SerCevaze SemuSavdeba normebi, romlebic ara marto Sesrulebis saSualo dones
aCvenebs, aramed mis SedarebiT variaciulobas saSualo donis qvemoT da zemoT.
testebis umravlesobis morgebis procesi manamde grZeldeba, sanam SerCevis
Sedegebis ganawileba normalurs ar miuaxlovdeba. es imitom keTdeba, rom normaluri
ganawileba statistikuri damuSavebis karg SesaZleblobas iZleva. amave dros,
standartizaciisadmi aseTi midgoma gaakritikes, radgan mravali maxasiaTebeli
normalur ganawilebas ar gvaZlevs. magaliTad, დამოკიდებულება zogierT sakiTxze
polarizebulia da bimodalur ganawilebas gvaZlevs.
კოჰენი ლ., მანიონი ლ., მორისონი ქ. (2010). კვლევის მეთოდების განათლებაში. ილიაუნის გამომცემლობა. თბილისი.
6 validoba da sandooba
validobisa da sandoobis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs. verasodes xerxdeba

validobisTvis da sandoobisTvis safrTxeebis srulad arideba. am safrTxeebis
Semcireba SesaZlebelia mTeli kvlevis manZilze maTTvis yuradRebis miqceviT.
am TavSi ganxilulia validoba da sandooba raodenobriv da Tvisebriv,
naturalistur kvlevaSi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am ori terminis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia orive tipis kvlevisas, Tumca validobisa da sandoobis sakiTxis
mogvareba gansxvavebulad xdeba TiToeul maTganSi. bolos mocemulia validobisa da
sandoobis miRwevis gzebi monacemebis mogrovebis sxvadasxva instrumentebis
135
gamoyenebisas. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom kvlevaSi sandooba aris validobis

aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi piroba; sandooba aris validobis aucilebeli
winapiroba da validoba SeiZleba iyos sandoobis sakmarisi, magram ara _ aucilebeli
piroba. brok-utni (Brock-Utne 1996 612) amtkicebs, rom farTod gavrcelebuli
mosazreba, rom sandooba mxolod raodenobrivi kvlevis kuTvnilebaa, uarsayofia da
es Tavi aCvenebs am mosazrebis mniSvnelovnebas.
validobis gansazRvreba
validoba efeqturi kvlevis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia. Tu kvleva aravaliduria,

maSin mas aranairi Rirebuleba ar aqvs. amgvarad, validoba aris moTxovna rogorc
raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi, naturalisturi kvlevisTvis (ixileT
Tu validobis adrindeli variantebi efuZneboda mosazrebas, rom mniSvnelovani
iyo imis Cveneba, rom konkretuli instrumenti marTlac zomavs imas, ris gazomvasac
is miznad isaxavs, SedarebiT gviandelma validobas mravali forma miiRo. magaliTad,
Tvisebriv monacemebSi validobis miRweva SesaZlebelia miRebuli monacemebis
gulwrfelobiT, siRrmiT, simdidriTa da moculobiT; SerCeuli monawileebiT,
triangulaciis xarisxiTa da mkvlevris dauintereseblobiTa da obieqturobiT (Winter
2000). raodenobrivi monacemebis validoba SeiZleba gaumjobesdes swori SerCeviT,
saTanado instrumentebis gamoyenebiTa da monacemebis damuSavebisTvis gamoyenebuli
adekvaturi statistikuri meTodebiT. SeuZlebelia, rom kvleva 100 procentiT
validuri iyos, es perfeqcionizmis optimizmia. raodenobrivi kvleva moicavs
standartuli Secdomis sazoms, romelic imTaviTvea Cadebuli da
gasaTvaliswinebelia. Tvisebriv monacemebSi respondentebis subieqturobas, maT
mosazrebebs, damokidebulebebsa da xedvis kuTxeebs Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT
tendenciurobis xarisxSi. Sesabamisad, validoba arsebobis xarisxiT unda Sefasdes
da ara rogorc absoluturi mdgomareoba (Gronlund 1981). aqedan gamomdinare, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi aravalidurobis minimumamde dayvanas da validobis maqsimizacias
vcdilobT.
validobis ramdenime ganxvavebuli saxeoba arsebobs (ixileT
 kriteriumis validoba;
 Sinaarsis validoba;
136
 konstruqtuli validoba;  katalituri validoba;

 Sinagani validoba;  ekologiuri validoba;
 garegani validoba;  kulturuli validoba;
 konkurentuli validoba;  deskriptuli validoba;
 TvalsaCino validoba;  interpretaciuli validoba;
 msajulTa validoba;  Teoriuli validoba;
 prognostuli validoba;  SefasebiTi validoba.
 sistemuri validoba;
am TavSi Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens yvela am terminis siRrmiseuli ganxilva.
validobis mxolod ZiriTad tipebs ganvixilavT. davasabuTebT, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogierTi maTganis miRweva ufro mosaxerxebelia raodenobriv meTodologiebSi,
es ar aris erTaderTi SemTxveva. faqtobrivad, validoba ganaTlebis sferoSi yvela
tipis kvlevis qvakuTxedia. es niSnavs imas, rom mniSvnelovania, rom validoba
sxvadasxva kvleviT tradiciebSi marTlac am tradiciebis Sesatyvisi iyos. absurdi
iqneba kvlevis aravalidurad gamocxadeba, Tu araferi gakeTebula konkretuli tipis
validobis misaRwevad, magaliTad, ganzogadebadoba, ganmeorebadoba da
kontrolirebadoba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma validobis Sesaxeb msjeloba im
paradigmaSi unda CarTos, romelsac kvlevaSi iyenebs. Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom
kvleva paradigmaze unda iyos mibmuli, rac stagnaciisa da konservatizmis pirdapiri
receptia. miuxedavad amisa, validoba unda Tanxvdebodes mis wanamZRvrebsa da
pozitivisturi kvleva pozitivisturi principebis erTguli unda iyos, magaliTad,
rogoricaa:
 kontrolirebadoba;
 ganmeorebadoba;
 prognozirebadoba;
 qcevis Sesaxeb kanonebisa da zogadi debulebebis miReba;
 konteqstisgan Tavisufleba;
 kvlevis fragmentacia da atomizacia;
 dakvirvebadoba.
amis sapirispirod, naturalistur kvlevas ramdenime principi aqvs (Lincoln and Guba
1985; Bogdan and Biklen 1992):
 bunebrivi garemo monacemebis upirvelesi wyaroa;
137
 mniSvnelovania konteqstze mibmuloba da „thick aRwera“;

 monacemebi socialurad situaciuria da socialurad da kulturulad
datvirTuli;
 mkvlevari sakvlevi samyaros nawilia;
 vinaidan Cven ukve interpretirebul samyaroSi vcxovrobT, ormagi hermenevtuli
Zalisxmevaa (Giddens 1979) aucilebeli imis gasagebad, Tu rogor esmiT samyaro
sxvebs. aq paradoqsi isaa, rom adamianis cxovrebis gagebis yvelaze sakmarisi
kompleqsuri instrumenti meore adamiania (Lave and Kvale 1995: 220), magram misi yvela
forma adamianuri Secdomis riskis Semcvelia.
 kvleva holizmiT unda xasiaTdebodes;
 kvlevis mTavari instrumenti mkvlevaria da ara _ kvlevis meTodi;
 monacemebi aRweriTia;
 procesi ufro ainteresebT, vidre _ ubralod Sedegebi;
 monacemebis gaanalizeba induqciurad xdeba da ara _ apriori kategoriebis
gamoyenebiT;
 monacemebis respondentebis terminebiT aris warmodgenili da ara _ mkvlevrebis;
 situaciis xedva da mowodeba monawileebiT TvaliT unda xdebodes _ imaTi
poziciidan, vinc CarTulia am situaciaSi (Geertz 1974);
 respondentis mxridan validacia mniSvnelovania;
 arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mniSvnelobisa da intenciis, ganzraxvis wvdomas.
faqtiurad, maqsveli (1992) amtkicebs, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevebi yuradRebiT unda
iyvnen, rom muSaobisas pozitivizmis CarCoSi ar aRmoCndnen imiT moTxovniT, rom
kvlevas mimdinare, prognostuli, konvergenciuli, kriteriumis, Sinagani da garegani
validoba unda hqondes. qvemoT mocemuli diskusia aCvenebs, rom ase ar unda iyos.
gubasTan da linkolTan (1989) erTad mas mohyavs argumentebi imis sasargeblod, rom
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi validobis pozitivisturi cneba auTenturobis cnebam unda
Caanacvlos. maqsveli (1992) exmianeba miSlers (1990) da ambobs, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
„gageba“ ufro Sesatyvisi terminia, vidre „validoba“. Cven, rogorc mkvlevrebi, im
samyaros nawili varT, romelsac vikvlevT da masTan mimarTebiT ar SegviZlia
sruliad obieqturni viyoT; Sesabamisad, sxva adamianebis mosazrebebi iseTive
validuria, rogorc _ Cveni sakuTari da kvlevis amocana amis gamovlenaa. amrigad,
validoba ebmis axsnebs da ara _ monacemebs an meTodebs (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983);
138
es is mniSvnelobaa, romelsac cdis pirebi aniWeben monacemebs da am monacemebze

dayrdnobiT gakeTebul mniSvnelovan daskvnebs. „erTguleba“ (Blumenfeld-Jones 1995)
mkvlevarisgan moiTxovs, rom SeZlebisdagvarad patiosani iyos kvlevis monawileebis
TviTangariSis mimarT.
amtkicebdnen (Agar 1993), rom Tvisebrivi monacemebis mogrovebisas individebis
intensiuri pirovnuli CarTuloba da siRrmiseuli pasuxebi uzrunvelyofs
validobisa da sandoobis sakmaris xarisxs. es mtkiceba uaryves hamerslim (1992: 144)
da silvermenma (1993: 153), romlebic amtkiceben, rom es arasakmarisi safuZvelia
validobisa da sandoobisTvis da dainteresebul pirovnebebs ar aqvT
privilegirebuli pozicia interpretaciisas. (cxadia, arc aqtorebi arian
„kulturuli narkomanebi“, romelTac sociologisgan an mkvlevarisgan sWirdebaT imis
Tqma, Tu ra xdeba „sinamdvileSi“!) silvermeni (1993) amtkicebs, rom Tu
JurnalistikisTvis operatiuloba da auTenturobaa saintereso, eTnografias
validobisa da sandoobis ufro mkacri cneba unda hqondes. es imaze Sors wasvlas
gulisxmobs, vidre monacemebis ubralod mogrovebaa imisaTvis, rom fenomenis
winaswar warmodgenil an idealur koncefcias ergebodes, an imitom, rom isini
saocrad sainteresoa (Fielding and FIelding 1986). arCeuli monacemebi SerCevis, monacemebis
erTobliobis da velis reprezentaciuli unda iyos, anu unda hqodes Sinaarsis,
konstruqtuli da konkurentuli validoba.
hamersli (1992: 50_1) Tvlis, rom validoba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi anacvlebs Cven
SedegebSi darwmunebulobas. aseve, Tvlis, rom vinaidan realoba damoukidebelia
mkvlevrebis mier misTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebisgan, Cveni axsnebi am realobis
mxolod reprezentaciebi iqneba da ara _ misi reproduqciebi.
maqsveli (1992) xuTi saxis validobis momxrea Tvisebriv meTodebSi, romlebic
„gagebis“ miseul cnebas ikvleven.
 deskriptuli validoba (axsnis faqtobrivi sizuste; is, rom axns ar aris

xelovnuri, SerCeviTi an damaxinjebuli): am kuTxiT, validoba moicavs sandoobas.
es enaTesaveba kvlevaSi „simarTlis“ blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas _ ra
moxda realurad (obieqturad faqtobrivi masala).
 interpretaciuli validoba (kvlevis unari, maTive sityvebiT CaiWiros is
mniSvnelobebi, interpretaciebi, terminebi da intenciebi, romlebic situaciebsa da
movlenebs anu monacemebs Tavad monawileebisTvis/cdis pirebisTvis aqvT): es
139
enaTesaveba „erTgulebis“ blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas _ ras niSnavs is

kvlvaSi monawile pirovnebisTvis an jgufisTvis (subieqturad mniSvnelovani).
interpretaciuli validobas ar aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli analogi
eqsperimentul/pozitivistur meTodologiebSi.
 Teoriuli validoba (Teoriuli konstruqtebi, romelic mkvlevars Seaqvs kvlevaSi,
maT Soris kvlevis monawileTa kuTvnilic): aq Teoria ganixileba axsnad.
Teoriuli validoba aris is, Tu ramdenad xsnis kvleva fenomens. am kuTxiT, is
enaTesaveba konstruqtul validobas (romelic qvemoT aris ganxiluli). Teoriul
validobaSi konstruqtebs yvela monawile warmoadgens.
 generalizirebadoba (mosazreba, rom Seqmnili Teoria sxva msgavsi situaciebis
gasagebadac unda gamodges): aq generalizacia gulisxmobs konkretuli jgufebis an
Temebis, situaciebis an garemoebebis farglebSi sworad da konkretuli gareSe
Temebis, situaciebis an garemoebebis miRma (garegani validoba) ganzogadebas. am
SemTxvevaSi Sinagani validoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre _ garegani.
 SefasebiTi validoba (sakvlevi subieqtisadmi SefasebiTi, gansjiTi da ara _
aRweriTi, axsniTi an interpretaciuli _ CarCos miyeneba). naTelia, rom es
kritikul-Teoriul pozicias exmianeba, romelSic SesaZlebelia mkvlevaris
sakuTari SefasebiTi sistemis Setana.
garegani da Sinagani validobis miRweva orive tipis _ Tvisebriv da raodenobriv _

meTodebSia SesaZlebeli.
Sinagani validoba
Sinagani validoba imis Cvenebas cdilobs, rom kvleviT miRebuli konkretuli

movlenis, sakiTxisa Tu monacemebis erTobliobis axsna realurad SeiZleba
daeyrdnos monacemebs. garkveulwilad es sizustes ukavSirdeba, rac raodenobriv da
Tvisebriv kvlevas SeiZleba exebodes. monacemebi zustad unda aRwerdes sakvlev
fenomens.
eTnografiul kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba ramdenime gziT miiRweva (LeCompte and
Preissle 1993: 338):
 Low-inference deskriptorebis gamoyenebiT;
 ramdenime mkvlevaris gamoyenebiT;
 monawileb mkvlevrebis gamoyenebiT;
140
 monacemebis wyvilSi gadamowmebis gamoyenebiT;

 monacemebis Caweris, Senaxvisa da moZebnis meqanikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
eTnografiul, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi Sinagani validobis ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe
gamoiyofa (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 323-4): L
 monacemebis ndoba;
 monacemebis auTenturoba (kvlevis unari, warmoadginos monawilis TvaliT
danaxuli situacia);
 monacemebis damajerebloba;
 kvlevis dizainis simyare;
 monacemebis mosalodneloba;
 monacemebis Semowmebadoba;
 monacemebis saimedooba;
 monacemebis damowmebadoba.
lekompte da preisle (1993) detalurad ganixilaven auTenturobis sakiTxs da

asabuTeben Semdegs:
 samarTlianoba: situaciebSi arsebuli mravaljeradi realobebi da am situaciebis
axsnebi srulad da dabalansebulad unda warmoCindes.
 ontologiuri auTenturoba: kvlevam unda mogvces situaciis axleburi da ufro
daxvewili gageba, magaliTad, nacnobis ucnobad qceva, mkvlevaris „kulturuli
sibrmavis“ Semcirebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, problema, romelic SeiZleba
wamoiWras monawilis rolidan damkvirvebdis rolSi gadasvlisas (Brock-Utne 1996:
610).
 saganmanaTleblo auTenturoba: kvlevam am mixvedrebis axleburi xedva da Sefaseba
unda warmoqmnas.
 katalituri auTenturoba: kvleva qmedebis konkretul mimarTulebebs warmoqmnis.
 taqtikuri auTenturoba: kvlevam sargebeli unda moutanos yvelas, vinc CarTulia
masSi _ „qvelmoqmedebis“ eTikuri sakiTxi.
hamersli (1992: 71) Tvlis, rom Tvisebrivi monacemebis Sinagani validobisTvis

saWiroa yuradReba mieqces:
 mosalodnelobasa da damajereblobas;
141
 saWiro mtkicebulebebis ragvarobasa da raodenobas (imdenad, ramdenadac rac

ufro metis moTxovna xdeba debulebaSi, miT metad damajerebeli mtkicebulebebia
saWiro misTvis);
 kvlevidan gakeTebuli ganacxadis ragvarobis sicxade (magaliTad, ganmartebiTi,
aRweriRi, axsniTi, Teoriis maformirebeli);
linkolni da guba (1985: 219, 301) fiqroben, rom damajerebloba naturalistur

kvleva-ZiebaSi SeiZleba miRweul iqnas iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa:
 velze xangrZlivi yofna;

 mudmivi dakvirveba: fokusSi moqceuli movlenis maxasiaTeblebis relevanturobis
dasadgenad;
 triangulacia: meTodebis, wyaroebis, mkvlevrebisa da Teoriebis;
 wyvilebis debrifingi: mkvlevarisa da dauinteresebeli adamianis Sexvedra,
romelic jvaredin dakiTxvas hgavs da miznad isaxavs patiosnebis da samuSao
hipoTezebis Semowmebasa da kvlevis Semdgomi etapebis identificirebas.
 negatiuri SemTxvevis analizi: iseTi Teoriis formirebis mizniT, romelic yvela
SemTxvevas ergeba; aseve, SemdgomSi hipoTezebis gadasinjvis mizniT.
 wevrebis gadamowmeba: respondentis validacia, mizanmimarTulobis Sefaseba,
faqtobrivi Secdomebis gasworeba, respondentebisTvis damatebiTi informaciis
mowodebis SesaZlebelobis an informaciis Caweris SeTavazeba; Sejameba da
analizis adekvaturobis Semowmeba.
maSin, roca pozitivistur kvlevaSi istoria da ganviTareba kvlevis validobis

safrTxeebad aRiqmeba, eTnografiuli kvleva ubralod uSvebs, rom es ase moxdeba.
eTnografiuli kvleva uSvebs droSi cvlilebas _ is misi ganuyofeli nawilia.
eTnografiul kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba damkvirveblis efeqtis SemcirebiTac
miiRweva imiT, rom damkvirveblebi bevrni arian da isini imdenad didxans rCebian
situaciaSi, rom maTi iq yofna ukve Cveulebrivad aRiqmeba. garda amisa, informaciis
garkveva da gasagebi formiT Senaxva, eTnografs SeuZlia movlenebisa da situaciebis
konkurenti axsnebis gamoricxva.
garegani validoba
garegani validoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad ganzogadebadia miRebuli monacemebi

farTo populaciaze, SemTxvevebze an situaciebze. ganzogadebadobis sakiTxi
142
problemuria. pozitivisti mkvlevrebisTvis ganzogadebadoba aucilebeli pirobaa,

Tumca naturalistur kvlevaSi es sakiTxi moisustebs. erTi skolisTvis
ganzogadebadobas konteqstis cvladebis CamoSorebiT fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs,
maSin, roca meoresTvis ganzogadebebs, romlebic bevrs arafers amboben konteqstis
Sesaxeb, arc adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb eTqmiT bevri (Schofield 1990). pozitivistebisTvis
cvladebi unda gamoiyos da gakontroldes, xolo SerCeva SemTxveviTi unda iyos,
eTnografebisTvis ki adamianis qceva usasrulod kompleqsuri, aradayvanadi,
socialurad situaciuri da unikaluria.
ganzogadebadoba naturalistur kvlevaSi interpretirdeba, rogorc Sedarebadoba
da gadatanadoba (Lincoln and Guba 1985; Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 647). es avtorebi Tvlian, rom
SesaZlebelia situaciis _ monawileebisa da garemos tipurobis Sefaseba, SesaZlo
Sesadarebeli jgufebis gamoyofa da imis Cveneba, Tu rogor SeiZleba gardaiqmnas
monacemebi sxvadasxva garemoebebsa da kulturebSi (aseve ixileT LeCompte and Preissle
1993: 348). skofildi (Schofield 1990: 200) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania mkafio, detaluri da siRrmiseuli aRweris mocema, raTa sxvebma
Seafason, Tu ramdenad ganzogadebadia erTi kvlevidan miRebuli Sedegebi sxva
situaciebze, anu Sedarebadobisa da gadatanadobis Sewyvilebul sakiTxebis mogvareba.
Tvisebrivi kvleva, faqtiurad, SeiZleba ganzogadebadi iyos (Schofield 1990; 209) imiT,
rom Seswavlil iqnas tipuri (imisTvis, rom sxva situaciebisTvisac gamoyenebadi iyos
_ gadatanadobis sakiTxi: LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 324) da kvleva sxvadasxva adgilze
ganxorcieldes (magaliTisTvis ixileT Miles and Huberman 1984), Tumca sakamaTo
SeiZleba iyos is, rom es arapozitivistur kvlevaSi garkveuli odenobis pozitivizmis
Setanaa. linkolni da guba (1985: 316) amasTan dakavSirebiT naturalist mkvlevars
windaxedulobisken mouwodeben. isini amtkiceben, rom gadatanadobis maCveneblis
uzrunvelyofa ar aris mkvlevaris amocana. isini Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebma kvlevis
mkiTxvelebsa da momxmareblebs sakmarisad mdidari monacemebi unda miawodos, rom
maT Tavad gansazRvron, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gadatanadoba. am mxriv, gadatanadoba
thick aRweras saWiroebs.
bogdani da bikleni (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 45) amtkiceben, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
SesaZlebelia ganzogadebadobis uzrunvelyofa, Tu is pozitivistur meTodologiebSi
gamoyenebisgan gansxvavebulad aris agebuli. avtorebi amboben, rom pozitivisti
mkvlevrebi zogadi socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb universaluri debulebebis miRebiT
ufro arian dainteresebulni da vidre _ imis axsniT, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba
143
socialuri situaciebi (magaliTad, skolebi da klasebi) erTmaneTisgan. bogdansa da

biklens (1992) is ki ar ainteresebT, maTi Sedegebi, yvelze farTo gagebiT,
ganzogadebadia Tu ara, aramed im garemoebis, adamianebisa da situaciebis sakiTxi,
romlebzec SesaZloa ganzogadebadi iyos es Sedegebi.
naturalistur kvlevaSi garegan validobas Semdegi safrTxeebi SeiZleba
daemuqros (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 189, 300):
 arCevis efeqtebi: rodesac arCeuli konstruqtebi realurad mxolod erTi
konkretuli jgufis relevanturia.
 garemos efeqtebi: rodesac Sedegebi didwilad maTi konteqstis funqcias
warmoadens.
 istoriis efeqtebi: rodesac situaciebi unikaluri viTarebebis Sedegad
Seiqmna da, maSasadame, araSedarebadia.
 konstruqtis efeqtebi: rodesac gamoyenebuli konstruqtebi konkretuli
jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
Sinaarsis validoba
validobis am formis saCveneblad instumentma und aCvenos, rom is patiosnad da

amomwuravad faravs im sferos an debulebebs, romelTa dafarvasac isaxavda miznad.
naklebad mosalodnelia, rom TiToeuli sakiTxi srulad mogvardes imitom, rom dro
ar aris sakmarisi, an moanwileebs, magaliTad, grZeli kiTxvaris Sevsebis
dasrulebisTvis arasakmarisi motivacia aqvT. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari unda
darwmundes, rom ZiriTadi sakvlevis sakiTxis elementebi kvlevisTvis saintereso
ufro farTo sakiTxis samarTliani reprezentaciaa (da misi Sewonva) da kvlevisTvis
arCeuli elementebi Rrmad da farTod aris nakvlevi. reprezentaciulobis
uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia debulebebis yuradRebiT SerCeva. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevars undoda enaxa, Tu rogor gamoTqvamda studentebis jgufi 1,000 sityvas
frangulad da gamoTqmis testisTvis mxolod 50 sityvis SerCeva gadawyvita, es testi
im 1,000 sityvis reprezentaciuli unda yofiliyo _ savaraudod, imis dacviT, rom
testSi CarTuliyo sityvebis gamoTqmis yvela SesaZlo wesi, an testiT dafaruliyo
gamoTqmis yvela SesaZlo Secdoma im TanafardobiT, rogorc im 1,000 sityvaSi
Segvxvdeboda.
konstruqtuli validoba
144
konstruqti abstraqtulia. es ganasxvavebas mas validobis aqamde ganxiluli

tepebisgan, romlebsac realobasTan _ gansazRvrul SinaarsTan _ hqondaT Sexeba. am
tipis validobis SemTxvevaSi miRweuli unda iqnas Tanxmoba konstruqtis
„operacionalizebuli“ formebis Taobaze, sadac garkveviT unda iyos naTqvami, Tu ras
vgulisxmobT am konstruqtis gamoyenebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, validobis am formaSi
mniSvnelovania konstruqtis danawevrebulad, gasagebad warmodgena. am Tanxvdeba Tu
ara konstruqtis mkvlevariseuli xedva am konstruqtis im formas, rogoric zogadad
aris miRebuli. magaliTad, vTqvaT, mkvlevars bavSvis inteleqtis Sefaseba surs
(magaliTisTvis davuSvaT, rom es erTi Tvisebaa). man unda Tqvas, rom is inteleqtSi
gulisxmobs fanqris gaTlis unaris gamovlenas. inteleqtis ramdenad misaRebi
konstruqtia es? sxva araferia inteleqti (magaliTad, is, rac inteleqtis testSi
maRali quliT gamoixateba)?
konstruqtuli validobis dasadgena mkvlevarma unda uzrunvelyos, rom
konkretuli sakiTxis miseuli konstruqti Tanxvdeba igive safuZvladmdebare
sakiTxis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, kreaturobis, SfoTvis, motivaciis, sxva
konstruqtebs. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli sakiTxis sxva sazomebTan
korelaciebiT, an mkvlevaris konstruqtis literaturis farTo mimoxilvaze
dafuZnebiT, saidanac is iRebs am konstruqtis Sinaarss (anu Teorias imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris konstuqti) da mis mdgenelebs. konstruqtuli validobis Cveneba aramarto
relevantur literaturaSi mocemul konstruqtTa Tanxvedras niSnavs, aramed
sapirispiro magaliTebis moZiebasac, romlebmac mkvlevaris konstruqtis
falsificireba eiZleba moaxdinon. rodesac damadasturebeli da uarmyofeli
mtkicebulebebi dabalansebulia, mkvlevars ukve SeuZlia konstruqtuli validobis
Cveneba da imis pirobebis wamoyeneba, Tu rogori iqneba is konstruqti, romelsac
iyenebs. konstruqtis urTierTswinaaRmdego interpretaciebis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars
mouwevs am konfliqturi situaciis arsebobis aRiareba da im interpretaciaze
miTiTeba, romelsac gamoiyenebs.
Tvisebriv/eTnografiul kvlevaSi konstruqtuli validoba unda aCvenebdes, rom
kategoriebs, romelsac mkvlevari iyenebs, Tavad monawileebisTvis aqvT
azri/mniSvneloba (Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 648), anu maTSi asaxulia is, Tu monawileebi
realurad rogor ganicdian da ageben situaciebs kvlevaSi; is, rom isini situacias
aqtorebiT TvaliT xedaven.
145
kempbeli da fiske (1959), brok-utne (1996) da kuperi da Sindleri (2001) gamoTqvamen

mosazrebas, rom konstruqtuli validoba konvergentuli da diskriminantuli
teqnikebiT miiRweva. konvergentuli teqnikebi gulisxmobs, rom sxvadasxva teqnika,
romelic erTsa da imave konstruqts ikvlevs, SedarebiT maRal interkorelaciebs
unda aCvenebdes, xolo diskriminaciuli teqnikebi moiazreben, rom sxvadasxva
konstruqtisTvis msgavsi meTodebis gamoyenebam SedarebiT dabali interkorelaciebi
unda mogvces anu sakvlevi konstruqti gansxvavdeba sxva potenciurad msgavsi
konstruqtebisgan. aseTi diskriminaciuli validobis miReba faqtoruli analiziTac
SeiZleba, romelic erTad ajgufebs msgavs sakiTxebs da gamoyofs maT sxvebisgan.
ekologiuri validoba
raodenobriv, pozitivistur kvlvaSi xSirad xdeba Seqmnil garemoSi cvladebis

izolireba, gakontroleba da manipulireba. Tvisebrivi, naturalisturi kvlevis
fundamentur daSvebas warmoadgens is, rom mkvlevari mizanmimarTulad ar cdilobs
cvladebiT an mdgomareobebiT manipulirebas da kvlevaSi situaciebi bunebrivad
warmoiqmneba. aq mizans socialuri situaciebis realobebis maTive terminebiT, maT
bunebriv an tradiciul garemoSi zedmiwevniT aRwera warmoadgens. ganaTlebis
sferoSi ekologiuri validoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sasargebloa,
rodesac ikvleven, Tu realurad rogor xorcieldeba politika skolebSi (Brock-Utne
1996; 617). ekologiuri validobis saCveneblad mniSvnelovania, rom kvlevaSi
SeZlebisdagvarad bevri maxasiaTebeli da faqtori iyos CarTuli da Seswavlili. aq
sirTule isaa, rom rac ufro meti maxasiaTebelia CarTuli da aRwerili, miT ufro
rTulia kvlevis ZiriTadi eTikuri principebis _ Tvalis miudevneblobis,
anonimurobis da araidentificirebadobis _ dacva.
kulturuli validoba
validobis tips, romelic ekologiur validobas ukavSirdeba, kulturul

validobas uwodeben (Morgan 1999). es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT kroskulturul,
interkulturul da SedarebiTi kvlevebSi dgeba, sadac kvlevaSi monawileTa
kulturisTvis Sesatyvisi kvleva igegmeba da mkvlevari da kvlevis monawile
sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian. kulturuli validoba ganisazRvreba,
rogorc „xarisxi, romliTac kvleva Seesatyiseba im kulturul garemos, romelSic es
kvleva unda ganxorcieldes“ (Joy 2003: 1). morgani (1999) Tvlis, rom kulturuli
146
validoba kvlevis yvela stadias Seexeba da gavlenas axdens mis dagegmvaze,

ganxorcielebasa da gavrcelebaze. masSi moiazreba sakvlevi monawileebisadmi,
kulturebisadmi da viTarebebisadmi senzitiurobis xarisxi. morgani (2005) wers, rom
kulturul validobas Tan sdevs maTi kulturuli Rirebulebebis aRiareba, visac

ikvleven. es SeiZleba moicavdes: kvlevisadmi samizne kulturis SesaZlo gansxvavebuli
damokidebulebebis gagebas; im gamorCeuli terminebis identificirebasa da gagebas,
romlebic samizne kulturaSi gamoiyeneba; samizne enis Sesaxeb saTanado literaturis
gadaxedvas; kvlevis iseTi instrumentebis arCevas, romelic misaRebia samizne jgufebisTvis;
monacemebis interpretaciebisa da Targmanebis gadamowmebas maTTan, visTvisac samizne
jgufis ena mSobliuria; mkvlevaris mxridan imis codnas, rom adamianebi sakuTari
kulturuli filtrebiT operireben.
(Morgan 2005: 1)
joi (2003: 1) warmogvidgens Tormet mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, romelic SeiZleba

gauCndeT mkvlevrebs gansxvavebul kulturul konteqstebSi, raTa uzrunvelyon
kvlevis kulturuli samarTlianoba da kulturuli senzitiuroba:
 gasagebi da mniSvnelovania Tu ara kvlevis kiTxva samizne jgufisTvis?
 aris Tu ara mkvlevari is pirovneba, vinc unda Caataros es kvleva anu
Seesatyviseba Tu ara misi pirovneba gansaxorcielebel kvlevas?
 Seesatyviseba Tu ara im Teoriebis wyaroebi samizne jgufs, romelsac
eyrdnoba kvleva?
 rogor ganixilaven samizne kulturis warmomadgeneli mkvlevrebi mocemuli
kvlevis kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (maTi meTodebisa da Sedegebis
CaTvliT)?
 Sesatyvisi guSagebi da informantebi SeirCa?
 eTikuri da adekvaturia Tu ara kvlevis dizaini da instrumentebi samizne
kulturis standartebis mixedviT?
 rogor gansazRvraven kvlevis ZiriTad terminebs samizne kulturis
warmomadgenlebi?
 kulturisTvis Sesatyvisad iTargmna Tu ara dokumentebi da sxva
informacia?
 miiRebs Tu ara potenciur sargebels samizne kultura kvlevis
mosalodneli SedegebiT?
147
 moicavs Tu ara kvlevis Sedegebis interpretacia samizne kulturis

warmomadgenlebis mosazrebebsa da Tvalsazrisebs?
 xelmisawvdomia Tu ara kvlevis Sedegebi samizne kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis, raTa gadaxedon da TavianTi komentarebi daurTon?
 sworad da samarTlianad acnobs Tu ara mkvlevari Sedegebs maT kulturul
konteqstSi im adamianebs, romlebis ar ekuTvnian samizne kulturas?
katalituri validoba
katalituri validoba moicavs kritikuli Teoriis paradigmas, romelic pirvel

TavSi ganvixileT. neitralurad rom vTqvaT, katalituri validoba mxolod imis
uzrunvelyofas cdilobs, rom kvlevas qmedebisken mivyavdeT. Tumca, es yvelaferi ar
aris, mniSvnelovania katalituri validobis ganxilva. is, kritikuli Teoriis
msgavsad, programas gvTavazobs. laTeri (Lather 1986, 1991) da kinCelo da maklareni
(Kincheloe and McLaren 1994) Tvlian, rom katalituri validobis programa isaa, rom
monawileebs daexmaros TavianTi samyaroebis gagebaSi maTi transformirebis mizniT.
programa aSkarad politikuria da katalituri validoba gulisxmobs situaciis im
definiciebis mocemis saWiroebas, romlebic moqmedeben am situaciaSi. linkolni da
guba (1996) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom kvleva „samarTlianobis“ kriteriums unda
akmayofilebdes, rac niSnavs imas, rom aramarto samyaros monawileebiseuli
gamocdileba unda gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes, aramed _ monawileTa
uflebamosilebac. am mxriv, kvleva SeiZleba fokusirdes imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos
(inovaciebisa da axali mimarTulebebis mowinave rigebi) da ra SesaZloa, rom iyos
(idealuri, SesaZlo momavali) (Schofield 1990: 209).
katalituri validoba feministuri kvlevis mTavari maxasiaTebelia, romelic,
uSeris (1996) TvalsazrisiT, mTel kvlevaze unda vrceldebodes _ saWiroebs
monawileTa solidarobas; kvlevis unars, xeli Seuwyos emansipacias,
damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas mxolod egalitarul da demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi (Masschelein 1991); im damaxinjebebis, ideologiuri deformaciebisa da
SezRudvebis gamovlenas, romelic arsebobs kvlevaSi, urTierTobasa da socialur
struqturebSi (aseve ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993). amtkiceben (Mishler 1990; Scheurich
1996), rom validoba aRar aris istoriul konteqsts moklebuli mocemuloba, aramed
sakamaToa da fiqroben, rom validuri kvlevis gansazRvreba akademiur wreebis
avtoritetebTan unda veZioT. laTerisTvis (1986) aucilebelia, rom kvleva
148
emansipatoruli iyos da kvlevis monawileTa SesaZleblobebis gafarTovebas

emsaxurebodes. amasTan, mas miaCnia, rom katalituri validoba, „gapatiosnebis“
freireseuli (Freire 1970) cnebis msgavsad, monawileebs imis Zalas unda aZlevdes, rom
maT gaacnobieron da Secvalon TavianTi Cagruli mdgomareoba.
validoba, rogorc amboben (Scheurich 1996), sxva araferia, Tu ara niRabi, romelic
awesrigebs da awesebs imis sazRvrebs, Tu ra iqneba misaRebi kvleva avtoritetuli
kvleviTi sazogadoebisTvis. saubrebi validobis Sesaxeb sinamdvileSi aris saubrebi
Rirebuli codnis gansazRvris uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb.
is, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebulia imis mtkiceba, rom mkvlevrebs aseTi ideologiuri
miswrafvebi unda hqondeT, albaT, sakamaToa, Tumca am sferos yuradRebis miRma
datoveba, daudevrobiTa da ugulebelyofiT uTanasworobis SenarCunebaa. katalituri
validoba adasturebs, rom kvlevis procesSi eTikas centraluri adgili uWiravs da
amisaTvis saWiroa, rom mkvlevrebma gaarkvion, visi an risi erTulni arian da ra
pasuxismgeblobebi da TviTdaintereseba aqvT (Surgess 1989).
Sedegebis validoba
katalitur validobas nawilobriv ukavSirdeba Sedegebis validoba, romelic

amtkicebs, rom monacemebis (kvlevis Sedegebis) gamoiyenebis gzebi Seesabameba kvlevis
SesaZleblobebs an miznebs anu kvlevis Sedegebi ar scildeba kvlevis
SesaZleblobebs da moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi legitimuria da
Sesrulebuli. naTelia, rom vinaidan kvleva sayovelTao kuTvnilebaa, mkvlevari
mcirediT an saerTod ver akontrolebs mis gamoyenebas. Tumca, da es xSirad
politikuri sakiTxia, kvleva ar unda gamoiyenon ise, rogorc ar iyo ganzraxuli misi
gamoyeneba, magaliTad, monacemebze miTiTebiT amtkicon raRac, risi mtkicebac am
kvlevis monacemebis SesaZleblobebs scildeba; kvlevis saxeliT imgvarad moqmedeba,
rasac ar uzrunvelyofs es kvleva (magaliTad, kvlevis gamoyeneba aralegitimuri
codnis mxardasaWerad), aralegitimuri gacxadebebis gakeTeba, risTvisac miuRebeli
formebiT iyeneben kvlevas (magaliTad, SerCeviT, damaxinjebiT) da kvlevis ar
gamoyeneba winaswar SeTanxmebuli gzebiT anu umoqmedobis Secdomebi.
Sedegebis validobis naTeli magaliTia maformirebeli Sefaseba. aq laparakia
imaze, Tu ramdenad gaaumjobeses studentebma TavianTi Sedegebi ukukavSiris miRebis
Sedegad; Sesabamisad, Tu studentebi gasaumjobeseblad arasakmaris ukukavSirs iReben,
149
an Tu maT ar SeuZliaT ukukavSiris Sedegad gaumjobeseba, maSin maformirebeli

Sefaseba mcire Sedegebis validobiT xasiaTdeba.
kriteriumis validoba
validobis es forma erTi konkretuli instrumentiT miRebuli Sedegebis sxva

garegan kriteriumTan dakavSirebas cdilobs. am tipis validoba or ZiriTad formas
aerTianebs: prediqtul validobas da konkurentul validobas.
prediqtuli validoba miRweulia, Tu kvlevis pirvel etapze miRebuli monacemebi
mWidrod korelirebs Semdeg etapze mopovebul monacemebTan. magaliTad, Tu 16 wlis
asakSi Cabarebul gamocdaze miRebuli Sedegebi mWidrod korelirebs 18 wlis asakSi
imave studentebis mier miRebul SedegebTan, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirvelma
gamocdam Zlieri prediqtuli validoba aCvena.
am Temis variacias konkurentuli validobis cnebaSi vxvdebiT. validobis am
formis saCveneblad erTi instrumentiT mopovebuli monacemebi mWidrod unda
korelirebdes sxva instrumentiT miRebul monacemebTan. magaliTad, davuSvaT,
gadawyvites studentebis mier problemebis gadaWris unaris kvleva. mkvlevari
SeiZleba problemaze muSaobisas daakvirdes students, esaubros mas imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor umklavdeba igi problemas, an sTxovos, rom daweros, rogor gadaWra
problema. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars monacemebis mogrovebis sami instrumenti aqvs _
dakvirveba, interviu da dokumenti. Tu samive gziT miRebuli Sedegebi SeTanxmebulia
anu Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs da problemis gadaWris unaris mocemuli kriteriumis
mixedviT, studenti problemis gadaWris karg unars avlens, maSin mkvlevars ufro
meti darwmunebiT (validoba) SeuZlia imis Tqma, rom studenti kargad arTmevs Tavs
problemis gadawyvetas, vidre _ mxolod erTi instrumentis gamoyenebiT rom
misuliyo imave daskvnamde.
konkurentuli validoba ZiriTadi koncefciiT (anu meore sazomTan TanxmobiT)
Zalian hgavs Tavis mewyviles _ prediqtul validobas. maT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
is, rom konkurentul validobaSi ar aris drois momenti; Tanxvedris demonstrireba
sxva instrumentTan erTad, erTdroulad aris SesaZlebeli.
konkurentuli validobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mewyvilea triantulacia,
romelic, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, sandoobasac ukavSirdeba.
triangulacia
150
triangulacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianis qcevis romelime aspeqtis

Seswavlisas monacemebis mogrovebis ori an meti meTodis gamoyeneba. ramdenime
meTodis gamoyeneba anu mravalmeTodiani midgoma, rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben,
upirispirdeba gavrcelebul, magram zogadad ufro mowyvlad erTmeTodian midgomas,
romelic ase axasiaTebs kvlevis umravlesobas socialur mecnierebebSi. originaluri
da literaturuli azriT, triangulacia aris fizikuri gazomvis teqnika: magaliTad,
sazRvao navigatorebi, samxedro strategebi da topografebi iyenen (an iyenebdnen)
ramdenime lokaciur markers erTi konkretuli wertilis an samiznes
adgilmdebareobis zustad gansasazRvrad. analogiurad, triangulaciis teqnika
socialur mecnierebaSi cdilobs moniSnos an ufro srulad axsnas adamianis qcevis
mravalferovneba da kompleqsuroba misi erTze meti xedvis kuTxidan _ mravalmxrivi
SeswavliT, risTvisac iyenebs orive _ raodenobriv da Tvisebriv _ monacemebs.
triangulacia konkurentuli validobis Cvenebis mZlavri saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi (Campbell and Fiske 1959).
socialur kvlevaSi mravalmeTodiani midgomis gamoyenebas mravali upiratesoba
aqvs, Tumca Cven mxolod or maTgans ganvixilavT. pirveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa medicina, qimia da fizika, mxolod dakvirvebiT, rogorc wesi,
SesaZlebelia arCeuli fenomenis Sesaxeb sakmarisi da araorazrovani informaciis
mopoveba, is adamianis qcevisa da im situaciebis kompleqsurobis mxolod SezRudul
xedvas gvaZlevs, romelSic urTierTqmedeben adamianebi. aRiniSna, rom vinaidan kvlevis
meTodebi moqmedeben, rogorc filtrebi, romliTac garemo SerCeviTad ganicdeba,
gamocdilebis samyaros warmodgenisas isini arasodes arian abstraqtulebi an
neitralurebi (Smith 1975). Sesabamisad, mxolod erT meTodze dayrdnobam SeiZleba
tendenciuri gaxados an daamaxinjos realobis im konkretuli nawilis
mkvlevariseuli suraTi, romelsac ikvleven. mkvlevari darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom
miRebuli monacemebi maTi mogrovebis erTi konkretuli meTodis ubralo artefaqtebi
ar aris (Lin 1976). aseTi darwmunebulobis miRweva SesaZlebelia, ramdenadac
nomoTetur kvlevaze vsaubrobT, rodesac monacemebis mogrovebis sxvadasxva meTodiT
arsebiTad erTsa da imave Sedegebs viRebT. (rodesac interpretaciul kvlevaSi
triangulacia sxvadasxva aqtoris TvalTaxedvis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba, igive
meTodi, magaliTad, angariSebi, bunebrivad mogvcems gansxvavebul monacemebs.)
garda amisa, rac ufro meti meTodi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, miT metad
darwmunebuli SeuZlia mkvlevars, rom iyos. Tu, magaliTad, kiTxvariT miRebuli
151
Sedegebi Seesatyviseba imave fenomenis dakvirvebiT Seswavlis Sedegebs, mkvlevari

ufro darwmunebuli iqneba Tavis SedegebSi. an, ufro eqstremaluri situacia,
rodesac mkacrad gawerili eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegebi meordeba, vTqvaT,
roluri gaTamaSebis savarjiSoSi, mkvlevari gacilebiT metad iqneba darwmunebuli.
Tu Sedegebi meTodis artfaqtebia, maSin kontrastuli meTodebis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs imis albaTobas, rom nebismieri Tavsebadi Sedegebi
meTodebis msgavsebas mieweros (Lin 1976).
axla meore upiratesoba: zogierTma Teoretikosma mkveTrad gaakritika socialur
mecnierebebSi kvleva-Ziebis arsebuli meTodebis SezRuduli gamoyeneba. magaliTad,
erT-erTi avtori wers:
meTodologiuri SezRudulobisa Tu eTnocentrizmis gamo mraval kvlevaSi konkretul

meTods an teqnikebs iyeneben. meTodologebi xSirad konkretuli sayvareli meTodebis win
wamoweviT arian dakavebulni imitom, rom an mxolod es meTodebi ician, an hgoniaT, rom
maTi meTodebi yvela sxva meTodze ukeTesia.
(Smith 1975)
amtkiceben, rom triangulaciis teqnikebis gamoyeneba „meTodze mibmulobis“

problemis, rogorc mas uwodes, daZlevaSi dagvexmareba. gorardma da teilorma (2004),
faqtiurad, aCvenes Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis kombinirebis Rirebuleba.
ramdenime meTodis arCevisas triangulaciaSi SesaZlebelia an normatiuli, an
interpetaciuli teqnikebis gamoyeneba; an meTodebis orive midgomidan aReba da maTi
kombinireba.
linkolni da guba (1985: 315) ukan, naturalistur kvlevasTan gvabruneben da
gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom triangulacia Cafiqrebulia, rogorc monacemebis
gadamowmeba, Tumca monacemebis wevrebiseuli konstruqciebis gadasamowmeblad am
wevrebis gadamowmeba da damajereblobis elementebi unda gamoviyenoT.
triangulaciis tipebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi
axlaxans vnaxeT, rom triangulacia, erTmeTodiani midgomisgan gansxvavebiT,

problemisadmi mravalmeTodiani midgomiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca, denzinma (Denzin 1970b)
gaafarTova triangulaciis cneba imiT, rom Semoitana mravalmeTodiani kvlevis sxva
ramdenime tipi da maT „meTodologiuri triangulacia“ uwoda:
152
 drois triangulacia: am tipis triangulacia kros-seqciuri da

longituduri dizainis gamoyenebiT cdilobs cvlilebis da procesis
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas. kirki da mileri (Kirk and Miller 1986) Tvlian,
rom diaqronuli sandooba dakvirvebebis droSi stabilobis miRwevas
cdilobs, xolo sinqronuli sandooba _ erTdroulad mopovebuli
monacemebis msgavsebis.
 sivrcis triangulacia: es tipi erTsa da imave qveyanaSi an subkulturaSi
Catarebuli kvlevebis SezRudulobis daZlevas kroskulturuli teqnikebis
gamoyenebiT cdilobs.
 triangulaciis kombinirebuli doneebi: es tipi analizis erTze met dones
iyenebs im sami ZiriTadi donidan, romelic socialur mecnierebaSi
gamoiyeneba, kerZod, individualuri done, interaqciuli done (jgufebi) da
koleqtivebis done (organizaciuli, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi).
 Teoriuli triangulacia: es tipi alternatiul an sapirispiro Teoriebs
eyrdnoba da ar iyenebs mxolod erT perspeqtivas.
 mkvlevaris triangulacia: aq erTze meti damkvirvebelia CarTuli,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad moipoveben monacemebs.
 meTodologiuri triangulacia: am tipis triangulaciaSi an erTi da igive
meTodi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, an _ sxvadasxva meTodi erTi da
igive obieqtis Seswavlisas.
mravali kvleva socialur mecnierebebSi mxolod erTjeradad tardeba da amiT

yuradRebis miRma tovebs socialuri cvlilebisa da procesis gavlenebs. drois
triangulacia rogorRac asworebs am Cavardnebs kros-seqciuri da longituduri
midgomebis gamoyenebiT. kros-seqciuri kvlevebSi monacemebs drois erT momentSi
agroveben; longitudur kvlevebSi drois sxvadasxva momentSi erTi da igive jgufidan
iReben monacemebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, panelis da trendis kvlevebic SegviZlia
vaxsenoT. panelis kvlevaSi erTmaneTs adareben erTi da igive individebisgan erTi da
imave sazomebiT sxvadasxva dros miRebul monacemebs, xolo trendis kvlevisas
arCeuli procesebis droSi uwyvetad Seswavla xdeba. TiToeuli am meTodis sisuste
SeiZleba Semcirdes mocemuli problemisadmi kombinirebuli midgomis gamoyenebiT.
sivrcis triangulacia erT kulturaSi an subkulturaSi warmoebuli kvlevis
SezRudvebis daZlevas cdilobs. rogorc smiTi (1975) ambobs, „bihevioraluri
153
mecnierebebi aramarto kulturiT arian SezRudulni, aramed _ subkulturiTac. bevri

samecniero naSromi jer kidev isea dawerili, TiTqos bazisuri principebi aRmoCenili
iyos, romlebSic gadmocemulia WeSmariteba nebismieri sazogadoebsTvis, nebismieri
adgilisa da droisTvis“. kroskulturuli kvleva SeiZleba moicavdes Teoriebis
Semowmebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi, rogorc moxda piaJeseul da froidiseul
fsiqologiaSi; an SeiZleba sxvadasxva populacias Soris gansxvavebebs ramdenime
gansxvavebuli sazomi instrumentiT zomavdnen. Cven ukve visaubreT kulturul
validobaze.
socialuri mecnierebs kvlevisas ainteresebT individi, jgufi da saxogadoeba. es
aisaxeba analizis sam doneSi, romelsac mkvlevrebi muSaobisas iyeneben. isini, vinc
kritikulad uyureben dRevandeli kvlevebis did nawils, amtkiceben, rom zogierT
kvlevaSi mcdarad aris gamoyenebuli analizis done. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia
individualuri done maSin, roca es sazogadoebrivi done unda iyos; an erTi doniT
izRudeba, rodesac ufro saintereso da mravlismTqmeli suraTis miReba iqneboda
SesaZlebeli erTze meti donis gamoyenebiT. smiTi (1975) ganavrcobs analizs da Svid
SesaZlo dones gamoyofs: agregaciul anu individualur dones da eqvs dones,
romelic ufro globaluria imiT, rom „axasiaTeben koleqtivs, rogorc mTlians da
is ar gamohyavT dagrovili individualuri maxasiaTebelebidan“ (Smith 1975). es eqvsi
donea:
 jgufis analizi: individebisa da jgufebis urTierTqmedebis paternebi;
 analizis organizaciuli erTeulebi: erTeulebi, romlebic iseTi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdebian, romelic ar aqvT im individebs, romlebic mas qmnian;
 instituciuri analizi: urTierTobebi sazogadoebis samarTlebriv,
politikur, ekonomikur da ojaxur institutebSi da maT Soris;
 ekologiuri analizi: dainteresebulia sivrciTi axsnebiT;
 kulturuli analizi: ainteresebs kulturis normebi, Rirebulebebi,
praqtikebi, tradiciebi da ideologiebi;
 sazogadoebrivi analizi: iseT didmasStabian faqtorebs exeba, rogoricaa
urbalizacia, industrializacia, ganaTleba, keTildReoba da a. S.
sadac SesaZlebelia, upiratesoba eniWeba kvlevebs, romlebSic analizis ramdenime

done gamoiyeneba. zogjer mkvlevrebi sakiTxis kvlevas erTi konkretuli Teoriisadmi
an Teoriuli orientaciisadmi erTgulebis gamo iwyeben, sawinaaRmdego Teoriebis
154
gamosaricxad. sinamdvileSi, smiTi (1975) gvirCevs, rom kvleva sapirispiro Teoriebis

Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenoT.
mkvlevaris triangulacia kvlevis garemoSi erTze meti damkvirveblis (an
monawilis) gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. TavisTvis momuSave damkvirveblebsa da
monawileebs dakvirvebis warmoebis sakuTari stilebi aqvT da es miRebul monacemebze
aisaxeba. Sesabamisad, ori an meti damkvirveblis an monawilis frTxilma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba ufro validuri da sando monacemebi mogvces (Smith 1975), mkvlevrebs Soris
gansvlis Semowmeba minimalur gansvlas anu sandoobas iZleva.
am mxriv, triangulaciis cneba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sandoobisa da validobis
sakiTxebs. Cven ukve ganvixileT meTodologiuri triangulacia. denzini (1970b) Tavis
tipologiaSi or kategorias gamoyofs: „meTods Sida“da „meTodebs Soris“
triangulacias. meTods Sida triangulacia Seexeba kvlevis gameorebas, rogorc
sandoobis Semowmebas da Teoriis dadasturebas. meTodebs Soris triangulacia
gulisxmobs dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad erTze meti meTodis gamoyenebas. rogorc
validobis Semowmeba, meTodebs Soris midgoma moicavs erTi samiznes damoukidebeli
sazomebis konvergenciis cnebas (Campbell and Fiske 1959).
denzinis tipologiis eqvsi kategoriidan oTxi xSirad gamoiyeneba ganaTlebis
sferoSi kvlevaSi. esenia: drois triangulacia kongituduri da krosseqciuri
kvlevebiT; sivrcis triangulacia, rogorc erT-erT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ikvleven
skolebs regionSi an qveyanaSi; mkvlevaris triangulacia, rodesac erTsa da imave
saklaso fenomens ori damoukidebeli damkvirvebeli afasebs; meTodologiuri
triangulacia. am oTxidan yvelaze xSirad meTodologiuri triangulacia gamoiyeneba,
romelsac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metis SemoTavazeba SeuZlia.
triangulaciis teqnikebi maSin aris gamosadegi, rodesac ganaTlebis sferoSi
Sedegebis ufro metad holisturi xedvisken iswrafvian (magaliTad, skolis
efeqturobis kvleva (Mortimore et al. (1988)), an rodesac saWiroa rTuli fenomenebis
axsna. triangulacia sasargebloa, roca dadgenili, miRebuli midgoma SezRudul da
xSirad damaxinjebul suraTs iZleva. da bolos, triangulacia SeiZleba gamosadegi
teqnika iyos, rodesac mkvlevari SemTxvevis anu rTuli fenomenis konkretuli
magaliTis SeswavliT aris dakavebuli (Adelman et al. 1980).
triangulaciasac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad, silvermeni (1985) gamoTqvams
mosazrebas, rom triangulaciis cneba arsiT pozitivisturia da es yvelaze naTlad
monacemebis triangulaciaSi Cans, vinaidan miCneulia, rom monacemebis ramdenime wyaro
155
(konkurentuli validoba) ukeTesia, vidre _ erTi wyaro an instrumenti. daSveba, rom

calkeuli erTeuli yovelTvis SeiZleba erT jerze metad gaizomos, arRvevs
ganviTarebis, fluidurobis, unikalurobisa da specifikurobis intepretacionistul
principebs (Denzin 1997: 320). garda amisa, patoni (Patton 1980) Tvlis, rom monacemebis
ramdenime wyaros qona, gansakuTrebiT Tvisebrivi monacemebisTvis, ar uzrunvelyofs
konsistenturobas an ganmeorebadobas. fildingi da fildingi (Fielding and Fielding 1986)
amtkiceben, rom meTodologiuri triangulacia aucileblobiT ar zrdis validobas,
ar amcirebs mikerZoebulobas an aqcevs kvlevas obieqturad.
mkvlevaris triangulaciasTan dakavSirebiT linkolni da guba (1985: 307)
amtkiceben, rom arasworia imis daSveba, rom erTi mkvlevari mxars dauWers meores da
arc gamarTlebadia, gansakuTrebiT Tvisebriv, refleqsiur kvlevaSi. avtorebi
TavianTi interesis sferoSi Teoriasa da meTodologiur triangulacias rTaven da
amtkiceben, rom Teoriis Zieba da meTodologiuri triangulacia epistemologiurad
araTanmimdevrulia da empiriulad carieli (aseve ixileT Patton 1980). amtkiceben, rom
ori Teoria verasodes mogvcems sakvlevis fenomenis sakmarisad srul axsnas. es basri
da gesliani kritikaa, magram denzinic aseve geslianad pasuxobs (1997).
validobis miRweva
Zalian advilia, rom kvleva aravalidurad iqces; is veragi da mavnebelia, radgan

kvlevis yovel etapze SeiZleba Semoiparos. aravalidobis aRmofxvris mcdeloba
arsebiTia, Tu mkvlevars surs, rom darwmunebuli iyos kvlevis gegmis, monacemebis
miRebis, maTi damuSavebisa da analizis, interpretaciisa da Semdgomi Sefasebis
mdgenelebSi (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 3.
ppt).
dizainis etapze validobisadmi safrTxis Semcireba Semdegi saSualebebiTaa
SesaZlebeli:
 saTanado vadebis aReba;
 Casatarebeli kvlevisTvis saWiro adekvaturi resursebis uzrunvelyofa;
 kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saTanado meTodologiis arCeva;
 saWiro tipis monacemebis mogrovebisaTvis saTanado instrumentebis arCeva;
 saTanado SerCevis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, iseTi SerCevis, romelic
reprezentaciulia, arc Zalian pataraa da arc _ Zalian didi);
156
 Sinagani, garegani, Sinaarsis, konkurentuli da konstruqtuli validobis

Cveneba da konstruqtebis samarTlianad „operacionalizeba“;
 sandoobis uzrunvelyofa stabilobiT (konsistenturoba, ekvivalenturi
formebi, testis masalebis Suaze gaxleCviT analizi);
 kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saTanado fokusebis arCeva;
 saTanado instrumentebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba: magaliTad, zusti,
reprezentaciuli, relevanturi da amomwuravi monacemebis miRebad (King et al.
1987); teqstis wakiTxvadobis saTanado donis uzrunvelyofa; instruqciebSI,
terminebsa da kiTxvebSi nebismieri orazrovnebisTvis, bundovnebisTvis Tavis
arideba; iseTi instrumenebis gamoyeneba, romlebic sakvlevis sakiTxebis
kompleqsurobas CaiWeren; STamagonebebi da mimaniSnebeli kiTxvebisTvis
Tavis arideba; testis saTanado donis uzrunvelyofa, magaliTad, arc
Zalian rTuli da arc Zalian martivi; testSi diskriminaciulobis dabali
maCveneblis mqone debulebebisTvis Tavis arideba; Zalian mokle an Zalian
grZeli instrumentebis SeqmnisTvis Tavis arideba; TiToeuli sakiTxisTvis
Zalian bevri an Zalian cota debulebebis CarTvisTvis Tavis arideba.
 mkvlevaris an mkvlevarTa gundis mikerZoebulad arCevanisTvis Tavis arideba
(magaliTad, mkvlevari, rogorc Sinauri an ucxo).
aravaliduroba an mikerZoebuloba kvlevaSi monacemebis mogrovebis etapze

ramdenime sferoSi SeiZleba Seiparos. amis minimumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia:
 hoTornis efeqtis1 SemcirebiT (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/089-

415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 1. doc);
 reaqtiulobis efeqtis SemcirebiT: respondentebi gansxvavebulad iqcevian,
rodesac ikvleven an axal situaciaSi xvdebian, magaliTad, intervius
situaciaSi _ Cven viWrebiT adamianebis cxovrebaSi imiT, rom vikvlevT maT
(Lave and Kvale 1995: 226);
 respondentebis mier kvlevis datovebis sixSiris Semcirebis mdelobiT;
 kiTxvarebis ardabrunebi Tavidan asacileblad zomebis miRebiT;
1
Hawthorne effect – cdis pirebis mier naCvenebi Sedegebis, miRebuli qulebis mateba imis gamo, rom
ician, rom akvirdebian (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
157
 pretestebsa da post-testebs Soris Zalian mokle an Zalian grZeli

intervalebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
 SemfasebelTa Soris sandoobis uzrunvelyofiT;
 sakontroli da eqsperimentuli jgufebis samarTliani SeTanxmebulobiT;
 monacemebis mogrovebis an testebis administrirebis standartizirebuli
procedurebis uzrunvelyofiT;
 respondentebis motivaciaze dayrdnobiT;
 respondentebis samuSao adgilTan instrumentebis morgebiT da sxva
situciuri faqtoebis gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTd, janmrTeloba, garemo,
xmauri, distraqtorebi, safrTxe);
 mkvlevarTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mogvarebiT (gansakuTrebiT intervius
situaciaSi), magaliTad, mkvlevaris damokidebuleba, sqesi, rasa, asaki,
pirovneba, Cacmuloba, komentarebi, pasuxebi, kiTxvis dasmis teqnikebi, qceva,
stili da araverbaluri komunikacia.
ramdenime sferoa monacemebis analizis etapze, sadac SeimCneva aravaliduroba,

risi mininumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia
 respondentebis validaciis gamoyenebiT;

 monacemebis subieqturi interpretaciisTvis (magaliTad, niSnebis dawerisas
zedmeti guluxvoba an siZunwe) anu Sedegebis standartizaciisa da
gasaSualoebis arqonisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
 halos efeqtis SemcirebiT, rodesac mkvlevaris msjelobaze gavlenas axdens
is faqti, rom igi icnobs kvlevaSi CarTul pirovnebas an am pirovnebis
Sesaxeb sxva monacemebic aqvs;
 monacemebis donis Sesabamisi statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT
(magaliTad, intervalebis skalisTvis gankuTvnili teqnikebis gamoyeneba
rigis skalis monacemebisTvis, an araswori statistikebis gamoyeneba
monacemebis tipis, zomis, sirTulis, senzitiurobis mixedviT);
 moCvenebiTi korelaciebisa da gareSe faqtorebis amocnobiT, romlebic
SeiZleba gavlenas axdendnen monacemebze (anu gvirabuli xedva);
 Tvisebrivi monacemebis uxarisxo, mwiri kodirebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
 imaze meti daskvnebisa da ganzogadebebis gakeTebisTvis Tavis aridebiT,
vidre amis saSualebas monacemebi iZleva;
158
 korelaciebisa da mizezebis gaigivebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;

 monacemebis seleqciurad gamoyenebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
 monacemebis arasamarTlianad dajgufebisTvis Tavis aridebiT (gansakuTrebiT
sixSireTa cxrilebis);
 monacemebis arasamarTliani teleskopirebisTvis Tavis (monacemebis
gaufasureba) aridebiT;
 I da II gvaris SecdomebisTvis Tavis arideba (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 2. doc).
I gvaris Secdoma maSin xdeba, rodesac mkvlevari uaryofs nulovan hipoTezas

maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi WeSmaritia (udanaSaulo adamianis gasamarTlebis
msgavsad: Mitchell and Jolley 1988: 121); aseT SecdomasTan gamklaveba ufro mkacri
mniSvneloebis donis (magaliTad, p  0.01 da ara p  0.05) dawesebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
II gvaris SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac nulovan hipoTezas viRebT maSin, roca is
sinamdvileSi ar aris WeSmariti (damnaSave adamianis udanaSaulod cnobis msgavsad:
Mitchell and Jolley 1988: 121). boruhi (Boruch 1997: 211) Tvlis, rom II gvaris Secdoma im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davuSvaT, Tu eqsperimentul Carevaze reaqciis sazomi
arasakmarisad validuria; eqsperimentuli Carevis sazomi arasakmarisad relevanturia;
eqsperimentis statistikuri simZlavre Zalian dabalia; eqsperimentuli CarevisTvis is
populacia ar airCa, romelic unda arCeuliyo.
II gvaris SecdomasTan gamklaveba SesaZlebelia mniSvnelobis donis daweviT
(magaliTad, p  20 an p  30 nacvlad imisa, rom p  0.05). cxadia, rom rac ufro
mcirdeba I gvaris Secdomis daSvebis Sansi, miT ufro matulobs II gvaris Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba da piriqiT. Tvisebriv monacemebSi maSin xdeba I gvaris Secdoma,
roca ujereben debulebas da is sinamdvileSi ar aris marTali, xolo II gvaris
SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu debuleba uariyofa maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi
marTalia.
monacemebis warmodgenis etapze aravaliduroba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba
gamovlindes. amis mininumamde dasayvanad mkvlevarma iseTi zomebi unda miiRos,
rogoricaa, magaliTad:
 Tavi aaridos monacemebis seleqciurad da arareprezentaciulad gamoyenebas,

magaliTad dadebiTze xazgasmas da uaryofiTis uaryofas an uyuradRebod
datovebas;
159
 miuTiTos kvlevis konteqstsa da parametrebze, romelSic xdeboda

monacemebis Segroveba da eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba; ndobis doneze, rac
Sedegebis aRweraSi SeiZleba gakeTdes; monacvemebis konteqstisgan
damoukideblobaze an konteqstiT gansazRvrulobaze (anu imaze miTiTeba, Tu
ramdenad SesaZlebelia Sedegebis ganzogadeba);
 monacemebi warmoadginos ise, rom zustad is Tqvas, rasac monacemebi amboben;
 amtkicos is, rasac monacemebi umagreben zurgs;
 Tavi aaridos monacemebis arazustad mcdarad warmodgenas (anu teqnikuri an
orTografiuli Secdomebi);
 uzrunvelyos, rom kvlevis kiTxvebi pasuxgacemulia; gamoaqveynos kvlevis
Sedegebi arc Zalian swrafad da arc Zalian dagvianebiT.
aravalidurobis gamovlenis Semdeg mkvlevars SeuZlia garkveuli RonisZiebebis

gatareba da misi SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde dayvana kvlevis yvela sferoSi.
sandooba raodenobriv kvlevaSi
sandoobas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevaSi

(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 4. ppt). Semdeg or
qveTavSi am or cnebas cal-calke ganvixilavT. raodenobriv kvlevaSi sandooba
arsebiTad droTa ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva instumentebis SemTxvevaSi da
respondentTa sxvadasxva jgufebTan garantirebulobis, Tanmimdevrulobisa da
ganmeorebadobis sinonimia. is sizustesa da skuprulozurobas exeba. zogierTi niSani,
magaliTad, simaRle, SeiZleba zustad gaizomos, sxvebi ki, magaliTad, musikaluri
unari, vera. imisaTvis, rom kvleva sando iyos, man unda aCvenos, rom respondentebis
msgavs jgufTan msgavs konteqstSi (nebismierad gansazRvruli) misi Catarebis
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT. sandoobis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs:
stabiloba, ekvivalenturoba da Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (ixileT
sandooba stabilobis saxiT
sandooba am formiT droSi da msgavs SerCevebSi SeTanxmebulobas gulisxmobs.

kvlevaSi sando instrumenti sxvadasxva dros msgavsi respondentebisgan msgavs
monacemebs iZleva. Tu sacobidan yovel dRe erTi litri wyali Jonavs, SegiZlia
160
vTqvaT, rom wyali sandod iJoneba, magram Tu sacobidan zogierT dRes erTi litri
wyali iJoneba da zogjer _ ori litri, maSin es ar iqneba sandod gaJonva. kvlevis
eqsperimentul da gamokiTxvis modelebSi es niSnavs imas, rom Tu testi da retesti
saTando drois SualedSi Catarda, maSin msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT. mkvlevarma
unda gadawyvitos, drois ra Sualedia adekvaturi. Zalian mcire Sualedis
SemTxvevaSi monawileebs SeiZleba axsovdeT, Tu ra Tqves an ra gaakeTes pirveli
testis dros; Zalian didi Sualedis SemTxvevaSi gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebam
SeiZleba daamaxinjos monacemebi (magaliTad, momwifeba studentebSi, maTze moqmedi
garegani gavlenebi). am tipis sandoobis saCveneblad mkvlevarma sworad unda SearCios
testisa da retestis vadebi anu drois ra Sualedi iqneba or testirebas Soris.
Semdeg gamoiTvleba korelaciis koeficientebi pretestsa da post-tests Soris,
romlebic pirdapir aris mocemuli statistikis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da testis
struqturaSi.
droSi stabilobis garda, sandooba stabilobis saxiT SeiZleba msgavs SerCevebs
Soris stabilobac iyos. magaliTad, Tu tests an kiTxvars erTdroulad vawodebT
studentebis or jgufs, romlebic Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTeblebiT (magaliTad, asakiT, sqesiT, unarebiTa da a. S. _ ra maxasiaTeblebsac
unda hqondeT mniSvnelovani gavlena Sedegebze), maSin msgavsi Sedegebi (testis
SemTxvevaSi) an pasuxebi (kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSi) unda miviRoT. test-retestis meTodis
am formis korelaciis koeficientis gamoTvla an mTliani testisTvisaa (magaliTad,
pirsonis korelaciis koeficientis an t kriteriumis gamoyenebiT) SesaZlebeli, an _
kiTxvaris nawilebisTvis (magaliTad, spirmenis an pirsonis korficienti,
Sesatyvisobis mixedviT, an t kriteriumi). Semdeg dadgindeba korelaciis koeficientis
statistikuri mniSvnelovneba, romelic 0.05-is toli an meti unda iyos, rom sandooba
garantirebulad CavTvaloT. SerCevebs Soris sandoobis es forma gansakuTrebiT
gamosadegia testebisa da kiTxvarebis pilotirebisas.
test-retestis meTodis gamoyenebisas safiqralia da mosagvarebelia (Cooper and
Schindler 2001: 216) Semdegi:
 testsa da retests Soris drois Sualedi ar unda iyos imdenad didi, rom
situaciuri faqtorebi Seicvalos.
 monawileebs SeiZleba daainteresoT sakvlevis sfero da Tavad miadevnon mas
Tvali testsa da retests Sori drois SualedSi.
161
sandooba ekvivalenturobis saxiT
am tipis sandooba or ZiriTad saxeobas aerTianebs. pirvel rigSi, sandooba

SeiZleba miiRweodes testis an monacemebis mogrovebis sxva instrumentis
ekvivalenturi formebis (cnobilia, aseve, rogorc alternatiuli formebi)
gamoyenebiT. Tu arsebobs testis an instrumentis ekvivalenturi formebi da isini
msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom instrumenti aCvenebs am formis
sandoobas. magaliTad, am tipis sandoobis mqoned miCneuli pretesti da post-testi
eqsperimentSi erTi da igive sakiTxebis gazomvis alternatiul formebad gamoiyeneba.
aseTi sandoobis Cveneba maSinac aris SesaZlebeli, Tu testis an sxva instrumentis
ekvivalenturi formebi Tavsebadi SerCevebisTvis (magaliTad, eqsperimentuli da
sakontrolo jgufebi, an ori SemTxveviTi stratificirebuli SerCeva gamokiTxvaSi)
erTdroulad miwodebisas msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian. aq sandooba SeiZleba gaizomos t
kriteriumiT, korelaciis maRali koeficientiT da ori jgufisTvis msgavsi
saSualoebisa da standartuli gadaxrebis CvenebiT.
meore, ekvivalentobis saxiT sandooba SeiZleba SemfasebelTa Soris sandoobiT
iqnas miRweuli. Tu kvlevaSi erTze meti mkvlevari monawileobs, maSin, vinaidan
adamianis mier gakeTebuli Sefaseba ar aris Secdomisgan dazRveuli, miRweul unda
iqnas SeTanxmeba yvela mkvlevars Soris imis uzrunvelyofiT, rom TiToeulma
maTganma erTnairad Seitanos monacemebi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mkvlevarTa gunds,
romelic struqturirebuli dakvirvebis an naxevrad struqturirebuli intervius
meSveobiT krefs monacemebs; gundis TiToeuli wevri unda daeTanxmos imas, Tu
romeli monacemi romel kategoriaSi unda Sevides. dakvirvebis monacemebis sandoobis
sakiTxi mkvlevrebisTvis treningiT gvardeba, rodesac isini video masalaze muSaoben,
raTa naxon, Tu ramdenad erTnairad SeaqvT monacemebi.
martiv SemTxvevSi damkvirvebelTa SeTanxmebulobis gamoTvla procentis saxiT
aris SesaZlebeli:
რეალური თანხვედრების რაოდენობა

შესაძლებელი თანხვედრების რაოდენობა
robsoni (2002: 341) SemfasebelTa SeTanxmebulobis gazomvis ufro daxvewil gzas

gvTavazobs, rodesac saqme dakvirvebis kodirebul monacemebs exeba da am meTodis
gamoyeneba sxva tipis monacemebis SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia.
sandooba Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis saxiT
162
maSin, roca sandoobis demonstrirebis test-retestis meTodi da ekvivalenturi

formebis meTodi testebis an instrumentebis orjer gamoyenebas moiTxovs, Sinagani
SeTanxmebulobis saCveneblad testebis an instrumentebis miwodeba mxolod erTxel
aris saWiro Suaze gaxleCvis meTodis gamoyenebiT.
vTqvaT, testi studentebis jgufs unda CavutaroT. am SemTxvevaSi testis
debulebebi iyofa Suaze ise, rom TiToeul naxevarSi Tanabari sirTulis, Sinaarsisa
da terminebis mqone debulebebi moxvdes. TiToeuli naxevari damoukideblad fasdeba.
Tu testma Suaze gaxleCvis sandooba unda aCvenos, maSin TiToeul naxevarSi
miRebuli Sefaseba mWidrod unda korelirebdes meore naxevarSi miRebul
SefasebasTan. nebismieri studentis mier erT naxevarSi miRebuli Sefaseba unda
Seesatyvisebodes mis mier meore naxevarSi miRebul Sefasebas. amis gamoTvla spirmen-
braunis formuliT aris SesaZlebeli:
სანდოობა
sadac r instrumentis naxevrebs Soris realurad arsebuli korelaciaa (ixileT

http://www.routledge.com/tetbooks/9780315368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 6. ppt).
am formulisTvis saWiroa korelaciis koeficientis gamoTvla, magaliTad,
spirmenis ranguli korelacia an pirsonis Sereuli momentis korelacia.
vTqvaT, viyenebT spirmen-braunis formulas da gvaqvs korelaciis koeficienti 0.85.
am SemTxvevaSi sandoobis formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
სანდოობა
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom koeficientis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 1.00-ia, SegviZlia

vnaxoT, rom am instrumentis sandooba, gamoTvlili Suaze gaxleCvis sandoobisTvis,
realurad Zalian maRalia.
sandoobis es tipi uSvebs, rom SesaZlebelia Casatarebeli testis or
TanabarZalian naxevrad gaxleCva. bevr tests aqvs sirTulis gradienti an
gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis mqone debulebebi TiToeul naxevarSi. Tu es asea, maSin
mkvlevars testis Suaze gaxleCvis nacvlad SeuZlia pirveli aTi debuleba erT
naxevarSi gaaerTianos da meore aTi (11-dan 20-is CaTvliT) _ meore naxevarSi; luwi
rigirTi normis mqone debulebebi erT jgufs misces da kentebi _ meores. es mogvcems
saSualebas, rom ori naxevari Sinaarsisa da sirTulis kumulaciuri xarisxiT
Tanxvdebodes erTmaneTs.
163
sandoobis, rogorc Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis alternatiur sazoms kronbaxis

alfa warmoadgena, romelsac xSirad sandoobis alfa koeficients an ubralod alfas
uwodeben. krombaxis alfa iZleva debulebebs Soris korelaciis koeficients anu
TiToeuli debulebis korelacias sxva relevanturi debulebebis jamTan da
gamosadegia mravaldebulebiani skalebisTvis. es aris debulebebis (da ara,
magaliTad, adamianebis) Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis sazomi. alfa koeficientze da mis
gamoTvlaze mexuTe nawilSi visaubrebT.
amgvarad axsnili sandooba ramdenime daSvebas akeTebs, magaliTad, imas, rom
instrumentebi, monacemebi da Sedegebi kontrolirebadi, prognozirebadi da
ganmeorebadi unda iyos. es garkveuli stilis kvlevas gulisxmobs, rogorc wesi,
pozitivisturi paradigmis farglebSi. kumeri da Sindleri (2001: 218) Tvlian, rom am
paradigmaSi sandoobis miRweva variaciis nebismieri garegani wyaros SemcirebiT aris
SesaZlebeli: im pirobebis standartizirebiTa da gakontrolebiT, romelSic
Segrovda da gaizoma monacemebi; SeTanxmebulobis (damkvirvebelTa Soris sandoobis)
uzrunvelsayofad mkvlevrebisTvis treningis CatarebiT; konkretuli Temis Sesaxeb
debulebebis raodenobis gazrdiT; monacemebis analizidan ukiduresi pasuxebis
gamoricxviT (magaliTad, gariyulebis gamoricxviT, rac SPSS-Si SeiZleba gakeTdes).
sandooba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
am qveTavSi Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sandoobis ganxilvisas vnaxavT, rom am terminis

Tvisebrivi kvlevisadmi Sesatyvisoba sakamaToa (magaliTad, Winner 2000; Stenbacka 2001;
Golafshani 2003). linkolni da guba (1985) amjobineben, rom „sandooba“iseTi terminebiT
Caanacvlon, rogoricaa „damajerebloba“, „neitraluroba“, „dadasturebadoba“,
„stabiluroba“, „Tanmimdevruloba“, „gamoyenebadoba“, „ndobis Rirsi“ da
„gadacemadoba“.
lekompte da preisli (1993: 332) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom sandoobis kanonebi,
romlebic raodenobrivi kvlevisTvis gamoyeneba, SeiZleba ubralod gamousadegari
iyos Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis. raodenobrivi kvleva uSvebs gameorebis SesaZleblobas.
Tu erTi da igive SerCevis mimarT erTi da igive meTodebi gamoiyeneba, maSin Sedegebic
erTi da igive unda iyos. raodenobrivi meTodebi, rogorc wesi, fenomenebis garkveuli
xarisxiT kontrolsa da manipulacias saWiroeben. es arRvevs fenomenebis bunebriv
gamovlinebas (ixileT zemoT: ekologiuri validoba). naturalisturi kvlevebis
164
winapirobebi situaciebis unikalurobasa da idiosinkrazulobas moicavs imdenad, rom

SeuZlebelia kvlevis gameoreba da es maTi siZlierea da ara _ sisuste.
meore mxriv, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva ar unda eswrafvodes
gameorebas anu replikacias konstruqtebis generirebis, daxvewis, Sedarebisa da
validaciisTvis (ixileT _ http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi 6, faili 6. 7.
ppt). lekompte da preisli (1993: 334) amtkiceben, rom aseTi replikacia SeiZleba
moicavdes:
 mkvlevaris poziciis gameorebas;

 informantebis/respondentebis arCevis gameorebas;
 socialuri situaciebisa da mdgomareobebis gameorebas;
 gamoyenebuli analituri konstruqtebisa da winapirobebis gameorebas.
garda amisa, denzini da linkolni (1994) Tvlian, rom sandooba, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
ganmeorebadobis saxiT, ramdenime gziT SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli:
 dakvirvebebis stabiloba: mkvlevari igive dakvirvebebs da interpretaciebs

gaakeTebda Tu ara, dakvirveba sxva dros an sxva adgilas rom ganexorcielebina.
 paraleluri formebi: mkvlevari igive dakvirvebebs da interpretaciebs gaakeTebda
Tu ara, dakvirvebis dros sxva fenomenisTvis rom mieqcia yuradReba.
 damkvirvebelTa Soris sandooba: igive Teoriul CarCoSi sxva mkvlevari rom
dakvirveboda igive fenomens, iseTive interpretacias gaakeTebda Tu ara.
cxadia, es sakamaTo sakiTxia, vinaidan is Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis raodenobrivi

kvlevis sandoobis kanonebis miyenebas cdilobs.
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sandooba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Tanxvedra
mkvlevaris mier monacemad Cawerilsa da bunebriv garemoSi realurad momxdars
Soris, anu dafarvis sizustis da moculobis xarisxi (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 48). es ar
aris erTgvarovnebisken swrafva. orma mkvlevarma, romlebic erTsa da imave garemos
Seiswavlian, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi miiRos, magram monacemTa
orive erToblioba SeiZleba sando iyos. kveili (Kvale 1995: 181) gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom intervius SemTxvevaSi Tvisebrivi monacemebis imdeni interpretacia SeiZleba
arsebobdes, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa. amis naTeli magaliTia did britaneTSi nisanis
saavtomobilo qarxnis kvleva. am organizaciaSi uikensma (Wickens 1987) organizaciis
muSaobis praqtikebis „saTno wre“ aRmoaCina, sadac warmodgenili iyo fleqsiburoba,
165
gunduri muSaoba da cnobierebis xarisxi maSin, roca igive praqtikebis SeswavliT

garahanma da stiuartma (Garrahan and Stewart 1992) eqspluataciis, zedamxedvelobisa da
kontrolis „mankieri wre“ aRmoaCines. erTi da igive realobis es ori versia imitom
Tanaarsebobs, rom realoba mravalSriania. es instrumentebis, mkvlevrebis,
perspeqtivebisa da interpretaciebis ekleqturi gamoyenebiT gansazRvruli sandoobis
cnebis sasargeblod wamoyenebuli argumentia (es exmianeba triangulaciis Sesaxeb
zemoT gamoTqmul komentarebs) (aseve ixileT Eisenhart and Howe 1992).
brok-utne (1996) amtkicebs, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva, holisturi bunebidan
gamomdinare, situaciebisa da movlenebis mravalgvari interpretaciebis, miznebisa da
mniSvnelobebis dafiqsirebas cdilobs. aq sandoobis cneba gaigeba, rogorc
saimedooba (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 108 – 9; Anfara et al. 2002) da gavixsenoT Sinagani
validobis Sesaxeb zemoT warmodgenili diskusia. avtorebisTvis saimedooba moicavs
wevrebis gadamowmebas (respondentis validacia), wyvilebSi debrifings,
triangulacias, velze xangrZlivad darCenas, refleqsiis Jurnalebis warmoebas,
nagatiuri SemTxvevebis analizs da damoukidebel audits (kvlevis warmoebis misaRebi
procesebis identificirebas ise rom, miRebuli Sedegebi Seesatyvisebodes monacemebs).
auditoruli cdebi kvlevaSi Sedegebis dadasturebadobis sakiTxis mogvarebas
emsaxureba rogorc procesis, ise _ produqtis anu Sedegis TvalsazrisiT (Golafshani
2003: 601). es aris dacva Tvisebrivi mkvlevarebisTvis wayenebuli braldebis
winaaRmdeg, kerZod, imis winaaRmdeg, rom isini mxolod „yvelaze did xmaurze da
yvelaze kaSkaSa sinaTleze“ reagireben.
saimedooba respondentis validaciis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs ayenebs (aseve ixileT
McCormick and James 1988). miuxedavad imisa, rom saimedooba mkvlevrebisgan
respondentebTan dabrunebasa da Sedegebis saimedoobis maTTan erTad gadamowmebas
moiTxovs, mkvlevrebs windaxedulebac marTebT, rom respondentTa interpretaciebi
eqskluziuri ar aRmoCndes, vinaidan, rogorc hamersli da atkinsoni (1983) amboben,
isini ar imyofebian iseT privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, rom TavianTi qmedebebis
erTaderTi interpretatorebi iyvnen.
bluri (Bloor 1978) respondentis validaciis miRwevis sam saSualebas gvTavazobs:
 mkvlevrebi cdiloben, iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu rogori iqneba situaciebis

monawileTa mier mowodebuli klasifikaciebi.
166
 mkvlevrebi hipoTetur situaciebs amzadeben da Semdeg maTze monawileebis

savaraudo reaqciebs winaswarmetyveleben.
 mkvlevrebs kvlevis angariSi monawileebTan miaqvT da am angariSze maT reaqciebs
iweren.
am msjelobaSi meordeba paradigmebis brZola, romelic wignis pirvel TavSi

ganvixileT: raodenobriv sazomebs akritikeben detalurad gawerili da daxvewili
procesisa da daumuSavebeli cnebis kombinirebis (Ruddock 1981) da, aseve, imis gamo, rom
isini ver axerxeben saganmanaTleblo da statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvnas (Eisner 1985). Tvisebriv meTodologiebs, maTi uSualobis, fleqsiburobis,
auTenturobis, simdidrisa da gulwrfelobisda miuxedavad, imis gamo akritikeben, rom
isini impresionistuli, mikerZoebuli, banaluri, umniSvnelo, araganzogadebadi,
idiosinkrazuli, subieqturi da axlomxedveli meTodologiebia (Ruddock 1981). es
arafrismomcemi debatia, saqme ki miznisTvis Sesatyvisobas exeba. Cveni miznebisTvis
unda aRiniSnos, rom sandoobis kriteriumebi raodenobriv meTodologiebSi
gansxvavdeba analogiuri kriteriumebisgan, romelic Tvisebriv meTodologiebSi
gamoiyeneba. Tvisebriv meTodologiebSi sandooba moicavs realur cxovrebis
erTgulebas, konteqstis da situaciis mixedviT specifikurobas, autenturobas,
yovelmxriobas, detalurobas, patiosnebas, pasuxebis siRrmesa da respondentebis
gaazrebulobas.
validoba da sandooba interviuebSi
interviuebSi validobis Sesaxeb xSirad TvalsaCino validobis safuZvelze

askvnian (Cannell and Kahn 1968) anu dasmuli kiTxvebi ise gamoiyurebian Tu ara, TiTqos
isini imas zomaven, risi gazomvis pretenziac aqvT. aravalidurobis erTi mizezi
mikerZoebulobaa, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc „erTi da igive mimarTulebiT
Secdomebis daSvebis sistemuri an mudmivi tendencia anu Tvisebis „WeSmariti
Rirebulebis“ moWarbebulad an arasakmarisad Sefaseba“ (Lansing et al. 1961). intervius
sazomebis validaciis erTi gza intervius sazomis sxva iseT sazomTan Sedarebaa,
romlis validuroba ukve dadasturebulia. aseTi Sedareba „konvergenciuli
validobis“ saxeliT aris cnobili. Tu ori sazomi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, maSin
SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom intervius validoba Sedarebadia meore sazomis ukve
damtkicebul validobasTan.
167
savaraudod, meti validobis miRwevis yvelaze praqtikul gzas mikerZoebulobis

SeZlebisdagvarad metad Semcireba warmoadgens. mikerZoebulobis wyaroebia
interviueris maxasiaTeblebi, respondentis maxasiaTeblebi da kiTxvebis realuri
Sinaarsi. ufro konkretulad, maT ricxvSi Sedis:
 interviueris damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da molodinebi;

 interviueris tendencia, dainaxos respondentis sakuTari xati;
 interviueris tendencia, tendenciuri mosazrebebis mxardasaWeri pasuxebi eZios;
 interviueris mcdari aRqma imisa, rasac respondenti ambobs;
 respondentis mier arasworad gageba imisa, rasac ekiTxebian.
kvlevebma isic aCvena, rom rasa, religia, sqesi, seqsualuri orienacia, statusi,
socialuri klasi da asaki garkveul konteqstebSi mikerZoebulobis potenciuri
wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos, anu interviueris efeqtebi (Lee 1993; Scheurich 1995).
interviuerebs da respondentebs intervius situaciaSi erTnairad moaqvT, xSirad
aracnobierad, TavianTi sakuTari gamocdileba da warsuli. hiCkoki da hagisi (1989)
amtkiceben, rom vinaidan interviu interpersonaluria _ adamianebi urTierTqmedeben
adamianebTan, mkvlevari aucileblad moaxdens raRac gavlenas respondentze da,
aqedan gamomdinare, monacemebzec. fildingsa da fildings (1986: 12) damajerebeli
argumenti moaqvT, rom yvelaze daxvewili gamokiTxvebic ki mxolod manipulireben im
monacemebiT, romlebic odesRac mainc unda mieRoT adamianebis gamokiTxvis gziT!
interviueris neitraluroba qimeraa (Denscombe 1995).
li (1993) miuTiTebs intervius Catarebis problemebis yvelaze mwvave gamovlinebaze,
rodesac mkvlevari senzitiur monawileebs ikvlevs anu kvleva SeiZleba mniSvnelovan
safrTxes uqmnides masSi CarTul adamianebs (iqneba es interviueri Tu respondenti).
am SemTxvevaSi interviu pirad samyaroSi SeWrad SeiZleba miviCnioT, an interviueri
SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas rogorc viRac, visac SeuZlia respondentisTvis sanqciebis
daweseba, an viRac, visac SeuZlia umweoTa eqspluatireba; respondents proJeqtori
anaTebs, romelic interviuers upyria xelT (aseve ixileT Scheurich 1995). gadi (Gadd
2004) aRniSnavs, rom respondentma „daculi subieqtis“ rolis morgebiT SeiZleba
Seamciros mzaoba, rom „gaixsnas“, Tu intervius situaciis dinamika metismeti
safrTxis Semcvelia. am sakiTxTa ricxvSi Sedis transferi da kontrtransferi,
romelic saTaves fsiqoanalizSi iRebs. transferis dros respondenti interviuerze
gadaaqvs anu aproecirebs sakuTar grZnobebs, SiSebs, survilebs, moTxovnilebebsa da
168
damokidebulebebs, romlebic maTi gamocdilebidan momdinareoben (Scheurich 1995).

kontrtransferis dros Sebrunebul procesTan gvaqvs saqme.
sandoobis miRwevis mizniT kontrolis erTi gzaa ukiduresad struqturirebuli
interviu, sityvebisa da kiTxvebis erTi da igive formati da Tanmimdevroba yvela
respondentisTvis (Silverman 1993), Tumca sqoriCi (Scheurich 1995: 241 – 9) gamoTqvams
mosazrebas, rom es socialuri urTierTqmedebis Riaobisa da usasrulo
kompleqsurobis araswori interpretaciaa. sityvebis formulirebis gakontroleba ar
aris intervius gakontrolebis garantia. openheimi (Oppenheim 1992: 147) amtkicebs, rom
sotyvebis formulireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtoria damokidebulebebis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebSi da ara _ faqtobriv kiTxvebSi. is Tvlis, rom sityvebis, konteqstisa
da aqcentebis Secvla azianebs sandoobas, vinaidan es ukve aRar iqneba erTi da igive
kiTxva TiToeuli respondentisTvis. faqtiurad, is amtkicebs, rom Secdoma da
mikerZoeba sityvebis formulirebis, proceduris, Tanmimdevrobis, Cawerisa da
angariSgebis cvlilebebidan SeiZleba momdinareobdes da amis minimumamde dasayvanad
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs interviuerebis trenings. silvermeni (1993) Tvlis, rom
mniSvnelovania, rom yovelma respondentma erTnairad gaigos kiTxva. is ambobs, rom
interviuebis sandooba SeiZleba gamoujobesdes intervius ganrigis saguldagulo
pilotirebiT, interviuerebis treningiT, pasuxebis kodirebisas SemfasebelTa Soris
sandoobiT da meti daxuruli kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT.
meore mxriv, silvermeni (1993) Ria kiTxvebis Semcveli intervius mniSvnelovnebas
amtkicebs, rameTu is respondentebs samyaros maTeuli unikaluri xedvis _ situaciis
maTi gansazRvrebis _ gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs. aseTi interviu aRiarebs, rom
kiTxvebis is Tanmimdevroba, romelic erTi respondentisTvis moxerxebulia, SeiZleba
naklebad ergebodes meore respondents, Ria kiTxvebi ki mniSvnelovani, magram
daugegmavi, sakiTxebis wamoWris SesaZleblobas qmnis.
openheimi (1992: 96 – 7) interviuirebisas mikerZoebulobis ramdenime mizezs
asaxelebs:
 interviuersa da respondents Soris cudi raporti;

 cvlilebebi kiTxvis (magaliTad, damokidebulebebis da faqtobrivi kiTxvebi)
formulirebaSi;
 mwiri motivireba da mikerZoebuli zondireba;
169
 damxmare masalebis (magaliTad, sademonstracio baraTebis) mwiri gamoyeneba da

marTva;
 kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla;
 pasuxebis araTanmimdevruli kodireba;
 monacemebis/transkriptebis SerCeviTi an interpretirebuli Cawera;
 Znel interviusTan ver gamklaveba.
aqve SeiZleba daematos „mdumare Tanxmobis“ sakiTxi (Breakwell 2000: 254) _ tendencia,
rom respondentebma SeiZleba Tqvan „diax“ ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ras ekiTxebian,
realurad ras grZnoben an fiqroben.
kidev erTi sakiTxia STamagonebeli kiTxvebi. STamagonebelia kiTxva, romelic
daSvebebs akeTebs respondentis Sesaxeb an „maT sityvebs udebs pirSi“, rodesac
kiTxva, savaraudod, aralegitimurad, gavlenas axdens pasuxze. magaliTad (Morrison
1993: 66 – 7), kiTxva „rodis SewyviteT ufros maswavlebelTan Civili?“ uSvebs, rom
respondenti xSiri momCivani iyo, xolo kiTxva „ramdenad kmayofili xarT
maTematikaSi axali gegmiT?“ gulisxmobs gegmiT kmayofilebis xarisxs. STanagonebeli
kiTxvebi perifrazirebis Semdeg SeiZleba naklebad STanagoneblad iyos, magaliTad:
„ramdenad xSirad saubrobT ufros maswavlebelTan?“ da „ras fiqrobT maTematikis
axal gegmaze?“
STamagonebeli kiTxvebis ganxilvisas ar vambobT, rom maTi adgili saerTod ar
aris interviuSi. kveili (1996: 158) qmnis damajerebel magaliTs STamagonebeli
kiTxvebisTvis da amtkicebs, rom isini SeiZleba aucilebeli iyos im informaciis
misaRebad, romelsac, interviueris varaudiT, faravs respondenti. aq SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani iyos respondentisTvis „uaryofis tvirTvis“ akideba (magaliTad,
„rodis SewyviteT colis cema?“). policiis interviuebSi xSirad gamoyenebadi
STamagonebeli kiTxvebi SeiZleba imis sandoobis gadasamowmeblad gamoviyenoT, rac
ukve Tqva respondentma, an SeiZleba mizanmimarTulad gamoviyenoT konkretuli
araverbaluri qcevebis gamosawvevad, romlebic respondentis naTqvamis
senzitiurobaze migvaniSnebs.
Sesabamisad, mikerZoebulobis Semcireba ufro martivia: kiTxvebis zusti
formulireba ise, rom mniSvneloba kristalurad sufTa da gasagebi iyos;
procedurebis srulad damuSaveba da treningi ise, rom interviuerma kargad icodes
SesaZlo problemebis Sesaxeb; respondentebis albaTuri SerCeva; zogjer
170
interviueris maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedra respondentTa SerCevaSi Semavali adamianebis

maxasiaTeblebTan. openheimi (1992: 148) magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom mkvlevrebma,
romelTac damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb pasuxebis miReba surT, unda uzrunvelyon, rom
SerCevaSi cnobili maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebi iyvnen CarTulni _ kriteriumis
jgufi. Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom interviu saerTo, SeTanxmebuli da dinamikuri
socialuri momentia.
intervius situaciaSi mniSvnelovania Zalauflebis cneba, vinaidan interviu ar
aris ubralod monacemebis mogrovebis situacia, aramed socialuri da xSirad
politikuri situaciaa. sityva „inter-view“ sityva-sityviT aris xedi or adamians Soris,
ormxrivi procesi da ara is, rom interviueri calmxrivad iRebs monacemebs meore
adamianisgan. Zalaufleba SeiZleba erTnairad iyos rogorc interviueris, ise _
respondentis mxares (Thapar-Björkert and Henry 2004), Tumca sqoriCi (1995: 246) amtkicebs,
rom, Cveulebisamebr, meti Zalaufleba interviueris mxaresaa: interviueri svams
kiTxvebs da respondenti pasuxobs maT; respondents akvirdebian, interviuers ki _ ara.
kveilic (1996: 126) Tvlis, rom arsebobs Zalauflebis garkveuli asimetriebi, vinaidan
interviueri sazRvravs situacias, Temebs da intervius mimarTulebas.
j. qaseli (J. Cassell citirebulia wyaroSi Lee 1993) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom
elitis warmomadgenlebi da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba damcirebulad an
Seuracxyofilad grZnobdnen Tavs, roca maTze dabali statusis an naklebis
Zalauflebis mqonesTan uwevT respondentis rolSi yofna. garda amisa, Zalauflebis,
resursebisa da kompetenciis mqoneni SeiZleba TavianTi reputaciis SenarCunebaze
fiqrobdnen da amitom ufro metad gaakontroleben, Tu ra unda Tqvan da saTqmels
kargad SerCeuli, gasagebi frazebiT SefuTuls warmoadgenen. li (1993) gamoTqvams
mosazrebas sxvadasxva intervius situaciaSi Zalauflebis asimetriis Sesaxeb,
rodesac erT mxares ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs da metad akontrolebs intervius,
vidre _ meore. interviuerebi unda acnobierebdnen Zalauflebis potenciurad saziano
efeqtebs, kritikuli Teoriis mniSvnelovan niSans, rogorc iTqva pirvel TavSi.
nili (Neal 1995) yuradRebas uTmobs fizikuri garegnobiTa da statusiT gamowveul
umweobis grZnobebsa da SfoTvas, romelic interviuers eufleba Zalauflebis mqone
adamianTa interviuirebisas. es xSirad gansakuTrebiT asea martosuli, dabali
statusis mqone studenti mkvelvrebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT Zalauflebis mqone
adamianebis interviuireba uwevT; dabali statusis mqone mdedrobiTi sqesis studentma
mkvlevarma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom maRal Tanamdebobaze myof mamakacTan
171
(magaliTad, universitetis vicereqtorTan, wamyvan politikosTan an ufros

menejerTan) interviu SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavdebodes imave adamianTan
interviusgan, Tu mas universitetis mamakaci profesori waiyvanda da respondenti amas
ufro metad aRiqvamda TanasworTa Soris dialogad (aseve ixileT Gewirtz and Ozga 1993:
1994). beli (1994b) ambobs, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis interviuirebisas
interviuerebi ganxilul unda iqnan, rogorc „Zalauflebis TamaSis“ gagrZeleba _
misi TamaSisebri konotaciebiT. is fiqrobs, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi
akontroleben intervius dRis wesrigsa da mimarTulebas da, Cveulebriv, Zalian
kargad ician es saqme, vinaidan aqvt respondentad yofnis rogorc pirovnuli, ise _
profesiuli gamocdileba (aseve ixileT Batteson and Ball 1995; Phillips 1998).
Zalauflebis efeqti intervius dawyebamdec SeiZleba igrZnobodes, aRniSnavs nili
(1995) da sakuTari magaliTi moaqvs, roca mas alodines da, saboloo jamSi,
Seawyvetines, mfarvelobdnen da respondentma mouwia respondentad yofna (aseve
ixileT Walford 1994b). faqtiurad, sqoriCi (1995) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom bevri
Zlevamosili respondenti ar upasuxebs kiTxvas an mis perifrazirebas moaxdens.
qoneli da misi kolegebi (Connell et al. 1996) amtkiceben, rom muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli qalisa da transnacionaluri direqtoris saubari sruliad
gansxvavebuli iqneba amave pirovnebasTan saSualo klasidan gamosuli profesoris
saubrisgan. limeriki da misi kolegebi (Limerick et al. 1996) saubroben im SemTxvevebze,
rodesac interviuerebi Tavs pasiurad, mowyvladad, umweod da realurad
manipulirebadad grZnobdnen. amis daZlevis erTi gzaa ori interviueri TiToeuli
interviusTvis (Walford 1994c: 227). meore mxriv, hiCkokma da hagisma (1989) naxes, rom Tu
respondentebi icnoben interviuers, maSin reciprokulobis raRac xarisxi SeiZleba
iyos interviuSi da respondenti iseT pasuxebs iZleodes, rogorsac, respondentis
azriT, interviueri elodeba misgan.
Zalauflebis sakiTxi feministur kvlevaSic dgas (magaliTad, Thapar-Björkert and Henry
2004) anu kvlevaSi, sadac xazgasmulia subiqturoba, Tanaworoba, reciprokuloba,
TanamSromloba, araierarqiuli urTierTobebi da emansipatoruli potenciali
(katalituri da Sedegebis validoba) (Neal 1995) da exmianeba komentarebs kvlevis
Sesaxeb, romelic kritikuli Teoriis paradigmis gavlenis qveS imyofeba. am
SemTxvevaSi fenimisturi kvleva iseTi interviuebis dilemis gadawyvetas cdilobs,
romlebic adaptirebuli kiTxvebis dominantur, mamakacur paradigmazea agebuli da
pasiuri respondentisgan iTxoven pasuxebs.
172
limeriki da misi kolegebi (Limerick et al. 1996) Tvlian, rom sinamdvileSi swori
iqneba, Tu intervius saCuqrad miviCnevT, rodesac respondents aqvs Zalaufleba
dafaros informacia, Tavad airCios intervius Catarebis adgili, airCios, ramdenad
seriozulad moekideba mas, ramden xans gagrZeldeba interviu, rodis Catardeba, raze
iqneba saubari _ da ra da visi terminebiT _ ra codnaa mniSvnelovani, zogjer isic
ki, Tu rogor gaanalizdeba da gamoiyeneba monacemebi (aseve ixileT Thapar-Björkert and
Henry 2004).
mileri da qaneli (1997) gamoyofen zogierT konkretul problemas, romelic
satelefono intervius Catarebisas warmoiqmneba, sadac intervius situaciis mxolod
smeniT maniSneblebze dayvana gansakuTrebiT problemuri SeiZleba iyos. aq SerCevis
problema dgeba, vinaidan yvelas ar eqneba telefoni. garda amisa, dgeba mTeli rigi
praqtikuli sakiTxebisa, magaliTad, respondentebs mxolod garkveuli raodenobis
informaciis Sekaveba SeuZliaT xanmokle mexsierebaSi, amitom Zalian bevri variantis
(SesaZlo pasuxebis „saCvenebeli baraTebis“ arawerilobiTi formis) miwodeba uSedego
xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, pasuxebis sandooba respondentis mexsierebis
SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli _ magaliTad, erTi debulebisTvis skalis ramdeni
punqtis da deskriptoris damaxsovreba SeuZlia? garda amisa, mniSvnelovania
araverbaluri mimniSneblebis, magaliTad, saxis gamometyvelebis, Jestebis, pozis,
siCumisa da pauzebis mniSvnelobis ararseboba (Robinson 1982), vinaidan respondenti
SeiZleba naTlad ver gamoTqvamdes sityvebisa da debulebebis miRma arsebul
mniSvnelobas. es problema rTuldeba, Tu respondenti ar icnobs interviuers.
milersa da qanels (1977) kvleviT miRebuli mniSvnelovani sabuTi moaqvT verbalur
dialogSi araverbaluri mediaciis mniSvnelobis mxardasaWerad. rogorc zemoT iTqva,
interviu socialuri situaciaa. satelefono interviuSi ZiriTadi socialuri
elementebis ararsebobam SeiZleba daarRvios intervius ZiriTadi msvleloba da,
Sesabamisad, misi sandooba da validoba. araverbaluri paralingvisturi maniSneblebi
gavlenas axdenen intervius msvlelobisas qcevaze, winsvlasa da urTierTobebze da,
aseve, im mxardaWeraze, safrTxesa da ndobaze, rasac respondenti grZnobs.
satelefono interviu advilad SeiZleba iqces meqanikuri da civ procesad. garda
amisa, araverbaluri maniSneblebis arqonas Zalauflebis asimetriac emateba, romelic
xSirad arsebobs interviuersa da respondents Soris. interviuerma dauyovnebliv
unda miiRos zomebi am sakiTxebis mosagvareblad (magaliTad, respondentebisTvis
Tavisuflebis micema da maT nebaze miSveba).
173
meore mxriv, niasi (Nias 1991) da mileri da qaneli (1997) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,
rom swored is faqtori, rom interviu pirispir ar mimdinareobs, SeiZleba
aZlierebdes sandoobas, radgan respondentma iseTi informacia SeiZleba gasces,
romlis miRebac ase martivad ver moxdeboda pirispir intervius _ metad intimur
situaciaSi. Sesabamisad, satelefono intervius Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs
da maTi gamoyeneba miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis principiT unda xdebodes. aseTi interviu
ufro xanmoklea, metad fokusirebuli da gamosadegia dakavebul adamianebTan
urTierTobisas (Harvey 1988; Miller, 1995).
intervius, rogorc kvlevis instrumentis, kritikaSi kitvudi (Kitwood 1997)
yuradRebas amaxvilebs konfliqtze, romelsac is validobisa da sandoobis
traditiul cnebebs Soris warmoqmnis. is amtkicebs, rom intervius mdgenelebis
kontrolis gziT misi sandoobis zrda validobis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba da
gvixsnis:
ramdenadac „sandooba“ gaizrdeba racionalizaciis gziT, imdenad Semcirdeba

„validoba“. kvlevaSi intervius gamoyenebis mTavri mizani isaa, rom pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi adamianebi ufro metad gaixsnebian da ilaparakeben sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb,
vidre naklebad adamianur situaciaSi. zogierTi miznisTvis mainc aucilebelia iseTi
saubris generireba, romlis drosac „respondenti“ Tavisuflad igrZnobs Tavs. sxva
sityvebiT, interviuSi gamokveTili adamianuri elementi interviuSi aucilebelia misi
„validobisTvis“. rac ufro racionaluri, angariSiani da ganyenebulia interviueri, miT
naklebia albaToba imisa, rom interviu megobrul urTierTqmedebad iqnas aRqmuli da metad
mosalodnelia angariSiani pasuxebis miReba
(Kitwood 1977)
kitvudi (1977) Tvlis, rom validobisa da sandoobis problemis gadawyveta

„gonivruli kompromisis“ mimarTulebis SeiZleba moiZebnos.
pirovnebas, romlisganac intervius iReben, problemaTa gundi axvevia Tavs.
magaliTad, takmenma (Tuckman 1972) naxa, rom kiTxvebis formulirebisas interviuerma
unda ifiqros imaze, Tu ramdenad ubiZgebs kiTxva respondents sakuTari Tavis ukeTesi
mxridan warmoCenisken; an ramdenad ubiZgebs kiTxva respondents, rom gaumarTlebad
TanamSroblobiTi iyos da cdilobdes winaswar ganWvritos, Tu risi mosmena unda
interviuers; an ramdenad moiTxovs kiTxva iseTi informaciis gacemas, romlis
gamJRavnebis Taobaze respondenti ar aris darwmunebuli, an Tavad ar surs codna.
garda amisa, intervius procedurebi efuZneba daSvebas, rom adamianebma, romlisganac
174
iReben intervius, ician TavianTi qcevis mizezebi. aseTi codna iSviaTad miiRweva da
Tu xdeba, es xangrZlivi da sirTuleebiT aRsavse Zalisxmevis Sedegia, Cveulebriv,
ganmeorebadi klinikuri interviuebis konteqstSi.
saganmanaTleblo wreebSi interviuireba SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT problemuri iyos
bavSvebTan muSaobisas. saimonsi (1982) da makkormiki da jeimsi (McCormik and James 1988)
bavSvebis interviuirebasTan dakavSirebul iseT problemebs asaxeleben, rogoricaa,
magaliTad:
 ndobis mopoveba;
 TavSekavebulobis daZleva;
 araformalurobis SenarCuneba;
 Tavis arideba daSvebisTvis, rom „bavSvebma ician pasuxebi“;
 gaurkvevlad, daunawevreblad metyveli bavSvebis problemis daZleva;
 kiTxvis sworad SerCeul doneze dasma;
 swori leqsikonis SerCeva;
 imis gacnobiereba, rom xdeba araverbaluri maniSneblebis gacema da miReba;
 ufro Sors wasvla, vidre instituciuri pasuxebi an imis miRebaa, risi gagonebac,
bavSvebis azriT, interviuers surs;
 Tavis arideba imisTvis, rom interviueri avtoritetad, jaSuSad an mogzavnilad
aRiqvan;
 Temis farglebSi darCena;
 dumilis darRveva tabuireul sferoebsa da Tanatolebis zewoliT ganmtkicebul
Temebze;
 bavSvebis mozrdilebze naklebad mniSvnelovnad miCneva (SesaZloa, im
TanmimdevrobaSi, rogorc tardeba interviu _ ufrosi maswavlebeli, saswavlo
personali da Semdeg bavSvebi).
es Temebi ar aris axali. 1960-ian wlebSi labovis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma

aCvena, rom studentebi mwvaved reagieben konteqstualur sakiTxebze intervius
situaciaSi (Labov 1969). bavSvebis sametyvelo ena maTi eTnikuri warmomavlobis,
garemocvis megobrulobis, megobrebTan erTad interviuirebis SesaZleblobis,
mozrdilis manerebis (magaliTad, mozrdili zis Tu dgas) da sasaubro Temis
mixedviT icvleboda. gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani iyo da icvleboda ucnob da
arakeTilganwyobil garemoSi myofi bavSvebis erTmarcvliani pasuxebidan vrcel
175
pasuxebamde, romelsac ufro keTilganwyobil da naklebi safrTxis Semcvel _

bavSvebis yoveldRiur garemosTan metad mimsgavsebul _ garemoSi myofni iZleodnen.
interviueris da respondentis sametyvelo ena, Jargoni (Edwards 1976), socialuri da
kulturuli faqtorebi mZlavr gavlenas axdens intervius situaciaze.
aq kidev erTi sakiTxi dgeba (Lee 1993): mkvlevari mxolod erTi interviuTi unda
Semoifarglos dauintereseblobis da gancalkevebulobis SesanarCuleblad (rac,
savadaurod, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania senzitiuri Temebis SemTxvevaSi), Tu
ganmeorebiTi interviuebia saWiro siRrmiseuli informaciis misaRebad da kvlevis
TanamSromlobiTi bunebisadmi erTgulebis (maxasiaTebeli, romelci, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, mniSvnelovania fenimistur kvlevaSi: Oakley 1981) saCveneblad.
kveili (1996: 148 – 9) Tvlis, rom gamocdilma interviuerma:
 unda icodes intervius Tema, raTa informirebuli saubari awarmoos;

 kargad unda daalagos intervius struqtura ise, rom monawilesTvis misi yvela
etapi gasagebi iyos;
 gasagebi terminologiiT unda ilaparakos da mkafiod Tqvas, ra masalas faravs
intervius farglebSi;
 monawileebs pasuxebis mofiqrebis da maTTvis mosaxerxebeli formiT gacemis
saSualeba unda misces;
 senzitiuri da empaTiuri unda iyos, aqtiur mosmenas unda iyenebdes, yuradRebas
unda aqcevdes rogor iTqva saTqmeli da araverbaluri komunikacias iyenebdes;
 frTxilad da yuradRebiT unda moekidos intervius im aspeqtebs, romelic
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos monawilisTvis;
 ar unda gasces intervius Temas da Tu interviu Temas uxvevs, mimarTuleba misces
mas;
 sworad dasmuli kiTxvebiT unda gadaamowmos pasuxebis sandooba, validoba da
SeTanxmebuloba;
 unda SeeZlos monawilis mier adre naTqvamis gaxseneba da maTze miTiTeba;
 unda SeeZlos monawilesTan misive komentarebis garkveva, dadastureba da
modificireba.
uolfordi (1994c: 225) am CamonaTvals amatebs moTxovnas, rom interviueri winaswar

unda moemzados Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis interviuirebisas, vinaidan aseTma
adamianebma SeiZleba detalurad gamokiTxon igi, vinaidan isini CaTvlian, rom
176
interviueri Tanamedrove, kompetenturi da mcodne adamiania. Zalauflebis mqone

respondentebi, Cveulebriv, dakavebuli adamianebi arian da moelian, rom interviuers
wakiTxuli eqneba masalebi, romelic sayovelTao kuTvnilebaa.
sandoobis problemebi intervius mxolod momzadebasa da CatarebaSi ar iCens Tavs.
isini intervius gaanalizebis proceszec vrceldeba. magaliTad, li (1993) da kveili
(1996: 163) „transkriptoris SerCeviTobaze“ saubroben. intervius transkriptebi rogori
detaluri da srulic ar unda iyos, mainc socialuri situaciebis interpretaciebs
warmoadgenen. isini maSinac ki konteqstisgan daclili da abstraqtulia, roca
dumilis periodebi, intonaciebi, araverbaluri qcevebi da a. S. aris Cawerili.
Sesabamisad, dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu saerTod ramdenad gamosadegia isini
mkvlevarisTvis da ara _ is, rom sruliad sandoa Tu ara.
interviuSi Ria kiTxvebis gamoyenebisas warmoWrili erT-erTi problemaa pasuxebis
Caweris damakmayofilebeli meTodis SemuSaveba. erTi varianti intervius
msvlelobisas pasuxebis Sejamebaa. amis nakli isaa, rom irRveva intervius uwyvetoba
da SeiZleba tendenciurobis wyarod iqces, vinaidan interviuerma SeiZleba
gaucnobiereblad im pasuxebze gaamaxvilos yuradReba, romelic mis molodinebs
Tanxvdeba da ver SeamCnios isini, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba maT. zogjer individis
pasuxebis Sejameba intervius bolos aris SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom ase
daculia intervius uwyvetoba, aq ufro metia tendenciurobis albaToba, vinaidan
interviuers SeiZleba ubralod daaviwyes zogierTi detali da swored is detalebi
ufro metad daaviwydeba, romelic ar Tanxvdeba interviueris molodinebs.
validoba da sandooba eqsperimentebSi
rogorc vnaxeT, eqsperimentuli dizainis fundamenturi mizania im pirobebis

gakontroleba, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi dafaravdnen damokidebul cvladze
damoukidebeli cvladis realur zemoqmedebas.
kempbeli da stenli (1963), braCi da glasi (Bracht and Glass 1968) da luis-beki (1993)
miiCneven, rom bundovanebis Semomtani pirobebi, romlebic safrTxis qveS dayenebiT
emuqrebian eqsperimentis sandoobas, ufro metad zemoqmedeben qvazi-eqsperimentebis
validobaze, vidre _ WeSmariti eqsperimentebis, sadac eqsperimentul pirobaSi
moxvedra SemTxveviTia da mkvlevars ukeT SeuZlia orive _ eqsperimentuli da
sakontrolo _ pirobis gakontroleba. qvemoT mocemulia kempbeli da stenlis (1963),
braCisa da glasis (1968) da luis-bekis (1993) Sromebidan Sejamebuli CamonaTvali,
177
romelSic cal-calkea warmodgenili safrTxeebi, romelic SeiZleba daemuqros

„Sinagani validobas“ da „garegan validobas“. erTi mxriv, Sinagani validoba pasuxobs
kiTxvas: „eqsperimentuli Careva realurad iwvevs Tu ara gansxvavebas am konkretul
eqsperimentSi?“ garegani validoba, meore mxriv, svams kiTxvas: „SesaZlebelia Tu ara
am naCvenebi efeqtis generalizireba?“ (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 8. ppt)
safrTxeebi Sinagani validobisTvis
 istoria: ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebul kvlevaSi xSirad xdeba, rom

eqsperimentuli zemoqmedebis garda sxva movlenebic moqmedeben pretestsa da post-
tests Soris drois SualedSi. es movlenebi amcireben efeqts, romelic SeiZleba
SecdomiT mieweros eqsperimentul Carevas.
 momwifeba: kvlevis monawileebi sxvadasxvagvarad icvlebian nebismier or
dakvirvebas Soris drois monakveTSi. aseTma cvlilebebma eqsperimentuli
Carevisgan damoukidebeli gansxvavebebi SeiZleba warmoqmnan. momwifebis problema
ufro mwvaved dgas ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebul xangrZliv kvlevebSi, vidre
xanmokle laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi.
 statistikuri regresia: momwifebis efeqtis msgavsad, pretestsa da post-tests
Soris drois intervalTan erTad sistematurad izrdeba regresiis efeqti.
ganaTlebis sferoSi (da sxvagan) warmoebul kvlevaSi statistikuri regresia
sazomi instrumentebis arasandoobis da yoveli eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis
unikaluri gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad iCens Tavs. regresia ubralod
niSnavs imas, rom mosalodnelia, rom cdis pirebi, romlebmac axla maRali qula
miiRes, SedarebiT dabal qulas miiReben post-testSi; da, piriqiT, isini, vinc
dabali qulebi miiRes pirvel testirebaSi, mosalodnelia, rom SedarebiT maRal
qulebs miiReben post-testSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, pretest–post-testis
situaciebSi xdeba saSualosken regresireba anu maCveneblebi saSualosTan
miaxloebis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian. regresiis efeqtis gavleniT mkvlevarma post-
testSi mateba an kleba SeiZleba arasworad miaweros meti an naklebi qulis
miRebas.
 testireba: eqsperimentis dasawyisSi Catarebulma pretestma SeiZleba
eqsperimentuli Carevisgan gansxvavebuli efeqti SeiZleba mogvces. maT Soris
178
SeiZleba iyos cdis pirebis mgrZnobeloba eqsperimentis realuri miznebisadmi da

gavarjiSebis efeqti, rac post-testis dros ufro maRal qulebSi aisaxeba.
 instrumentebi: arasando testebs an instrumentebs eqsperimentSi seriozuli
Secdomis gamowveva SeuZliaT. damkvirveblebis an Semfaseblebis, an
instrumentebisa da Semowmebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi, Secdomebi eqsperimentis
msvlelobisas maTi unarebis da koncentraciis donis cvlilebidan SeiZleba
momdinareobdes.
 SerCeva: mikerZoebuloba Sesadarebel jgufebSi cdis pirebis arCevisas daSvebuli
gansxvavebebis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos; an mikerZoebulobasTan maSin gvqondes saqme,
roca eqsperimentul an sakontrolo jgufebad mTlian klasebs iReben. metic,
SerCevis tendenciuroba SeiZleba sxva faqtorebTan (istoriasTan, momwifebasTan da
a. S.) urTierTqmedebdes.
 eqsperimentis sikvdilianoba: xangrZliv eqsperimentebSi xSiria cdis pirebis
dakargva kvlevidan maTi gamoTiSvis gamo da es eqsperimentuli cvladebis
efeqtTan SerevaSi SeiZleba aisaxos, amitom miuxedavad imisa, rom dasawyisSi
jgufebi SeiZleba SemTxveviT yofiliyo arCeuli, mosodnelia, rom sabolood
darCenili jgufi gansxvavebuli iqneba kvlevis dasawyisSi aRebuli miukerZoebeli
SerCevisgan.
 instrumentis reaqtiuloba: kvlevis instrumentebis gavlena kvlevaSi monawile
adamianebze (aseve ixileT Vulliany et al. 1990).
 arCevisa da momwifebis urTierTqmedeba: aseT viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac
erTmaneTSi ireva kvlevis dizainis efeqtebi da cvladis efeqtebi.
safrTxeebi garegani validobisTvis
safrTxeebi, romelic garegan validobas emuqreba, mosalodnelia, rom SezRudaven

konkretul eqsperimentul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebis sxva populaciaze an
garemoze ganzogadebis xarisxs. qvemoT Sejamebulad aris warmodgenili mTeli rigi
faqtorebisa (adaptirebulia Semdegi wyaroebidan: Campbell and Stanley 1963; Bracht and Glass
1968; Hammersley and Atkinson 1983; Vulliamy 1990; Lewis-Beck 1993), romelic SeiZleba safrTxes
uqmnides garegan validobas:
 damoukidebeli cvladis gasagebi aRweris arqona: Tu damoukidebeli cvladebis
adekvaturad ar iqneba aRwerili, momavalSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneba
eqsperimentuli pirobebis gameoreba.
179
 xelmisawvdomi da samizne populaciebis reprezentaciulobis ararseboba:

miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi SeiZleba xelmisawvdomi
populaciis reprezentaciul jgufs qmnidnen, es jgufi, SesaZloa, ar iyos im
populaciis reprezentaciuli, romelzec eqsperimentis Sedegebis ganzogadebaa
dagegmili, anu araswori SerCeva da/an randomizacia.
 hoTornis efeqti: samedicino kvlevebSi ukve didi xania cnobilia fsiqologiuri
efeqti, romelsac wamlebTan dakavSirebul eqsperimentebSi ubralod monawileoba
iwvevs. monawileobiT gamowveuli mikerZoebulobis sawinaaRmdegod aseT kvlevebSi
placebo da ormagad brma eqsperimentebi gamoiyeneba. analogiurad, e. w. hoTornis
efeqti ganaTlebis sferoSi eqsperimentul pirobebs maSin uqmnis gaWuWyianebis
safrTxes, rodesac monawileebi sakuTar Tavs saeqsperimento virTxebad aRiqvamen.
 damokidebuli cvladebis araadekvaturi operacionalizacia: eqsperimentatoris
mier operacionalizebuli damoukidebeli cvladebi im araeqsperimentul
garemoSic validuri unda iyos, romelzec unda ganzogaddes kvlevis Sedegebi.
magaliTad, karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb TviTangariSis kiTxvari didad validuri
ver iyos im situaciisTvis, roca universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg saqme realur
dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul arCevanze midgeba.
 eqsperimentuli pirobebisadmi sensibilizacia/reaqtiuloba: Sinagani
validobisTvis arsebuli safrTxeebis msgavsad, pretestma SeiZleba Secvalod
eqsperimentuli cvladebisadmi cdis pirebis mgrZnobeloba da amgvarad gadafaros
da Seerios eqsperimentuli Carevis realur efeqts.
 gareSe faqtorebisa da eqsperimentuli Carevis uerTierTqmedebis efeqtebi: zemoT
dasaxelebuli yvela safrTxe, romelic SeiZleba daemuqros garegan validobas,
eqsperimentul CarevasTan urTierTmoqmed sxvadasxva faqtorebs warmoadgens. am
faqtorebis moqmedebis garda, urTierTqmedebis efeqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios
CamoTvlilidan zogierTi an yvela faqtoris urTierTqmedebam im faqtorebTan,
romlebic mocemulia qveTavSi „safrTxeebi Sinagani validobisTvis“.
 instrumentebis aravaliduroba an arasandooba: monacemebis mopoveba arasando
instrumentebiT (ixileT qvemoT testebis Sesaxeb).
 ekologiuri validoba da misi mewyvile _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia erT konteqstSi
dakvirvebuli qcevis sxva konteqstebze ganzogadeba: hamersli da atkinsoni (1983:
10) asaxeleben seriozul problemebs, romelic Tan axlavs eqsperimentul
180
pirobebSi an intervius procesSi miRebul pasuxebze dayrdnobiT yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis Sesaxeb dakvnebis gakeTebas.
amrigad, Tu SevajamebT, vnaxeT, rom eqsperiments imdenad SeiZleba ewodos

Sinaganad validuri, ramdenadac, mis farglebSi, sandoa mis mier miRebuli Sedegebi
(Pilliner 1973); magram es Sedegebi rom gamosagebi iyos, maTi ganzogadeba konkretuli
eqsperimentis miRma unda SeiZlebodes. erTi sityviT, isini garegani validobiTac unda
xasiaTdebodnen. randomizirebuli gakontrolebuli eqsperimentebis da
ganzogadebadobis problemebis kritikas morisonTanac (2001b) SexvdebiT. filineri
(Pilliner 1973) Sinagan da garegan validobebs Soris calmxriv urTierTobaze miuTiTebs.
Sinagani validobis gareSe eqsperiments ver eqneba garegani validoba; Tumca piriqiT
ar aris yovelTvis marTebuli: Sinaganad validuri eqsperimenti SeiZleba iyos an ar
iyos garegani validobis matarebeli. amgvarad, maqsimaluri yuradRebiT dagegmili
eqsperimenti, romelSic valiur enaze molaparake bavSvebis SerCeva monawileobs, ar
unda iyos aucileblad ganzogadebadi iseTi samizne populaciisTvis, romelSic am
enis armcodne wevrebic Sedian.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom skolebSi da, praqtikulad nebismier sxva
organizaciebSi, marTebuli eqsperimentireba orive saxis _ Sinagani da garegani _
validobis maqsimizaciaSi mdgomareobs.
validoba da sandooba kiTxvarebSi
safosto kiTxvarebis validoba ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba Sefasdes (Belson 1986).

pirveli, respondentebma, vinc Seavses kiTxvarebi, es, zustad, patiosnad da sworad
gaakeTes Tu ara; da meore, isini, vinc ar daabrunes kiTxvarebi, pasuxebis igive
ganawilebas mogvcemdnen Tu ara, rogoric dabrnebul kiTxvarebSi aRiniSna. sizuste
intensiuri intervius meTodiT SeiZleba gadamowmdes. es aris teqnika, romelic 12
ZiriTadi moqmedebisgan Sedgeba, maT Sorisaa gacnoba, droiebiTi rekonstruqcia,
zondireba da gamowveva. dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia mimarTos Belson (1986: 35 –
8).
pasuxis gaucemlobis probleba _ „moxalisis tendenciurobis“ sakiTxi, rogorc mas
belsoni (1986) uwodebs _ nawilobriv, SeiZleba Semowmdes da gakontroldes im
konkretul SemTxvevbSi, roca safosto kiTxvarebi uwyvetad igzavneba. es proceSi
moicavs Semdgom kontaqts im respondentebTan, vinc ar daabrunes kiTxvarebi da amas
is interviuerebi akeTeben, visac aseT adamianebTan muSaobisTvis saTanado momzadeba
181
aqvs gavlili. amis Semdeg erTmaneTs dardeba respondentebisa da ara-respondentebis

pasuxebi. aseve, hudzoni da mileri (Hudzon and Miller 1977) safosto kiTxvarebis
dabrunebis sixSiris maqsimizaciis ramdenime strategias gvTavazoben:
 kiTxvarTan erTad markiani da misamarTiani konvertis gagzavna;
 kiTxvarebis dabrunebis ramdenjerme moTxovna (savaraudod, samjer mainc);
 kiTxvariT motanili sargeblis mniSvnelobis xazgasma;
 samizne jgufisTvis sargeblisa da am jgusi mniSvnelobis xazgasma (gansakuTrebiT
maSin, Tu es umciresobis jgufia, romelic xmis uflebisTvis ibrZvis);
 Sualeduri monacemebis uzrunvelyofa dabrunebasa da ardabrunebas Soris, raTa
SesaZlebeli iyos maTi kvlevaSi CarTva;
 misamarTebis gadamowmeba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Secvla;
 piradi satelefono zariT kiTxvaris mokiTxva;
 kiTxvarebis mokiTxvis procesis individebze morgeba (imis miTiTebiT, rom maT
piradad icnoben da/an isini mniSvnelovanni arian kvlevisTvis _ respondentebis
Sesaxeb garkveuli piradi informaciis CarTviT imis saCveneblad, rom maT marTlac
icnoben) da ara _ zogadi carieli werilebis dagzavna;
 Tavad kiTxvaris maxasiaTebelebis aRniSvna (advilad Sevsebadoba, SevsebisTvis
saWiro dro, dasmuli kiTxvebis senzitiuroba, kiTxvaris moculoba);
 kiTxvarisSemdgomi (pirispir an satelefono) interviusTvis mosawvevebis dagzavna;
 megobruli mesami mxaris mier monawileobisTvis waxalisebis uzrunvelyofa;
 SerCevis bunebis siRrmiseuli wvdoma ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTTan
urTierTobis efeqturi strategiebis gamoyeneba.
kiTxvars, magaliTad, interviusTan SedarebiT, Semdegi upiratesobebi gaaCnia: ufro

sandoa; vinaidan anonimuria, respondents meti gulwrfelobisjen ubiZgebs (Tumca,
cxadia, kiTxvarSi SeiZleba ver moxerxdes aragulwrfelobisa da falsifikaciis
dadgena); ufro ekonomiuria, vidre interviu droisa da fulis TvalsazrisiT;
arsebobs kiTxvaris fostiT gagzavnis SesaZlebloba. meore mxriv, misi naklia:
zogjer Zalian cota kiTxvari brundeba ukan; interviuers ar SeuZlia upasuxos
kiTxvebs, romlebic respondents ebadeba intervius miznebisa da kiTxvaris nebismieri
gaugebari nawilis Sesaxeb _ meore SemTxvevaSi xandaxan xdeba, rom sxvadasxva
adamianisTvis erTsa da imave kiTxvebs sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT; Tu kiTxvarSi
daxuruli kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba, man SeiZleba ver dafaros sakvlevi Tema an ar iyos
182
auTenturi; Tu mxolod Ria kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba, maSin respondents SeiZleba

sxvadasxva mizeziT ar surdes pasuxebis Cawera; kiTxvarebis problemebs uqmnis maT,
visac uWirs wera-kiTxva; interviu SeiZleba saTanado tempiT Catardes, xolo
kiTxvarebi xSirad siCqareSi ivseba. maSasadame, saWiroa kiTxvarebis pilotireba da
maTi Sinaarsebis, kiTxvebis formulirebis, moculobisa da a. S. daxvewa da samizne
jgufze morgeba.
kiTxvarebis sandoobisa da validobis ganxilvisas erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxi
SerCevas exeba. Zalian mcire an Zalian didi moculobis, arareprezentaciulma,
gadaxrilma SerCevam SeiZleba iolad daamaxinjos monacemebi. sinamdvileSi, Zalian
mcire moculobis SerCevebi SeuZlebels xdis statistikur analizs (Morrison 1993).
SerCevis sakiTxvebi meoTxe TavSia ganxiluli.
validoba da sandooba dakvirvebebSi
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul kvlevaSi ori tipis validobis sakiTxi dgeba. faqtiurad,

monawilis dakvirvebis subieqturi da idiosinkazuli bunebis Sesaxeb komentarebi mis
garegan validobas Seexeba. saidan viciT, rom kvlevis am nawilis Sedegebis gamoyeneba
sxva situaciebSi SesaZlebelia? meTodis Sinagan validoba ukavSirdeba imis SiSs, rom
damkvirveblis Sefasebebze misi jgufSi CarTuloba imoqmedebs. saidan viciT, rom
kvlevis an nawilis Sedegebi realobas, namdvil produqts warmoadgens? meoTxe TavSi,
romelic SerCevas eZRvneba, ganvixileT mTeli rigi teqnikebisa (kvotirebuli SerCeva,
zvavisebri SerCeva, miznobrivi SerCeva), romelsac mkvlevrebi iyeneben im movlenebis
reprezentaciulobis gadasamowmeblad, romelTac daakvirdnen da am movlenebis
maTeuli interpretaciebis jvaredini SemowmebisTvis.
garegan validobasTan erTad, monawilis dakvirvebis Sinagani validobac mkacrad
unda mowmdebodes. dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi validobasa da sandoobas ramdenime
safrTxe SeiZleba daemuqros, magaliTad:
 mkvlevarma, romelic mimdinare mdgomareobas ikvlevs, SeiZleba araferi icodes

winmswrebi mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb;
 informantebi SeiZleba ar iyvnen kvlevaSi CarTuli SerCevis reprezentaciulni;
 damkvirveblis iq yofnam SeiZleba gansxvavebuli qcevebi gamoiwvios (reaqtiuloba
da ekonologiuri validoba);
183
 mkvlevari SeiZleba „mSobliuri gaxdes“, Zalian miejaWvos sakvlev jgufs da veRar

SeZlos sakmarisad civi gonebiT misi danaxva.
am problemebis mosagvareblad denzini (1970a) monacemebis wyaroebisa da

meTodologiebis triangulacias gvTavazobs. naturalistur kvlevaSi dakvirvebis
sandoobisa da validobis problemebis daZlevis ZiriTad gzebs meTvramete TavSi
ganvixilavT. arsebiTad, es aris SemoTavazeba, rom „sandomianobis“ cnebam (Lincoln and
Guba 1985), romelic damajereblobis, dadasturebadobis, gadatanadobisa da
saimedoobis sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT ganviTarda, Caanacvlos sandoobisa da validobis
ufro tradiciuli xedva. meTvramete TavSi mocemulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am
sakiTxebis mogvareba.
Tu dakvirveba, romelic raodenobrivi monacemebis mopovebas emsaxureba, bunebiT
gacilebiT metad struqturirebulia, maSin mas damkvirveblebs Soris da maT Sida
sandoobis pirobebs uyeneben. aq saWiroa imaSi darwmuneba, rom damkvirvebels
Tanmimdevrulad da sworad Seaqvs monacmebebi saTanado kategoriebSi (anu
damkvirvebelTa Soris da maT Sida sandooba). garda amisa, validobis
uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia piloturi dakvirvebis warmoeba, raTa davrwmundeT,
rom Tavad dakvirvebis kategoriebi kvlevis mizniTvis Sesatyvisad adekvaturi,
amomwuravi, wyvetili, araorazrovani da efeqturad operacionalizebulia.
validoba da sandooba testebSi
mkvlevarma unda Seafasos testebis monacemebis roli da mniSvneloba, magram ar

unda daaviwydes, rom hoTornis efeqtis uaryofiTad an dadebiTad moqmedebs
studentebze, romlebmac testirebaSi unda miiRon monawileoba. aq sakiTxebis mTeli
rigi dgeba, romelTac SeiZleba testis sandoobaze imoqmedos, magaliTad, dRis dro,
saswavlo wlis dro, oTaxis temperatura, sadac testireba tardeba, testis aRqmuli
mniSvneloba, testirebis situaciis formalurobis xarisxi, „nervebis gamocda“,
studentebis mier navaraudevi pasuxebis raodenoba (testisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
standartuli Secdomis gamoTvla), testis administrirebis meTodi, testis markirebis
meTodi, ramdenad Riaa an daxuruli testis debulebebi. Sesabamisad, mkvlevari,
romelic monacemebis misaRebad testis gamoyenebas apirebs, unda darwmundes, rom es
testi Sesatyvisi, validuri da sandoa (Linn 1993; Borsboom et al. 2004).
vulfi (1994) gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad faqtors, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos sandoobaze, esenia: im jgufis diapazoni, romlis testirebac xdeba;
184
ramdenad gamocdilia jgufi; sazomis moculoba (rac grZelia testi anu ufro meti
debulebaa masSi, miT metia Secdomebis daSvebis albaToba); sandoobis gamoTvlis
meTodi. fic-giboni (Fitz-Gibbon 1997: 36) amtkicebs, rom sxva yvela Tanabar pirobebSi
ufro grZeli testebi metad sandoa, vidre _ mokle. amasTan, arsebobs ramdenime
faqtori, ramac SeiZleba daazaralos testebis sandooba. feldi da brenani (Feldt and
Brennan 1993) oTxi tipis safrTxes gamoyofen, romelic SeiZleba daemuqros sandoobas:
 individebi: maTi motivaciebi, koncentracia, gulmaviwyoba, janmrTeloba,
udardeloba, varaudebi, sxva Tanmxlebi unarebi (magaliTad, kiTxvis unari, msgavsi
tipis problemebis gadaWris gamocdileba, praqtikis efeqti);
 situaciuri faqtorebi: testirebisTvis fsiqologiuri da fizikuri mdgomareoba _
konteqsti;
 testis gasworebis faqtorebi: idiosinkrazia da subieqturoba;
 instrumentis cvladebi: sferoebis araswori SerCeva, Secdomebi davalebebis
SerCevaSi, davalebebis realuroba da testirebulis gamocdilebisadmi
Sesatyvisoba, araswori debulebebi, erTganzomilebianobis daSveba an xarisxi
debulebaze pasuxis TeoriaSi, testis moculoba/sigrZe, meqanikuri Secdomebi,
Secdomebi qulebis miniWebisas, gamoTvlis Secdomebi.
arasandoobis wyaroebi
testirebis da gamocdebis dros ramdenime safrTxe arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT

Sesrulebis an miRwevis testebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad (Cunningham 1998; Airasian 2001),
gamomcdelebisa da gamsworeblebis kuTxiT:
 Secdomebi gasworebaSi: magaliTad, niSnebis miwera, damateba an gadatana;
 Semfaseblebs Soris sandooba: sxvadasxva gamsworebeli sxvadasxva niSans wers
erTsa da imave an msgavs naSromSi;
 araTanmimdevruloba gasworebisas: magaliTad, bevri naweris SemTxvevaSi,
gasworebis dasawyisSi meti simkacris gamoCena, Semdgom etapebze ki _ SedarebiT
rbilad Sefaseba.
 variaciebi niSnebis dawerisas: im namuSevrebSi, romlebic axlos aris niSnis
sazRvrebTan, zogierTma gamsworebelma SeiZleba zeda an qveda kategoriaSi
moaxvedros qula, vidre sxvebma.
185
 halo efeqti: studenti, romlis Sedegebi kargad an cudad Sefasda erTxel,

daumsaxureblad iRebs sasurvel an arasasurvel Sefasebebs, Sesabamisad, sxva
sferoebSic.
Tavad studentebisgan da maswavlebelebisgan momdinare arasandoobis ramdenime

wyaro gamoiyofa:
 davalebis Sesrulebis motivacia da interesi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs Sedegze.

cxadia, studentebi motivirebulni unda iyvnen, Tu testSi seriozuli Sedegis
miRebas apireben. motivacia SeiZleba iyos Sinagani (raRacis keTeba sakuTari Tavis
gamo) an garegani (raRacis keTeba garegani mizeziT, magaliTad, sertifikacis
aReba, dasaqmeba an umaRles saswavlebelSi moxvedra). ganawyenebuli moswavleebis
mier umiznod, usistemod Sesrulebuli testi maTi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb didad
sando informacias ver miscems maswavlebels (Wiggins 1998). testirebis seansebSi
monawileobis motivacia yvelaze Zlieria maSin, rodesac students daanaxes
testirebis mizani da gamomcdeli testirebis procesSi Tbil, mizanze
orientirebul damokidebulebas inarCunebs (Airasian 2001).
 Sefasebaze gavlenas axdens Semfasebelsa da testirebuls Soris urTierToba
(dadebiTidan uaryofiTamde). am momentis mniSvneloba matulobs maswavleblis mier
Sefasebisas, rodesac studentebi piradad da profesiulad icnoben maswavlebels
da piriqiT da rodesac Sefaseba maswavleblisa da studentis pirispir kontaqts
moiazrebs. gamocdis, zepiri Sefasebis da msgavs situaciebSi gamomcdeli da
gamosacdeli erTmaneTze axdenen gavlenas _ es ormxrivi procesia (Harsen 1994).
testirebis situaciaSi studentebi reagirebel Semfaseblis iseT maxasiaTeblebze,
rogoricaa sqesi, asaki da pirovneba.
 pirobebi _ fizikuri, emociuri, socialuri _ gavlenas axdenen Sefasebaze,
gansakuTrebiT Tu isini ucnobia. Tu SesaZlebelia, moswavleebma testireba nacnob
garemoSi unda gaiaron, sasurvelia sakuTar saklaso oTaxSi, skolis Cveulebriv
garemoSi. distraqtorebi gareSe xmauris, gamomcdelis oTaxSi siarulis da
oTaxSi SemoWrebis saxiT _ es yvelaferi zemoqmedebs maT mier miRebul niSnebze,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu dabali klasis moswavleebTan gvaqvs saqme (Gipps 1994).
gamocdis dros moswavleebis SfoTvisa da daZabulobis SemcirebisTvis
mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, Tu ramdenad kargad ician, Tu zustad ras iTxoven
maTgan. gamomcdelis mier naTlad da mSvidad micemul martiv instruqciebs
186
SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros saerTo daZabuloba sagamocdo oTaxSi. am

TvalsazrisiT, maswavleblebisTvis, romlebic testirebis Catarebas apireben,
SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos moswavleebisTvis misacemi instruqciebis realuri
testirebis dawyebamde gamkacreba. idealur variantSi testis instruqciebi martivi,
pirdapiri da SeZlebisdagvarad mokle unda iyos.
 rodesac am konteqstSi hoTornis efeqtTan gvaqvs saqme, studentebs ubralod unda
avuxsnaT, rom mxolod Sefasebis situaciac ki sakmarisia, rom maTi Sedegi
uaresobisken an ukeTesobisken Seicvalos (arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar gveqneba maTi
Cveuli SesaZleblobebis realuri asaxva).
 nebismieri distraqtori, Warbi informaciis CaTvliT, moaxdens gavlenas.
 studentebi imis mixedviT reagireben gamomcdelze, rogorc, maTi azriT,
gamomcdeli elodeba maTgan reagirebas (Haladyna 1997; Tombari and Borich 1999; Stiggins,
2001).
 testis Sedegze gavlenas moaxdens dRis dro, kvira da Tve. zogierTi studenti
diliT ukeT grZnobs Tavs da ukeT axerxebs koncentrirebas (Stiggins 2001).
 studentebi yovelTvis ver igeben zustad, Tu ras ekiTxebian mocemul kiTxvaSi.
amitom maT SeiZleba icodnen swori pasuxi, magram egonoT, rom es is ar aris, ras
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aris saWiro.
 studentebis Sedegebi SeiZleba Seicvalos kiTxvidan kiTxvamde _ SeiZleba ukeTesi
Sedegi aCvenos sxva kiTxvebis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic igive sakiTxs
zomavs. bleqi (1998) amtkicebs, rom ori kiTxva, romelic eqspertisTvis SeiZleba
erTsa da imaves kiTxulobdes, oRond sxvadasxvagvarad, studentebis mxridan
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebul kiTxvebad aRiqmebodes.
 studentebi (da maswavleblebi) varjiSoben testis msgavs masalaze, romelic,
miuxedavad momatebuli qulebisa, SeiZleba testirebisTvis ukeTesad momzadebuls
xdides maT, magram SedegebSi ar aisaxebodes Sesrulebis gaumjobeseba.
 students SeiZleba SeeZlos konkretuli unaris testSi gamovlena, magram ver
axerxebdes imave unaris swavlis ufro farTo konteqstSi arCevasa da gamovlenas.
 kulturuli, eTnikuri da genderuli foni zemoqmedebs imaze, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovani iqneba Sefasebis davalebebi an Tavad Sefasebis procesi
studentebisTvis; amasTan, gaazrebuloba gavlenas axdens maT mier testis
Sesrulebaze.
187
 studentis pirovnebam SeiZleba cvlileba Seitanos testis SesrulebaSi.

 studentebis swavlis strategiebi da stilebi SeiZleba cvlides testis
Sesrulebas.
 gasworebis procesi yovelTvis ar aris sando, gamsworeblebi SeiZleba Zalian
xelgaSlilebi, sulgrZelebi iyvnen da Zalisxmevasa da SesaZleblobas afasebdnen
da ara _ testis Sesrulebas.
 konteqsti, romeSic davaleba sruldeba, gavlenas axdens testis Sesrulebaze:
zogierT students yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi SeuZlia mocemuli davalebis
Seswuleba, magram igives ver axerxebs testirebis pirobebSi.
Tavad testis debulebebis TvalsazrisiT, Semdegi saxis problemebi SeiZleba iyos:
 Tavad davaleba SeiZleba mravalganzomilebiani iyos, magaliTad, „kiTxvis“

Semowmeba ramdenime komponents da konstruqts SeiZleba saWiroebdes. moswavleebma
SeiZleba Seasrulon maTematikis moqmedebebi maTematikis gakveTilze, magram ver
SeZlon igive moqmedebis gakeTeba, magaliTad, fizikis gakveTilze. moswavleebi
yuradRebas ar miaqceven inglisuris gramatikas mecnierebis gakveTilze, magram ar
daaviwydebaT misi gamoyeneba inglisuris gakveTilze. es viTareba badebs sakiTxs
im konteqstebis raodenobis Sesaxeb, romelSic unda gamovlindes qceva manam, sanam
CaiTvleba, rom es konkretuli qceva akmayofilebs kriteriums (Cohen et al. 2004).
amasTan dakavSirebiT codnisa da unarebis gadatanadobis Sesaxeb kiTxvac Cndeba.
davalebis konteqsti gavlenas axdens moswavlis mier am davalebis Sesrulebaze.
 SeiZleba saeWvo iyos debulebebis validoba.
 Sefasebisa da Semfaseblis sametyvelo ena gavlenas axdens testis Semsrulebelze,
magaliTad, Tu Sefaseba SemsrulebisTvis aramSobliur an „saSualo klasis“ enaze
xdeba (Haladyna 1997).
 davalebis wakiTxvadobis donem SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos testze, magaliTad,
kiTxvisas wamoWrilma sirTuleebma SeiZleba testis miznidan gadaanacvlos
yuradReba, romelic maTematikuri algoriTmis principiT aris agebuli.
 testSi ricxvebis an Sesasrulebeli moqmedebebis zomam da kompleqsurobam
(magaliTad, maTematikaSi) SeiZleba yuradReba gaufantos testis Semsrulebels,
romelsac realurad esmis es operaciebi da cnebebi.
 Sesasrulebeli moqmedebebis raodenoba da tipi da davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi:
moswavlem SeiZleba icodes, rogor unda Seasrulos TiToeuli elementi, magram
188
rodesac isini kombinaciaSi miewodeba, davalebis zoma SeiZleba damTrgunavad

didi aRmoCndes.
 kiTxvebis formasa da mowodebis stils moswavleebis mier testis SesrulebaSi
variacia Seaqvs da amiT zemoqmedebs Sedegebze.
 kompleqsur mimdevrobaSi adreul etapze daSvebulma erTma Secdomam SeiZleba
mimdevrobis Semdgomi etapebi arios (erT kiTxvaSi an kiTxvaTa jgufSi) da
moswavlem, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeeZlo mimdevrobis Semdgomi etapebis kargad
Sesruleba, SeiZleba mTlianad dakargos imisTvis gankuTvnili qula, risi
gakeTebac realurad SeuZlia.
 kiTxvebSi upiratesoba SeiZleba eniWebodeT biWebs an gogonebs.
 Tu neitralur, arapirovnul Temebzea saubari, maSin sagamocdo kiTxvebi biWebzea
mimarTuli, xolo Tu piradi da interpersonaluri Temebia win wamoweuli _
gogonebze (Haladyna 1997; Wedeen et al. 2002).
 biWebi gogonebze ukeTesad pasuxoben mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebs, xolo
gogonebi biWebze ukeTesebi arian eses tipis kiTxvebSi (albaT, imitom, rom biWebi
ufro mondomebulebi arian, vidre gogonebi, rom mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebis
pasuxebi gamoicnon). aseve, gogonebi biWebze ukeT asruleben werilobiT
davalebebs.
 kiTxvebi da Sefaseba SeiZleba kulturiT iyos SezRuduli: rac gasagebia erT
kulturaSi, SeiZleba gaugebari iyos meoreSi.
 testi SeiZleba imdenad grZeli iyos (raTa dafaros mTeli masala), rom moyirWebam
da koncentraciis dakargvam SeiZleba gaauaresos sandooba.
amrigad, konteqstis specifikur faqtorebs mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena

SeuZliaT swavlaze da es gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Sefasebisas, raTa Sefasebis
procesi SeZlebisdagvarad usafrTxo da bunebrivi iyos.
harleni (Harlen 1994: 140 – 2) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom araTanmimdevruloba da
arasandooba maswavlebelze da skolaze dafuZnebul SefasebaSi SeiZleba
momdinareobdes gansxvavebebisgan, romelic arsebobs:
 maswavleblebis an Semfasebelebis mier Sefasebis miznebis, davalebebisa da

Sinaarsis interpretaciaSi;
 realuri davalebebis nakrebSi an maT irgvliv arsebul konteqstebsa da
viTarebebSi (magaliTad, dro da adgili);
189
 imaSi, Tu ramdenad daexmarnen testis Semsrulebels testirebisas;

 niSnebis daweris kriteriumebis konkretulobis xarisxSi;
 niSnebis daweris kriteriumebis gamoyenebasa da niSnebis daweris an gasworebis
sistemaSi, romelic Tan axlavs am kriteriumebs.
 imaSi, Tu moswavlis Sesaxeb ra moculobis damatebiTi informacia gamoiyenes
Sefasebisas.
harleni (1994) mxars uWers moderaciis mTeli rigi strategiebis gamoyenebas

rogorc testirebamde, ise _ mis Semdeg, maT Soris:
 statistikuri daskvna/testebis skalireba;

 SerCevebis Semowmeba (fostiT an piradi vizitiT);
 niSnebis jgufuri moderacia;
 niSnebis post-hoc daregulireba;
 institutebis akreditacia;
 gadamamowmebelTa vizitebi;
 SeTanxmebis panelebi;
 gasworebisa da qulebis miniWebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra;
 ganmartebiTi magaliTebis motana;
 jgufuri moderaciis Sexvedrebi.
Tu moderaciis procedurebi arsebiTad testirebis Semdeg qulebis daregulirebaa,

SeTanxmebis cdebi da gasworebis praqtika SeiZleba testis miwodebamde
ganxorcieldes, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu didi raodenobiT nawerebia
gasasworebeli an ramdenime gamsworebelia.
saqme isaa, rom rogorc Sedegebi, ise _ instrumentebi sando unda iyos. sandoobis
miRweva Semdegnairadac SeiZleba:
 sandoobis koeficientebis gamoTvla, Suaze gaxleCvis teqnikebi, kuder-riCardsonis

formula, testis paraleluri/ekvivalenturi formebi, test-retestis meTodebi,
alfa koeficienti;
 gazomvis standartuli Secdomis gamoTvla da kontroli;
 SerCevis zomis gazrda (normatiuli ganawilebis mqone testSi qulebi diapazonisa
da gafantvis maqsimizaciisaTvis), Tumca kriteriumze dafuZnebul testebSi qulebi
SeiZleba zeda donesTan Sejgufdnen (magaliTad, profesiis dauflebisas), anu
190
qulebis diapazoni SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos da amgvarad mcirdebodes

gamosaTvleli korelaciis koeficientebi;
 dakvirvebebis da testSi CarTuli debulebebis raodenobis gazrda (qulebis
diapazonis gasazrdelad);
 debulebaze pasuxis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT testSi debulebebis efeqturi SerCevis
uzrunvelyofa (calke sakiTxad aris ganxiluli qveTavSi kompiuterisTvis
adaptirebuli testireba. ixileT mecxramete Tavi);
 debulebebis diskriminaciis xarisxisa da sirTulis efeqturi donis
uzrunvelyofa.
aramarto unda mivaRwioT sandoobas, aramed _ unda gamoCndes kidec, rom

mivaRwieT, gansakuTrebiT iseTi testirebisas, roca „fsonebi maRalia“ (rodesac
bevria damokidebuli testis Sedegebze, magaliTad, umaRles sasawavlebelSi moxvedra
an samsaxuris dawyeba). aqeda gamomdinare, sandoobis uzrunvelyofis procedurebis
gamWvirvale unda iyos. aq sirTule isaa, rom rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT zemoT
gansazRvrul sandoobas, miT metad obieqturi xdeba testi, miT meti studenti
gaizomeba ise, TiTqos isini usulo sagnebi iyvnen da miT metad konteqstidan
amovardnili iqneba testi.
sandoobis alternatiuli forma, romelic ufro konstruqtivistul fsiqologias
eyrdnoba, xazs usvams konteqstis mniSvnelobas, subieqturobis mniSvnelovnebas da
imis saWiroebas, rom testis Semsrulebeli ufro srulad iyos CarTuli, vidre
ubralo testSi. pozitivizmsa da ufro interpretaciul midgomebs Soris
daZabulobis Sesaxeb am wignis pirvel TavSi visaubreT. obieqturi testebi, rogorc
am TavSia aRwerili, mkveTrad ixrebian pozitivisturi paradigmisken maSin, roca
socialuri mecnierebis kvlevis ufro fenomenologiuri da interpretaciuli
paradigmebi garemos, individualuri aRqmebis, damokidebulebebis, mokled rom vTqvaT,
„auTenturi“ testebis mniSvnelobaze gaakeTeben aqcents (magaliTad, testis
monacemebis daumuSavebuli, araxelovnuri formebis gamoyeneba, magaliTad,
portfolioebi, dokumentebi, sakurso naSromebi, ufro realuri davalebebi da meti
aqtiuri CarTuloba). miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli iseT poziciaze dgas,
romelic ufro axlosaa SefasebasTan, vidre _ viwro „testirebasTan“, es ori midgoma
faravs erTmaneTs, orive SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia niSnebis, qulebisa da jildoebis
miniWeba, orive SeiZleba iyos rogorc maformirebeli, ise _ Semajamebeli da orive
SeiZleba iyos kriteriumze dafuZnebuli.
191
rac Seexeba validobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom efeqturi testi adekvaturad

uzrunvelyofs Semdegs:
 Sinaarsis validoba (magaliTad, testis debulebebSi programis da testis miznebis

adekvaturi da reprezentaciuli dafarva _ sferos SerCevis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli): imis uzrunvelyofiT miiRweva, rom testis SinaarsSi samarTlianad
iyos SerCeuli situaciebis klasi an sfero an samizne Tema. Sinaarsis validoba
konkretuli sferosadmi testis Sinaarsis relevanturobisa da SerCevis Sesaxeb
profesionaluri daskvnebis gamotaniT miiRweva. es dafarvas da
reprezentaciulobas exeba da ara _ pasuxebis paternebs an qulebs. aq SefasebiT
msjelobazea saubari da ara _ gazomvaze (Kerlinger 1986). Sinaarsis validobisTvis
testis ramdenime maxasiaTeblis uzrunvelyofa (Wolf 1994): (a) testis farglebi anu
dafarvis are (ramdenad faraqvs testi relevantur sferos);L(b) testis
relevanturoba (ramdenad iswavles testis debulebebSi mocemuli masala, an
ramdenad relevanturia debulebebi konkretuli programisTvis); (g) programis
farglebi (ramdenad faravs programa mTlian sakvlevs sferos).
 kriteriumis validoba: rodesac maRali korelaciis koeficienti gvaqvs testis
qulebsa da imave unaris Sesafasebeli sxva, ukve miRebuli testebis qulebs Soris:
es miiRweva testis qulebisa da sxva sazomidan an testidan aRebuli erTi an meti
cvladis (kriteriumis) erTmaneTTan Sedarebis gziT, romelic imave faqtoris
sazomad miiCneva. vulfi (1994) amtkicebs, rom kriteriumis validobis miRwevisas
ZiriTadi problema, romlis winaSec dganan testis Semqmnelebi, saTanado
kriteriumis sazomis arCevaa. mas moaqvs magaliTi, romelSic naCvenebia, Tu
ramdenad rTulia akademiuri unarebis testSi akademiuri miRwevisTvis saTanado
kriteriumis SerCeva. kriteriumi unda iyos: relevanturi (da SeTanxmebuli, rom
relevanturia); tendenciurobisgan Tavisufali (anu garegani faqtorebi, romlebic
SeiZleba aWuWyianebdnen kriteriums, moSorebulia); sando _ zusti da swori;
SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi gazomva an miRweva.
 konstruqtuli validoba (magaliTad, testis debulebis TvalsaCino
mikuTvnebuloba misi SemoTavazebuli konstruqtisadmi/aradakvirvebadi
Tvisebisadmi an maxasiaTeblisadmi, romelsac aCvenebs rogorc empiriuli
monacemebi, ise _ logikuri analizi da kamaTi, anu xarisxi, romliTac konkretul
konstruqtebs an cnebebs testis Sesrulebis axsnis mocema SeuZliaT): es imis
uzrunvelyofiT miiRweva, rom testis Sesruleba saTanadod aris axsnili
192
konkretuli Sesatyvisi konstruqtebiTa da cnebebiT. Sinaarsis validobis msgavsad,

is ar eyrdnoba testis qulebs, aramed saqme ufro metad imas exeba, Tu ramdenad
aris testis debulebebi kvlevisTvis samizne safuZvladmdebare, faruli
konstruqtis indikatori. am TvalsazrisiT, konstruqtuli validoba Sinaarsisa da
kriteriumis validobasac moicavs. amtkiceben (Loevinger 1957), rom konstruqtuli
validoba sinamdvileSi yvela tipis validobis dedofalia, vinaidan masSi sxva
tipis validobebi erTiandeba da konstruqtebs an axsnebs Seexeba da ara _
meTodologiur faqtorebs. konstruqtul validobas safrTxes uqmnis konstruqtis
arasakmarisad reprezentacia, anu testi Zalian viwroa da yuradRebis miRma tovebs
konstruqtis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs; aseve safrTxis Semcvelia irelevanturobebis
damatebac _ sando dispersiis siWarbe.
 konkurentuli validoba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac erTi testis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba
sxva testebis an instrumentebis Sedegebs, romelbic imave konstruqts/unars
amowmebs/afasebs. validobis es tipi axlos dgas prediqtul validobasTan, Tumca
ar gaaCnia drois ganzomileba. konkurentuli validobis gamovlena sxva
instrumentTan erTdroulad aris SesaZlebeli da ara _ garkveuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg.
 TvalsaCino validoba: rodesac testi garegnulad, erTi SexedviT imas zomavs, ris
gasazomadac Seqmnes.
 SemfasebelTa validoba konstruqtuli validobis mniSvnelovani elementia;
rodesac mniSvnelovania Tanxmobis miRweva aradakvirvebadi konstruqtebis
koncefciebisa da operacionalizaciis Taobaze.
 prediqtuli validoba: testis Sedegebi zustad winaswarmetyvelebs Tu ara Semdgom
Sesrulebas _ enaTesaveba kriteriumis validobas.
 Sedegebis validoba: daskvnebi, romlis gamotana SeiZleba testidan, Sinaarsiania.
 sistemuri validoba (Frederiksen and Collins 1989) maSin gvaqvs, rodesac programis
aqtivobebi aumjobesebs testis Sesrulebasac da konstruqtsac, rasac programa
isaxavda miznad. qaningemi (Cunningham 1998) sistematuri validobis magaliTs
gvTavazobs, sadac Tu tests da leqskuri maragis Semowmebis mizans testis
Semsruleblis leqsikuri maragis gazrdisken mivyavaT, maSin uzrunvelyofilia
sistemuri validoba.
193
testis validobis uzrunvelyofis Semdeg is miznisTvis Sesatyvisi unda iyos da,

aseve, validobis zemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis sakiTxi unda hqondes mogvarebuli.
mkvlevarisTvis yvelaze rTulad mosagvarebeli, albaT, konstruqtuli validobaa,
risTvisac miRweul unda iqnas SeTanxmeba araTvalsaCino, naxevrad navaraudevi
konstruqtis an fenomenis definiciisa da operacionalizaciis Taobaze. aq Tavisi
roli mecnierTa sazogadoebam unda Seasrulos. validobis ufro sruli
ganxilvisTvis ixileT Messick (1993). am Tavis bolos mokled mimovixilavT validobasa
da sandoobas cxovrebis istoriebis angariSebSi.
validoba da sandooba cxovrebis istoriebSi
sami centraluri sakiTxi ganamtkicebs cxovrebis istoriis meTodologiiT

miRebuli monacemebis xarisxs. esenia reprezentaciuloba, validoba da sandooba.
plameri yuradRebas apyrobs cxovrebis istoriis kvlevis xSir kritikas, kerZod, imas,
rom misi SemTxvevebi atipuria da ara _ reprezentaciuli. am braldebis Tavidan
asacileblad, is urCevs mkvlevrebs, rom „daamuSaon da naTlad, gasagebad aRweron
cxovrebis istoriis mimarTeba ufro farTo populaciasTan“ (Plammer 1983) imiT, rom
kvlevis subieqti moaTavson reprezentaciulobasa da arareprezentaciulobas Soris
kontinuumze.
sandooba cxovrebis istoriis kvlevaSi mikerZoebulobis wyaros identifikaciasa
da misi Sesamcirebeli teqnikebis gamoyenebazea damokidebuli. mikerZoebuloba
momdinareobs informantidan, mkvlevaridan da Tavad urTierTqmedebidan. CanarTSi 6. 1,
romelic plameris Sromidan aris adaptirebuli (1983), am ZiriTadi wyaroebidan
momdinare mikerZoebulobis zogierTi aspeqtia warmodgenili.
CanarTi 6. 1. mikerZoebulobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi cxovrebis istoriebis kvlevaSi
wyaro: informanti
 mowodebulia Tu ara (uneblied) mcdari informacia?
 adgili hqonda Tu ara Tavis daZvrenas?
 arsebobs Tu ara uSualo tyuilisa da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mtkicebulebebi?
 mxolod „zedapiria“ Tu ara warmodgenili?
 ra SeiZleba miiCnos informantma „isedac cnobilad“ da amitom aRar Tqvas?
 ramdenad „gTaflavT“ informanti?
 ra moculobis masalaa daviwyebuli?
 ra moculobis masala SeiZleba iyos TviTmotyueba?
wyaro: mkvlevari
194
 mkvlevaris damokidebulebebi: asaki, sqesi, klasi, rasa, religia, politika da a. S.

 mkvlevaris qcevis manerebi: Cacmuloba, metyveleba, sxeulis ena da a. S.
 mkvlevaris pirovneba: SfoTva, mowonebis moTxovnileba, mtruloba, siTbi da a. S.
 mkvlevaris mecnieruli roli: Teoriis gamarTva, a. S.
 mkvlevaris molodini.
wyaro: urTierTqmedeba
 Sexvedra ganxilul unda iqnas: saidan modis mikerZoebuloba:
 fizikuri garemodan – „socialuri sivrcidan“?
 winmswrebi urTierTqmedebidan?
 araverbaluri komunikaciidan?
 metyvelebidan?
wyaro: adaptirebulia Plummer 1983: cxrili N5. 2. gv. 103.
mkvlevars validobis gadamowmebis ramdenime SesaZlebloba aqvs. plameri (1983)

asaxelebs Semdegs:
 cxovrebis istoriis subieqtma SeiZleba TviTkritika ganaxorcielos mas Semdeg,

rac mTlian produqts waikiTxavs;
 SeiZleba erTmaneTs Sedardes msgavsi werilobiTi wyaroebi gansvlisa da
Tanxvedris ZiriTadi punqtebis gamosavlenad;
 cxovrebis istoria SeiZleba Sedardes oficialur Canawerebs misi sizustis
gadasamowmeblad;
 Sedareba SesaZlebelia sxva informantebis gamokiTxviT.
nebismieri cxovrebis istoriis validobas arsebiTad ganapirobebs informantis

unari _ gadmosces sakuTari subieqturi realoba anu situaciis miseuli
gansazRvreba.
195
თემა 4. გამოკითხვა.
თავი VIII. გამოკითხვა
gamokiTxva aris informaciis Segrovebis mecnieruli, sistematuri da obieqturi,

miukerZoebeli gza. es informacia Cveulebriv SerCevaze grovdeba da SemdgomSi
ganzogaddeba ufro did jgufze, anu im populaciaze, romlidanac aris aRebuli
SerCeva. gamokiTxvis mizani ar aris romelime individis Rrmad Seswavla, amisaTvis
socialur mecnierebebs sxva saSualebebi gaaCniaT. gamokiTxva drois raRac erT
momentSi Catarebuli gazomvaa, romelic gamoavlens atitudebs, qcevebs, rwmenebs da
am parametrebs Soris urTierTkavSirs.
gamokiTxvis saSualebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

1. ras fiqrobs xalxi - ra miaCniaT mniSvnelovan problemad, ra aris maTi azri
politikis sakiTxebze, ra SeTavazebis gakeTeba surT maT politikisa da biujetis
Taobaze gadawyvetilebebSi, sad unda iyos CarTuli sazogadoeba da rogor unda
oyos ganawilebuli resursebi.
2. ra icis xalxma - romel politikur figurebs da jgufebs icnoben, romeli
argumentebi da sakiTxebia maTTvis mniSvnelovani, ra faqtiuri informacia aqvT
maT.
3. rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi movlenebs, sakiTxebs da obieqtebs - rogor
afaseben isini TavianTi politikuri partiebis da politikosebis qmedebebs, ra
emociuri damokidebuleba aqvT maTdami, vis miscemen xmas, ra reaqcia aqvT
garkveul lozungebsa da informaciaze politikuri figurebis da sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb.
4. adamianTa maxasiaTeblebi - rogoria maTi socialuri da politikuri
maxasiaTeblebi, ramdenad ainteresebT maT sakiTxi an movlena, sad iReben isini
informacias sxvadasxva sakiTxze.
uaRresad mniSvnelovania yvela zemoTCamoTvlili sakiTxis erTianobaSi ganxilva,

anu, am parametrebs Soris urTierTkavSiris Seswavla. gamokiTxulTa mosazrebis
196
kavSiri atitudebTan, socialur da politikur maxasiaTeblebTan avlens, ratom

gaaCniaT maT esa Tu is Sexeduleba, ra Sexedulebebia es. es informacia SemdegSi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, raTa SemuSavdes sazogadoebriv azrze, poltikur
movlenebze da politikur jgufebze zemoqmedebis moxdenis strategiebi.
gamokiTxvis gansxvavebuli saxeebi arsebobs, maT Soris, siRrmiseuli gamokiTxva,

mokle gamokiTxva da paneli. siRrmiseuli gamokiTxva aris gamokiTxvis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli 20-60 wuTiani kvleva, romelic siRrmiseulad swavlobs mosaxleobis
azrs erT an met sakiTxze. aseTi tipis gamokiTxvam SeiZleba xandaxan safuZvlis,
donis maCveneblis samsaxuri gagviwios, roca mas mokle gamokiTxva moyveba, anu 10-15
wT-iani kvleva, romelic droSi cvlilebas da movlenebis zemoqmedebas, wvlils
aCvenebs. erTi da igive respondentebis gameorebiTi gazomva aris paneli. mag: miCiganis
politikuri kvlevebis centrma Caatara panelis kvleva 1992 da 1994 wels. Semdeg ki
Seadara, ramdenma respondentma misca xma respublikelebs da demokratebs pirvelad
da meored.
gamokiTxvis 4 ZiriTadi mizania:
a) atitudebis, rwmenebis da qcevis gazomva (stereotipi)
b) am atitudebSi da qcevaSi arsebuli cvlilebebis gazomva (droSi)
g) jgufebs Soris sxvaobebis gazomva (qalebi da kacebi)
d) atitudebis da qcevebis mizezebis analizi
gamokiTxva xorcieldeba winaswar Seqmnili kiTxvaris saSualebiT, romelic didi

raodenobiT respondentebs utardeba interviueris mier. intervius Catareba
SesaZlebelia ramdenime gziT: telefoniT, fostiT da pirispir. es ukanaskneli gza
yvelaze ZviradRirebulia, magram yvelaze sando.
kiTxvaris Seqmnis procesi, Tavis mxriv, Semdeg Tanmimdevrul nabijebad SeiZleba

daiyos:
 ideebis kiTxvebad Camoyalibeba
 kiTxvebis Camoyra
 kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrulad dalageba
 kiTxvebis piloturi kvleviT Semowmeba da Casworeba
intervius Catarebis Semdeg mogrovebuli Sedegebi unda damuSavdes. radgan

monacemebi bevri adaminisaganaa miRebuli da kiTxvaric, Cveulebriv, sakamod bevr
197
kiTxvas Seicavs, monacemebi specialuri kompiuteruli statistikuri programebis

saSualebiT muSavdeba. ori tipis damuSaveba mainc iqneba saWiro:
 sixSireTa ganawileba
 krostabulaciebi
 kiTxvebs Soris kavSiri (korelacia)
gamokiTxvis angariSi nebimieri sxva meTodis angariSis msgavsia. aq aucileblad

unda iyos miTiTTebuli:
 SerCevis tipi
 SerCevis zoma da procedura, romliTac dadginda SerCevis wevrebi
 intervius tipi
 intervius periodi
 procedura, romliTac kiTxvari Catarda
 monacmebis warmodgena
 monacmebis analizi da daskvnebi
წულაძე ლ. (2007). რაოდენობრივი კვლევის მეთოდები. თსუ, სოციალურ მეცნიერებათა ცენტრი. თბილისი.
masobrivi gamokiTxva
rogorc aRiniSna, masobrivi gamokiTxva raodenobrivi kvlevis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli meTodia. farTo gagebiT, is moicavs nebismier proceduras, romelic
respondentebisTvis SekiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. masobrivi gamokiTxva mTeli rigi
safexurebisgan Sedgeba, dawyebuli problemis dasmiT da damTavrebuli monacemebis
analiziT. amerikeli mkvlevari lorens niumani masobriv gamokiTxvaSi 6 ZiriTad etaps
gamoyofs: I etapze mkvlevari SeimuSavebs sakvlev hipoTezebs da irCevs sakvlev
instruments, romlis safuZvelzec monacemebis mopovebas gegmavs - es SeiZleba iyos
anketireba an struqturirebuli interviu, romlisTvisac kiTxvars adgens; II etapze
mkvlevari pilotaJur kvlevas atarebs, raTa sakvlevi instrumentis aprobireba
moaxdinos; III etapze mkvlevari SerCevas axorcielebs; IV etapze mkvlevari uSualod
monacemebis mopovebiTaa dakavebuli anu is respondentebis gamokiTxvas axdens; V
etapze mkvlevari monacemebis kompiuterizaciasa da statistikur analizs
axorcielebs; saboloo VI etapze mkvlevari kvlevis angariSs wers, sadac gamokvlevis
198
TiToeul etaps aRwers da miRebuli monacemebis interpretacias axdens. rogorc wesi,

gamokvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg, mkvlevarni prezentaciebsac awyoben, raTa
kolegebisgan Sefaseba da ukukavSiri miiRon (2003, gv. 267-268).
masobrivi gamokiTxvis tipebi
masobrivi gamokiTxvis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: anketireba da interviu.

Tavis mxriv, anketireba ori saxisaa: erT SemTxvevaSi respondenti damoukideblad
avsebs kiTxvars, romelsac uSualod mkvlevari aZlevs (anketirebis am saxes
pirobiTad TviTadministrirebuls vuwodebT); meore SemTxvevaSi ki respondenti
fostiT Rebulobs kiTxvars, damoukideblad avsebs da fostiTve ugzavnis ukan
organizacias, romlisganac is miiRo (anketirebis am saxes safostos vuwodebT).
interviuc ori saxisaa: erT SemTxvevaSi interviueri uSualod usvams SekiTxvebs
respondents (intervius am saxes pirispir intervius vuwodebT); meore SemTxvevaSi ki
interviueri urekavs respondents da telefoniT usvams SekiTxvebs (intervius am saxes
satelefonos vuwodebT).
gamokiTxvis tipis SerCeva erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebaa
socialuri kvlevis konteqstSi. amitom sanam TiToeul meTods ufro detalurad
ganvixilavT da maT Zlier da sust mxareebze visaubrebT, aucilebelia im
problemebis ganxilva, romlebic yovelTvis dgas mkvlevris winaSe, roca is masobriv
gamokiTxvas atarebs da romlebic ubiZgebs mas airCios esa Tu is meTodi.
masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodis arCeva
masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodis arCevisas aucilebelia mTeli rigi problemebis

gaTvaliswineba, romelTagan yvelaze arsebiTze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, esenia:
mosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi,
SekiTxvebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, midrekilebasTan (bias) dakavSirebuli
problemebi da administraciuli problemebi.
mosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

 viciT Tu ara Cveni samizne jgufis zusti zoma? zog SemTxvevaSi Cveni samizne
jgufis wevrebis sruli sia SegviZlia SevadginoT, magram zogjer es
199
SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, Tu universitetis studentebis gamokiTxva gvsurs,

SegviZlia administracias vTxovoT maTi sruli sia fakultetebis da kursebis
mixedviT, magram SeuZlebelia quCis mawanwalebis sruli siis mopoveba; albaT
mogviwevs quCa-quCa viaroT da piradad veZeboT isini. ra Tqma unda, am
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia satelefono an safosto gamokiTxvis Catareba.
 wera-kiTxvis mcodneni arian samizne jgufis wevrebi? am sakiTxs arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan maszea damokidebuli Cveni arCevani, anketireba
gamoviyenoT Tu interviu. wina magaliTs rom davubrundeT, SesaZloa quCis
mawanwalebis didma nawilma ar icodes wera-kiTxva, Sesabamisad, erTaderTi
arCevani pirispir interviu iqneba. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mcirewlovan
bavSvebTan vatarebT gamokiTxvas; cxadia, rom verc isini Seavseben
damoukideblad kiTxvarebs.
 arsebobs enobrivi problemebi? SesaZloa imigrantebTan an nacionalur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan vatarebdeT gamokiTxvas da araerT enaze
mogviwios anketis Targmna da dabeWdva, magram ver movZebnoT interviuerebi,
romlebic CvenTvis saWiro yvela enaze saubroben. am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli
iqneba intervius Catareba da anketirebiT unda SemovifargloT. enobriv
problemasTan kidev erTi sirTulea dakavSirebuli: Zalian frTxilad unda
viyoT, rom kiTxvaris erTi enidan meoreze Targmnisas ar daikargos kulturis
TvalsazrisiT specifikuri detalebi.
 Tanaxma iqneba samizne jgufi iTanamSromlos CvenTan? es sakiTxi sakmaod
mwvaved dgas, roca raime aralegalur saqmianobaSi CarTuli adamianebis
gamokiTxva gvsurs, iqneba es narkomanebi, kriminalebi Tu sxv. cxadia, rom isini
undoblobiT moekidebian satelefono intervius an fostiT miRebul kiTxvars,
radgan mkvlevars saukeTeso ganzraxvebic rom hqondes, maTTvis sariskoa, rom
informacia oficialuri pirebis xelSi moxvdes. amitom mkvlevarma unda
moaxerxos maT araformalur garemoSi SeRweva, maTi ndobis mopoveba da nakleb
formaluri pirispir intervius Catareba.
 rogoria Cveni samizne jgufis geografiuli ganawileba? aris SemTxvevebi, roca
samizne jgufis wevrebi sakmaod Sor da miuwvdomel adgilebSi cxovroben,
sadac Zalian gagviWirdeba telefoniTa da fostiT dakavSireba, vTqvaT,
maRalmTiani raionis sofeli. miuxedavad didi xarjebisa, interviuers piradad
mouwevs am sofelSi Casvla da respondentebis gamokiTxva.
200
SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

 ra informacias vflobT gamokiTxvisTvis SerCeuli adamianebis Sesaxeb? viciT
maTi misamarTebi da telefonis nomrebi? ramdenad axalia Cvens xelT arsebuli
informacia?
 SesaZlebelia Cvens respondentebTan dakavSireba? maSinac ki, roca
gamokiTxvisTvis SerCeuli adamianebis misamarTebi da telefonis nomrebi viciT,
zogjer SeuZlebelia maTTan dakavSireba, radgan zogi Zalian dakavebulia,
zogi sul mogzaurobs da a.S.
 vin iqneba Cveni respondenti? vTqvaT, gamzadebuli gvaqvs gamokiTxvis
Casatareblad SerCeuli Sinameurneobebis sia. axla gvWirdeba am
Sinameurneobebidan respondentebis SerCeva. vis gamokiTxvas vapirebT – ojaxis
ufrosis, diasaxlisis, nebismieris, vinc kars gagviRebs? iqneb is, vinc kars
aRebs, ar aris Tanaxma intervius micemaze, misi ojaxis romelime wevri ki
Tanaxmaa? rogor moviqceT, Tu erT SinameurneobaSi ramdenime ojaxi cxovrobs?
msgavsi SekiTxvebi yovelTvis dgas mkvlevris winaSe masobrivi gamokiTxvis
Catarebisas.
 rogor gadavWraT nakluli monacemebis problema? maSinac ki, Tu
mosaxleobasTan da SerCevasTan dakavSirebul sxva danarCen problemas
gadavWriT, aucileblad mogviwevs nakluli monacemebis problemasTan Sexeba,
radgan zogi uars ityvis gamokiTxvaSi monawileobaze, zogi arasrulyofilad
Seavsebs kiTxvars, zogsac daaviwydeba safosto kiTxvaris ukan gagzavna da a.S.
nakluli monacemebis albaToba yvelaze maRalia safosto gamokiTxvis, yvelaze
dabali ki – pirispir intervius dros.
SekiTxvebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

zogjer mkvlevris gadawyvetilebas masobrivi gamokiTxvis garkveuli meTodis
arCevis Sesaxeb ganapirobebs is, Tu ra SekiTxvebis dasmas apirebs respondentebisTvis.
 ra tipis SekiTxvebis dasmaa mizanSewonili? zogadi informaciis mopoveba surs
mkvlevars Tu detaluris? pirvel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad daxuruli
SekiTxvebis gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – ufro metad Ria
SekiTxvebisa. cxadia, rom Ria SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema met drosa da
dafiqrebas moiTxovs, amitom, Tu respondents saSualeba eqneba, Seecdeba Ria
201
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Tavi aaridos, rasac xSirad aqvs adgili anketirebis
dros. rac Seexeba satelefono intervius, garda imisa, rom respondents
didxans ver davakavebT telefonTan, am dros Zalian Znelia Ria SekiTxvebze
pasuxebis Cawera. amgvar SekiTxvebze pasuxebis mosapoveblad saukeTeso meTodia
pirispir interviu.
 saWiroa Tu ara mfiltravi SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba? mfiltravi SekiTxva
saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT, gamomdinare respondentis mdgomareobidan an
codnidan, ramdenad Seswevs mas unari garkveul SekiTxvas upasuxos. vTqvaT, Tu
respondenti ar aris daqorwinebuli, man ar unda upasuxos SekiTxvas, Tu
rogori urTierToba aqvs meuRlesTan, anda, Tu respondenti ar icnobs
garkveul kompiuterul programas, man ar unda upasuxos SekiTxvas, romelic
sTxovs Seafasos am programis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. rac ufro meti
mfiltravi SekiTxvis gamoyeneba gviwevs, miT ufro naklebad unda gamoviyenoT
anketirebis meTodi, radgan kiTxvaris damoukideblad Sevsebisas, mfiltravi
SekiTxvebis didma raodenobam SesaZloa daabnios respondentebi.
 dasmul iqneba Tu ara grZeli SekiTxvebi? Tu sakiTxi rTulia, SesaZloa
respondentebisTvis garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba gaxdes
aucilebeli, rac warmoudgenelia satelefono intervius dros.
 eqneba Tu ara pasuxebs SesaZlo variantebis grZeli CamonaTvali? kiTxvaris
Sevsebisas, respondents SesaZlebloba aqvs ramdenjerme daubrundes pasuxis
variantebis CamonaTvals, Tu is sakmaod grZelia da zogierTi varianti aRar
axsovs; pirispir intervius dros ki, interviuers SeuZlia miawodos
respondents winaswar gamzadebuli baraTebi, romlebzec pasuxis SesaZlo
variantebis CamonaTvalia moTavsebuli. vinaidan amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia
satelefono intervius dros, pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis CamonaTvali
minimaluri unda iyos (ara umetes 3-4).
pirovnul faqtorebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

 SesaZlebelia ,,socialuri sasurvelobis” efeqtis Tavidan arideba? adamianebi
yovelTvis cdiloben kargi STabeWdileba moaxdinon sxvaze. aravis surs
gamoavlinos, rom ar icis garkveul SekiTxvaze pasuxi, an Caudenia saqcieli,
romelic gakicxvas imsaxurebs, rac iwvevs respondentis mxridan garkveuli
202
informaciis damaxinjebas. es yvelaze xSirad pirispir intervius dros xdeba,

roca respondents uSualo kontaqti aqvs interviuerTan.
 rogoria ,,interviueris gavlenis’’ efeqti? interviuersac SeuZlia daamaxinjos
interviu. mas SeuZlia garkveuli pasuxis gacemisken ubiZgos respondents,
yuradRebiT ar mousminos respondents, radgan, wina pasuxebidan gamomdinare,
moelodes misi azrebis garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas, ar dausvas
SekiTxvebi, romlebic uxerxulad miaCnia da a.S. garda amisa, gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom interviueris demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki,
rasa, socialuri klasi da religia, gavlenas axdens respondentis pasuxebze.
Turme TeTrkaniani interviuerebi ufro metad Rebuloben ,,socialurad
sasurvel” pasuxebs Savkaniani respondentebisgan, vidre TeTrkaniani
respondentebisgan da piriqiT, rac interviuerTan urTierTobis ufro
mosaxerxebeli gzebis Ziebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes. amitom mkvlevarni
cdiloben maqsimalurad dauaxlovon erTmaneTs interviuerebisa da
respondentebis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi.
 SesaZlebelia Tu ara cru respondentebis Tavidan acileba? safosto
gamokiTxvisas SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu realurad vin Seavso kiTxvari –
namdvilad ojaxis ufrosma Tu misma cnobismoyvare meuRlem? igive problema
dgas satelefono gamokiTxvisas, radgan SesaZloa respondentma sul sxva
pirovnebad gaasaRos Tavi. cxadia, rom es problema ar dgas pirispir intervius
dros.
administraciuli problemebi
 xarjebi. xSirad swored gamokvlevasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi gvibiZgebs
masobrivi gamokiTxvis esa Tu is meTodi avirCioT. SesaZloa pirispir intervius
aniWebdeT upiratesobas, magram ar gqondeT saSualeba gaistumroT
interviuerTa treningsa da mgzavrobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, agreTve maTi
anazRaureba. SesaZloa ufro mosaxerxeblad migaCndeT respondentebisTvis
kiTxvarebis ara saTiTaod darigeba, aramed fostiT dagzavna, magram safosto
xarjebis gastumrebis saSualeba ar gqondeT.
 dro. masobrivi gamokiTxvis zogierTi meTodi met dros moiTxovs, vidre sxvebi.
intervius meTodiT gamokiTxvis Catarebas meti dro sWirdeba, vidre anketirebis
meTodiT. yvelaze swrafia satelefono interviu, yvelaze neli ki – safosto
203
gamokiTxva, radgan respondentamde kiTxvaris miRwevas da mis ukan dabrunebas

uamravi dro miaqvs. Tu respondentebis nawili ar abrunebs kiTxvarebs,
mkvlevari kidev erTxel ugzavnis maT kiTxvarebs da ganmeorebiT sTxovs
TanamSromlobas. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, safosto kiTxvarebis ukan
dabrunebis maCvenebeli saSualod 50%-ia.
 aRWurviloba. gaqvT Sesabamisi aRWurviloba kvlevis Casatareblad? Tu
kiTxvarSi bevri Ria SekiTxvaa da detaluri informaciis mopoveba gvsurs,
sasurvelia intervius diqtofonze Cawera. satelefono intervius, garda
gamarTuli satelefono xazisa, Sesabamisi aRWurvilobac sWirdeba. dRes
satelefono interviu xSirad kompiuteruli sistemis daxmarebiT tardeba da
intervius kvaldakval miRebuli pasuxebis kompiuterizacia da damuSaveba
mimdinareobs.
 personali. masobrivi gamokiTxvis sxvadasxva meTods sxvadasxva raodenobis
personali sWirdeba. Tu anketirebas erTi an ramdenime mkvlevaric moereva,
intervius Catarebas kargad gawvrTnili da gamocdili interviuerebi sWirdeba.
9 gamokiTxvebi, ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi da

tendenciis kvlevebi
gamokiTxvis dagegmva
ganurCevlad imisa, gamokiTxva didmasStabiania da romeliRac samTavrobo uwyeba

atarebs, Tu mcire moculobisaa da calkeuli mkvlevari axorcielebs, informaciis
mogroveba, rogorc wesi, monacemebis mogrovebis Semdeg erT an met Semdeg teqnikas
iyenebs: struqturirebuli an naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu, TviTangariSis an
safosto kiTxvarebi, satelefono interviu, internet-gamokiTxvebi, miRwevis an
Sesrulebis standartizebuli testebi da damokidebulebis skalebi. amasTanave,
gamokiTxva, Cveulebriv, kargad gansazRvrul etapebs gadis, Tumca gamokiTxvis
warmatebiT CatarebisTvis ar aris aucilebeli CanarTSi 9. 1 aRwerili yvela etapi
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 9, faili 9. 2. ppt).
204
procesi zogadidan kerZosken viTardeba. zogadi sakvlevi Tema urTierTSemavsebel

sakiTxebad da kiTxvebad iyofa da TiToeuli komponentisTvis dgeba kiTxvebi. rogorc
vnaxavT kiTxvarebis ganxilvisas (Tavi 15), sandoobisa da validobis interesebisTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom sakiTxis yoveli komponentisTvis ramdenime debuleba an kiTxva
gvqondes, vinaidan ase samarTlianad aris warmodgenili mocemuli Temis erTiani
buneba. safsfords (Sapsford 1999: 34 – 40) miaCnia, rom gamokiTxvis dagegmvisas oTxi
ZiriTadi sakiTxia gasaazrebeli da gansaxilveli:
 problemis gansazRvra: gadawyvetilebis miReba, Tu ra saxis da Sinaarsis

pasuxebia saWiro; ra hipoTezebia Sesamowmebeli; ra cvladebia sakvlevi.
 SerCevis aReba: vin aris samizne populacia; rogor unda iqnes
uzrunvelyofili reprezentaciuloba; romeli sxva SerCevebis aRebaa saWiro
Sesadareblad.
 sazomebis dizaini: ra gaizomeba da rogor (anu ra gazomvis ra erTeulebi
gamoiyeneba _ ixileT kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb Tavi 15); ra cvladebi iqneba
saWiro; rogor moxdeba sandoobisa da validobis uzrunvelyofa.
 monawileebze zrunva: konfidencialobisa da anonimurobis dacva;
respondentebisTvis tkivilis arideba; zianis arideba maTTvis, visac
SeiZleba Seexos kvlevis Sedegebi; zedmetad sulSi CamZvromi kiTxvebisTvis
Tavis arideba; iZulebisTvis Tavis arideba; informirebuli Tanxmoba
(ixileT eTikis Sesaxeb Tavi 2 ).
gamokiTxvis dagegmva 14-etapian procesad SegviZlia ganvixiloT:
1. miznebis gansazRvra;
2. gamokiTxvis tipis gansazRvra (magaliTad, longituduri, kros-seqciuri,
tendenciis kvleva, kohortis kvleva);
3. kvlevis kiTxvebis an hipoTezebis (Tu Sesatyvisia) formulireba: nulovani da
alternatiuli hipoTezebi;
4. im sakiTxis SerCeva, romelzec fokusirdeba kvleva;
5. imis gansazRvra, Tu ra informaciaa saWiro am sakiTxvebisTvis;
6. SerCevis moTxovnebis gansazRvra;
7. instrumentebisa da sazomi erTeulebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba;
8. monacemebis SegrovebisTvis saWiro instrumentebis ageba;
205
9. imis gadawyveta, Tu rogor moxdeba monacemebis Segroveba (magaliTad, safosto

gamokiTxva, interviuebi);
10. instrumentebis pilotireba da daxvewa;
11. interviuerebis wvrTna (Tu saWiroa);
12. monacemebis mogroveba;
13. monacemebis analizi;
14. Sedegebis warmodgena.
rosiers (Rosier 1997) miaCnia, rom gamokiTxvis dagegmvisas unda gairkves:
 kvlevis kiTxvebi, romlebzec unda miviRoT pasuxebi;

 gamokvlevis konceptualuri CarCo, sadac zustad aris gansazRvruli is cnebebi,
romelsac iyenebs da ikvlevs kvleva;
 kvlevis kiTxvebis operacionalizacia (magaliTad, hipoTezebSi);
 monacemebis mogrovebisTvis gamosayenebeli instrumentebi, magaliTad, SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebis (xSirad saxeldebis skalis monacemebi), akademiuri miRwevebis
(magaliTad, gamocdis Sedegebi, miniWebuli jildoebi), damokidebulebebis da
mosazrebebis (xSirad gamoyeneba ranJirebis skalebidan miRebuli rigis skalis
monacemebi) da qcevis (dakvirvebis teqnikebis gamoyenebiT) moxazva an gazomva;
 SerCevis strategiebi da SerCevis qvejgufebi (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, roca
mTeli populaciis gamokiTxva xdeba, magaliTad, mosaxleobis aRwera an testis
qveynis masStabiT dagrovili Sedegebi da a. S.).
 gamokiTxvis winaswari pilotireba;
 gamokiTxvis winaswari pilotireba;
 monacemebis mogrovebis praqtikuloba da procesi (magaliTad, nebarTvebi,
dafinanseba, eTikuri sakiTxebi, pasuxebis sixSire);
 monacemebis momzadeba (magaliTad, kodireba, kompiuteruli analizisTvis
monacemebis Setana, gadamowmeba da dadastureba);
 monacemebis analizi (magaliTad, statistikuri damuSaveba, cvladebis ageba da
faqtoruli analizi, daskvniTi statistika);
 Sedegebis warmodgena (kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema).
mniSvnelovania gamokiTxvis pilotireba da winaswari pilotireba. pilotirebasa da

winaswar pilotirebas Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. winaswari pilotireba,
206
Cveulebriv, Ria kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobaa, romelic daxuruli, rogorc wesi,

mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebisTvis kategoriebis dasadgenad aris mowodebuli,
xolo pilotireba Tavad gamokiTxvis realuri instrumentis Sesamowmeblad
gamoiyeneba (ixileT Tavi 15).
CanarTi 9. 1. gamokiTxvis dagegmvis etapebi

miznebis
gansazRvra
gadawyveta, Tu ra
informaciaa
saWiro
mocemul gadawyvetilebis adamianuri,
Temaze miReba winaswari droisa da
mocemul tabulaciis, finansuri
sferoSi analizis resursebis
arsebuli programisa da Seswavla
informciis SerCevis Sesaxeb
mimoxilva
gadawyvetileba gamokiTxvis
SerCevis meTodis arCeva
Taobaze
kiTxvebis kiTxvaris Seqmna monacemebis
struqtura da damuSavebis
formulireba meTodis
arCeva
piloturi kvleva
kiTxvarisa da
SerCevis
gaumjobeseba-
daxvewa
mokle safosto
interviuebi gamokiTxvisTvis
amxsneli
werilebis
dagzavna
ZiriTadi kvleva
Sexseneba
redaqtireba da
kodireba,
saboloo
tabulaciis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis
miReba
cxrilebis saxiT
warmodgena da
analizi
angariSis dawera
wyaro: adaptirebulia Davidson 1970
207
skrupulozurad dagegmili gamokiTxvaSi naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli konkretuli

miznebi da kvlevis kiTxvebi, uzrunvelyofilia instrumentebi, SerCeva da kvlevis
kiTxvebze misaRebi pasuxebis Sesatyvisi tipis monacemebi, ganxorcielebuli
monacemebis daxvewili, xarisxiani da maTi Sesatyvisi (da ara imaze meti, vidre
monacemebi aitans!) damuSaveba.
gamokiTxvis SerCeva
SerCeva gamokiTxvis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da mkiTxvels vurCevT, rom kargad

gaecnos meoTxe Tavs, romelic SerCevas eZRvneba. vinaidan SerCevis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi
uSualod gamokiTxvis meore winapirobidan momdinareobs, romelic kvlevis samizne
populaciis gansazRvras exeba, mkvlevrebma SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi
gamokiTxvis dagegmvis sul adreul etapebze unda miiRon (ixileT CanarT 9. 1). ukve
vnaxeT, rom finansuri xarjebis, droisa da xelmisawvdomobis faqtorebis gamo
yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli an praqtikuli populaciis gazomva. aqedan
gamomdinare, mkvlevrebi informaciis mogrovebas SedarebiT mcire jgufebSi an
populaciis qveerTobliobebSi iwyeben ise, rom miRebuli codna mTel sakvlev
populacias warmoadgendes. am SedarebiT mcire jgufs an qveerTobliobas „SerCeva“
ewodeba. yuradReba miaqcieT, Tu rogor iwyeben kompetenturi mkvlevrebi mTliani
populaciidan da dadian SerCevamde. amis sapirispirod, axalbedebi qvemodan zemoT
muSaoben anu gansazRvraven respondentebis minimalur raodenobas, romelic saWiroa
warmatebuli gamokiTxvis Casatareblad. miuxedavad amisa, Tu maT winaswar ar aqvT
gansazRvruli mTeli populacia, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia aRebuli SerCevis
reprezentaciulobis winaswar Sefaseba. SerCevis aRebis ori meTodi arsebobs. erTi
albaTur SerCevebs gvaZlevs, romelSic, rogorc termini gviCvenebs, cnobilia
TiToeuli respondentis arCevis albaToba. meore meTodia araalbaTuri SerCevebi,
sadac ar aris cnobili arCevis albaToba.
rogorc meoTxe TavSia mocemuli, albaTuri SerCevebia:
 martivi SemTxveviTi SerCevebi;
 sistemuri SerCevebi;
 stratificirebuli SerCevebi;
 klasteruli SerCevebi;
 etapobrivi SerCevebi;
 mravalfazuri SerCevebi.
208
isini mopovebuli monacemebis ganzogadebadobiT arian mimzidvelni. araalbaTuri

SerCevebis ricxvSi Sedis:
 xelmisawvdomi SerCeva;
 kvotirebuli SerCeva;
 sivrcobrivi SerCeva;
 miznobrivi SerCeva;
 zvavisebri SerCeva.
SerCevis es saxeebi ar cdiloben mopovebuli monacemebis safuZvelze ganzogadebas.

TiToeuli tipis SerCeva mxolod sakuTari Tavis warmoCenas cdilobs. mkvlevarma
SerCevis strategiis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze
unda miiRos da, amasTan, yuradReba miaqcios da gaiazros, magaliTad, SerCevis
reprezentaciuloba, ganzogadebis survili, SerCevaSi Sesvlis ufleba da SerCevis
moculoba. yvela es sakiTxi da SerCevaTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi meoTxe
TavSia ganxiluli.
longituduri, kros-seqciuri da tendenciis kvlevebi
termini „longituduri“ gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvagvari kvlevis aRsawerad, romlebic

drois garkveul periodSi xorcieldeba. xSirad, rogorc vnaxeT, sityva
„ganviTarebis“ longitudur kvlevasTan kavSirSi gamoiyeneba, romelic konkretulad
adamianis zrdis aspeqtebs Seexeba.
mkafio gansxvaveba arsebobs longitudur da kros-seqciur kvlevebs Soris.2
longituduri kvleva drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavobaSi agrovebs monocemebs.
xanmokle kvleva SeiZleba ramdenime kviras an Tves gagrZeldes. xangrZlivma kvlevam
SeiZleba ramdenime da mravali weliwadi gastanos. rodesac drois sxvadasxva
momentSi xdeba Tanmimdevruli gazomva, britanul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba termini
„miyola“ an „kohortis kvleva“, rac amerikuli terminis „panelis kvlevis“
ekvivalentia. termini „kohorta“raRac saerTo maxasiaTeblis mqone adamianTa jgufs
aRniSnavs. kohortis kvlevaSi drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi konkretul
populacias swavloben, Tumca am mis SigniT seleqciuri SerCeva xorcieldeba (Borg and
Gall 1979: 291). es niSnavs imas, rom kohortis zogierTi wevri SeiZleba yovel jerze ar
Sevides SerCevaSi. amis sapirispirod, panelis kvlevaSi garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi yovel jerze erTi da igive individebi monawileoben.
209
rodesac drois sxvadasxva momentSi kvlevaSi sxvadasxva adamianebi monawileoben,

kvlevas „kros-seqciuri“ ewodeba. rodesac drois garkveul periodSi uwyvetad
swavloben ramdenime SerCeul faqtors, gamoiyeneba termini „tendenciis kvleva“.
regularuli anu ganmeorebadi kros-seqciuri socialuri gamokiTxvis erT-erTi
magaliTia Sinameurneobis zogadi gamokiTxva (General Household Survey), romelSic
yovelwliurad erTsa da imave kiTxvebs populaciis aRebul sxvadasxva SerCevas
usvamen. britaneTi sociauri damokidebulebebis gamokiTxva (British Social Arrirudes Survey)
ganmeorebadi kros-seqciuri gamokiTxvis magaliTia, romelSic 3.600 respondenti
monawileobs.
longituduri (kohortis) kvlevis cnobili magaliTia bavSvis ganviTarebis
erovnuli kvleva (NCDS), romeic 1958 wels daiwyo. britaneTis Sinameureobis panelis
zogad gamokiTxvaSi 1990-ian wlebSi yovelwliurad gamoikiTxebodnen reprezentaciul
SerCevaSi Semavali individebi. kidev erTi magaliTia britaneTis ojaxis xarjebis
gamokiTxva (British Family Expenditure Survey). es ori bolo kvleva kros-seqciuria imiT,
rom drois mocemul momentSi populaciis Sesaxeb gvawvdian informacias da,
Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofen monacemebis dagrovebas.
amisa sapirispirod, longitudur kvlevebsac SeuZliaT individualuri donis
monacemebis mocema droTa ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave individebze fokusirebis gziT
(magaliTad, Sinameurneobis panelis kvleva), rodesac individebsa da ojaxebs
garkveuli drois monakveTSi ikvleven (Ruspini 2002: 4). panelis cneba pol
lazarsfeldma Semoitana 1940-ian wlebSi (Lazarsfeld 1940), rodesac mizez-Sedegobrivi
paternebisa da maTtvis Tvalis midevnebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebis dadgenas
cdilobda (Ruspini 2002: 13).
longituduri kvlevebi
longituduri kvlevebi SeiZleba iyenebdnen kros-seqciur kvlevebs anu kvlevebs,

romlebic „regularulad tardeba, yovel jerze Zalian gansxvavebuli SerCevis an
sruliad axali SerCevis gamoyenebiT“ (Ruspini 2002: 3), an mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi _
erTsa da imave SerCevas. isini mkvlevars saSualebas aZleven: „gaaanalizon socialuri
fenomenis zangrZlivoba“ (Ruspini 2002: 24); gamokveTon erTi an meti cvladis an
monawilis (monawileebs Soris da Sida) droSi arsebuli msgavsebebi, gansxvavebebi da
cvlilebebi; daadginon xangrZlivi gavlenebi („miZinebulis“ efeqti); axsnan
cvlilebebi stabiluri maxasiaTeblebiT, magaliTad, sqesiT, an cvladebis
210
maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Semosavali. longituduri kvlevis xibls

mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis dadgenisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unarebi qmnis. raspini
amas amatebs longituduri kvlevis unars „aagos ufro garTulebuli qceviTi
modelebi, vidre wmindad kros-seqciuri an drois seriebis monacemebia“ (gv. 26). isini
adamianis qcevis sirTules afiqsireben. garda amisa, kongitudur kvlevebSi
SesaZlebelia raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis kombinireba.
kohortisa da tendenciis kvlevebi prospeqtuli kongituduri kvlevebia imitom,
rom isini uwyvetad agroveben individebis Sesaxeb informacias an konkretul
movlenebs akvirdebian da iweren. meore mxriv, retrospeqtuli longituduri kvlevebi
im individebze fokusirdeba, vinc ukve miaRwia garkveul gansazRvrul saboloo
punqts an mdgomareobas. magaliTad, mkvlevars SeiZleba ainteresebdes axalgazrda
adamianTa garkveuli jgufi (magaliTad, momavali socialuri muSakebi,
gamoaSkaravebuli narkotikebiT movaWreebi an universitetidan garicxulebi) da
kiTxva, romelsac is dasvams, daaxloebiT amgvari iqneba: „aris raime am adamianebis
warsul gamocdilebaSi iseTi, rac maT axlandel mdgomareobas axsnida?“
retrospeqtuli longituduri kvlevebi akonkreteben periods, romelsac unda gayvnen
Seswavlisas, magaliTad, erTi weli an xuTi weli.
retrospeqtuli analizi mxolod longituduri kvlevebiT ar Semoifargleba.
magaliTad, rouzi da salivani (Rose and Sullivan 1993: 185) da rueni (Ruane 2005: 87)
Tvlian, rom kros-seqciur kvlevebSi SesaZlebelia retrospeqciuli faqtobrivi
kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, magaliTad, wina saqmianobebis, ojaxSi dabadebis dReebis,
qorwinebis TariRebis, ganqorwinebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca roiuzi da salivani (1993: 185) ar
gvirCeven kros-seqciur kvlevaSi sxva tipis retsorpeqciuli monacemebis mopovebas,
vinaidan monacemebis xarisxi uaresdeba, rodesac respondentebs warsuli
mdgomareobebis an faqtebis gaxsenebas sTxoven.
kros-seqciuri kvlevebi
kros-seqciuria kvleva, romelic drois konkretul mocemul momentSi populaciis

erTjerad „kadrs“ iZleva. kros-seqciuri kvlevis Semcirebuli modelia mosaxleobis
aRwera, rodesac sxvadasxva asakis, saqmianobis, ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis mqone,
qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi mcxovrebi individebisgan Semdgari populaciis
reprezentaciuli SerCeva erT dRes gamoikiTxeba. ufro konkretulad, ganaTlebis
sferoSi kros-seqciuri kvlevebi moicavs reprezentaciuli asakobrivi jgufebidan
211
aRebuli bavSvebis SerCevis fizikuri da gonebrivi cvlilebebis bunebis da sixSiris

arapirdapir gazomvas. kros-seqciuri kvlevis erTi „kadri“ mkvlevars an
retrospeqciuli an prospeqtuli kvlevisTvis aZlevs monacemebs.
kros-seqciur kvlevas populaciidan erTdroulad aRebuli paraleluri jgufebis
(magaliTad, asakobrivi jgufebis) longituduri kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ramdenime niSanic SeiZleba hqondes. magaliTad, drois erT momentSi 5, 7, 9 da 11 wlis
moswavleebis arCevas longituduri kvlevis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli eqneba, raSic
asakobriv jgufebSi ganviTarebisTvis Tvalis gadevneba iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tumca,
cxadia, amas ar eqneba iseTive wona, rogorc droTa ganmavlobaSi imave asakobriv
jgufze Catarebuli longituduri kvleva. aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac
saganmanaTleblo miRwevis saerTaSoriso kvleva warmoebs, romelic erTi da imave
populaciidan aRebul SerCevebs saWiroebs (Lietz and Keeves, 1997: 122) da rodesac
faqtorebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendnen damokidebuli cvladebis
cvlilebaze, mudmivi rCeba sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi. kros-seqciuri kvlevebi
SeiZleba uSedego iyos cvlilebis Seswavlisas. Tu cvlilebebi aseTi gamokiTxvebiT
unda iqnas nakvlevi, maSin gamokiTxvis ganmeorebiT Catareba an tendenciis analizi
xdeba saWiro.
tendenciis kvlevebi
tendenciis Seswavla faqtorebze fokusirdeba da ara _ adamianebze da es

faqtorebi droSi Seiswavleba. monacemebis Segrovebis yovel etapze axal SerCevebs
iReben, magram erTsa da imave faqtorebze fokusirdebian. sxvadasxva SerCevis aRebiT
Tavidan irideben reaqtiulobis problemas (ixileT qvemoT: „pretestuli
senzitizacia“) anu imis problemas, rom adre Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi gavlenas
axdenen Semdgom gamokiTxvebSi monawileTa qcevaze. es gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, Tu
kvleva senzitiur Temebs exeba, vinaidan kvlevis adreul etapebze sezitiuri sakiTxis
wamowevam SeiZleba Secvalos individis qceva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba Secvalos
misi pasuxebi monacemebis mogrovebis Semdgom etapebze. yovel jerze sxvadasxva
SerCevis aRebiT es problema daZleulia.
tendenciis anu winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevebi aSkarad mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis
sferoSi momuSave mmarTvelebisTvis da maTTvis, vinc gegmavs saswavlo process.
kohortis kvlevebis msgavsad, es kvlevebi SeiZleba SedarebiT xanmokle an xangrZlivi
iyos. tendenciis kvleva, arsebiTad, Caweril monacemebs swavlobs ukve momxdari
212
cvlilebis paternebis dasadgenad, raTa iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes

momavalSi. tendenciis kvlevebSi xorcieldeba ori an meti kros-seqciuri kvleva
erTnair asakobriv jgufebSi drois erT an met momentSi, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos
droSi Sedareba (magaliTad, swavlebis unarisa da miRwevis testebi aSS-Si (Keeves,
1997b: 141) da saganmanaTleblo progresis erovnuli Sefasebis Sedegebi (Lietz and Keeves,
1997: 122)). mTavari sirTule, romelsac awydebian mkvlevrebi tendenciis analizisas,
gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebis SemoWraa, rac warsulSi miRebul monacemebze
dayrdnobiT gakeTebul prognozebs usargeblod aqcevs. amis gamo tendenciis
xanmokle kvlevebi ufro zustia, vidre _ xangrZlivi analizi. tendenciis kvlevebSi
yovelTvis erTi da igive adamianebi ar monawileoben, amitom arsebobs monacemebis
cvalebadobis albaToba, rac monawileebs ukavSirdeba da ara _ tendenciis
cvlilebas. gorardi (2001: 87) Tvlis, rom am problemis Semsubuqeba „daxveuli
SerCeviT“ aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac sawyisi SerCevis nawili rCeba monacemebis
mogrovebis meore talRaSi, xolo am SerCevis nawili monawileobs mesame talRaSi da
a. S.
ganviTarebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebul terminebs Soris gansxvavebebi, romelzec zemoT
visaubreT, mocemulia CanarTSi 9. 2.
CanarTi 9. 2. ganviTarebis kvlevis tipebi

tendenciis kvleva
a, b, c faqtorebis a, b, c faqtorebze
nawinaswarmetyvele dakvirveba
Sesaxeb Cawerili
bi paternebi
monacemebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
kohortis kvleva
SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva

A A A A A
dakvirveba dakvirveba dakvirveba dakvirveba dakvirveba
1 2 3 4 5
kros-seqciuri kvleva
SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva SerCeva

E D C B A
213
socialuri procesebi
retrospeqciuli prospeqtuli
droSi
longituduri, kohortisa da kros-seqciuri kvlevebis Zlieri da susti

mxareebi
kohortis analizis tipis longitudur kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

ganaTlebis sferoSi kvleva-Ziebis kvleviT aRWurvilobaSi. mas mdidari monacemebis
mopovebis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba aqvs, riTac SeiZleba droSi cvlilebisTvis
Tvalis midevneba da Tan Zalian zustad (Gorard 2001: 86). meore mxriv, mwvaved udgas
cveTis problema (monawileebi droTa ganmavlobaSi toveben kvlevas, es gansakuTrebiT
problemuria panelis kvlevaSi, rodesac kvleva erTi da imave individebis droSi
Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs) da SeiZleba misi Catareba Zviri jdebodes fulisa da
drois TvalsazrisiT (Ruspini 2002: 71). gorardi (2001) aRwers karieris kvlevas da
ambobs, rom kvlevis dasawyisSi, pirvel talRaze pasuxebis sixSire 60-70 procents
Seadgenda, Semdeg ki, mesame talRisTvis es maCvenebeli 25 procentamde daeca, xolo
TiToeul talRaSi ufro da ufro meti saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli monawileobda.
gorardi (2001) axalgazrdebis kohortis kvlevasac ganixilavs, romelSic
respondentTa mxolod 45-ma procentma miiRo monawileoba samive talRaSi. ruspini
(2002: 72) aRniSnavs 1997 wels evropuli Sinameurneobis komitetis mier did britanetSi
Catarebuli kvlevis 78 procentian cveTas sam talRaSi.
ruspini (2002) imazec miuTiTebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba garTuldes droTa
ganmavlobaSi gazomvaSi daSvebuli patara Secdoma longitudul kvlevaSi. mas mohyavs
SemosavalSi daSvebuli Secdomis magaliTi, romelmac SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi
siRaribisa da umuSevrobisken „mcdar gadasvlamde“ migviyvanos (Ruspini 2002: 72).
garda amisa, xangrZlivi kvlevebi, acxadebs gorardi (2001: 86), „Sinagan validobis
safrTxis“ winaSe dganan, rac „erTi da igive individebis testirebisa da xelaxali
testirebis“ saWiroebidan momdinareobs. duli (2001: 120) amas „pretestis
senzitizacias“ uwodebs. am fenomens „panelis ganpirobebas“ an „SerCevaSi yofniT
gamowveul mikerZoebulobasac“ uwodeben (Ruspini 2002: 73). es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
pirvel intervius meoreze SeuZlia zemoqmedeba anu pirvelma intervium SeiZleba
dasabami misces TviTganxorcielebad winaswarmetyvelebas, romelic meore intervius
214
msvlelobaSi aisaxeba. dulis (2001) moaqvs magaliTi, romelSic janmrTelobis Sesaxeb

gamokiTxvaSi monacemebis mogrovebis pirveli talRam SeiZleba metad daafiqros
monawileebi mowevis mavneblobaze ise, rom meore talRis momentisTvis maT
Semcirebuli an danebebuli hqondeT Tavi mowevisTvis. tendenciis kvlevebSi am
problemas monacemebis mogrovebis yovel etapze sxvadasxva SerCevis aRebiT agvareben.
duli (2001) im sirTuleebzec saubrobs, romelsac longitudur gamokiTxvebSi
droTa ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarTa Semadgenlobis cvlileba iwvevs. mas miaCnia, rom
respondentis gansxvavebuli pasuxebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva mkvlevaris da ara _ Tavad
respondentis faqtoriT iyos gamowveuli. erTi da igive instrumentebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSic ki sxvadasxva mkvlevarma isini SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyenos
(magaliTad, qceva intervius msvlelobisas).
yovelive zemoT Tqmuls ruspini (2001: 73) amatebs, rom longituduri kvlevis
monacemebze SeiZleba imoqmedos:
 istoriam: mimdinare movlenebma SeiZleba Secvalon sakvlevis jgufze

dakvirvebis Sedegebi;
 momwifebam: monawileebi gansxvavebulad da gansxvavebuli tempiT izrdebian
da viTardebian;
 testirebam: SeiZleba testis senzitizacia moxdes _ monawileebi swavloben
ganmeorebiTi testirebisas/interviuirebisas;
 mizezsa da Sedegs Soris drois Sualedma: zogierTi mizezi myisierad
iZleva Sedegs, zogs ki Sedegis gamosavlenad didi dro sWirdeba;
 mizez-Sedegobriobis mimarTuleba yovelTvis ar aris gasagebi da calsaxa.
longituduri kvlevebis ZiriTad sirTules monacemebis droSi Sedarebadoba

warmoadgens. magaliTad, skolebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba sajaro gamocda,
magram icvleba sagamocdo testebis formati da Sinaarsi. (aq meordeba debati imis
Sesaxeb, rom iseTi sajaro gamocdebi, rogoricaa A-levels did britaneTSi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi ioldeba.) es sakiTxi droTa ganmavlobaSi monacemebis mogrovebisTvis
gamoyenebuli instrumentis Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebas exeba. garda
amisa, Tu longitudur kvlevaSi monacemebis Sedarebadoba unda iqnas miRweuli, es
niSnavs, rom kvlevis dasawyisSi, sul adreul etapze winaswar unda ganisazRvros da
kvlevaSi CaerTos yvela cvladi, romelic momavalSi unda ikvlion.
215
longituduri kvlevebi ufro metad arian midrekilni cveTisken, vidre _ kros-

seqciuri kvlevebi da ufro ZviradRirebulia maTi warmoeba droisa da finansebis
TvalsazrisiT. meore mxriv, maSin, rodesac tendenciis kvlevebSi icvleba populacia
da amiT SeuZlebeli xdeba mikro-donis _ individualuri donis _ analizis
ganxorcieleba, longituduri kvlevebi iZlevian aseTi individualuri donis
analizis warmoebis SesaZleblobas. faqtiurad, Tu kros-seqciuri dizaini
(ganmeorebadi kros-seqciuri dizainis SemTxvevaSic ki) SeiZleba gamousadegari iyos
kohortis ganviTarebis paternebisa da mizez-Sedegobriobis Sesaswavlad,
longituduri analizi zustad amisTvis aris mowodebuli. longitudur monacemebs
SeuZlia „individualuri qcevis determinantebis da dinamikis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze
damakmayofilebeli pasuxebis mocema“ (Ruspini 2002: 71), ra arc ise ioli misaRwevia
kros-seqciuri dizainiT.
retrospeqciuli kongituduri kvlevebi monawileebis mexsierebas eyrdnoba. isini
SeiZleba cdebodnen da rac ufro Soreuli warsulis mogonebas sTxoven, miT metia
damaxinjebebis an gaxsenebis uunarobis saSiSroeba. mexsierebaze, magaliTad, SeiZleba
imoqmedos (Ruspini 2002: 97):
 movlenis Semdeg gasulma drom;

 monawilisTvis movlenis mniSvnelovnebam;
 kvlevisTvis saWiro informaciis odenobam _ rac metia saWiro, miT Znelia miReba;
 sxva msgavsi movlenis Sesaxeb mogonebebiT gadafarvam/interferenciam (anu msgavsi
movlenebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis sirTule);
 emociurma an socialurad arasasurvelma Sinaarsma;
 intervius msvlelobisas monawilis fsiqologiurma mdgomareobam;
garda amisa, monawileebi warsulis movlenebs ukana ricxvis da Semdgomi

movlenebis prizmaSi Sexedaven da ara _ im TvaliT, TuU im dros ra mniSvneloba
hqondaT im movlenebs. amasTan, monawileebisTvis yoveliTvis advili ar aris
kvlevarisTvis saintereso dros maTi emociuri mdgomareobis mogoneba. SesaZloa,
praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyos garkveuli warsuli drois Sesaxeb informaciis
mogroveba, vinaidan aseTi informacia SeiZleba ubralod arc arsebobdes, magaliTad,
samedicino Canawerebi, Semosavlis Sesaxeb monacemebi, an SeuZlebeli iyos maTi povna
an aRdgena.
216
kohortis kvleviT populaciebis reprezentaciul SerCevebze adamianis zrda-

ganviTarebis Seswavlas ganviTarebis paternebis dadgenisa da am SerCevebSi moqmedi im
faqtorebis gamovlenis unikaluri SesaZlebloba aqvs, romlebic mouxelTebelia
kvlevis sxva dizainebis SemTxvevaSi. kohortis kvlevebi maxasiaTeblebis an niSnebis
individualuri cvalebadobis Seswavlis da individualuri zrdis mrudis dadgenis
saSualebas iZleva. aseTi kvlevebi gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia mkvlevrebisTvis,
romlebic mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebebis dadgenas cdiloben da amisaTvis
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebebs adgenen, romlebsac Sedegad sxva
maxasiaTeblebis cvlileba mohyveba.
kros-seqciuri dizaini gamousadegaria mizezobriobis kvlevaSi, vinaidan aseTi
dizainis pirobebSi, rodesac kvleva ar meodeba droSi, ver ganxorcieldeba mizez-
Sedegobrivi analizi. kohortis analizi gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia sociologiur
kvlevaSi, radgan SeuZlia imis Cveneba, Tu individebis Tvisebebis cvlileba rogor
Tanxvdeba socialuri sistemebis, rogorc mTlianis, cvlilebas. magaliTad,
axladgaxsnili skolis TanamSromlebis moraluri mdgomareobis da Camoyalibebis
procesSi myof organizaciul klimatTan misi kavSiris Seswavla am tipis
ganviTarebis kvlevas daefuZneba. skolebSi kohortis kvlevis kidev erTi Zlieri mxare
isaa, rom longitudur Canawerebs iZleva, romelTa Rirebuleba, nawilobriv,
nebismieri erTjeradad Catarebuli testirebis an Sefasebis Secdomebisadmi
mowyvladobidan gamomdinareobs (ixileT Davie 1972). da bolos, dro _ mudmivad
SemzRudavi faqtori eqsperimentul da intervius situaciebSi _ zogadad ufro
iolad mosapovebelia kohortis kvlevebSi, rac mkvlevars tendenciebis dakvirvebis da
„realuri“ da SemTxveviTi cvlilebebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis did SesaZleblobas
aZlevs (ixileT Baily 1978).
longitudur, kohortisa da tendenciis kvlevebSi arsebobs riski imisa, rom
respondentebis maxasiaTeblebi gavlenas moaxdenens Sedegebze (Robson 1993: 128).
magaliTad, maTi mexsiereba, xodna, motivacia da pirovneba SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
maT mier mocemul pasuxebze da maT SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon informaciis gacemisgan,
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac is senzitiur Temas exeba.
longituduri kvleva droTa ganmavlobaSi biologiuri faqtorebis (magaliTad,
adamianis ganviTareba), garemosa da Carevis gavlenebs (Keeves 1997b: 139) da maT
urTierTqmedebas aCvenebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, longituduri analizis
mimzidvelobas mizez-Sedegobrivi analizis SesaZlebloba qmnis. longitudur
217
dizainSi drois seriebis kvlevac iZleva ganviTarebadi paternebis droSi dakvirvebis

SesaZleblobas, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, cvladebis mocemuli diapazonis SeswavliT.
es SesaZlebels xdis individis da jgufis profilebis droSi da ganviTarebis
WrilSi Seswavlas da mocemuli cvladebis mixedviT maT Soris msgavsebebisa da
gansxvavebebis dadgenas. vinaidan longitudur kvlevebSi ar ainteresebT mocemuli
droisTvis specifikuri gavlenebi, isini mxolod bunebrivad gamoCenili gavlenebiT
Semoifarglebian (Keeves 1997b: 147).
longitudur kvlevebs ramdenime nakli aqvs (Tumca, am maT wonas anu
seriozulobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kohortis analizis mxardamWerebi). pirvel
rigSi, maT didi dro da fuli sWirdebaT, radgan mkvlevari iZulebulia, monacemebis
dagrovebas daelodos. meore, sirTules qmnis SerCevis sikvdilianoba. kohortis
grZelvadiani kvlevis manZilze gardauvalia cdis pirebis kvlevidan gamoTiSva,
dakargva an maTgan Semdgom TanamSromlobaze uaris miReba. aseTi cveTa amcirebs imis
albaTobas, rom kvlevaSi darCenili xalxi Tavdapirvelad aRebuli SerCevis
reprezentaciuli iqneba. SerCevis sikvdilianobis Semcirebas zogjer kvlevaSi kros-
seqciuri aspeqtebis SetaniT cdiloben anu yoveli Semdgomi ganmeorebiTi kvlevisTvis
kohortis sawyis SerCevas imave populacidan aRebuli imave raodenobis axali
wevrebiT „avseben“. problema aq isaa, rom or gamokiTxvaSi miRebul monacemebs Soris
gansxvavebas gamokiTxulTa pirovnebebi SeiZleba qmnides da ara _ realuri
cvlilebebi an tendenciebi.
mesame sirTules „kontrolis efeqts“ uwodeben (zogjer gazomvis efetadac
moixsenieben). ganmeorebadi interviuireba xSirad kvlevaSi monawileTa moqmedebebsa
da damokidebulebebze arasasurvel da damabnevel gavlenas axdens _ zemoqmedebs maT
qcevaze, iseT Temebze amaxvilebinebs yuradRebas, rac aqamde SeumCneveli rCebodaT, an
sxva an arasasurvel TemebTan Sexebisken ubiZgebs (ixileT Riley 1963). meoTxe, kohortis
kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi organizaciis problemebs qmnis, rac moswavleebis,
TanamSromlebis, swavlebis meTodebisa da a. S. uwyveti cvlis Sedegs warmoadgens.
aseTi cvlilebebi ukiduresad amcireben kvlevis imgvarad warmoebis albaTobas,
rogorc es dasawyisSi iyo dagegmili.
kohortis kvlevebi, rogorc vnaxeT, gansakuTrebiT ergeba adamianis zrda-
ganviTarebis kvlevas. ibadeba kiTxva: aba, ratom aris am sferoSi amdeni kros-seqciuri
kvleva? mizezi isaa, rom, kohortis kvlevasTan SedarebiT, kros-seqciuri dizaini
mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT xasiaTdeba: is ufro iafi jdeba, ufro swrafad iZleva
218
Sedegebs, naklebia kontrolis efeqtis albaToba, da „erT jerze“ufro advilia

respondentebis TanamSromlobaze daTanxmeba. zogadad, kros-seqciur dizainSi ufro
meti monawilis CarTva xerxdeba xolme, vidre _ kohortaSi.
kohortis kvlevis siZliere kros-seqciuri dizainis sisustea. es ukanaskneli
naklebad efeqturi meTodia im mkvlevrebisTvis, vinc zrdis procesSi individualuri
cvalebadobis an cvladebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgeniT aris
dainteresebuli. kros-seqciur kvlevaSi garTulebulia SerCevis sakiTxi, vinaidan
yovel jerze axali cdis pirebi monawileoben da miRebuli monacemebi SeiZleba
araSedarebadi iyos. SerCevis efeqtiTa da araTanazomieri zrdiT gamowveuli
problemebi imdenad asusteben kros-seqciur kvlevas, rom damkvirvebelma, uxeSi
miznebis molodinis gamo, SeiZleba ugulebelyos is, rogorc ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
monacemebis miRebis ukiduresad aradamakmayofilebeli meTodi. duglasi (Douglas 1976),
visac ekuTvnis kohortis pirveli erovnuli kvleva, energiulad icavs meTods mis
winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli gavrcelebuli kritikisgan, rom mas bevri fuli da dro
sWirdeba. kros-seqciur dizainTan kohortis analizis upiratesobebis miseuli
dasabuTeba warmodgenilia CanarTSi 9. 3.
CanarTi 9. 3.
kohortis kvlevis upiratesobebi kros-seqciur dizainTan SedarebiT
1. garkveuli saxis informacia, magaliTad, damokidebulebebis an potenciuri unarebis
Sefasebis Sesaxeb, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, Tu erTdroulad aris
mopovebuli. sxva saxis informacia ufro sruli an ufro zustia, Tu longituduri
kvlevis farglebSia Segrovili, Tumca maT garkveuli Rirebuleba retrospeqciulad
miRebis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba hqodeT, magaliTad, swavlis zangrZlivoba, dasaqmebis
istoria an geografiuli gadaadgileba.
2. kohortis kvlevaSi ar xdeba informaciis dublireba, xolo kros-seqciuri dizainis
SemTxvevaSi yovel jerze erTi da igive saxis konteqstis mqone informacia unda
aikrifos, rac zrdis interviuirebis xarjebs.
3. erTi cvladis gamotovebac ki, romelic SeiZleba mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes, katastrofaa
kros-seqciuri kvlevisTvis, xolo, kohortis kvlevaSi, rogorc wesi, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia aseTi Cavardnebis, nawilobriv mainc, Semdeg interviuze Sevseba.
4. kohortis kvleva gacilebiT didi raodenobis cvladebis dagrovebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva, romlebic codnis gacilebiT farTo speqts faravs, vidre es kros-seqciuri
kvlevisas xerxdeba. es, cxadia, imitom xdeba, rom monacemebis mogroveba mravaljeradi
interviuirebiTaa SesaZlebeli. metic, informaciis miReba SesaZlebelia maqsimalurad
219
adekvatur dros, magaliTad, samsaxuris dawyebis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba maSin

SeiZleba, roca es samsaxuri gamoCndeba, imisda miuxedavad, rom SerCevis wevrebisTvis es
sxvadasxva dros moxdeba.
5. erT periodSi dabadebulTa kohortiT kvlevis dawyeba gamoricxavs Semdgom etapebze
SerCevis problemas da qveSerCevebis aqtiuri gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva, rac uwyobs
xels mikerZoebulobisa da sandoobis problemebis Semsubuqebas.
6. longitudur kvlevebSi ar arsebobs mizez-Sedegobrivi analizis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
dabrkoleba, kerZod, gaxsenebuli informaciis iseTi reinterpretacia, romelic mizez-
Sedegobriobaze tradiciur mosazrebebs eqvemdebareba. aseTi kvlevebi efeqtis
mimarTulebis Sefasebis saSualebasac iZleva.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Douglas 1976
kros-seqciur kvlevebSi yuradReba unda mieqces SerCevas da uzrunvelyofili

iyos im informaciis sisrule, romelsac is eyrdnoba (Lietz and keeves 1997: 124). garda
amisa, arsebobs riski, rom zogierTi potenciuli monawile uars ityvis
monawileobaze, rac asustebs SerCevas, zogierTi respondenti upasuxod datovebs
konkretul kiTxvebs, anda nebiT Tu uneblied arasworad upasuxebs. gazomvis Secdoma
instrumentis naklovanebis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba iqnas daSvebuli, magaliTad,
Seusabamo sazomi erTeulis an skalebis aRebiT.
longituduri kvlevis (retrospeqciuli kvlevebis CaTvliT), kros-seqciuri
analizisa da tendenciis kvlevebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sedareba
warmodgenilia CanarTSi 9. 4 (aseve ixileT Rose and Sullivan 1993: 184 – 8).
CanarTi 9. 4. longituduri, kros-seqciuri, tendenciis analizisa da retrospeqciuli

longituduri kvlevebis maxasiaTeblebi, Zlieri da susti mxareebi
kvlevis tipi maxasiaTeblebi Zlieri mxareebi susti mxareebi
longitudur 1. erTi SerCeva 1. gamodgeba mizez- 1. bevri dro
i kvlevebi xangrZlivi drois Sedegobrivi sWirdeba _ kvlevis
(kohortis da ganmavlobaSi; mimarTebebis warmoebasa da
panelis dasadgenad da sando Sedegebis miRebas
2. SesaZlebels xdis
kvlevebi) daskvnebis didi dro miaqvs;
erTi da imave
gasakeTeblad;
individidebis droSi 2. droTa
Sedarebas 2. aCvenebs, Tu rogor ganmavlobaSi
(diaqronul analizs); ergeba individis ikveTeba SerCevis
Tvisebebis cvlileba sikvdilianobis
3. mikro donis
sistemur cvlilebas; problema da
analizi.
mcirdeba sawyisi
3. moqmedebs
reprezentaciuloba;
gamoyenebuli
220
instrumentebis
3. kontrolis
SesaZleblobebis
efeqtebi _ erTi da
farglebSi;
imave SerCevis
4. erTmaneTisgan ganmeorebadi
mijnavs realur interviuireba
tendenciebsa da gavlenas axdens
SemTxveviT SerCevis wevrebis
cvlilebebs; qcevaze;
5. xangrZliv droSi 4. interviuirebis
moaqvs Sedegebi; efeqtebi
afermkrTaleben
6. gamodgeba zrda-
sawyis kvleviT
ganviTarebis
gegmas;
sakvlevad;
5. monawileebis
7. mimdinare
usafrTxoebis
monacemebs agrovebs
problema, vinaidan
da ara _
ganmeorebiT
retrospeqtuls,
kontaqts moiazrebs;
riTac Tavs aridebs
SerCevad an mcdarad 6. rogorc wesi,
mogonebis problemas; rTulia
individualur
8. ekonomiuria im
doneze mdidari
TvalsazrisiT, rom
monacemebiss
SerCevis suraTi
gaaanalizeba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi
ikveTeba;
9. rogorc
Tavdapirvelad
aRebuli, ise _
SemdgomSi
warmoqmnili
cvladebis farTo
diapazonis
siRrmiseuli da
yovelmxrivi dafarva
_ individisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
efeqtebi da
populaciis
heterogenuloba;
10. iZleva
cvlilebis
individualur/mikro
doneze gaaanalizebis
SesaZleblobas;
11. iZleva
cvlilebis dinamikis,
konkretul
mdgomareobebSi
gadasvlis, sxva
mdgomareobebSi
221
gamosvlis da
mdgomareobebis
cvlis moxelTebis
SesaZleblobas;
12. individualuri
donis monacemebi
ufro zustia, vidre
_ makro donis, kros-
seqciuri monacemebi;
13. Semcirebulia
SerCevis Secdoma,
vinaidan kvlevaSi
sul erTi SerCeva
monawileobs;
14. iZleva Carevis
naTeli da
konkretuli
rekomentaciebis
mocemis
SesaZleblobas.
kros- 1. drois erT an 1. SedarebiT swrafad 1. ar iZleva mizez-
seqciuri ramdenime momentSi tardeba; Sedegobrivi
kvlevebi sxvadasxva SerCevis analizis
2. SedarebiT iafia
erTjeradi suraTi SesaZleblobas;
Catareba;
(sinqronuli
2. SeuZlebelia
analizi); 3. naklebia
ganviTarebaSi
kontrolis efeqti,
2. farTomasStabiani individualuri
vinaidan adamianebi
dareprezentaciuli cvalebadobisa da
mxolod erTxel
SerCeva; cvlilebebis da maTi
monawileoben
mniSvnelovnebis
3. makro donis kvlevaSi;
dadgena;
analizi;
4. monawileobaze
3. SerCevebi srulad
4. iZleva sxvadasxva daTanxmebiT didi
ar aris Sedarebadi,
jgufis Sedarebis albaToba, radgan
vinaidan monacemebis
SesaZleblobas; kvleva mxolod
mogrovebis yovel
erTxel tardeba;
5. SeiZleba iyos jerze axali SerCeva
retrospeqciuli an 5. iZleva dagrovil, gamoiyeneba;
prospeqtuli. krebsiT paternebs;
4. didi dro
6. gamodgeba SeiZleba mihqondes,
populaciisTvis radgan TiToeuli
damaxasiaTebeli SerCevis Sesaxeb
niSnis droSi erTxel informacia TiTo
an ramdenjerme jerze unda
dasafiqsireblad; mogrovdes’
7. mkvlevrebs 5. calkeuli
garkveul cvladebis
mdgomareobebSi an gamotovebam SeiZleba
jgufebSi myofi mniSvnelovnad
adamianebis daazaralos
Tanafardobebis monacemebi;
222
dadgenis saSualebas
6. SeuZlebelia
aZlevs;
droSi mimdinare
8. didi SerCevebi cvalebadi
daskvniTi socialuri
statistikisgamoyenebi procesebis
s, magaliTad konturebis moxazva;
SerCevaSi,
7. dagrovili,
qvejgufebis
krebsiTi monacemebiT
Sedarebis,
mxolod makro-donis,
SesaZleblobas
erTiani cvlilebis
iZleva.
analizis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
tendenciis
1. droTa 1. mTeli kvlevis 1. uaryofs
analizi
ganmavlobaSi ganmavlobaSi gauTvaliswinebeli
uwyvetad swavloben inarCunebs faqtorebis gavlenas;
arCeul faqtorebs; gamokveTil fokuss;
2. warsulis
2. Cawerili 2. identificirebuli tendenciebi
monacemebi samomavlo da gakontrolebuli yovelTvis ar aris
tendenciebis cvladebisa da samomavlo
winaswarmetyvelebisT daSvebeblis tendenciebis kargi
vis gamoiyeneba. safuZvelze prediqtori;
winaswarmetyvelebisa
3. formuliT aris
da proeqciis
marTuli anu Zalian
SesaZleblobas
konservatuli unda
iZleva.
iyos, Torem
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi daSvebebi
SeiZleba mcdari
aRmoCndes;
4. ar cnobs qaosisa
da sirTulis
Teoriis praqtikul
Sedegebs, magaliTad,
imas, rom xangrZliv
droze gaTvlili
winaswarmetyvelebebi
saxifaToa;
5. winaswarmetyvelebi
s kriteriumi
SeiZleba arazusti
iyos.
retrospeqci 1. SerCevis istoriis 1. gamodgeba mizez- 1. gaxsenebuli
uli retrospeqciuli Sedegobrivi informacia SiZleba
longitufur analizi; mimarTebis mxradi, SerCeviTi da
i kvlevebi dasadgenad; uzusto iyos;
2. individualuri da
mikro-donis 2. mkafio fokusi 2. adamianebs
monacemebi. (magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba daaviwydeT,
warmoiqmna es gandevnon an ver
konkretuli saboloo gaixsenon gakrveuli
223
mdgomareoba da faqtorebi;
viTareba?);
3. individebma
3. iZleva monacemebis TavianTi warsuli
dagrovebis qcevebi maT
SesaZleblobas, rac cxovrebSi am
warmoudgenelia qcevebis Semdeg
eqsperimentuli momxdari movlenebis
analizis SemTxvevaSi. prizmaSi SeiZleba
gaiazron anu maTi
interpretaciebi ar
iqneba realuri
movlenebis
Tanadrouli;
4. saboloo
mdgomareobis fesvebi
da mizezebi SeiZleba
mravali,
mravalgvari,
kompleqsuri,
daudgeneli da
gamosavlenad arc
ise ioli iyos;
5. naklebad aris
mosalodneli
martivi mizez-
Sedegobrioba;
6. mizezi SeiZleba
Tavad iyos Sedegi da
piriqiT;
7. Znelia realuri
mizezebis gamijvna
aRqmuli an
warmosaxuli
mizezebisgan.
8. iSviaTad aris
martivad
falsificirebadi an
dadasturebadi.
safosto, satelefono da intervius gamoyenebiT gamokiTxvebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve visaubreT monacemebis mogrovebisadmi midgomebis

zogierT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebelze, mkiTxvels vurCevT gaecnos Tavebs 10, 15 da 16,
romlebic, Sesabamisad, interdentze dafuZnebul kvlevas, kiTxvaris dizainsa da
interviur Seexeba.
safosto gamokiTxvebi
224
robsoni (1993) safosto da intervius gamoyenebiT gamokiTxvebis Zlier da sust

mxareebze miuTiTebs. safosto gamokiTxisas SesaZlebelia didi raodenobiT
adamianebisTvisa xmis miwvdena, monacemebis SedarebiT iafad da sakmaod swrafad
mopoveba da konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofa (Bailey 1994: 148). amasTanave, kiTxvaris
Sevseba respondentisTvis mosaxerxebel drosa da garemocvaSi SeiZleba, rac
saWiroebis SemTxvevasi mas informaciis gadamowmebis (magaliTad, piradi sabuTebis)
da pasuxebze dafiqrebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. standartuli formulirebebis
gamoyenebis gamo sakmaod maRalia miRebuli pasuxebis Sedarebadobis xarisxi da
vinaidan interviueri ar eswreba kiTxvaris Sevasebas, ar arsebobs interviueris
mikerZoebulobis riski. amasTan, safosto kiTxvarebi farTod gafantuli mosaxleobis
wvdomis saSualebasac iZleva.
meore mxriv, safosto gamokiTxvebs, rogorc wesi, pasuxebis dabali sixSire
axasiaTebT da vinaidan mkvlevars aranairi informacia ar aqvs maT Sesaxeb, vinc ar
upasuxa, man ar icis, Tu ramdenad reprezentaciulia miRebuli SerCeva. garda amisa,
respondentebma SeiZleba Tavi ar Seiwuxon kiTxvaris zedmiwevniT SevsebiT da
SeiZleba sworadac ki ver gaigon kiTxvebi. amis gadamowmebis aranairi saSualeba ar
arsebobs. beili (Baily 1994: 149) Tvlis, rom zustad igive sakiTxebi amcirebs safosto
gamokiTxvebiT dainteresebas, rac mimzidvels xdis maT, magaliTad:
 kiTxvebis standartuli formulireba;
 mxolod sityvieri pasuxebi;
 im garemos gaukontrolebloba, romelSic respondenti kiTxulobs da pasuxobs
kiTxvars;
 zogierTi kiTxvis upasuxod datovebis riski;
 spontanuri pasuxebis Caweris SeuZlebloba;
 pasuxis gaucemlobisa da ver gacemuli pasuxebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis
SuZlebloba (pirvel SemTxvevaSi dagegmili respondenti iRebs kiTxvars, magram ar
pasuxobs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi dagegmili respondenti ver iRebs kiTxvars im
mizeziT, rom, magaliTad, sxvagan gadavida sacxovreblad);
 kiTxvaris formatis simartivis aucilebloba, radgan ar aris interviueri,
romelic respondents ufro rTul formatSi garkvevaSi daexmareboda.
gamokiTxvebi intervius gamoyenebiT
225
Tu safosto gamokiTxvisas respondenti Tavad avsebs kiTxvars, intervius

gamoyenebiT warmoebuli gamokiTxvebs mkvlevari atarebs da, Sesabamisad, naklebi
sirTulea mosalodneli. gamokiTxvis monacemebis mogrovebis intervius meTodi imiT
aris sasargeblo, rom interviueris daswreba saqmes uiolebs respondents da mas
sruli pasuxebis gacemis motivacias uqmnis realurad iq myofi interviuerisTvis da
ara _ anonimuri ucnobisTvis, romelsac mxolod werilebiT icnobs (Robson 1993).
realurad arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom pirispir Sexvedra aumjobesebs pasuxebis
sixSires. garda amisa, vinaidan interviu SeiZleba moqnili iyos, dasmuli kiTxvebi
ufro srulad aris mocemuli da axsnili (Baily 1994: 174). interviu maSinac
gamosadegia, rodesac respondentebs wera-kiTxvis problemebi aqvT. am dros
SesaZlebelia monawileobis wasaxaliseblad araverbaluri qcevis gamoyenebac. metic,
intervius dros gacilebiT ukeT SeiZleba gamokiTxvis Catarebis garemos
gakontroleba, gansakuTrebiT piradulobis, xmauris da garegani gamRizianeblebis
TvalsazrisiT.
pirispir Sexvedrisas metia interviuerisa da respondentis urTierTndobisa da
TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba (Dooley 2001: 122). garda amisa, interviuerebs SeuZlia
mkacrad daicvan gamokiTxvis dadgenili Tanmimdevroba, an pasuxebis mimdevroba
calkeul respondentebs moargon _ areulad hkiTxon da am gziT yvela kiTxvaze
miiRon pasuxi. metic, gamokiTxvis interviuSi sruli garantiaa imisa, rom Tavad da
mxolod respondenti pasuxobs kiTxvebs maSin, rodesac safosto gamokiTxvaSi
mkvlevarma arasodes icis, vinme sxvam Seavso kiTxvari, vinme daexmara respondents
pasuxebis gacemaSi Tu man Tavad gaarTva amocanas Tavi. beili (1994) amatebs, rom
intervius gamoyenebiT warmoebul gamokiTxvebSi SesaZlebelia spontanuri qcevisa da
pasuxebis fiqsireba. amasTan, intervius SeiZleba gacilebiT rTuli struqtura
hqondes, vidre safosto gamokiTxvebs, radgan mkvlevars SeuZlia respondenti metad
gaarkvios proceduraSi.
meore mxriv, zustad igive Tvisebebi, rac intervius meTods mimzidvels xdis,
SeiZleba problemebis wyaroc iyos. magaliTad, intervius gamoyenebiT warmoebuli
gamokiTxvebze SeiZleba gavlena iqonios interviueris maxasiaTeblebma (magaliTad,
sqesma, rasam eTikurma warmomavlobam, pirovnebam, unarebma, socialurma statusma,
Cacmulobam da garegnobam). masze Tavad interviueris qcevamac SeiZleba imoqmedos
(magaliTad, raporti interviuersa da respondents Soris) da respondentma SeiZleba
uari Tqvas zogierTi informaciis gamJRavnebaze, Tu ar grZnoben, rom interviu
226
anonimuria, an senzitiur informacias sTxoven. moqniloba, romelsac interviu iZleva,

gamokiTxvis standartizaciis naklebobis potenciur safrTxes qmnis, ramac
Tanmimdevruloba da, Sesabamisad, sandooba problemuri gaxados. garda amisa,
gamokiTxvisas interviu mkvlevarisa da respondentisgan garkveul dros moiTxovs da
vinaidan interviuebi fiqsirebul dros tardeba, respodentma SeiZleba ver moaxerxos
im Canawerebis gadaTvaliereba, romelic pasuxebis gacemaSi daexmareboda. aseve,
respondentTan Sesaxvedram mkvlevars SeiZleba did manZilebze uwevdes mogzauroba,
rac Zviria rogorc drois, ise _ fulis TvalsazrisiT (Baily 1994: 175). Tu interviuebi
monawilis saxlSi unda Catardes, maSin maT SeiZleba ar surdeT ucxo adamianis
saxlSi miReba. da kidev: zogierTi mkvlevarisTvis is ubani SeiZleba saxifaTo iyos,
sadac ganzraxulia kvlevis Catareba (magaliTad, xelSi furclebiani TeTrkaniani
mkvlevari araTeTrkanianTa uRaribes dasaxlebaSi, an feradkaniani mkvlevari
konservatul TeTrkanianTa ubanSi).
satelefono gamokiTxvebi
amtkiceben (Dooley 2001: 122), rom satelefono gamokiTxvebis upiratesoba droisa da

mogzaurobis xarjebis Semcirebaa da rodesac respondenti saxlSi ar aris, mxolod
ramdenime monata da xelmeored darekvisTvis saWiro dro Tu ixarjeba, Sor
manZilebze ganmeorebiT misvla ki SeiZleba droisa da mgzavrobis mniSvnelovan
xarjebs ukavSirdebodes. garda amisa, Tu savaraudo monawiles ar SeuZlia an ar surs
pasuxis gacema, SedarebiT iolia saWiro moculobis SerCevis SenarCuneba sxvasTan, am
respondentis SemcvlelTan darekviT. da isev, rodesac respondentebs ar SeuZliaT an
ar surT yvela dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, maSin SesaZlebelia maTi mier
mocemuli nawilobrivi pasuxebis gauqmeba da SerCevis siidan Semdeg CamnacvlebelTan
darekva. advilia imis mixvedra, Tu ratom unda hqodeT satelefono interviusTvis
potenciuri respondentebis ufro grZeli sia _ SerCevis saWiro moculobis misaRebad.
meore mxriv, yvelas ar aqvs telefoni (magaliTad, Raribs, pataras, naklebad
ganaTlebuls) da aman SeiZleba gadaxril SerCevamde migviyvanos. aseve, arc yvela
adamiania interviuirebisTvis xelmisawvdomi, Tu isini muSaoben. aseve, bevri adamianis
telefonis nomeri ar aris mocemuli cnobarSi anu maTi nomrebi ar aris sajarod
cnobili. duli (2001: 123) aRniSnavs, rom bevri adamiani _ axalgazrdebi, dauojaxebeli
da maRali samsaxureobrivi poziciis mqoneni _ avtomopasuxeebs iyenebs da SeuZliaT
227
moisminon da waSalon mkvlevaris Semomavali zari. amanac SeiZleba migviyvanos

gadaxril SerCevamde.
maSinac ki, roca telefons pasuxoben, mopasuxe pirovneba SeiZleba ar iyos is, vinc
unda miiRos zari. man SeiZleba ar icodes kiTxvebze pasuxi, an xeli ar miuwvdeboden
moTxovnili tipis informaciaze. magaliTad, Sinameurneobis biujetis kvlevaSi
respondenti SeiZleba ubralod yuradRebas ar aqcevdes ojaxis Semosavals an
garkveul sagnebTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. telefons SeiZleba bavSvma an
xanSiSesulma adamianma upasuxos, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos Sinameurneobis ufrosi.
interviuerebs sWirdebaT winaswari skriningis kiTxvebis momzadeba an xelaxla
darekvis drois SeTanxmeba, rodesac dasmul kiTxvebze metad Sesatyvisi adamiani
SeZlebs pasuxebis gacemas.
satelefono gamokiTxvebs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs. magaliTad, Zalian
xSirad respondentis sqesi gasagebia misi xmis mixedviT, amitom garkveuli kiTxvebi
SeiZleba uadgilo iyos da aRar daisvams. meore mxriv, satelefono gamokiTxvisas
aramizanSewonilia mravaljeradi arCevanis tipis kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, radgan
respodentebs SeiZleba ubralod daaviwydeT dasaxelebuli kategoriebi da
daxmarebisTvis ver mimarTaven werilobiT baraTebs.
analogiurad, SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos Tanmimdevrobis efeqti: intervius
dasawyisSi mosmenili debulebebi mogvianebiT wakiTxulebze axdenen gavlenas; aseve,
pasuxebis CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi mocemul pasuxebze SeiZleba metad dafiqrdes
respondenti, vidre _ mogvianebiT mocemulebze. es is sakiTxia, romelic ar
Semoifargleba satelefono gamokiTxvebiT, aramed zogadad kiTxvarebs exeba. duli
(2001: 136) miuTiTebs zogad kiTxvaze Tanxmobis 17 procentian gansxvavebaze, rodesac
is konkretul debulebamde da ara _ mis Semdeg iyo mocemuli. mas ufro konkretulad
moaqvs kvlevis magaliTebi imis saCveneblad, rom konkretul kiTxvebze pasuxebze
gavlenas axdenen mis irgvlic myofi kiTxvebi. is gvirCevs, rom jer zogadi kiTxvebi
davsvaT da Semdeg _ konkretulebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi zogad kiTxvebze
winmswrebi konkretuli kiTxvebis pasuxebi zemoqmedeben. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom
es Seexeba aramarto satelefono gamokiTxvebs, aramed zogadad kiTxvarebs.
garda amisa, Tu kiTxvebis dasma Zalze senzitiuri xdeba, respondentebma SeiZleba
Sua intervius dros ubralod dakidon yurmili, moityuon, an daakavon informacia.
duli (Dooley 2001: 123) aRniSnavs, rom pirispir interviusTan SedarebiT, satelefono
respondendebis SemTxvevaSi ufro metia nakluli monacemi, pasuxebis gacemas metad
228
arideben Tavs, metad damTmobni arian da metad ukidures pasuxebs iZlevian

(magaliTad, upiratesobas aniWeben reitingis skalebis bolo punqtebs).
vinaidan satelefono interviu moklebulia vizualur sensorul stimulacias,
pirispir interviuirebas, an werilobiT instruqciebsa da wardgenas,
aramizanSewonilia satelefono gamokiTxvis xangrZlivi zaris dagegmva. 10-15 wuTi
xSirad is maqsimaluri droa, romlis atanac respondentTa umravlsobas SeuZlia da
mravali maTganisTvis 15 wuTic SeiZleba Zalian bevri iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom
guldasmiT pilotirebaa saWiro, raTa mxolod da mxolod kvlevisTvis aucilebeli
debulebebi Sevides intervius gegmaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia sandoobisa da validobis
riskic, radgan debulebebis raodenoba SeiZleba imaze mcire iyos, vidre monacemebis
mogrovebis sxva formebis SeTxvevaSi.
pasuxebis sixSiris gaumjobeseba gamokiTxvaSi
gamokiTxvis ZiriTad sirTules pasuxebis sakmarisad maRali sixSiris

uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rac aucilebelia damajerebeli da sando monacemebis
misaRebad. zogierT safosto gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis sixSire SeiZleba 20-23 procents
ar scdebodes, rac mniSvnelovnad azianebs monacemebis sandoobas. erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba ganzraxuli da miRweuli SerCeva (Fogelman 2002: 105). fanCi (Punch 2003: 43)
Tvlis, rom mkvlevarma raRac unda moimoqmedos, rom ar hqondes pasuxebis dabali
sixSire (magaliTad, gazardos SerCevis moculoba) da ara _ kvlevis dasrulebis
Semdeg daiwyos SerCevis morgeba. igi imasac ambobs, rom SerCevis xelmisawvdomoba
gamokiTxvis dawyebamde unda Sefasdes, albaT, savaraudo respondentebis winaswar
gafrTxilebiT, Tu es sasurvelad CaiTvleba. avtori amtkicebs, rom pasuxebis
dabali sixSire kiTxvaris dabrunebis detalebisadmi uyuradRebobiTac SeiZleba iyos
gamowveuli. es sakiTxi Tavad kiTxvarSi unda iyos naTlad mocemuli/ safosto
gamokiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi respondents kiTxvarTan erTad markiani da ukana
misamarTiani konvertic unda gaegzavnos.
garda amisa, pasuxebis sixSireze gamokiTxvis dizaini, gegma da wardgenac SeiZleba
axdendes gavlenas. mniSvnelovania, rom kiTxvars Tan erTvodes Sesavali werili,
romelSic gasagebad iqneboda axsnili kvleva da wardgenili iqneboda mkvlevari.
mniSvnelovani gamokiTxvis vadebi, magaliTad, skolebSi mkvlevrebs an gamokiTxvebs ar
Seegebebian didi sixaruliT gamocdebis periodSi an gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis
dros, magaliTad, Sobis an Semowmebis dros (Dogerman 2002: 106). da bolos,
229
mniSvnelovania gamokiTxvis Semdgomi kontaqtis dagegmva, raTa darwmundenen, rom

daurekes im respondentebs, romlebmac ar daabrunes kiTxvari da Seaxsenes kiTxvaris
Sevsebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.
safosto gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSiris gazrdis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs,
maT Sorisaa, magaliTad:
 Semdgomi kontaqtis dagegmva da zrdilobiani Sexseneba (magaliTad, fostiT,

eleqtronuli fostiT, satelefono zariT);
 gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb winaswari Setyobinebis gagzavna (magaliTad, fostiT,
eleqtronuli fostiT, satelefono zariT);
 ukana misamarTiani da markiani konvertiT uzrunvelyofa;
 mkvlevarisa da kvlevis institutTan mikuTvnebulobis aRniSvna, kvlevis maRali
statusis mqone sponsorebis an mxardamWerebis dasaxeleba;
 finansuri dainteresebis SeTavazeba (Tumca finansuri motivatoris didi odenoba
ar moitans pasuxebis Tanazomier sixSires);
 kiTxvaris dabrunebisTvis dajildoveba;
 gamokiTxvisTvis gankuTvnili kiTxvaris simartivis uzrunvelyofa;
 pasuxebis gacemis da kiTxvaris dabrunebis proceduris Sesaxeb detaluri da
gasagebi instruqciis micema;
 maTTvis SeumCnevlad monawileebis moTafvla da Seqeba;
 kvlevis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi werilis da/an
winaswari gafrTxilebis saxiT;
 gamokiTxvis kiTxvari maqsimalurad ar unda hgavdes „makulaturas“, usargeblo
safosto gzavnils;
 kiTxvaris piradad mitana da ara _ fostiT gagzavna.
kuperi da Sindleri (2001: 314 – 15) aRniSnaven, rom qvemoT CamoTvlil faqtorebs
saerTod aranairi an mcire gansxvaveba SeaqvT dabrunebuli pasuxebis sixSireSi:
 individualurad, mimarTviT dawerili Tanmxlebi Sesavali werili;

 kiTxvaris sigrZis gaTvaliswineba: yovelTvis ise ar xdeba, rom mokle kiTxvarebi
met ukan dabrunebul pasuxebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre _ grZeli kiTxvarebi. magram
mkvlevarma unda gaiTvaliswinos grZeli kiTxvaris efeqti _ respondentebs
230
SeiZleba dadebiTi an uaryofiTi gancda hqondeT mis mimarT, an droebiT gverdze

gadadon da SemdgomSi saerTod daaviwydeT dabruneba;
 kiTxvaris zomis, beWdvis dizainisa da ferebisTvis yuradRebis miqceva;
 kiTxvarebis dabrunebisTvis vadebis dawerea (aRmoCnda, rom es miRebuli pasuxebis
sixSires ki ara, dabrunebuli kiTxvarebis sixSires zrdis).
mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, Tu ratom SeiZleba respondentebma upasuxod

datovon gamokiTxvaSi monawileobis Txovna. mizezebis CamonaTvalSi SeiZleba
Sediodes, magaliTad:
 im dros, roca gamokiTxvaSi monawileobas sTxoven, sxva saqme aqvT gasakeTebeli;

 arcodnis gamo uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cavardnis SiSi, rodesac respontendebi
grZnoben, rom ver upasuxeben SekiTxvas;
 Temis arcodna/aranairi gamocdileba TemasTan dakavSirebiT;
 ar moswonT intervius Sinaarsi an Tema;
 gamokiTxvis misTvis an sxvebisTvis SesaZlo Sedegebis SiSi;
 kargad ar esmiT instruqciebi;
 ar moswonT an eSiniaT respondentad yofnis;
 Temis senzitiuroba, an potenciurad Seuracxmyofeli an safrTxis Secveli Tema;
 ndobis Ralati;
 ukan dasabrunebeli konvertis an misamarTis dakargva;
 is adamiani ar xsnis safosto gzavnis, visTvisac aris gankuTvnili da ver axerxebs
saTanado adresatisTvis mis gadacemas.
meore mxriv, potencialuri respondentebi SeiZleba davarwmunoT, rom monawileoba

miiRon gamokiTxvaSi, rac damokidebulia, magaliTad, Semdegze:
 im institutis an mkvlevaris statusi da prestiJi, vinc atarebs kvlevas;

 aRqmuli sargebeli, romelsac kvlevisgan elian;
 sakvlevi Temis aRqmuli mniSvnelovneba;
 piradi daintereseba kvleviT;
 respondentad yofnis interesi anu intervius gamocdilebis miReba;
 piradi mowoneba an simpaTia mkvlevarisadmi;
 sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblobisa da samoqalaqo valis gancda;
231
 martooba an mowyeniloba (sxva araferi aqvT sakeTebeli);

 sakuTari Tavis mniSvnelovnebis gancda.
movlenis istoriis analizi
longituduri kvlevebis bolodroindeli ganviTareba „movlenis istoriis

analizs“ moicavs (magaliTisTvis ixileT von Eye 1990; Rose and Sullivan 1993: 189 – 90; Plewis
1997; Ruspini 2002). movlenis istoriis analizi „gvTavazobs im movlenebis Caweras,
romlebic cdis pirTa jgufis cxovrebis ciklSi erevian“ (Ruspini 2002: 5). aseT
„cxovrebis cikls“ calkeuli traeqtoriebi da gadasvlebi ganapirobeben: arCeuli
gzebi da gzebis cvlilebebi. movlena sasveni niSani anu cvlilebis wertilia.
movlenis istoriis analizi da longituduri analizi erTmaneTs hgvanan
retrospeqciuli bunebiT _ orives monawileebi warsulSi gadahyavs da cvlilebis
momentebsa da im dros mimdinare movlenebs axsenebinebs. movlenis istoriis analizi
imiT gansxvavdeba longituduri da kros-seqciuri kvlevisgan, rom monacemebis
Segrovebis ar aris fiqsirebuli konkretuli drois momentebi. analizisTvis
gadamwyveti mniSnveloba aqvs ara monacemebis akrefvis, aramed _ Tavad movlenis
vadebs. longituduri analizi drois wyvetil da mocemul momentebs moicavs
(magaliTad, yovel eqvs TveSi erTxel), movlenis istoriis analizi ki maSin xdeba,
roca movlena moxdeba. fiqsirebul grafikSi yoveTvis ar aris advili imis garkveva,
Tu ra moxdeba drois am SualedSi.
movlenis istoriis analizisas gamoiyeneba iseTi statistikuri teqnikebi,
rogoricaa: riskis testi (monawileTa jgufi, visac jer ar ganucdia konkretuli
movlena an situacia); sicocxlisunarianobis funqcia an mrudi (droTa ganmavlobaSi
riskis kleba); safrTxe an safrTxis maCvenebeli (konkretuli movlenebis moxdenis
albaToba, an konkretuli movleni konkretul dros moxdenis riski).
„sicocxlisunarianobis“ cnebis warmoqmna movlenis istoriis analizs ukavSirdeba,
romelSic zomavdnen sicocxlisunarianobis dros
_ cxovelisTvis wamlis micemasa da mis sikvdils Soris gasul dros. am meTodSi
gamoyenebuli sxva terminebia: „gadasvlis nixri“, „riskis funqcia“, „sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli“ da „gadasvlis intensivoba“.
movlenis istoriis analizis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli drois SualedSi
individebisTvis damokidebuli cvladis (magaliTad, qorwinebis, samsaxuris
cvlilebebis, kadrebis Semcirebis, umaRlesi ganaTleba, sacxovrebeli adgilis
232
Secvla, sikvdili) winaswarmetyveleba. amis safuZvels sicocxlis cxrilebis analizi

iZleva, romelsac demografebi mocemul droSi mocemuli populaciis
sicocxlisunarianobisa da sikvdilianobis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben. magaliTad, Tu x
im populaciis raodenobaa, romelic cocxalia t droisTvis, maSin SesaZlebelia am
populaciis sicocxlisunarianobis maCveneblis winaswarmetyveleba t+1 drois
momentisTvis. garkveuli azriT, es winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevas hgavs. sicocxlis
cxrilebis kvlevebi martivi im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT konkretul,i ganumeorebeli
movlenebi (magaliTad, sikvdili) ainteresebT. am SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis
mosalodneli xangrZlivobis gamoTvla ar emyareba sikvdilis sxvadasxva mizezis
dadgenas (Rose and Sullivan 1993: 189). Tumca, movlenis istoriis analizSi parametrebi
gacilebiT kompleqsuria, radgan gantolebaSi mravali faqtori Sedis da amitom
saWiro xdeba garkveuli saxis multivariantuli analizi.
movlenis istoriis analizis amocanas „safrTxis maCveneblis“ _ drois mocemul
SualedSi individTan damokidebuli cvladis gamovlenis albaTobis _ gamoTvla
warmoadgens. midgoma maTematikuria da ramdenime faqtoridan (damoukidebeli
cvladebis) TiToeulis gamosaTvlelad logariTmul-wrfiv analizs iyenebs,
magaliTad, konkretuli drois SualedSi individTan xdomilobis ganxorcielebis
albaToba, romelic kros-tabulaciaSi koeficientebis gamoTvliT miiReba, rac
gavlenas moaxdens safrTxis maCvenebelze (Rose and Sullivan 1993: 190).3
movlenis istoriis analizi arc cveTis problemas tovebs uyuradRebod, radgan
monawileebi droTa ganmavlobaSi toveben kvlevas. pleviss (Plewis 1997: 117) miaCnia, rom
droTa ganmavlobaSi bevri longituduri kvleva ganicdis SerCevis danakargs da am
sakiTxis mogvarebas cenzuriT cdilobs _ kvlevaSi aucilebelia monacemebis morgeba-
koreqtireba, raTa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas nakluli monacemebis mateba. marjvnidan
cenzura maSin gvaqvs, rodesac viciT, Tu rodis iwyeba konkretuli movlena, magram ar
viciT, rodis mTavrdeba; xolo marcxnidan cenzura saWiroa maSin, rodesac viciT
konkretuli movlenis an situaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb, magram ar viciT, rodis daiwyo
is. plevisi (1997: 118) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom cenzuras daqvemdebarebuli
movlenebi da epizodebi (rodesac cveTa moxda) ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre
aracenzurirebuli movlenebi da epizodebi da, Sesabamisad, safrTxis maCvenebeli,
romelic aracenzurirebul dakvirvebebs efuZneba, Cveulebriv, Zalian maRali iqneba.
movlenis istoria kvlevis Rirebuli da ufro da ufro xSirad gamoyenebadi teqnikaa.
233
X Tavi
gamokiTxva
werilobiTi gamokiTxva
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis upiratesoba
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis nakli
faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen werilobiTi
gamokiTxvis miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobriv maCvenebelze
pasuxebis xarisxis Sefaseba
personaluri interviu
struqturirebuli interviu
fokusirebuli interviu
aradireqtiuli interviu
personalur da werilobiT interviuTa Sedareba
personaluri intervius upiratesoba
personaluri intervius nakli
interviuirebis principebi
winaswari mosinjva
satelefono interviu
gamokiTxvis sami meTodis Sedareba
Sejameba
234
320
imeili (eleqtronuli fosta) ufro da ufro metad popularuli

meTodi xdeba mxareebs Soris komunikaciisaTvis, vinaidan xelmisawv
domia modemiT aRWurvili kompiuterebi. informacia da werilebi, rom
lebic imeiliT igzavneba, tradiciuli fostisagan gansxvavebiT, dan
iSnulebis adgils wuTebSi aRwevs. momxmarebels SeuZlia arcTu didi
danaxarjiT gaagzavnos didi failebi. mkvlevrebma, romlebic axal
meTodebs eZieben gamokiTxvebis Casatareblad, SeiZleba male aRiaron
imeili tradiciuli werilobiTi da satelefono gamokiTxvebis al
ternativad. forhemis universitetis profesorma samuel braunma,
Seamowma gamokiTxvis pasuxebis misaRebad imeilis, rogorc meTodis,
warmatebuloba _ man sxva saxeli dairqva, Tavi warmoadgina profesor
braunis studentad,1 romelsac sWirdeboda informacia sakurso pro
eqtisaTvis da werilebi gaugzavna imeilis servisis 150 momxmarebels
abilenSi, texasis StatSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom man abileni SearCia
mxolod imitom, rom is pirveli iyo anbanurad dalagebul qalaqebis
CamonaTvalSi, braunma igi aRwera, rogorc ìdealuri~ qalaqi da sTxo
va adamianebs gamoeTqvaT mosazreba qalaqis maxasiaTeblebze. brauni
gakvirvebuli darCa pasuxebiT.
zogierTi potenciuri respondenti adgilobriv gazeTs daukavSir
da, imis saTqmelad, rom maTi qalaqi idealur qalaqad airCies. rodesac
gazeTma Seamowma mkvlevris uflebamosileba, aRmoaCines, rom aseTi
studenti saerTod ar arsebobda da gamJRavnda braunis cbiereba.
miuxedavad amisa, brauni ambobs, rom man miiRo daaxloebiT ocdaa
Ti pasuxi Tavis gamokiTxvaze da ganzraxuli aqvs, rom Tavis studen
tebs Caatarebinos imeiliT gamokiTxva.
am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT gamokiTxvis ufro tradiciuli meTo
debis Rirsebebsa da nakls. rodesac am Tavs waikiTxavT, ifiqreT imei
lis, rogorc monacemTa Segrovebis meTodis Tanmdev naklsa da upi
ratesobaze.
s ocialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebs aqvT arCevanis saSualeba

gamokiTxviT monacemebis Segrovebis sami meTodis saxiT. esenia:
safosto gamokiTxva, personaluri da satelefono interviu. am TavSi
SevexebiT aqtivobebs, romelTa ganxorcilebac saWiroa gamokiTxvis
am sami tipis gansaxorcilebelad da ganvixilavT TiToeuli maTganis
naklsa da upiratesobas. Tavis dasasrul erTmaneTs SevadarebT aRniS
nul sam meTods.
1. Richard Perez-Pena, “ Professor’s Plan Backfires: E-Mail Project Was Hoax, “ New York Times, July 11,
1994: p.B2
235
III nawili monacemTa Segroveba 321
monacemTa Segrovebis dakvirvebis meTodebi gamosadegia im feno

menis kvlevisas, romelze dakvirvebac mecnierebs pirdapir SeuZliaT.
Tumca, yoveli fenomeni ar eqvemdebareba pirdapir dakvirvebas.
xSirad mkvlevrebs monacemTa Segroveba uxdebaT im adamianebis
gamokiTxviT, romelTac gamocdilebaSi aqvT garkveuli fenomeni.
biujetis SezRudulobisa da personalis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevrebma unda gansazRvron gamokiTxvis meTodi,
romelic mogvcems yvelaze ufro srul pasuxebs individTa SerCevi
dan, romelTac, Cveni azriT, gamocdilebaSi aqvs CvenTvis saintereso
fenomeni. pasuxebi warmoadgens monacemebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
hipoTeza mowmdeba.
werilobiTi gamokiTxva
werilobiTi gamokiTxva gamokiTxvis arapirovnuli meTodia.
garkveul pirobebSi da kvlevis garkveuli miznebisaTvis, monacemTa
Segrovebis arapirovnuli meTodi SeiZleba yvelaze adekvaturi iyos.
rogorc sxva meTodebis SemTxvevaSi, werilobiT gamokiTxvasac aqvs
Tavisi nakli da upiratesoba.
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis upiratesoba

1. mcire danaxarji. ekonomiuroba werilobiTi gamokiTxvas erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria. igi ar moiTxovs interviuerTa
gawvrTnil Stats. mis RirebulebaSi Sedis mxolod dagegmvis, SerCevis,
aslebis gadaRebis, fostiT gagzavnisa da ukan dasabruneblad gankuT
vnili specialuri konvertebis gagzavnis xarjebi. monacemTa damuSa
veba da analizi, Cveulebriv, ufro martivi da iafia, vidre gamokiTx
vis sxva meTodebis SemTxvevaSi.
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dabali danaxarji gansa
kuTrebiT cxadad Cans im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakvlevi populacia
did geografiul teritoriazea gaSlili. aseT pirobebSi, roca inter
viuirebis danaxarji SeiZleba xelisSemSlel faqtorad iqces, safos
to gamokiTxva SeiZleba erTaderTi praqtikuli instrumenti iyos.
2. minimaluri gadaxris Secdoma. werilobiTi gamokiTxvis ga
moyeneba amcirebs gadaxris Secdomas, romelic SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves
interviuerTa pirovnul Taviseburebebsa da maTi unar-Cvevebis gansx
vavebulobas. personaluri interviuirebis situaciebi savsea tenden
ciurobisa da mikerZoebis safrTxiT, romelic interviuersa da respon
236
322
dents Soris interaqciidan gamomdinareobs. mkvlevrebs am safrTxis

Tavidan acileba werilobiTi gamokiTxvis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT.
3. anonimurobis maRali xarisxi. interviueris ararseboba uz
runvelyofs respondentis anonimurobis maRal xarisxsac. anonimu
robis garantia, rasac werilobiTi gamokiTxva gvaZlevs, gansa
kuTrebiT gvexmareba, rodesac gamokiTxva exeba sensitiur sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, sqesobrivi qceva an bavSvebze Zaladoba. Ser
CevaSi Sesuli adamianebi ufro metad amJRavneben sensitiur kiTxvebze
pasuxis survils, rodesac interviueris pirispir ar sxedan an vinmes
pirdapir ar esaubrebian.
4. dafiqrebuli pasuxebi da konsultaciebi. werilobiTi gamo
kiTxvis gamoyeneba iseT situaciaSic jobs, rodesac kiTxvebi gaazre
bul (da ara spontanur) pasuxebs moiTxovs an maSin, rodesac pasuxis
gasacemad respondents sWirdeba mimarTos pirad dokumentebsa Tu
sxva adamianebs.
5. misawvdomoba. dabolos, werilobiTi gamokiTxva saSualebas
iZleva minimaluri danaxarjiT davukavSirdeT farTo geografiul
arealze gafantul respondentebs. rodesac gamokiTxva exeba vrcel
geografiul teritoriaze gafantul did populacias, interviuireba
moiTxovs mgzavrobis maRal xarjebsa da did dros.
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis nakli

1. moiTxovs martiv kiTxvebs. werilobiTi gamokiTxva, rogorc
monacemTa Segrovebis instrumenti, mkvlevrebma unda gamoiyenon
mxolod maSin, rodesac kiTxvebi sakmarisad pirdapiria, rom respon
dentebi advilad mixvdnen ra igulisxmeba _ mxolod dabeWdili in
struqciebisa da ganmartebebis safuZvelze.
2. ar arsebobs CaZiebis SesaZlebloba. pasuxebi unda miviRoT,
rogorc saboloo. mkvlevrebs ar aqvT SesaZlebloba mocemuli pa
suxebis miRma kvlav da kvlav CaeZion, daazuston orazrovani pasuxebi
an Seafason respondentebis araverbaluri qceva.
3. ar arsebobs kontroli imaze, vin avsebs kiTxvars. werilobi
Ti gamokiTxviT mkvlevrebs ar aqvT kontrolis saSualeba responden
tebis garemoze. amdenad, maT ar SeuZliaT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom
kiTxvars Sesabamisi pirovneba avsebs. kiTxvaris Sevseba SeuZlia sxvas
da ara im individs, vis gamokiTxvasac gegmavda interviueri.
4. miRebuli pasuxebis dabali raodenobrivi maCvenebeli. we
rilobiT gamokiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli bolo da, SesaZloa, yvelaze
seriozuli problema aris is, rom xSirad Zalian rTulia adekvaturi
237
xarisxis pasuxebis miReba. miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvene

beli aris im respondentebis procentuli Sefardeba SerCevaSi, vinc
gvibrunebs Sevsebul kiTxvars. mravali safosto gamokiTxvis SemTx
vevaSi, miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli bevrad dabalia,
vidre personaluri intervius SemTxvevaSi. personaluri intervius
miRebuli pasuxebis tipiuri raodenobrivi maCvenebeli daaxloebiT
95%-ia, maSin, rodesac miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli
werilobiT gamokiTxvaSi 20-dan 40%-mde meryeobs. mkvlevrebi, rom
lebic iyeneben safosto gamokiTxvas, TiTqmis yovelTvis awydebian
pasuxgaucemlobis efeqtis Sefasebis problemas, rac SeiZleba maT
aRmoCenebze axdendes gavlenas. (miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobriv
maCvenebels didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rodesac ganzogadebas vaxdenT,
werilobiTi gamokiTxvis upiratesoba da nakli
upiratesoba:
• danaxarji ufro naklebia, vidre sxva meTodebis
gamoyenebisas.
• Semcirebulia gadaxrsi Secdoma, radgan respondentebi ar
ganicdian interviueris an meTodebis Taviseburebebebis
gavlenas.
• kiTxvarebi uzrunvelyofs respondentebis anonimurobis
maRal xarisxs. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac
kiTxvari sensitiur sakiTxebs exeba.
• respondentebs aqvT dro pasuxebis mosafiqreblad da sxva
wyaroebTan konsultaciis gasavlelad.
• xelmisawvdomi xdebian farTo geografiul arealSi gafantu
li respodentebi da Tan dabali danaxarjiT.
nakli:
• kiTxvarebi moiTxovs martiv, advilad gasageb kiTxvebsa da
instruqciebs.
• kiTxvarebi ar aZlevs mkvlevars CaZiebis SesaZleblobas
damatebiTi informaciis mosaZieblad da pasuxebis
dasazusteblad.
• mkvlevrebs ar SeuZliaT gaakontrolon, vin avsebs kiTxvars.
• dabalia miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli.
238
324
ixileT me-19 Tavi). is individebi, romlebic ar gvpasuxoben, Cveulebi

samebr, sakmaod gansxvavdebian imaTgan, vinc kiTxvars pasuxobs. xSir
ad maTi ganaTlebis done dabalia da problemebi eqmnebaT kiTxvebis
gagebisas, SeiZleba moxucebi arian da ar SeuZliaT pasuxis gacema, an
imdenad bevrs moZraoben, rom maTi daWera SeuZlebelia. Sedegad, re
spondentTa jgufi zustad ar asaxavs populacias, romelic sawyis
etapze gansazRvres mkvlevrebma. kvlevaSi es gadaxras gamoiwvevs.
faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen werilobiTi gamokiTxvis

miRebuli pasxuxebis raodenobriv maCvenebelze
mkvlevrebi iyeneben sxvadasxva strategias, raTa gaumklavdnen mi

saRebi pasuxebis mopovebis siZneles werilobiT gamokiTxvebSi da ga
zardon miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli.
sponsoroba. gamokiTxvis sponsorebs mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvT

respondentebze, xSirad zrdian maT motivacias, Seavson da daabrunon
kiTxvari. amdenad, mkvlevrebma kiTxvaSi unda CarTon informacia spon
sorebis Sesaxeb; Cveulebriv, am informacias naxavT kiTxvaris Tanmx
leb TavfurcelSi. informacia sponsorebis Sesaxeb arwmunebs respon
dents kvlevis legitimurobasa da RirebulebaSi; aseve misi Sevsebis
sargeblianobaSi, amiT es faqtori gavlenas axdens respondentebze.
magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis aRweris biuro did warmatebas aR
wevs miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCveneblis mxriv, romelic
daaxloebiT 95%-s Seadgens erovnuli jandacvis gamokiTxvaSi, radgan
am ukanasknels saxelmwifo uwevs sponsorobas (rac gulisxmobs le
gitimurobasa da sargeblianobas) da Tanac janmrTelobis sakiTxebi
sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, arsebobs iseTi weri
lobiTi gamokiTxvebic, rodesac miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli mxolod 5 %-s Seadgens.2
zogadad, gamokiTxvebi, romelTac sponsorobas saxelmwifo uwevs,
miRebuli pasuxebis maRal raodenobriv maCvenebels iRebs, maSin, roca
ucnobi komerciuli organizacieb miRebuli pasuxebis mxolod mcire
raodenobrivi maCveneblis mopovebas Tu axerxeben.
waqezeba pasuxis gasacemad. mkvlevrebi, romlebic werilobiT ga
mokiTxvas mimarTaven, mimzidvelni da misaRebni unda iyvnen respon
dentebisaTvis, daarwmunon isini, rom kvlevaSi miiRon monawileoba,
Seavson kiTxvarebi da daabrunon isini ukan. amisaTvis ramdenime meTo
2. Floyd J.Fowler, Jr., Survey Research Methods ( Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1989), p.48.
239
di SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. maT efeqturobis sxvadasxva xarisxi

gaaCniaT. erT-erTi meTodia respondentebis mozidva keTili nebiT,
mkvlevrisTvis daxmarebis gawevis saWiroebis gacnobierebiT. magali
Tad, studenti, romelic atarebs gamokiTxvas sakurso davalebisaT
vis, SeiZleba ambobdes, rom mis Sefasebaze gavlenas moaxdens kiTxvar
ze pasuxebi.3
meore farTod gamoyenebuli meTodia respondentebisaTvis jil
dos _ prizis an fulis nominaluri raodenobis SeTavazeba. fulis
SeTavazebasTan dakavSirebuli erTi problema aris is, rom responden
tebi SeiZleba aRaSfoTos mkvlevris mier maTi drois garkveulwilad
iafad Sefasebam, ris Sedegadac SesaZloa saerTod uari ganacxadon
kvlevaSi monawileobaze.4 Tumca, Zalian xSirad respondentebi jil
dos ganixilaven, rogorc simbolur Jests da TanamSromloben mec
nierebTan, radgan kvlevas Rirebulad Tvlian.
sxva wamaqezebeli stimuli kiTxvarze sapasuxod aris profesiu
li asociaciebis mxardamWeri werilebi da reklama maT gamocemebSi.
magram SesaZloa yvelaze efeqturi strategia respondentebis misa
zidad iyos altruistuli sentimentebi da maTi darwmuneba kvlevis
mniSvnelobaSi. erT-erTi kiTxvaris Tavfurclidan qvemoT moyvanil
fragmetnSi avtori xazs usvams kvlevis mniSvnelobasa da responden
tis potenciur wvlils mis warmatebaSi:
rogorc iciT, sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmeba federaluri,

saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi strategiis mTavari nawilia,
raTa gadailaxos dasaqmebasa da SemosavalTan dakavSirebu
li problemebi, romlebic uxvad aqvT ekonomikurad gaWirve
bul dausaqmebel adamianebs. eWvgareSea, rom programis
ganxorcieleba saWiroa mTel qveyanaSi . . . Tqven aseve albaT
iciT . . . rom sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebis programebi sak
maod winaaRmdegobrivia da maTi momavali SeiZleba safrTx
is qveS dadges. am programebis winaaRmdegobriobis mizezTa
erTi nawili aris is, rom ar xdeba maTi sargeblis sistematu
ri Sefaseba iq dasaqmebuli individebisa da im sazogadoe
bisaTvis, romelic sargeblobs am servisiT.
ramdenadac am specifikur Sefasebas didi erovnuli mniS
vneloba aqvs, me Zalian gTxovT, rom yuradRebiT mo
epyroT kiTxvars. madlobas gixdiT am SefasebaSi Tanam
SromlobisaTvis.5
3. Kenneth D.Bailey, Methods of Social Research ( New York: Free Press, 1987), p.156.
4. Ibid., p.157.
5. Mickey L. Burnim, An Evaluation of the Public Service Employment Projects in Florida Created under Title
VI of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973
( Tallahassee: Florida Department of Community Affairs, 1978), p.164.
240
326
kiTxvaris formati da gagzavnis meTodebi. werilobiTi kiTxvaris

dizaini ramdenime sakiTxs moicavs: tipografias, fers, Tavfurclis
zomasa da tips. didi investicia formatSi da tipografia (magaliTad,
maRali xarisxis qaRladi da adekvaturi zoma) miRebuli maCveneblis
maRali raodenobrivi maCvenebliT anazRaurdeba. uCveulo ferebis
gamoyeneba ar aris rekomendebuli, vinaidan mas SeiZleba negatiuri
efeqti hqondes.6
Tavfurceli. meore faqtori, romelic kiTxvaris dizainis Se

muSavebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, aris Tavfurceli. Tavfurcelma unda
daarwmunos respondentebi Seavson kiTxvari da ukan gadmogvigzavnon.
aq unda Candes kvlevis sponsori, kvlevis daniSnuleba, unda vuTxraT
respondentebs, ratomaa mniSvnelovani, rom maT es kiTxvari Seavson, mi
vceT maT garantia, rom pasuxebi mkacrad konfidencialuri iqneba.
mkvlevarma unda airCios _ formaluri iqneba werili Tu naxevrad
pirovnuli. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom naxevrad personaluri werili iZ
leva miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maRali maCveneblis garantias
iZleva, vidre oficialuri werili.
gagzavnis tipi. werilis gagzavnis tipi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.

kiTxvarebi, romlebsac Tan ar axlavs ukan dasabrunebeli, winas
war anazRaurebuli konverti, mcire raodenobiT pasuxebs gvaZlevs.
ugunurebaa velodoT respondentebisagan, rom isini ara marto Seavse
ben kiTxvars, aramed TviTon moiZieben konvertsac, Semdeg wavlen fos
taSi, gadaixdian safasurs da markas daakraven. amdenad, gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa, rom amaze Tavad vizrunoT. (oficialuri saqmiani konverti
amcirebs miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobriv maCvenebels).
gagzavnis drois regulireba. naCvenebia, rom gagzavnis drois re

gulireba gavlenas axdens werilobiTi gamokiTxvis miRebuli pasuxebis
raodenobriv maCvenebelze. magaliTad, ramdenadac zafxulisa da arda
degebis periodSi miRebuli pasuxebis dabali raodenobrivi maCvenebelia
mosalodneli, am dros werilebis gagzavna rekomendebuli ar aris.
totaluri dizainis meTodi (TDM). ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlev

rebma mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobeses monacemTa mogroveba werilobiTi
6. Pamela L. Alreck and Robert B.Settle, The Survey Research Handbook ( Homewood, Iii.: Irwin, 1985).
241
gamokiTxviT, totaluri dizainis meTodis gamoyenebiT. esaa stan

dartizebuli, nabij-nabij Casatarebeli procedurebi,7 romlebic or
nawilad iyofa: kiTxvaris ageba da gamokiTxvis sisruleSi moyvana.
principebi, romelTac mkvlevrebi miyvebian TDM kiTxvarebis
agebisas, iTvaliswinebs gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqcevas iseT
detalebze, rogoricaa kiTxvaris konvertis garekani, kiTxvaris pirve
li gverdi da kiTxvebis mimdevroba. mkvlevrebi, romlebic iyeneben
TDM-s, cdiloben darwmundnen, rom kiTxvars maSinve gamoarCeven Cveu
lebrivi fostisagan.
TDM-s sisruleSi moyvanis procedurebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
gangrZobiTobaze. gangrZobiTobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli strate
giaa Semaxsenebeli safosto baraTis gagzavna respondentisaTvis,
romelsac pasuxi ar gamougzavnia werilis gagzavnidan erTi kviris
Semdegac. meore strategia moicavs sxva Semaxsenebel werils da Semcv
lel kiTxvars, aseve ukan dasabrunebel konverts mesame kviris bolos.
Svidi kviris Semdeg yvela im individTan, romelsac ar daubrunebia
pasuxi, igzavneba sxva werili, Semcvleli kiTxvariTa da fostiT daz
Rveuli.
mkvlevrebi gangrZobiTobis am meTodebis efeqturobas amowmebdnen
oTxi Statis moculobis SerCevaSi generaluri erTobliobidan. 10.1
cxrili gviCvenebs mirebuli pasuxebis saSualo da kumulaciur raode
nobriv maCvenebels gangrZobiTobis proceduris TiToeuli safexuris
Semdgom. Sedegebidan Cans mravaljeradi gangrZobiTobis mniSvneloba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul jerze izrdeba miRebuli pasuxebis
raodenobrivi maCvenebeli. safosto baraTebi, yvelaze iafi saSuale
ba gangrZobiTobis procedurebis gansaxorcieleblad, egzavneba re
spondentebis did raodenobas. dazRveuli werilebi, yvelaze Zviri
saSualeba, midis mxolod mcire raodenobasTan.8 ukanasknel wlebSi
dazRveuli werilebis gamoyeneba, garkveuli naklis gamo, araerTxel
gaukritikebiaT.9
respondentebi SesaZloa Tavs iZulebis mdgomareobaSi Cayenebu
lad Tvlidnen imis gamo, rom maTgan moiTxoven werilis miRebis xel
moweriT dadasturebas. garda amisa, daxarjuli dro da fuli SeiZleba
7. Donald A. Dillman, “ Mail and Other Self-administered Questionnaires, “ in Handbook of Survey Research ,
ed. Peter H. Rossi, James D. Wright, and Andy B.Anderson ( Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1983), and Anton
J. Nederhof, “ Effects of a Final Telephone Reminder and Questionnaire Cover Design in Mail Surveys,” Social
Science Research, 17 (1988) : 353-361.
8. Donald A.Dillman, James A.Christensen, Edward H.Carpenter, and Ralph M.Brooks, “ Increasing Mail Ques-
tionnaire Response: A Four-State Comparison, “ American Sociological Review, 39 (1974): 755.
9. Nederhof, “Effects,” p.354.
242
328
cxrili 10.1
miRebuli pasuxebis saSualo da kumulatiuri raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli gagzavnis oTx tipTan mimarTebaSi
miRebuli pasu miRebuli pasuxe
xebis saSualo bis komulatiuri
raodenbrivi raodenbrivi
gagzavna dro maCvenebeli maCvenebeli
1. pirveladi gagzavna 1 kvira 23.8% 23.8%

2. Tanmdevi werili 2 kvira 18.2 42.0
3. pirveli Semcvleli kiTxvari 4 kvira 17.0 59.0
4. meore Semcvleli damowmebuli 7 kvira 13.4 72.4
fostiT
ufro didi iyos, Tu mimRebs uwevs fostaSi wasvla da kiTxvaris miRe

ba. gangrZobiTobis proceduris bolo safexuris, dazRveuli weri
lis alternativa SeiZleba iyos satelefono Sexseneba, romelic iseve
efeqturia, rogorc dazRveuli werili pasuxisgaucemeli werilebis
raodenobis Sesamcireblad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gangrZobiTobis procedurebi mniSvnelovani
meqanizmia miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCveneblis gasazrde
lad, igi ramdenime problemas qmnis. pirveli: ramdenadac mkvlevrebi
gangrZobiT werilebsa da kiTxvarebs ugzavnian mxolod im responden
tebs, romelTac pasuxi ar gauciaT, saWiroa yvela respondenti iden
tificirdes. amdenad, anonimuroba ver SenarCundeba. mkvlevrebs Seu
ZliaT gaumklavdnen am problemas respondentebis darwmunebiT, rom
pasuxebi mkacrad konfidencialuri iqneba. meore SezRudva aris is,
rom werilebis gagzavnasTan erTad mcirdeba pasuxebis xarisxi.
individebi, romelTac pasuxi ar gauciaT pirvel jerze, SesaZloa
nakleb seriozulad iReben kvlevas da, amdenad, SesaZloa daabrunon
arasrulad Sevsebuli kiTxvari, an SesaZloa maTi pasuxebi ar iyos
sando. mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT es gadaxra Seamowmon im respondentebis
pasuxebTan SedarebiT, romelTac kiTxvari dauyovnebliv Seavses,
agreTve im adamianebis pasuxebTan SedarebiT, vinc kiTxvari erTi an
meti gangrZobiTobis etapis Semdeg daabruna.10
respondentebis SerCeva. respondentebis SerCeva mniSvnelovnad
ganisazRvreba kvlevis bunebiTa da populaciis TaviseburebebiT. amde
nad, SerCeviTi populaciis gansazRvris miRma mkvlevars SerCevis pro
10. Fowler, Survey Research Methods, p. 54.
243
cesSi Zalian cota ramis gakeTeba Tu SeuZlia saimisod, rom miRebuli

pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli gazardos. Tumca, potenciuri
respondentebis garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi garkveulwilad dakavSire
bulia miRebuli pasuxebis maRal an dabal raodenobriv maCvenebelT
an. amis gacnobiereba SesaZloa daexmaros mkvlevars gansazRvros,
SeiZleba Tu ara safosto gamokiTxvis gamoyeneba kvlevis dasawyebad
an gamoiyenos Tu ara sxva strategiebi miRebuli pasuxebis raodeno
brivi maCveneblis gasazrdelad. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rac
unda gaiTvaliswinos mkvlevarma respondentebis SerCevisas, aris is,
Seadgenen Tu ara isini homogenur an heterogenur jgufs. heterogen
cxrili 10.2
meTodebi miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gasazrdelad
meTodi rangi optimaluri pirobebi
gangrZobiToba 1 erTze meti procedura. SesaZlebelia

telefonis gamoyeneba.
waqezeba 2 fuladi jildos TanxlebiT kiTxva

rebi ukeTes Sedegs gvaZlevs, vidre is
kiTxvarebi, sadac es faqtorebi ar moq
medebs. Tumca gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos populacia da kiTxvaris tipi.
sponsoroba 3 respodentebisTvis nacnobi adamiane

bis xseneba ukeTes Sedegs gvaZlevs.
Sesavali werili 4 ukeTes Sedegs gvaZlevs altruistuli

mimzidveloba.
dabrunebis meTodi _ regularuli markebdakruli konverti

ukeTes Sedegebs gvaZlevs, vidre saqmi
ani pasuxis konverti.
formati _ esTetikuri mxare _ garekani, sain

tereso saTauri sasiamovno konverti
pasuxisaTvis.
respondentebis SerCeva _ . isini, vinc ar kiTxuloben da ar weren,

.gamoiricxebian SerCevidan.
interesi sakvlevi Temisadmi an masSi
garkveuloba mTavari faqtoria miRebu
li pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCveneblis
.
gansasazRvrad.
ganaTlebuli individebi ufro metad
.
abruneben kiTxvarebs.
profesionalebi ufro metad abrune
ben kiTxvarebs.
244
330
uri jgufebi Sedgeba individebisagan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan

sxvavdebian imiT, rac SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes CvenTvis saintereso
fenomenze. magaliTad, heterogenuri jgufi SeiZleba Sedgebodes in
dividebisagan, romelTac gansxvavebuli eTnikuri an rasobrivi warmo
mavloba, sxvadasxva Semosavali, sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT.
amis sapirispirod, homogenuri jgufebi Sedgeba individebisagan,
romelTac erTi da igive maxasiaTeblebi aqvT. heterogenuri jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba polebSi, romlis mizani mosazrebis dadgenaa.
ufro specializebul kvlevebSi ki kiTxvarebi egzavneba SerCeul
jgufs, magaliTad, fizikosebs, kanonmdeblebs, menejerebs, univer
sitetis profesorebs an adgilobrivi komerciuli palatis warmomad
genlebs. SerCeuli jgufebis miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobivi maCvene
beli rogorc wesi, ufro maRalia, vidre generaluri erTobliobis
SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan aseT jgufebis wevrebi ufro avlenen kvlevis
miznebs da, amdenad, ufro motivirebulebi arian sapasuxod. am gansx
vavebis miRma, garkveuli Taviseburebebi miRebuli pasuxebis raodeon
brivi maCveneblis gansxvavebasTanac aris dakavSirebuli. respondente
bi, romelTa ganaTlebis done ufro maRalia, mosalodnelia, rom ufro
met SemTxvevaSi Seavseben da daabruneben kiTxvarebs. sakvlevi Temisad
mi interesi an masSi gacnobierebuloba meore mniSvnelovani faqtoria,
romelic gansazRvravs miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobriv maCvenebels.
da bolos, zogadad, profesionalebi nebismier sferoSi ufro metad
iZlevian miRebuli pasuxebis maRal radenobriv maCvenebels.
10.2 cxrilSi mocemulia ganxiluli procedurebi miRebuli pa
suxebis raodenobis maCveneblis TvalsazrisiT maTi fardobiTi efeq
turobis Sesabamisad. es ranJireba ganisazRvra sxvadasxva kvlevis
safuZvelze, romlebic afasebda SesaZlo zrdas mTlian dabrunebaSi
yoveli proceduris Semdeg. ukanaskneli sami procedurisaTvis rangi
ver ganisazRvreba.
miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCveneblis Sefaseba

ra aris miRebuli pasuxebis dasaSvebi raodenobis maCvenebeli
safosto gamokiTxvisaTvis? mkvlevrebis umetesoba cdilobs miRe
buli pasuxebis raodenobis maCveneblis gazrdas zogierTi an yvela im
strategiis gamoyenebiT, romlebic zemoT ganvixileT. Tumca, am Zal
isxmevis miuxedavad, mravali safosto gamokiTxva miRebuli pasuxebis
raodenobi maCveneblis 50%-ze mets ver aRwevs. pasuxis gaucemloba se
riozuli problemaa, radgan is individebi, romlebic ar gvpasuxoben,
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian respondentebisagan. kvlevebma aCvena,
245
rom werilobiT gamokiTxvebi miT met Sedegs iZleva, rac ufro maRa
lia ganaTlebis done: ganaTlebuli adamianebi ufro swrafad pasuxo
ben kiTxvars.11
amdenad, gadaxra, romelic pasuxis gaucemlobidan gamomdinareobs,
SesaZloa zRudavdes mkvlevris SesaZleblobas moaxdinos ganzogadeba
mTel populaciaze.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra warmoadgens miRebuli pasuxebis misaRebi
raodenobis maCvenebels advilad ver gadawydeba, vinaidan mecnierebi
ver Tanxmdebian miRebuli pasixebis raodenobis maCveneblis minimalur
standartze. magaliTad, gamokiTxva, romelic Catarda kontraqtiT
federalur mTavrobasTan, mosalodnelia, rom mogvcems 75%-ze maRal
miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maCvenebels. magram maSin, rodesac aka
demiuri gamokiTxvis organizaciebi aseT dones, Cveulebriv, martivad
aRweven, ufro ucnobi organizaciebisaTvis xSirad es SeuZlebelia.
dabolos, aSkarad dadasturebulia, rom werilobiTi gamokiTx
vebis miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli umjobesdeba gan
grZobiTobis meTodebis gazrdili standartizaciiT.12
namdvilad, ukanasknel wlebSi gamokiTxva farTod gamoyenebadi
instrumenti gaxda ara mxolod kvleviTi da marketinguli orga
nizaciebisaTvis, aramed saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi
sTvisac.
zogierTi moqalaqe, marTalia, emorCileba kvlevis miznebs da
loialuria mainc cdilobs gadawyvitos, mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli kiTxvarebidan romeli da ramdeni imsaxurebs pasuxis gacemas.
satiruli kiTxvari, romelic mocemulia 10.1 danarTSi, imis erTgvari
mcdelobaa, rom interviueri am problemisadmi sensitiuri gaxados.
personaluri interviu
personaluri interviu aris pirispir, interpersonaluri roluri
situacia, sadac interviueri respondents usvams kiTxvebs, romlebic
isea Sedgenili, rom mogvces pasuxebi kvlevis hipoTezasTan dakav
SirebiT. kiTxvebi, maTi formulireba da Tanmimdevroba gansazRvravs
intervius struqturas.
11. Ibid., pp. 355-356.

12. Nederhof, “ Effects,” p.356.
246
332
danarTi 10.1
kiTxvari interviuerisaTvis
Zvirfaso interviuero,
Tqven ueWvelad iciT, rom kiTxvarebis raodenoba Zalian izrdeba, maSin,

rodesac samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba igive rCeba. imisaTvis, rom es problema ga
davWraT, saWirod mimaCnia SevzRudo Cemi pasuxebi kiTxvarebze im interviuere
bze adre, romlebic pirvelad asruleben sakuTar bona fide-s Semdegi kiTxvaris
SevsebiT:
1. ramden kiTxvars avrcelebT yovelwliurad? ____
2. ramden kiTxvars iRebT yovelwliurad? ____
3. miRebuli kiTxvarebis ra nawils pasuxobT? ____
4. Tqven mier gavrcelebuli kiTxvarebis ra nawils pasuxoben? ____
5. xom ar fiqrobT, rom Sefardeba 3:4 ufro didi iqneba, vidre 1,
ufro naklebi, vidre 1, an eqneba nebismieri sxva mniSvneloba?
(pasuxi axseniT). ____
6. Tqveni droisa da Zalisxmevis ra nawils uTmobT:
a) kiTxvaris Sedgenas? ____
b) kiTxvarze pasuxebis gacemas? ____
g) Tqvens kiTxvarze pasuxebis Semowmebas? ____
d) sxva adamianebis kiTxvarebze pasuxebis Semowmebas? ____
e) kiTxvarebidan daskvnebis gamotanas? ____
v) sxva aqtivobebs? ____
(a+b+g+d+e+v unda Seadgendes 100%-s. Tu es ase araa, axseniT).
7. miiCnevT Tu ara, rom Sefardeba (a+b+g+d+e) / v:
a) Zalian pataraa;
b) Zalian didia;
g) sxva (moniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi).
8. gagivrcelebiaT Tu ara odesme kiTxvari eqskluziurad im adamianebSi,
romlebic TviTon avrceleben kiTxvarebs? ____
9. eliT Tu ara pasuxebs im adamianebisagan, romlebic TviTonve avrcele
ben kiTxvarebs kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb? ____
10. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom mniSvnelovani iqneba kiTxvaris gavrceleba,
kiTxvarze pasuxebis Sesaxeb im individebSi, vinc iRebs kiTxvarebs kiTxvarebis
gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT?
diax ____
ara ____ (moniSneT erTi pasuxi)
sxva _ axseniT.
am kiTxvarze pasuxebi xelmowerili unda iyos. rogorc TviTonve mixvde

bodiT, isini gamousadegaria da arc statistikuri daniSnulebiT iqneba gamo
yenebuli.
247
personaluri intervius yvelaze naklebad moqnili formaa struq

turirebuli interviu. struqturirebul interviuSi kiTxvebis ra
odenoba da maTi formulireba erTa da igivea yvela respondenti
saTvis. amdenad, interviuerebma ar unda gadaakeTon kiTxvebi da ar
ganumarton isini respondents, Tu igi dazustebas moiTxovs. struq
turirebul interviuSi kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba erTi da igive unda
iyos yvela interviuSi. struqturirebuli interviu aerTianebs am or
elements.
mkvlevrebi struqturirebul intervius iyeneben imisaTvis, raTa
darwmundnen, rom nebismieri variacia pasuxebSi respondentebs Soris
realur gansxvavebas miewereba da ara TviTon intervius variacias.
mkvlevari cdilobs Seamciros riski, rom, magaliTad, kiTxvebis for
mulirebaSi cvlilebebma gamoiwvios gansxvavebas pasuxebSi. struq
turirebuli interviu sam mTavar daSvebas emyareba:
1. kvlevis nebismieri miznis SemTxvevaSi `respondentebs aqvT

sakmarisad msgavsi leqsikoni, saimisod, rom SesaZlebeli iyos
iseTi kiTxvebis formulireba, romelTac erTi da igive mniS
vnloba eqneba yoveli maTganisaTvis.~13
2. SesaZlebelia yvela kiTxvis ise dasma, rom igi Tanabrad mniS
vnelovani iyos yvela respondentisaTvis.
3. Tu `TiToeuli kiTxvis mniSvneloba identuri unda iyos Ti
Toeuli respondentisaTvis, misi konteqstic identuri unda
iyos da, amdenad, yoveli kiTxva konteqstis nawili unda iyos,
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobac identuri unda iyos~.14
personaluri intervius meore ZiriTadi formaa arastruqturireb
uli, anu fokusirebuli interviu. am formas oTxi Tavisebureba aqvs:15
1. mas mimarTaven gansakuTrebuli gamocdilebis mqone respon

dentebTan.
13. Stephen Richardson, Barbara S. Dohrenwend, and David Klein, Interviewing: Its Forms and Functions ( New
York: Basic Books, 1965), p.40.
14. Ibid., p.43
15. Robert K.Merton and Patricia L.Kendal, “ The Focused Interview,” American Journal of Sociology, 51 (
1946): 541-557.
248
334
2. igi exeba iseT situaciebs, romlebic gaanalizebulia inter

viumde.
3. igi mimdinareobs intervius gegmis safuZvelze, romelic exeba
Temebs.
4. igi fokusirebulia subieqtis im situaciebTan dakavSirebul ga
mocdilebaze, romlebic kvlevis sagania.
miuxedavad imisa, rom respondentisa da interviueris Sexvedra

struqturirebulia da ganmartebulia kvlevis mTavari aspeqtebi,
respondentebs aZleven mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas, TviTon ganmar
ton situacia. magaliTad, steisi olikerma Tavis kvlevaSi, romelic
qalebis saukeTeso megobrebsa da qorwinebas exeboda, gamoiyena
fokusirebuli interviu, romelic `sakmarisad moqnili, iyo saimisod,
rom mihyoloda moulodnelobebs da sakmarisad standartizebuli,
raTa aReniSna Zlieri paternebi~.16 fokusirebuli interviu saSu
alebas aZlevs mkvlevars moipovos detaluri informacia pirovnuli
reaqciebis, specifikuri emociebisa da msgavsi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.
interviueri, romelsac Seswavlili aqvs situacia, fxizlad aris da
mgrZnobiarea Seusabamobebis mimarT, rac saWiroa problemis cxadad
warmosaCenad.
personaluri intervius yvelaze moqnili formaa arastruqturi
rebuli, anu aradireqtiuli interviu. aq mkvlevari ar iyenebs sqemas,
respondentisaTvis winaswar gansazRvruli kiTxvebis dasasmelad,
arc dadgenili mimdevrobiT svams kiTxvebs. interviueris mxridan
mcire direqtivis Semdeg, an saerTod, amis gareSec, respondentebi
midrekilni arian erTmaneTTan daakavSiron TavianTi sxvadasxva ga
mocdileba, aRweron, ra movlenebia maTTvis mniSvnelovani, mogvcen
situaciis Taviseburi ganmarteba, gamoavlinon sakuTari mosazrebebi
da attitudebi. interviuers didi Tavisufleba aqvs miniWebuli _ mas
SeuZlia CaeZios nebismier sakiTxSi da wamoWras sxvadasxva, axal-axali
sakiTxebi intervius procesSi. eleonor mileris kvleva quCis meZav qa
lebze aseT aradireqtiul interviuebs emyareboda:17
samocdaaTi qali damTanxmda intervius Caweraze, romlis

ganmavlobaSic isini miziarebdnen sakuTari cxovrebis de
16. Stacey J.Oliker, Best Friends and Marriage ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p.xvi.
17. Eleanor M. Miller, Street Woman ( Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1986).
249
danarTi 10.2
interviueris ganmarteba respondentisaTvis: Cven dainterese

bulni varT mozardebis problemebiT maT mSoblebTan; ��
Cven unda vi
codeT, ramden mozards aqvs konfliqti mSoblebTan da ra saxisaa es
konfliqtebi. Cven gvaqvs SesaZlo konfliqtebis CamonaTvali. ifiqreT
Tqven irgvliv situaciis Sesaxeb da aRniSneT, ra saxis konfliqti gqo
niaT da daaxloebiT ra sixSiriT hqonda amas adgili. niSani dasviT yo
vel svetSi. Tu
��
Tqven arasodes gqoniaT amgvari konfliqti, niSani das
viT pirvel svetSi, sadac weria àrasodes~.
(mieciT respondents pirveli baraTi, romelic exeba konfliqts
avtomobilis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT da romelSic naTqvamia, `Tu
Tqven ar gesmiT raime aq CamoTvlilTagan an raime sxva gaqvT saTqmeli
imis Sesaxeb, rogor ar eTanxmebiT Tqvens mSoblebs avtomobilTan daka
vSirebul sakiTxebSi, miTxariT amis Sesaxeb da Cven amaze visaubrebT~).
erTze
mxolod ufro
avtomobili arasdros erTxel metjer mravaljer
1. manqanis marTvis
Seswavlis survili
2. marTvis mowmobis aReba
3. ojaxis manqaniT
sargeblobis survili
4. misi xSirad gamoyeneba
5. manqanis gasufTavebaze
zrunva
6. manqanis SekeTeba
7. sxvisi manqanis tareba
8. sakuTari manqanis yolis
survili
9. rogor atarebT sakuTar
manqanas
10. sxva
(rodesac respondenti daasrulebs striqonebs, mieciT mas meore

baraTi, sadac naTqvamia: àq CamoTvlilia konfliqtis saxeebi (tipebi),
romelic SeiZleba mozardebs hqondeT mSoblebTan Tavisive sqesis me
gobrebis gamo. aqac imave principiT ixelmZRvaneleT, riTac wina bara
Tis Sevsebisas~.)
250
336
talebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda am qalebis ini

ciacias quCis meZavobaSi da maTi, rogorc quCis meZavebis
`karieris~ ganviTarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul
interviuSi erTi da igive zogad Temebs vexebodiT, droTa
ganmavlobaSi mravali kiTxva icvleboda. kvlav da kvlav
vusmendiT sawyisi interviuebis Canawerebs maTi Caweris Sem
deg. am mosmenebis dros wamoiWra sacdeli hipoTezebi da
moulodneli qcevebis kategoriebi; Semdeg interviuebze
me warmogidgenT kiTxvebs, romlebic Seamowmebs am sacdel
hipoTezebs.18
danarTi 10.3
instruqcia interviuerisaTvis: Tqveni amocanaa aRmoaCinoT kon

fliqtis specifikuri tipebi da daZabuloba bavSvsa da mSobels So
ris, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia. rac ufro konkretuli da detaluri
iqneba konfliqtis TiToeuli tipis angariSi, miT ukeTesia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom arsebobs SesaZlo konfliqtis oTxi sfero, romlis gamokv
levac gvsurs (CamoTvlilia mesame kiTxvaSi), Tqven ar unda axsenoT
nebismieri es sfero, sanam ar dasvamT pirvel or kiTxvas aRniSnuli
TanmimdevrobiT. pirveli kiTxva saWiroebs aradireqtiul midgomas;
es gaZlevT dros, rom daamyaroT raporti respondentTan.
1. ra saxis problemebi aqvT mozardebs mSoblebTan? (SesaZlo CaZieba:

yovelTvis eTanxmebian Tu ara isini sakuTar mSoblebs? hyavs Tu
ara romelime Tqvens megobars `problemuri mSoblebi?~)
2. ra saxis uTanxmoeba gaqvT Tqvens mSoblebTan? (SesaZlo CaZieba:
giqmnian Tu ara isini raime problemas? rogor cdiloben isini
Tqvens SezRudvas? moswonT Tu ara igive rameebi, rac Tqven?)
3. gqoniaT Tu ara uTanxmoeba romelime mSobelTan:
a) ojaxis manqanis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT?
b) Tqvenive sqesis megobrebis gamo?
g) paemnebis gamo?
d) mowevis gamo?
10.2, 10.3 da 10.4 danarTebi warmogvidgens gansxvavebas am sami ti
18. Ibid., p.26.
251
pis intervius Taviseburebebs Soris. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa da

imave sakvlev problemas exeba. kvlevis daniSnulebaa mSoblebsa da
mozardebs Soris konfliqtis tipebis aRmoCena da am konfliqtebsa da
axalgazrdebSi danaSauls Soris mimarTebis dadgena. interviuerebi
miuCines bavSvebis or jgufs. erTi Sedgeboda mozardebisagan, visac
danaSauli ar Caudenia, xolo meore _ bavSvebisgan, romelTa Sesaxeb
cnobili iyo, rom ramdenime danaSauli hqondaT Cadenili.
danarTi 10.4
instruqcia interviuerisaTvis: aRmoaCineT, ra tipis konfliq-

tebi aqvT mozardebs mSoblebTan. konfliqti unda moicavdes uTanx
moebas; daZabulobas warsulis, awmyos an potenciuri uTanxmoebis
gamo; aSkara argumentebs; fizikur konfliqtebs. fxizlad iyaviT,
ramdenadac konfliqtisa da daZabulobis aseTi mravalferovnebis Se
saZlebloba arsebobs.
rogorc es danarTebidanac Cans, interviu SesaZlebelia iyos sru

liad struqturirebuli an arastruqturirebuli. garda amisa, inter
viu, kvlevis daniSnulebis Sesabamisad SesaZlebelia aerTianebdes
struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli intervius elementebs.
magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba iyenebdes struqturirebul inter
vius kiTxvebis udidesi nawulisTvis, magram eyrdnobodes arastruq
turirebuli intervius formats iseTi kiTxvebis dasmisas, romlebic
gansakuTrebiT sensitiuria.
personalur da werilobiTi interviuTa Sedareba

personaluri intervius upiratesoba
1. moqniloba. interviu iZleva maRali moqnilobis saSualebas

gamokiTxvis procesSi da rac ufro metia moqniloba, miT ufro nakleb
struqturirebulia interviu. zogierTi interviu saSualebas aZlevs
interviuers gansazRvros kiTxvebis formulireba, daazustos bun
dovani terminebi, akontrolos kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba da CaeZios
respodents damatebiTi detaluri informaciis mosapoveblad.
252
338
2. intervius situaciis kontroli. intervius erT-erTi mTa

vari Rirseba aris is, rom igi mkvlevars aZlevs intervius situaciaze
kontrolis SesaZleblobas. interviuers SeuZlia darwmunebuli iyos,
rom respondentebi kiTxvebs Sesabamisi TanmimdevrobiT pasuxoben da
pasuxoben manam, sanam maT momdevno kiTxvas dausvamen. garda amisa, in
tervius situaciaSi mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT garemos ise standartizeba,
rom darwmunebuli iyvnen _ interviu privatul garemoSi tardeba. am
denad, respondentebs ar aqvT pasuxebis gacemamde konsultaciis Ses
aZlebloba. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom CaviweroT intervius zusti dro
da adgili. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars ufro zustad moaxdinos
pasuxebis interpretireba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Seqmnili vi
Tareba SesaZloa gavlenas axdendes respondentis pasuxebze.19
3. miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maRali maCvenebeli person
aluri interviu Sedegad gvaZlevs miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis
maRal maCvenebels, bevrad ufro maRals, vidre werilobiTi gamokiTx
va. respondentebi, romlebic ar iwuxeben Tavs upasuxon fostiT miRe
buli kiTxvars, xSirad Tanxmdebian Txovnas personaluri intervius
Sesaxeb. es aseve exeba im adamianebsac, visac werasTan an kiTxvasTan da
kavSirebuli problemebi aqvs an kargad ar flobs enas.
4. damatebiTi informaciis moZieba. interviuers SeuZlia res
pondentebis Sesaxeb Seagrovos damatebiTi informacia, magaliTad,
iseTi beqgraund informacia, rac respondentis pirovnuli maxasi
aTeblebi da maTi garemo, romelic SesaZloa daexmaros mkvlevars pa
suxebis interpretirebaSi. garda amisa, intervius situacia xSirad
gvaZlevs spontanur reaqciebs, romlis Cawerac xelewifeba intervi
uers da romelic SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes monacemTa analizis
safexurze.
personaluri intervius nakli

1. maRali danaxarji. im kvlevebis Rirebuleba, romelic per
sonalur intervius eyrdnoba, ufro maRalia, vidre werilobiTi gamo
kiTxvebisa. danaxarjSi Sedis interviuerebis SerCevis, momzadebisa
da zedamxedvelobisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi; maTi xelfasi; mgzavrobis
xarjebi; dro, romelic intervius Catarebas sWirdeba. garda amisa, gan
sakuTrebiT didia arastruqturirebuli intervius warmarTvisTvis
saWiro informaciis Cawerisa da damuSavebis xarjebi.
2. interviueris mikerZoebuloba. moqniloba, romelic person
19. Bailey , Methods of Social Research, p. 174.
253
personaluri intervius upiratesoba da nakli
upiratesoba
• moqniloba gamokiTxvis procesSi. interviuebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes maRalstruqturirebulidan arastruqturi
rebulamde. es damokidebulia sakvlev problemaze. foku
sirebul da aradireqtiul interviuebSi interviuers SeuZlia
daazustos kiTxvebi da CaeZios respodents damatebiTi in
formaciis mosapoveblad.
• intervius situaciis kontroli. interviuerebi sazRvraven,
vin pasuxobs kiTxvebs, sad tardeba interviu da ra
TanmimdevrobiT ismeba kiTxvebi.
• miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maRali maCvenebeli
• ufro sruli informacia. interviuerebs SeuZliaT Seagrovon
damatebiTi informacia respondentebisagan, maT Soris beq
graund informacia da Caiweron spontanuri reaqciebi.
nakli
• maRali danaxarji. interviuebi SeiZleba Zviri iyos Casata
reblad, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac respondentebi farTo
geografiul arealSi arian gafantulni.
• interviueris mikerZoebuloba. interviuerebis Sinagani Ta
viseburebebi da maTi meTodebis gansxvavebuloba SeiZleba
gavlenas axdendes respondentTa pasuxebze.
• anonimurobis nakleboba. interviueris daswreba SeiZleba
safrTxes warmoadgendes respondentisaTvis da laxavdes mis
intimur grZnobebs.
aluri intervius mTavari Rirsebaa, amavdroulad SeiZleba iwvevdes in

terviueris pirovnul gavlenasa da mikerZoebulobas. standartizaci
is nakleboba monacemTa Segrovebis procesSi interviuerebis process
uqmnis interviueris mxridan mikerZoebis safrTxes. miuxedavad imisa,
rom interviuerebs aswavlian, rogor SeinarCunon obieqturoba da Tavi
aaridon pirovnuli Sexedulebebis deklarirebas, isini mainc xSirad
axdenen gavlenas respondentebis pasuxebze.20 maSinac ki, roca intervi
20. John B. Williamson, David A.Konk, and John R.Dalphin, The Research Craft ( Boston: Little, Brown,
1977).
254
340
ueri Tavs aridebs verbalur miniSnebebs, man SeiZleba ver gaakontro

los araverbaluri komunikacia. zogjer interviueris rasa da sqesic
(agreTve, erovneba da religiuri kuTvnileba. red.SeniSvna) ki axdens
gavlenas respondentze, romelmac SesaZloa socialurad sasurveli,
magram potenciurad SecdomaSi Semyvani pasuxebi mogvces, ramdenadac
cdilobs asiamovnos interviuers.
3. anonimurobis nakleboba. interviu moklebulia werilobiTi
gamokiTxvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel anonimurobas. xSirad interviueri
icnobs yvela respondents an maT umravlesobas (sul mcire icis maTi
saxelebi, misamarTebi da telefonis nomrebi). amdenad, respondentebi
SesaZloa Tvlidnen, rom maT safrTxe emuqrebaT interviueris mxridan,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca respondenti sensitiuria Temis an zogierTi
SekiTxvis mimarT.
interviuirebis principebi
axla davubrundeT interviuirebis principebisa da procedurebis
detalur ganxilvas. pirveli nabiji interviuirebis procesSi aris re
spondentis waqezeba TanamSromlobisaken da sasurveli informaciis
miRebis uzrunvelyofa. respondentebisaTvis TanamSromlobis moti
vis gaCenaSi sami faqtori gvexmareba:21
1. respondentebi unda grZnobdnen, rom maTi urTierToba in-
terviuerTan sasiamovno da damakmayofilebeli iqneba. responden
tebSi im gancdis aRZvra, rom saubari advili iqneba, maT gaugeben _
interviuerzea damokidebuli.
2. respondentebi unda xedavdnen, rom kvleva Rirebulia. re
spondentebi ara marto imas unda grZnobdnen, rom sargebels miiReben
kvlevisagan, aramed imasac, rom kvleva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs exeba da
maTi TanamSromloba Rirebulia. interviuerebma unda daaintereson
respondentebi kvlevis mniSvnelobisa da im wvlilis xazgasmiT, rom
lis Setanac SeuZliaT respondentebs kvlevaSi TanamSromlobiT.
3. unda gadailaxos intervius mimarT respondentTa gonebaSi
arsebuli barierebi. interviuerebma unda Seasworon araswori cnebe
bi. zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba eWviT uyurebdes interviuerebs,
ganixilavdes maT gayidvebis an saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebad. inter
viuerebma megobrulad unda auxsnan maT kvlevis daniSnuleba, respon
dentTa SerCevis meTodebi da intervius konfidencialuri buneba.
21. Survey Research Center, Interviewer’s Manual ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, University
of Michigan, 1976), p. 3-1.
255
miCiganis sociologiuri kvlevebis institutis sauniversiteto

gamokiTxvis centri gvaZlevs ramdenime sasargeblo miTiTebas, rogor
unda warudginon interviuerebma Tavi respondentebs:22
1. uTxariT respondentebs vin xarT da vis warmoadgenT.

2. uTxariT respondentebs ras akeTebT, ise, rom isini daainteresoT.
3. uTxariT respondents, rogor iqna igi SerCeuli.
4. Tqveni midgoma moargeT situacias.
5. SeecadeT, rom Tqvensa da respondents Soris damyardes kon
fidencialuri da megobruli urTierToba.
sawyisi wardgenis Semdeg interviueri mzadaa daiwyos interviu. ar

sebobs ramdenime specifikuri meTodi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeuZlia
interviuers am procesSi:23
1. kiTxvars unda mivyveT, magram misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba ara-
formalurad.
2. interviu unda Catardes araformalur, sasiamovno atmos-
feroSi da Tanac interviuerma ar unda dauSvas iseTi STabeWdile-
bis Seqmna, rom is, rac xdeba, araseriozulia.
3. kiTxvebi unda daisvas ise, rogorc aris formulirebuli
kiTxvarSi. amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, kiTxvebSi umniS
vnelo cvlilebamac ki, SeiZleba Secvalos pasuxebi. sxvadasxva kvleva
aCvenebs, rom patara uyuradReboba da formulirebaSi cvlilebac ga
moiwvevs gadaxras SedegebSi.
4. waikiTxeT TiToeuli kiTxva nela. kvlevebma gamoavlina kiTx
vis idealuri tempi, esaa ori sityva wamSi. neli tempi exmareba inter
viuerebs, ufro zustad gadmoscen kiTxvebi da aZlevs respondentebs,
dros kiTxvis gasagebad da pasuxis formulirebisTvis.
5. kiTxvebi imave wesiT unda iyos dasmuli, rogorc es kiTxvar-
Sia. mkvlevrebs dagegmili aqvT kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba, raTa uzrun
velyon uwyvetoba da darwmundnen, rom respondentebis pasuxebze ga
vlenas ver moaxdens wina kiTxvebze maT mier gacemuli pasuxebi, an, rom
yvela respondenti erTi da imave gavlenis qveS imyofeba.
6. dasviT yvela kiTxva, romelic gawerilia kiTxvarSi. zogjer
respondentebi iqamde iZlevian pasuxebs, sanam maT kiTxvebs dausvamen.
22. Ibid. ( edited slightly) .

23. Survey Research Center, Interviewer’s Manual, rev. ed. ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research,
University of Michigan, 1976), pp.11-13 (edited slightly).
256
342
rodesac es ase xdeba, interviuerma mainc unda dasvas kiTxva Sesabamis

dros, roca icis respondentis wina pasuxi. magaliTad, `me vici, rom
Tqven ukve upasuxeT am kiTxvas, magram . . . `
7. mcdarad interpretirebuli da mcdarad gagebuli kiTxvebi
unda gameordes da dazustdes. xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebs ar
aqvT kiTxvis gagebisa da interpretirebis problema. Tumca, zogierT
adamians meti dro sWirdeba, sanam upasuxebs konkretul kiTxvas. ma
gram respondentebs, romelTac problemebi aqvT enasTan an smenasTan
dakavSirebiT, garkveuli sirTuleebi SeeqmnebaT kiTxvis gagebisas. am
dros interviuerma unda gaimeoros kiTxva. kiTxvis formulireba in
terviuerma mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi unda Secvalos _ Tu darwmune
bulia, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi respondenti kiTxvas SecdomiT gaigebs.
winaswari mosinjva
miCiganis gamokiTxvis centris universitetis interviuerTa sa
xelmZRvaneloSi winaswari mosinjva ganmartebulia, rogorc:
meTodi, romelsac interviueri iyenebs, raTa moaxdinos dis

kusiis stimulireba da miiRos ufro meti informacia. das
mulia kiTxva da mocemulia pasuxi. mravali mizezis gamo,
pasuxi SeiZleba araadekvaturi iyos da interviuerisagan
moiTxovdes meti informaciis moZiebas, raTa daakmayofi-
los gamokiTxvis miznebi. winaswari mosinjva am damatebiTi
informaciis mopovebis aqtivobaa.24
winaswar mosinjvas ori mTavari funqcia aqvs: igi zrdis responden

tis motivacias iTanamSromlos, daazustos pasuxebi, axsnas is mizeze
bi, romlebic am pasuxebis ukan dgas da gvexmareba fokusireba movaxdi
noT intervius konkretul Temaze sasaubrod.
zogadad, rac ufro naklebadaa struqturirebuli interviu, miT
ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba winaswari mosinjva, rogorc instrumenti
damatebiTi informaciis mosaZieblad.
Semdeg nawyvetSi Cans, rogor sinjavs winaswar interviueri respon
dents, raTa miiRos damatebiTi informacia `respondentis sityebis
gameorebiT ise, rom pirdapir kiTxvas ar svams.~25
24. Survey Research Center, Interviewer’s Manual ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, University
of Michigan, 1976), p. 5-1
25. Raymond L.Gorden, Interviewing : Strategy, Techniques, and Tactics, 3d ed. ( Homewood, II.: Dorsey:
1980), p.436
257
respondenti: mTavari mizezi, ratomac movedi antioqis

kolejSi, aris maRali akademiuri standartebisa da samuSao
programis erToblioba. aman Zalian mimizida.
interviueri: aman Zalian migizidaT?
respondenti: diax, asea.
interviueri: SegiZliaT ufro zustad miTxraT, ratom migi
zidaT aman?
respondenti: ar vici, ubralod es iyo is adgili, romelic
naklebad mkacri da naklebad moZvelebuli meTodebis mqone
Canda, sxva im adgilebTan SedarebiT, romelTac aseTive kar
gi akademiuri programa hqondaT.
interviueri: Tqven ar mogwonT saswavleblebi, romlebic
mkacri da moZvelebuli Sexedulebebis mqonea?
respondenti: Tqven es SegiZliaT kvlav TqvaT. mravali sas
wavlebeli xarjavs umetes dros imis mcdelobaSi, rom Sei
muSaos studentebis kontrolis gzebi, miiCneven ra, rom
studentebi saerTod moklebulni arian TviTkontrolis
unars. . . .
interviueri: ratom ggoniaT, rom antioqi naklebad kontro
lirebuli adgilia?
respondenti: nu, es ganaTlebis filosofiis nawilia . . . .
interviueri: neba momeciT Sevamowmo, ramdenad gavige mTe
li suraTi: Tqven mogwonT skola, romelic flobs maRal
akademiur standartebs, magram, amasTan erTad, ar iyenebs
moZvelebul midgomebsa da meTodebs da miiCnevs, rom kole
jis studentebs Tavadac SeuZliaT TviTkontroli. . . .
respondenti: swored asea.
satelefono interviu
satelefono interviu, anu satelefono gamokiTxva, SeiZleba daxa
siaTdes rogorc naxevrad personaluri meTodi informaciis mosaZie
blad. arc ise didi xnis win, socialuri mecnierebis mkvlevrebi satele
fono gamokiTxvas skepticizmiT, undoblobiT ekidebodnen. zogierTi
saxelmZRvanelo mouwodebda mkiTxvels, Tavi aeridebina satelefono
gamokiTxvisTvis.26 telefonis gamoyenebis SezRudvis mTavari mizezi
interviuirebisaTvis iyo imis maRali albaToba, rom adgili eqneboda
26. William R.Klecka and Alfred J.Tuchfarber, “Random Digit Dialing: A Comparison to Personal Survey, “
Public Opinion Quarterly, 42 (1978): 105-114. Many details of our discussion derive from this source.
258
344
SerCevis seriozul gadaxras da tendenciurobas. rodesac populaciis

mniSvnelovan nawils xeli ar miuwvdeboda telefonze, SerCeva, savara
udod, warmoadgenda im individebs, romelnic SeZlebulad cxovrobdnen
da hqondaT telefoni. mogvianebiT satelefono gamokiTxvam, rogorc
monacemTa Segrovebis legitimurma meTodma socialur mecnierebebSi,
sayovelTao aRiareba moipova.
mTavari argumenti, romelic dResdReobiT satelefono gamokiTx
vebis sasargeblod metyvelebs, aris is, rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT xma
miawvdinon populaciis cxra meaTedze mets. 1958 wels, SeerTebuli
Statebis ojaxebis mxolod 72,5 procents hqonda telefoni. 1980-iani
wlebis bolosaTvis es maCvenebeli 98 procents miuaxlovda. amas gar
da, finansurma wnexma satelefono gamokiTxva ufro mimzidveli gaxada.
mzardma xelfasebma da usazRvrod gazrdilma xarjebma personaluri
interviu Zalian Zvir siamovnebad aqcia. amasTan SedarebiT, telefoni
ufro mosaxerxebelia da gvaZlevs danaxarjis Semcirebis saSualebas.
garda amisa, satelefono interviu Sedegad gvaZlevs mirebuli pa
suxebis raodenobis ufro maRal maCvenebels, vidre personaluri in
terviu. zogierTi metropoliis teritoriaze adamianebi sakmaod frTx
ilad ekidebian ucxo adamianisaTvis karis gaRebas. respondentebis
saxlSi daWera aseve rTuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac daojaxebuli qalebi
sul ufro metad gaxdnen dasaqmebulni.
teqnologiurma cvlilebebma da satelefono mowyobilobebis gan
viTarebam satelefono interviuireba ufro metad gaaadvila. SesaZ
lebeli gaxda telefonis nomrebis randomuli SerCevis Sedgena proce
sis saSualebiT, romelsac randomul nomrebze darekva (RDD) ewodeba.
am meTodis gamoyenebiT mkvlevari Tavdapirvelad avlens yvela mo
muSave satelefono sadgurs moniSnul geografiul teritoriaze. Sem
deg igi qmnis potenciur telefonis nomers sadguris randomuli Ser
CeviT da Semdeg krefs SemTxveviT ricxvebs 0001-sa da 9999-s Soris.
is nomrebi, romelTac aravin flobs an ar muSaobs, gamoiricxeba in
terviuirebis procesSi. kompiuterebis meSveobiT randomul nomrebze
darekva ufro swrafi da martivi gaxada, ramdenadac isini SeiZleba ise
iyos daprogramebuli, rom SemTxveviTad arCevdnen sadgursac da sab
oloo cifrebsac, rekavdnen nomerze da Semdeg Slidnen am nomers moma
vali SerCevisaTvis, raTa ganmeorebiT ar dairekos am respondentTan;
Slian im nomrebsac, romelsac aravin flobs an ar muSaobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom satelefono gamokiTxvas aSkara upiratesoba
aqvs dabali danaxarjisa da siswrafis gamo, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas,
aris Tu ara satelefono gamokiTxva personaluri intervius kargi al
259
ternativa. pirvel eqsperimentSi, romelic amis Sesamowmeblad daigeg

ma, uiliam klekam da alfred taCfarberma moaxdines farTomasStabiani
personaluri gamokiTxvis replikacia RDD satelefono gamokiTxviT.27
personaluri gamokiTxva danaSaulis msxverplTan dakavSirebiT 1974
wels Caatara SeerTebuli Statebis aRweris biurom. klekam da taCfar
berma erTmaneTs Seadares ori SerCeva danaSaulis msxverplTa demo
grafiuli maxasiaTeblebis gazomvasa da attitudebze danaSaulisa da
policiis mimarT.28
Sedegebi erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo, rac imas niSnavda, rom randomul
nomrebze darekva personaluri intervius zusti da efeqturi alter
nativaa. ufro gviandelma kvlevebma, romlebic adarebda erTsa da imave
kiTxvebze pasuxebs werilobiT, satelefono da personalur intervi
uebSi, aseve mcire gansxvavebebi aRmoaCina maT validobaSi.
am fardobiT sizustesTan erTad, satelefono gamokiTxva zrdis
monacemTa xarisxs. umetes SemTxvevaSi satelefono interviuerebi
muSaoben centraluri ofisebidan, supervizorebs SeuZliaT maTi ga
kontroleba.
es iZleva sababs darwmunebulni viyoT, rom interviuerebi sworad
svamen SekiTxvebs da rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT problemebis dauyovne
bliv gamovlena da Seworebebis Setana.
ukanaskneli periodis erT-erTi winsvla satelefono gamokiTxvaSi
aris kompiuterizebuli kiTxvarebis gamoyeneba. kompiuterizebul
satelefono gamokiTxvaSi (CATI) interviueri zis kompiuterul ter
minalTan da rogorc ki kiTxva Cndeba ekranze, svams mas telefonSi.
interviueri iwers respondentTa pasuxebs da axdens maT kodirebas
pirdapir diskze, Semdeg ki ekranze Cndeba axali kiTxva.
CATI-s upiratesobebs Sorisaa siswrafe da kompleqsuri in
struqciebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, karg CATI-s sistemebSi, kodirebi
sas SeuZlebelia araswori maCveneblebis Setana. ekrani miuTiTebs maT
swor pasuxze. Tumca, CATI ver gamodgeba Ria tipis kiTxvebisaTvis.29
Tumca, yuradRebis miRma ver davtovebT satelefono gamokiTxvebis
sust mxareebs. satelefono gamokiTxvam Seqmna pasuxis gaucemlobis
axali tipi _ `Sewyvetili~ interviu. zarebis daaxloebiT 4%-is Sem
TxvevaSi respondentebi manam asruleben intervius, sanam is bolomde
27. Ibid.
28. Seymour Sudman and Norman M.Bradburn, Asking Questions ( San Francisco : Jossey-Bass, 1982).
29. Ibid.
260
346
satelefono gamokiTxvis upiratesoba da nakli
upiratesoba
• saSualo danaxarji.
• siswrafe. satelefono interviuerebs SeuZliaT respon
dentebis did raodenobas miawvdinon xma mokle droSi. in
terviuerebs SeuZliaT pirdapir kompiuterSi moaxdinon pa
suxebis kodireba, romelic mogvianebiT Seadgens monacemebs.
• miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maRali maCvenebeli.
satelefono interviuebi xelmisawvdoms xdis adamianebs,
romelnic, savaraudoa, rom uars ganacxadebdnen werilobiT
gamokiTxvaSi an personalur interviuSi monawileobaze.
• xarisxi. rodesac interviuerebi centralur ofisSi arian
ganlagebuli da supervizorebs SeuZliaT darwmunebulni
iyvnen, rom kiTxvebi sworad ismeba da pasuxebis Cawerac sworad
xdeba, es iZleva maRali xarisxis monacemebis Segrovebis
saSualebas.
nakli
• sensitiuri Temebis ganxilvis SezRudva. respondentebi
SeiZleba uars acxadebdnen zogierTi sakiTxis satelefono
ganxilvaze.
• `Sewyvetili~ interviu. respondentma SeiZleba manam
daasrulos gamokiTxva, sanam igi bolomde miva.
• naklebi informacia. interviuerebs ar SeuZliaT damatebiTi
informaciis miReba respondentebis maxasiaTeblebisa da maTi
garemos Sesaxeb.
miva, rac iSviaTad xdeba personaluri intervius dros.30 amas garda,

satelefono interviuebi ufro mcire informacias gvaZlevs.
interviuerebs ar SeuZliaT detalurad aRweron respondentis
maxasiaTeblebi da misi garemo. garda amisa, satelefono gamokiTxvaSi
ufro meti respondenti ambobs, rom maT uWirT zogierTi Temis ganx
ilva, gansakuTrebiT, roca sakiTxi exeba finansur statuss, an poli
tikur attitudebs.
30. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Newsletter, 4 ( Autumn 1976).
261
rom SevajamoT, satelefono gamokiTxva SegviZlia gamoviyenoT,

rogorc personaluri intervius alternativa mxolod garkveul pi
robebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac intervius struqtura Sedare
biT martivia. Tumca, kiTxva, aris Tu ara personaluri da satelefono
interviuebi urTierTCanacvlebadi, kvlavac pasuxgaucemeli rCeba.
momavalSi gamokiTxvebis umetesoba SeiZleba mTlianad telefonis
gamoyenebiT Catardes. zogierTi kvleva SeiZleba axdendes satele
fono da personaluri interviuebis kombinirebas ise, rom maT Seavson
erTmaneTi da mogvcen sizustisa da miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis
ufro maRali maCvenebeli
gamokiTxvis sami meTodis Sedareba

imisaTvis, rom gadawyvitoT, gamokiTxvis romeli meTodia yvelaze
Sesabamisi Tqveni kvlevisaTvis, unda gansazRvroT, romeli kriteri
umia yvelaze mniSvnelovani kvlevis miznisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
gegmavT CaataroT xangrZlivi interviu generaluri erTobliobis re
sprezentatul SerCevaSi da gsurT rom akontroloT araverbaluri
qceva, amasTanave, Tu saxsrebic sakmarisad mogepovebaT, umjobesia
cxrili 10.3
gamokiTxvis sami meTodis Sefaseba
personaluri
kriteriumi interviu werili telefoni
danaxarji maRali dabali saSualo

miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli maRali dabali maRali
kontroli intervius
situaciaze maRali dabali saSualo
geografiulad gafantul
populaciaze misawvdomoba saSualo maRali saSualo
heterogenur populaciaze
misawvdomoba maRali dabali maRali
detaluri informaciis moZieba maRali saSualo saSualo
siswrafe dabali dabali maRali
262
348
personalur intervius mimarToT.31 amis sapirispirod, Tu interviu

SeiZleba iyos martivi, amasTan saxsrebi da dro SezRudulia, infor
maciis Sesagroveblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT satelefono gamokiTxva.
Tu Tqven iyenebT ufro grZel kiTxvars an iseTs, romelic intimur an
sensitiur informacias exeba, gansakuTrebiT im viTarebaSi, roca sakv
levi populacia gafantulia farTo geografiul arealSi, SesaZlebe
lia werilobiTi gamokiTxvis gamoyeneba.
10.3 cxrili warmogidgenT gamokiTxvis am sami meTodis SedarebiT
naklsa da upiratesobas.
Sejameba
gamokiTxvis meTodi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania monacemTa
Segrovebis meTodebs Soris socialur mecnierebebSi, ramdenadac igi
eqstensiurad gamoiyeneba informaciis mosaZieblad kvlevis uamrav
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. ukanasknel wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoe
ba saxelmwifosagan pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs, meti aqcenti keTdeba
gamokiTxvis instrumentebze. gamokiTxva sul ufro farTod gamoy
enebadi instrumenti xdeba sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organizaciis mier.
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis kvlevebi avlens, rom im qalaqebis 50%,
romelTa populacia 100 000-s aRemateba da is olqebi, romelTa popu
lacia 250 000-ze mets Seadgens, iyenebs gamokiTxvis zogierT formas.
izrdeba ra Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis raodenoba, meTodi sul
ufro xSirad xdeba kritikis obieqti. iseTi SeniSvnebi, rogoricaa
`sagnebis sworad aRqma socialur mecnierebebSi ar aris advili~, `po
tenciuri respondentebis SerCeva sxvadasxva procedurebis ajafsan
dalia~, da ~me ar vendobi gamokiTxvas, romlis miRebuli pasuxebis
raodenobis maCvenebeli aseTia~, arcTu iSviaTad gaismis. miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogjer aseTi SeniSvnebi samarTlianicaa xolme, xSirad isini
ar emyareba faqtebs da ubralod kritikanobaa. Tumca, ver uarvyofT,
rom saWiroa arsebobdes kriteriumebi, romlebic dagvexmareba gamok
iTxvebis gamosadegobis SefasebaSi, maTi Secdomebis gamoZiebasa da ga
kontrolebaSi, da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, am Secdomebis kompensi
rebaSi.32
31. A sample is representative if the measurements made on its units produce results equivalent to those that
would be obtained had the entire population been measured. See Chapter 8.
32. Gregory Daneke and Patricia Klobus Edwards, “Survey Research for Public Administrators,” Public Admin-
istration Review, 39 (1979) : 421-426.
263
naxevari saukunis win eduard demingma dawra statia, romelic dRes

klasikadaa miCneuli. am statias ewodeboda `Secdomebi gamokiTxveb
Si~.33 statiaSi demingi gvaZlevs potenciuri Secdomebis 13 punqtian
CamonaTvals, romelic unda gaiTvaliswinos mkvlevarma, gamokiTx
vis dagegmvisas da misi Sedegebis Sefasebisas. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi, romlebic SesaZloa gamokiTxvaSi potenciur Secdomebad
iqces, am TavSi ukve ganvixileT: interviueris mikerZoebuloba, miRe
buli pasuxebis raodenobis dabali maCvenebeli, sensitiuri kiTxvebis
dasmis sirTule.
ruben koenma sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis amerikuli asociaci
isadmi miweril werilSi Semdegi SeniSvnebi gamoTqva am potenciur Sec
domebTan dakavSirebiT:
30 wlis win me momces eduard demingis werilis asli, sadac

CamoTvlili iyo Secdomebi gamokiTxvaSi. mesiji sakmaod naTe
li iyo: axla, roca Sen ici maT Sesaxeb, nu dauSveb Secdomebs.
Cemi gamoucdelobisa da usazRvro optimizmis wyalobiT me
miviRe es gamowveva. Cemi pirveli midgoma iyo srulyofili
gamokiTxvis Catarebis mcdeloba. me jer kidev vcdilob, ma
gram ukeT minda vicode. maleve aRmovaCine merfis kanoni _
Tu SesaZlebelia, rom raime, es movlena cudad ganviTardes,
albaT asec iqneba. magram me sxva ramec aRmovaCine. droisa da
biujetis SeuzRudaobis SemTxvevaSic ki, romelTa deficit
sac yoveli Cvengani uCivis, ar arsebobs srulyofili gamok
iTxva. yovel gamokiTxvas Tavisi nakli aqvs. samyaro idealu
rad ar ergeba Cvens samuSaos. yvelaze ukeTesi, risi gakeTebac
SegviZlia, aris is, rom vifiqroT gamokiTxvis dizainis, im
plementaciis an analizis problemisadmi idealur midgome
bze, Semdeg mivuaxlovdeT ideals imdenad, ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia droisa da biujetis simwiris pirobebSi, rac
mudmivad Tan sdevs Cvens samuSaos.34
mkiTxvels, romelic SesaZloa daafrTxos zemoT wakiTxulma, Sem

deg rCevas SevTavazebT:
praqtikuli samuSao mniSvnelovanwilad imis dadgenis mcd

elobaa, ra aris nakli, sad da ramdenad SegviZlia Secdomis
33. W. Edward Deming, Some Theory of Sampling ( New York: Wiley , 1950).
34. Rauben Cohen, “ Close Enough for All Practical Purposes,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 43 (1979): 421-422.
35. Ibid., p.424
264
350
daSveba . . . igive exeba gamokiTxvasac. gamokiTxva ��

SeiZleba Ca
tardes kargad da daemorCilos idealur midgomas, maSinac
ki, Tu srulyofili ar iqneba.35
daskvna
1. am TavSi Cven ganvixileT gamokiTxva, rogorc monacemTa Seg

rovebis meTodi. aRvwereT sami meTodi: werilobiTi gamokiTxva, per
sonaluri interviu da satelefono gamokiTxva.
2. werilobiTi gamokiTxva arapersonaluri gamokiTxvis meTodia.
misi mTavari upiratesobaa dabali Rirebuleba, gadaxris Secdomis Se
darebiTi simcire, anonimuroba, misawvdomoba. misi naklia miRebuli
pasuxebis raodenobis dabali maCvenebeli, CaZiebis SesaZleblobis
ararseboba, agreTve kiTxvaris Semvsebi pirovnebis Sesabamisobaze
kontrolis nakleboba.
3. imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdnen moRebuli pasuxebis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis mopovebis sirTules werilobiT gamokiTxvaSi, mkvlevrebi
iyeneben sxvadasxva strategias, romlebic imiTaa cnobili, rom zrdis
miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobriv maCvenebels. maT Soris yvelaze efeq
turia gangrZobiTi werilebi, gamokiTxvis sponsorebis aRniSvna, kiTx
varis mimzidveloba. kiTxvaris formati da werilis gagzavnis meTodi
aseve axdens gavlenas miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis maCvenebelze.
personaluri interviu aris situacia, sadac interviueri pirispir
usvams respondents kiTxvebs, romlebic isea Sedgenili, rom miviRoT
sakvlev hipoTezasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxebi. struqturirebuli
interviu personaluri intervius yvelaze naklebad moqnili formaa.
kiTxvebi, maTi formulireba da Tan mimdevroba dadgenilia da erTi da
igivea yoveli respondentisaTvis. fokusirebuli interviu saSuale
bas iZleva gamoikveTos is Temebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakvlev
hipoTezasTan. igi aZlevs respondentebs mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas
sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvaSi.
dabolos, aradireqtiuli interviu yvelaze naklebad struqtu
rirebuli formaa, romlis drosac ar gamoiyeneba winaswar gawerili
kiTxvebi. interviuerebs aqvT Tavisufleba CaeZion respondentebs
sxvadasxva sakiTxSi da wamoWran specifikuri sakiTxebi intervius
procesSi.
5. satelefono gamokiTxvam didi aRiareba moipova, rogorc per
sonaluri intervius erTgvarma alternativam. satelefono gamokiT
xva mosaxerxebeli da efeqturia, nakleb danaxarjs moiTxovs. amas
265
garda, zogjer igi Sedegad gvaZlevs piRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis

ufro maRal maCvenebels, vidre personaluri interviu. teqnologi
uri cvlilebebi da miRwevebi satelefono mowyobilobaSi satele
fono gamokiTxvas kidev ufro amartivebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode
sac mkvlevari rekavs randomul nomrebze da mimarTavs kompiuterul
satelefono gamokiTxvas.
sakvanZo terminebi gameorebisTvis
kompiuteruli satelefono winaswari mosijnva

gamokiTxva (CATI) randomul nomrebze darekva (RDD)
fokusirebuli interviu miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis
gangrZobiToba maCvenebeli
werilobiTi gamokiTxva struqturirebuli
aradireqtiuli interviu interviu
kiTxvebi
1. aRwereT gamokiTxviT monacemTa Segrovebis ZiriTadi meTodebi.

2. ganixileT werilobiTi da satelefono gamokiTxvebis da perso
naluri intervius Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi.
3. CamoTvaleT da aRwereT interviuirebis ZiriTadi principebi.
4. gamokiTxvis ra tips gamoiyenebdiT narkotikebis momxmarebelTa
Sesaswavlad? logikurad daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
5. warmoidgineT, rom CarTuli xarT kvlevis proeqtSi _ unda gan
sazRvroT patara qalaqSi keTildReobis mimarT arsebuli at
titudebi. gegmavT werilobiTi gamokiTxvis Catarebas da Sedgenili
gaqvT SerCeva. warmoadgineT Tqven mier Seqmnili Tavfurceli.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
erl babi, `gamokiTxvis meTodebi~.

Carlz beqstromi da jerald harSi, `gamokiTxva~.
uiliam sims beinbriji, `gamokiTxva: kompiuterizebuli wardgena~.
uiliam banaka, `siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis swvleba~.
qoli, voni, later oto da kenet speneri, `respondentebis marTva:
multimeToduri midgoma~.
266
352
Carlz qeneli, mileri da oqsenbergi, ìnterviuirebis teqnikebis

kvleva~, wignSi `sociologiuri meTodologia~.
jin konversi, `gamokiTxva SeerTebul StatebSi~.
de vausi, `gamokiTxva sociologiur kvlevebSi~.
dilman doni, kristen uesti da jon klarki, `telefoniT pasuxis Txovnis
gavlena aRweriTi kiTxvaris pasuxebze~.
floid fouleri, `gamokiTxvis meTodebi~.
jeims frei, `satelefono gamokiTxva~.
reimond gordeni, ìnterviu: strategia, teqnika da taqtika~.
robert grouvsi, `satelefono gamokiTxvis Teoriebi da meTodebi~.
herbert haimani da eleonor zingeri, `sazogadoebis gazomva: gamokiTxvis
personaluri istoria~.
jolifi, `gamokiTxvis dizaini da analizi~.
qeTrin marSi, `gamokiTxvis meTodi~.
hovard Sumani da grehem kaltoni, `gamokiTxvis meTodi~.
tokeri, ìnterviueris gavlena satelefono gamokiTxvaze~.
elen uentlendi da kent smiti, `pasuxebi gamokiTxvaze: maTi validobis
Sefaseba~.
francis iamarino, stiven skineri da teri Caildersi, `werilobiTi
gamokiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis qcevis gageba: metaanalizi~.
267
XI Tavi
kiTxvaris Sedgena
kiTxva
kiTxvis Sinaarsi
faqtobrivi kiTxva
kiTxvebi subieqturi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb
kiTxvebis tipebi
daxuruli da Ria kiTxvebi
SemTxveviTi kiTxvebi
kiTxvis formati
reitingi
matriculi kiTxvari
semantikuri diferenciali
CamoTvla
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba
Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba
amobrunebuli Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba
gadaxris acileba: `maxeebi~ kiTxvaris konstruqciaSi
formulireba
pasuxTa wyeba
mimaniSnebeli kiTxvebi
muqaris Semcveli kiTxvebi
ormagi mniSvnelobis kiTxvebi
Tavfurceli
instruqciebi
kiTxvaris Sedgena: SemTxvevis Seswavla
268
354
rogor upasuxebdiT am kiTxvas: `SesaZlebelad geCvenebaT Tu Se

uZleblad nacisturi eqsperimentireba ebraelebze arasodes momx
dariyo?~ ramdenjer waikiTxavdiT am kiTxvas, sanam mas pasuxs gascem
diT? darwmunebuli xarT, rom Tqveni pasuxi namdvilad gamoxatavda
Tqvens rwmenas? Tu es kiTxva dagabnevdaT, icodeT, rom Tqven ar xarT
erTaderTi. New York Times-Si daibeWdili statiis mixedviT, am kiTx
vaze gacemulma pasuxebma, mkvlevrebi roperis polebis organizaci
idan miiyvana Semdeg daskvnamde: xuTidan erTi amerikeli fiqrobs, rom
holokosti arasdros momxdara.1
iyo Tu ara maTi daskvna swori? albaT ara. roperis mixedviT, maT
ma mcdelobam, SeedginaT miukerZoebeli kiTxva, Sedegad mogvca ise
gaugebrad formulirebuli kiTxva, rom mravali respondenti daibna
da Seusabamo pasuxi gasca. galupis organizaciam Caatara damoukide
beli gamokiTxva, raTa Seemowmebina roperis polis validoba da aR
moaCina, rom rodesac respondentebs usvamdnen ufro naTel kiTxvas,
amerikelTa mxolod sam procentze naklebs eeWveboda holokostis
arseboba. roperma Caatara axali poli ufro mkafiod formulirebuli
kiTxviT da sajarod moixada bodiSi daSvebuli Secdomis gamo.
ramdenadac gamokiTxvebis aRmoCenebi xSirad gavlenas axdens
politikur gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic Tavis mxriv, zemoqmedebs
adamianTa cxovrebaze da SesaZloa informaciis erTaderTi wyaro iyos
sazogadoebisaTvis, gamokiTxvaSi Semavali kiTxvebi zustad unda iyos
Camoyalibebuli da ise agebuli, rom mogvces zusti monacemebi.
rogorc am TavSi vnaxavT, kiTxvis Camoyalibeba arc iseTi martivia,
rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans.
a
m TavSi Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT kiTxvarze, rogorc gamok
iTxvis mTavar instrumentze. daviwyebT yvela kiTxvaris safuZv
lis, kiTxvis ganxilviT. Semdeg mimovixilavT kiTxvis Sinaarss; ganvasx
vavebT daxuruli, Ria da SemTxveviTi tipis kiTxvebs; gavaanalizebT
maT formatsa da mimdevrobas. Semdeg SevexebiT SesaZlo gadaxras kiTx
vebis formulirebaSi, aseve miamniSnebel, ormagi mniSvnelobisa da
muqaris Semcvel kiTxvebs. dabolos, mniSvnelovan miTiTebebs mogcemT
rogorc kiTxvaris Tanxmleb TavfurcelTan, aseve kiTxvarSi Semaval
instruqciebTan dakavSirebiT.
1. John Kifner, “ Pollster Finds Errors on Holocaust Doubts,” New York Times, May 20, 1994: A12.
269
kiTxva
yvela kiTxvaris safuZveli aris kiTxva. kiTxvarma kvlevis mizne
bi unda Camoayalibos specifikur kiTxvebad; pasuxebi aseT kiTxvebze
unda gvaZlevdes monacemebs hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad. kiTxva mamo
tivirebeli faqtori unda iyos respondentisaTvis, raTa man mogvces
CvenTvis saWiro saZiebeli informacia. mTavari sakiTxi kiTxvebis
formulirebaSi aris maTi Sinaarsi, struqtura, formati da Tanmim
devroba.
kiTxvis Sinaarsi
gamokiTxvaSi Sesuli kiTxvebi exeba faqtebs, mosazrebebs, atti
tudebs, respondentTa motivaciasa da maTi gacnobierebulobis do
nes konkretul TemasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca SesaZlebelia kiTxvebis
umetesobis klasificireba or zogad kategoriad: faqtobrivi kiTx
vebi da kiTxvebi subieqturi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.
faqtobrivi kiTxva
faqtobrivi kiTxva isea agebuli, rom mogvces obieqturi infor
macia respondentisagan misi beqgraundis, garemos, Cveulebebisa
da a.S. Sesaxeb. faqtobrivi kiTxvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia
beqgraundTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi _ maT vsvamT im informaciis
misaRebad, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba respondentebis
klasifikaciisaTvis. beqgraund kiTxvebi iseT sakiTxebs moicavs, ro
goricaa sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, ganaTleba an Semosavali.
aseTi klasifikacia Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gvexmarebodes qcevisa da at
titudebis gansxvavebaTa axsnaSi. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi tipis kiTx
vis magaliTi:
romeli safexuri daamTavreT bolos saswavlebelSi? (aRniSneT

mxolod erTi)
_ merve klasi an ufro dabali safexuri
_ mecxre an meaTe klasi
_ meTerTmete an meTormete klasi: daamTavreT saSualo skola?
diax ara
270
356
_ pirveli an meore kursi kolejSi

_ mesame an meoTxe kursi kolejSi: daamTavreT koleji?
diax ara
_ xuTi an meti weli kolejSi
faqtobrivi kiTxvis sxva tipebi gvaZlevs informacias responden

tis socialuri garemos (`SegiZliaT miTxraT, vin arian adamianebi,
romlebic Tqvens ojaxSi cxovroben?~), transportis (`saerTod rogor
dadixarT samsaxurSi?~), gasarTobi saqmianobebis Sesaxeb (`ramdenad
xSirad dadixarT kinoSi?~).
adamianebi xSirad fiqroben, rom faqtobrivi kiTxvebi ufro advili
Sesadgenia, vidre sxva tipis kiTxvebi. Tumca, faqtobrivma kiTxvebmac
SeiZleba Seuqmnas problema mkvlevars. is, Tu ramdenad zust angariSs
gvaZleven adamianebi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor dausvamen maT
kiTxvas. arsebobs oTxi mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi zust pasuxebs ar
iZlevian:2
1. ar floben informacias.
2. ver ixseneben informacias.
3. ver igeben kiTxvas.
4. uars acxadeben pasuxze.
mkvlevars SeuZlia gadadgas ramdenime nabiji saimisod, rom ga

zardos sizuste. es nabijebi SeiZleba iyos: respondentebis waqezeba
ojaxis sxva wevrebTan konsultaciis gasavlevlad; erTze meti kiTx
vis dasma sakiTxis Sesaxeb; kiTxvebis gameoreba; respondentebisTvis
komfortis Seqmna iseT movlenebze SekiTxvis dasmis dros, rac maT
Tvis SesaZloa damabneveli iyos.
kiTxvebi subieqturi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb

subieqturi gamocdileba moicavs respondentTa rwmenebs, at
titudebs, grZnobebsa da mosazrebebs.3 gamokiTxvebi, romlebic
socialur mecnierebebSi tardeba, gansakuTrebiT ki Tviseba-dis
poziciis mimarTebis gamosakvlevad dagegmili kiTxvebi (ixileT me-6
Tavi) xSirad attitudebs exeba. attitudebi zogadi orientaciebia,
2. Floyd J. Fowler, Jr., Survey Research Methods ( Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1989), p 91.
3. Royce Singleton, Jr., Bruce C.Straits, Margaret M.Straits, and Ronald J.McAllister, Approaches to Social
Research ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 272.
271
romelTac SesaZloa ubiZgon pirovnebas imoqmedos an gamoavlinos

reaqcia garkveuli maneriT, rodesac igi raRac stimuls awydeba. aq
moyvanilia abortTan dakavSirebuli atitudis Sesaxeb kiTxvis ma
galiTi. es kiTxva Sedioda zogad socialur gamokiTxvaSi (GSS):
gTxovT mipasuxoT, rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom

fexmZime qalma miiRos legaluri ufleba, gaikeTos aborti, roca
arsebobs didi Sansi, rom bavSvi seriozuli defeqtebiT daibadeba?
1. diax.
2. ara.
3. ar vici.
4. uars vambob pasuxze.
individebi sakuTar attitudebs saubriT an qceviT mxolod maSin

gamoxataven, rodesac isini attitudis obieqts aRiqvamen. pirovne
bas SesaZloa Zlieri attitudi hqondes abortis winaaRmdeg, magram
es attitudi moqmedebaSi modis mxolod maSin, rodesac pirovneba
abortTan dakavSirebiT waawydeba garkveul sakiTxs an stimuls, ro
goricaa, magaliTad, interviuSi Semavali kiTxva.
attitudebi SeiZleba aRiweros maTi Sinaarsis (ras exeba attitu
di), mimarTulebisa (pozitiuri, neitraluri an negatiuri grZnoba
obieqtis an sakiTxis Sesaxeb) da intensivobis mixedviT (attitudi
SeiZleba iyos met-naklebi siZlieris). erTi adamianisaTvis aborti
SeiZleba sxva ara iyos ra, Tu ara ubralo interesis sagani, meore
adamianisaTvis amas SesaZloa didi mniSvneloba hqondes da ubiZgeb
des pirovnebas SeuerTdes arCevanze an sicocxleze orientirebul
organizaciebs. mosalodnelia, rom adamiani, romlisTvisac amas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ufro dabejiTebiT daeTanxmeba an ar dae
Tanxmeba kiTxvas, vTqvaT, imis Sesaxeb, unda Seitanos Tu ara kanonm
deblobam cvlilebebi konstituciaSi da gaxados Tu ara aborti ara
legaluri.
zogadad Cven gvainteresebs attitudebis gazomva, vinaidan isini
asaxaven respondentis zogad midrekilebebs.
azris kvleva sainteresoa mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac azri at
titudis simboloa. mTavari gansxvaveba azris Sesaxeb kiTxvasa da
attitudis gazomvas Soris aris is, rom mkvlevari azrs zogadad
zomavs gamokiTxuli populaciis nawilis SefasebiT, romelic Se
saZloa ambobdes, rom eTanxmeba erT debulebas. attitudebs zomaven
attitudebis skalis meSveobiT, romelic Sedgeba 25-dan 60-mde de
272
358
bulebisagan da respondentebs sTxoven daeTanxmon an ar daeTanxmon

maT. attitudis gazomvis arsebiTi moTxovna aris is, rom aseTi de
bulebebi unda iyos skalirebuli, anu mkvlevari debulebebis ufro
didi raodenobidan arCevs debulebebs da aTavsebs erTad garkveuli
meTodebis gamoyenebiT. es meTodebis ganxilulia me-18 TavSi.
mosazrebebisa da attitudebis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis kiTxvebis
Sedgena ufro met problemas warmoadgens, vidre kiTxvebisa faqte
bis Sesaxeb. SedarebiT martivia miiRo zusti informacia imis Sesaxeb,
aris Tu ara pirovneba daojaxebuli. mkvlevars SeuZlia marTebulad
dauSvas, rom respondentma namdvilad icis daojaxebulia igi Tu
martoxela. Tumca, roca saqme attitudebsa da mosazrebebs exeba,
mkvlevari yovelTvis ver iqneba darwmunebuli, rom respondentebma
ician, ras fiqroben.
respondents SesaZloa ar hqondes attitudi abortis aralega
lurad gakeTebasTan mimarTebaSi da Tu aqvs, SesaZloa es faruli
attitudi iyos. garda amisa, ramdenadac mraval attituds uamravi
aspeqti da ganzomileba aqvs, respondentebi SesaZloa eTanxmebodnen
erT aspeqts da ar eTanxmebodnen meores. amitomaa, rom attitudebis
gazomva mxolod erTi kiTxviT ar SeiZleba. magaliTad, Tu pirovneba
sruliad ar eTanxmeba debulebas àbortis gakeTeba SesaZlebeli
unda iyos nebismieri qalisaTvis, romelic amas moisurvebs~, es imas
ar niSnavs, rom mas farTod antiabortuli attitudi aqvs. am adami
anis Sexeduleba SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos, Tu qalis sicocxle
safrTxeSia, Tu fexmZimoba incestis an gaupatiurebis Sedegia an
Tu eqimma ganacxada, rom bavSvi deformirebuli daibadeba. atti
tudTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime debulebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia zustad gansazRvros respondentis attitudis siZlierec
da pirobebic, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi es attitudi SeiZleba
Seicvalos.
dabolos, pasuxebi mosazrebebsa da attitudebTan dakavSirebul
kiTxvebze ufro sensitiuria formulirebis, aqcentebis, Tanmim
devrobis cvlilebebisadmi, vidre pasuxebi faqtobriv kiTxvebze.
es nawilobriv asaxavs attitudebis mravalganzomilebianobas. kiT
xvebi, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad aris dasmuli, zogjer asaxavs
atitudebis sxvadasxva aspeqts da amdenad sxvadasxvagvar pasuxebs
iwvevs.
273
kiTxvebis tipebi
kiTxvebis Sinaarsi mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia gamokiTx
vis kiTxvaris SedgenaSi. mkvlevarma aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos kiTx
vebis struqtura da pasuxTa kategoriis formati. ganvixilavT kiTx
vebis struqturis sam tips: daxurul, Ria da SemTxveviT kiTxvebs.
daxuruli da Ria kiTxvebi

kiTxvarSi Semavali kiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos daxuruli an Ria. daxu
rul kiTxvaSi respondentebs sTavazoben pasuxebs da sTxoven airCion
is pasuxi, romelic yvelaze ufro axlos dgas maT SexedulebasTan.
magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom gaezomaT, ramdenad kmayofili arian re
spondentebi maTi ojaxuri cxovrebiT, zogad socialur gamokiTxvaSi
(sazogadoebrivi azris poli, romelic Catarda erovnuli azris kvle
vis sabWos mier) gamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi daxuruli kiTxva:
daasaxeleT cifri, romelic asaxavs Tqvens kmayofilebas ojaxuri

cxovrebiT.
1. Zalian kmayofili var 6. Zalian mcired kmayofili var

2. kmayofili var 7. ukmayofilo var
3. sakmaod kmayofili var 8. ar vici
4. met-naklebad kmayofili var 9. pasuxis gacemisgan Tavs
5. mcired kmayofili var vikaveb
daxuruli tipis kiTxvebze pasuxebi SesaZloa ufro rTuli da

detaluri iyos _ amis magaliTia Semdegi kiTxva, romelic aRebulia
qalis adgilisa da rolTan mimarTebaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis atti
tudebTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli gamokiTvidan.4
warmoidgineT, rom qmaric da colic asruleben karg da sain

tereso samuSaos da qmars sTavazoben Zalian karg samuSaos
sxva qalaqSi. davuSvaT, rom maT ar hyavT bavSvebi. problemis
gadaWris romeli gza iqneba ufro marTebuli?
4. Rita J. Simon and Jean M. Landis, “Report: Women’s and Men’s Attitudes about a Woman’s Place and Role,
“ Public Opinion Quarterly, 53 (1989): 265-276.
274
360
• qmarma uari unda Tqvas samuSaoze

• colma unda Sewyvitos muSaoba da gadavides sxva qalaqSi qmarTan
erTad
• qmarma unda miiRos axali samuSao da gadavides/colma unda
gaagrZelos muSaoba da darCes
• ar vici
• ar aris pasuxi
daxuruli kiTxvebis dasma ufro advilia da ufro swrafad xdeba

pasuxis gacema, es ar moiTxovs weras respondentis an interviueris
mxridan da maTi analizic ufro pirdapiria. maTi mTavari nakli aris
is, rom isini SeiZleba avlendnen mikerZoebas, respondentisaTvis biZ
gis micemas _ airCios mocemuli alternativebidan erT-erTi an misT
vis iseTi alternativebis SeTavazebas, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi re
spondents azrad ar mouvidoda.
Ria tipis kiTxvebs ar mosdevs raime specifikuri arCevani da respon
dentebi pasuxs srulad scemen. magaliTad, kiTxva `rogor fiqrobT, ra
aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema, romelsac yuradReba unda miaq
cios vaSingtonis mmarTvelobam?~Ria tipis kiTxvaa, romelic xSirad
gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaswavlad gankuTvnil kiTxvareb
Si. Ria tipis kiTxvebis Rirseba isaa, rom isini ar aiZuleben respon
dents moergos winaswar gansazRvrul pasuxebs.
mas Semdeg, rac respondenti gaigebs ras gulisxmobs kiTxva, Seu
Zlia Tavisuflad, spontanurad da sakuTari eniT gadmosces Tavisi
azri. Tu pasuxebi Ria tipis kiTxvebze ar aris naTeli, interviueri
unda CaeZios da sTxovos respondents ganmartos an daasabuTos ga
moTqmuli azri.
Ria tipis kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs daazuston aras
worad gagebuli cnebebi, isini xels uwyoben raportis damyarebas.
Tumca, Ria tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema rTulia da kidev ufro
rTulia gaanalizeba. mkvlevrebs uwevT SeimuSavon kodirebis sqema im
isaTvis, rom moaxdinon gansxvavebuli pasuxebis klasifikacia. am pro
cesSi SesaZloa daikargos respodentisagan miRebuli informaciis
detalebi(ixileT me-14 Tavi).
imis gansazRvra, romeli tipis kiTxvebis gamoyeneba iqneba ufro
adekvaturi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas: daxuruli Tu Ria tipisa _ mra
val faqtorzea damokidebuli. ramdenime wlis win pol lazeresfeldma
aRniSna, rom am Sesabamisobis Sedgenisas mkvlevrebi Semdeg sakiTxebs
iTvaliswineben5:
5. Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “ The Controversy over Detailed Interviews: An Offer for Negotiations, “ Public Opinion
Quarterly, 8 (1944): 38-60.
275
1. kiTxvaris miznebi. daxuruli tipis kiTxvebi gamodgeba ma

Sin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania respondentisaTvis biZgis micema _
daeTanxmos an ar daeTanxmos eqsplicitur Tvalsazriss. rodesac
mkvlevars surs gaigos, rogor mivida respondenti konkretul Tval
sazrisamde, rekomendebulia Ria tipis kiTxvis gamoyeneba.
2. respondentis informirebulobis done mocemul TemasTan
mimarTebaSi. Ria tipis kiTxvebi mkvlevars aZlevs SesaZleblobas,
daadginos respondentis informirebuloba, maSin, roca daxuru
li tipis kiTxvebi amis saSualebas ar iZleva. naTelia, rom azri ara
aqvs iseTi kiTxvebis dasmas, romlebic respondentis gamocdilebis
miRmaa.
3. ramdenad aris Tema gaazrebuli respondentis mier. Ria ti
pis kiTxvebi sasurvelia iseT situaciebSi, rodesac respondentebs
Camoyalibebuli ar aqvT sakuTari mosazrebebi. daxuruli tipis kiTx
vebi aseT situaciebSi moicavs risks, rom SemoTavazebuli alterna
tivebidan erT-erTis arCevisas respondentebma SeiZleba gaakeTon
arCevani, romelic sul sxvagvari iqneboda, maT rom gaexsenebinaT da
SeefasebinaT sakuTari warsuli gamocdileba.
4. ramdenad advilad SeuZliaT respondentebs pasuxis Si-
naarsis gadmocema an ramdenad arian motivirebulni gadmoscen es
sakiTxi. daxuruli kiTxvebi moiTxovs nakleb motivacias responden
tis mxridan da pasuxic TavisTavad, nakleb gamomsaxvelia (da, amdenad
naklebad saSiSi), vidre Ria tipis kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevari,
romelic daxuruli tipis kiTxvebs iyenebs, ufro iSviaTad Rebulobs
uars pasuxis gacemaze.
zogjer SeiZleba arsebobdes kargi mizezi, erTi da igive kiTxva
davsvaT rogorc Ria, ise daxuruli formiT. magaliTad, Ria pasuxi
kiTxvaze `vin marTavs amerikas?~Segviqmnis naTel warmodgenas poli
tikuri sistemis respondentisul aRqmaze da im mniSvnelobaze, rasac
respondenti aniWebs Zalauflebis mqone sxvadasxva jgufs. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom es monacemebi ufro Rirebulia, igi SeiZleba mkvlevars
ar aZlevdes rspondentebis erTi jgufis meoresTan Sedarebis sa
Sualebas. garda amisa, mkvlevari darwmunebuli ver iqneba, rom res
pondentma yvela mniSvnelovani informacia Tqva. iseTi faqtorebi,
rogoricaa azrebis dakavSirebis unaris nakleboba an mexsierebis
momentaluri gaTiSva, SeiZleba iwvevdes respondentis mier mniS
vnelovani sakiTxebis gamotovebas. amdenad, mkvlevars SeuZlia igive
kiTxva kvlav dasvas mogvianebiT intervius msvlelobisas, magram am
jerad daxuruli formiT.
276
362
SemTxveviTi kiTxvebi
xSirad kiTxvebi, romlebic relevanturia zogierTi respondentis
mimarT, SeiZleba relevanturi iyos sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, kiTx
va: àRniSneT yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezebi, ris gamoc koleji midi
xarT~, cxadia, gamodgeba skolis maRali klasebis moswavleTaTvis,
romlebic dasrulebis Semdgom kolejSi apireben swavlis gagrZele
bas. xSirad saWiroa davsvaT kiTxvebi, romlebic mxolod zogierTi re
spondentisTvis iqneba Sesabamisi da ara yvelasTvis. zogierTi kiTxva
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos mxolod qalebisaTvis da ara mamakacebi
saTvis. zogierTi kiTxva gamoyenebadi iqneba mxolod TviT-dasaqme
bulTaTvis da a.S.
SemTxveviTi anu specialuri daxuruli kiTxva, gamoiyeneba mxol
od respondentTa subjgufTan. mkvlevari kiTxvis relevanturobas am
subjgufTan mimarTebaSi sazRvravs yvela respondentisaTvis winms
wrebi gasafiltri kiTxvis dasmiT. magaliTad, axali ambebis gamok
iTxvaSi gasafiltri kiTxva SeiZleba iyos: `regularulad ecnobiT
Tu ara axal ambebs gazeTebSi?~ SemTxveviTi kiTxva ki SeiZleba iyos:
`ra iyo movlena, romlis Sesaxebac ukanasknelad waikiTxeT? (aRwereT
mokled)~. meore kiTxvis relevanturoba respondentTan SemTxveviTia
da ganisazRvreba misi pasuxiT gasafiltr kiTxvaze. SemTxveviTi kiTx
va relevanturi iqneba mxolod im respondentebisaTvis, romelTac
gasafiltr kiTxvaze upasuxes `diax~.
amdenad, pasuxTa kategoriebi gasafiltr kiTxvaze aseTi iqneba: 1.
diax (upasuxeT Semdeg kiTxvas); 2. ara (gamotoveT mesame kiTxva/gada
diT meoTxe kiTxvaze ).
sxvadasxvagvaria gasafiltri da SemTxveviTi kiTxvebis forma
ti. erTi alternativaa gasafiltri kiTxvebis SemTxevevaSi pasuxTa
TiToeul kategoriaSi instruqciebis dawera. meore gavrcelebuli
formatia isrebis gamoyeneba, raTa mivceT respondentebs direqti
va: gamotovon Semdegi kiTxva, Tu upasuxon mas, rogorc es Semdeg ma
galiTSic Cans:
aris Tu ara es TqvenTvis kolejis damtavrebis Semdeg pirveli sa

muSao sruli ganakveTiT?
1. diax
2. ara
ra moxda wina samsaxurSi, dagawinaures, gagaTavisufles Tu raime

sxva SemTxvevas hqonda adgili? (aRniSneT erTi pasuxi)
277
1. kompania daixura
2. gamaTavisufles an damiqiraves
3. muSaoba Sewyda, samuSao sezonuri iyo
4. Cemi nebiT wamovedi
5. damawinaures; gadamiyvanes
6. sxva
danarTi 11.1
SemTxveviTi kiTxva
upasuxeT qvemoT moyvanil kiTxvas, Tu Tqven ufrosi saskolo asa

kis xarT da gegmavT kolejSi wasvlas momaval wels. Tu ufro patara
asakis xarT, gadadiT 144-e kiTxvaze.
137. CaabareT Tu ara kolejSi misaRebi erTiani gamocdebi?

diax
ara
138. iciT Tu ara romel kolejSi ganagrZobT swavlas?
diax
ara
kidev sxva formatia SemTxveviTi kiTxvebis gamoyofa da gancalkev

eba Cveulebrivi kiTxvebisagan, romlebzec pasuxic yvelam unda gasces
pasuxi. aseTi formatis magaliTi mocemulia 11.1 danarTSi. rodesac
kiTxvari gankuTvnilia ramdenime subjgufisaTvis da ramdenime Sem
TxveviTi kiTxva gamoiyeneba TiToeul subjgufTan, kargi iqneba, Tu
ricxvebiT aRviSnavT, romel kiTxvebs unda upasuxos respondentma.
instruqciebi iwereba Sesabamisi pasuxebis kategoriis Semdeg gasa
filtr kiTxvebSi. es Cans Semdeg magaliTSi:
eZebT Tu ara sxva samuSaos am droisaTvis?
diax
}
ara
ar vici gadadiT 25-e kiTxvaze
Seusabamoa
278
364
kiTxvebis sami tipi
• daxuruli kiTxvebi: respondentebs aZleven pasuxebs da

sTxoven airCion erT-erTi, romelic yvelaze metad esadageba
da aRwers maT Tvisebebsa da attitudebs.
• Ria kiTxvebi: respondentebs ar aZleven specifikur pasuxebs.
maT sTxoven aRweron TavianTi Tvisebebi an attitudebi
sakuTari sityvebiT. maTi pasuxebi srulad unda Caiweros
respondentis an interviueris mier.
• SemTxveviTi kiTxvebi: esaa daxuruli tipis kiTxvebi, rom
lebic respondentTa subjgufTan gamoiyeneba. subjgufi
SeiZleba gamovlindes gasafiltri kiTxvebiT, romelic win
uswrebs SemTxvevit (kontingentur) kiTxvas da sazRvravs mis
relevanturobas am subjgufTan mimarTebaSi; SesaZlebelia
agreTve uzrunvelvyoT instruqciebi, rom subjgufis wevreb
ma upasuxon kiTxvebs, xolo im respondentebma, romlebic am
subjgufSi ar Sedian, gamotovon is kiTxvebi, romlebic maT ar
exebaT.
kompiuterizebuli satelefono gamokiTxvis (CATI) farglebSi,

kompiuteri isea daprogramebuli, rom avtomaturad xdeba kiTxvebis
gamotoveba. Tu respondenti winamaval kiTxvaze iZleva pasuxs àra,
àr vici~, `Seusabamoa,~ 25-e kiTxva avtomaturad gamoCndeba ekranze.
kiTxvebis formati
mkvlevrebi iyeneben ramdenime gavrcelebul meTods, raTa Ca
moayalibon pasuxTa kategoriebi daxuruli kiTxvarisaTvis. zogad
formatSi warmodgenilia yvela SesaZlo pasuxi, raTa respondenteb
ma airCion Sesabamisi kategoria. respondentebs SeuZliaT Semoxazon
an daweron pasuxis nomeri, aRniSnon ujra an blanki, rogorc aq aris
naCvenebi:
rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri mdgomareoba?

daqorwinebuli daojaxebuli 1. daqorwinebuli
martoxela an martoxela an 2. martoxela
ganqorwinebuli ganqorwinebuli 3. ganqorwinebuli
qvrivi qvrivi 4. qvrivi
279
rasakvirvelia, respondentebs sWirdebaT specifikuri direqtiva

imis Sesaxeb, rogor aRniSnon Tavisi pasuxi. naCveneb sam meTods So
ris yvelaze naklebad rekomendebulia varianti blankebiT, vinaidan
respondentma SeiZleba niSani dasvs blankebs Soris da rTuli iqneba
mis mier nagulisxmevi pasuxis gansazRvra. koduri nomris Semoxazva
yvelaze metad sasurveli meTodia, vinaidan koduri nomeri SeiZleba
advilad gadaviyvanoT kompiuterizebul programaSi.
reitingi
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formati kiTxvebisaTvis so
cialur mecnierebaTa gamokiTxvebSi aris reitingis skala. mkvlevrebi
reitingis skalas iyeneben maSin, roca respondentebs sTxoven msjeloba
awarmoon iseTi Tanmimdevruli kategoriebis terminebSi, rogoricaa:
`savsebiT veTanxmebi~, `sasurvelia~, an `Zalian xSirad~. magaliTad:
policias unda hqondes nebarTva srulad gamoikvlios da

kavebuli mZRolebi, romelTac danaSauli Caidines, magali
Tad, gadaaWarbes siCqares.
1. savsebiT veTanxmebi
2. veTanxmebi
3. nawilobriv veTanxmebi da nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi
4. ar veTanxmebi
5. sruliad ar veTanxmebi
aseTi kiTxvebis pasuxTa kategoriebs aRmricxvelebi ewodeba. isini

konkretuli msjelobis intensivobas asaxaven. sakmaod gavrcelebu
lia pasuxTa Semdegi kategoriebi:
1. savsebiT veTanxmebi 1. Zalian 1. ufro

2. veTanxmebi mcired meti
3. gaaCnia, ra an 2. TiTqmis an 2. igive
SemTxvevaSi 3. bevrad 3. naklebi
4. ar veTanxmebi
5. sruliad ar
eTanxmebi
ricxviTi kodebi, romlebic Tan axlavs am kategoriebs, Cveulebriv,

isea interpretirebuli, rom warmoadgendes pasuxTa kategoriis in
tensivobas, ase rom, rac ufro maRalia ricxvi, miT ufro intensiuria
280
366
pasuxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni daSvebiT, aRmricxvelebi inten

sivobis mixedviTaa ganlagebuli, es mimdevroba ar gulisxmobs kat
egoriebs Soris distanciis erTgvarovnebas. namdvilad, reitingis
skalebi xSirad izomeba rigis doneze, romelic mxolod aRwers, aris
Tu ara erTi done ufro maRali an dabali, vidre meore done, magram ar
avlens maT Soris sxvobas, rac meSvide TavSi ganvixileT.
intensivobis Sefasebis sakiTxSi, am sirTulis miuxedavad, Cven ar
SegviZlia vTxovoT respondentebs, mogvcen zusti pasuxi, vinaidan
maTi umetesobisaTvis es Zalian rTuli iqneba. marTalia, respondetTa
umravlesobisTvis SedarebiT advilia pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdeni saaTi
gaatares televizorTan wina kviras, magram maT gauWirdebaT zusti pa
suxis gacema kiTxvaze, romelic naklebad cnobil sakiTxebs exeba, mag
aliTad, attitudebs ucxouri policiis mimarT.6
matriculi kiTxvari
matriculi kiTxva aris reitingis ramdenime kiTxvis dalagebis
meTodi _ kiTxvebisa, romelTac pasuxebis erTnairi kategoriebi
(mniSvnelobebi) aqvT. qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTi:
aRniSneT Tqveni reaqcia TiToeul qvemoT mocemul debulebaze:
I I I I
savsebiT veTanxmebi gaaCnia ar sruliad ar
veTanxmebi veTanxmebi veTanxmebi
Cemi saarCevno
ufleba maZlevs
mTel im Zalau
flebas, rac msurs
rom mqondes sax
elmwifo marTvis
saqmeebSi.
me rom viCivlo
qalaqis organoSi,
isini albaT
yvelafers
gamoasworeben
xandaxan msurs,
rom saxelmwifom
meti yuradReba
miaqcios imas,
rasac vfiqrob
6. Norman M. Bradburn and Seymour Sudman, Improving Interview Method and Questionnaire Design ( San
Fracisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974), pp. 152-162.
281
semantikuri diferenciali
semantikuri diferenciali reitingis skalis kidev erTi tipia. igi

zomavs respondentebis reaqcias zogierTi obieqtis an cnebis mimarT.
gazomvis meTodia Txovna, aRniSnon reitingi bipolarul skalaze, ro
melic warmodgenilia urTierTdapirispirebuli zedsarTavi saxele
biT (niSan-TvisebebiT) Tavsa da boloSi:7
Zalian sakmaod sustad nawilobriv sustad sakmaod Zalian

kargi cudi
qvemoT warmodgenili kiTxva semantikuri diferencialis gamo

yenebis magaliTia:8
aq aris CamoTvlili sityvaTa wyvilebi, romelTa gamoy

enebiTac SegiZliaT aRweroT saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebi.
TiToeul wyvils Soris moTavsebulia gasazomi striqoni
Svidi danayofiT. magaliTisTvis aviRoT, vTqvaT pirveli
striqoni, `kargi/cudi~. ukiduresi marcxena danayofi niS
navs, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxure Zalian kargia, Semdegi
danayofi niSnavs, rom igi aris sakmaod kargi da a.S. baraTis
TavSi ganTavsebuli sityvebi dagexmarebaT SearCioT Tqveni
azriT Sesabamisi danayofi.
gTxovT aRniSnoT, romel danayofs gamoiyenebdiT saxelmwifo

mosamsaxureebis aRsawerad.
Zalian sakmaod sustad nawilob- sustad sakmaod Zalian

riv
kargi cudi
patiosani upatiosno
efeqturi araefeqturi
Rrma zerele
aqtiuri pasiuri
7. David R.Heise, “The Semantic Differential and Attitude Research,” in Attitude Measurement, ed. Gene
F.Summers ( Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1970),p.235.
8. David Nachmias and David H.Rosenbloom, Bureaucratic Culture: Citizens and Administrators in Israel ( New
York: St.Martin’s Press, 1978), pp.110-115.
282
368
CamoTvla
mkvlevrebi ranJirebas iyeneben kiTxvarebSi, rodesac surT in

formaciis moZieba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mniSvnelobas an prioritetebs
aniWeben adamianebi attitudebs an obieqtebs. magaliTad, gamokiTxvaSi
cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb, respondentebs sTxovdnen CamoeTvalaT sx
vadasxva ganzomilebebi, romelTac isini mniSvnelovnad Tvlidnen.
`gTxovT gvipasuxoT, ra migaCniaT mniSvnelovnad cxovre

baSi. SexedeT am baraTs da miTxariT, qveviT CamoTvlilT
agan romelia TqvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rogorc
cxovrebiseuli mizani, romelia rigiT meore Tavisi mniSvn
elobiT, romeli _ mesame da romeli _ meoTxe.
rangi
SeZlebuli cxovreba (kargi Semosavali 1 2 3 4

da SesaZlebloba Tavs kargi raRaceebis
gakeTebis ufleba misce)
ojaxuri cxovreba (cxovreba, romelic 1 2 3 4

mTlianad ojaxzea koncentrirebuli)
mniSvnelovani cxovreba (cxovreba, romelic 1 2 3 4

savsea miRwevebiT, rasac pativiscema da aRiareba
moaqvs)
usafrTxo cxovreba (yvela ZiriTadi 1 2 3 4

moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisa da xarjis
uzrunvelyofa)
CamoTvla (ranJireba) sasargeblo meqanizmia, radgan igi uzrunve

lyofs SedarebiTi wesrigis arsebobas obieqtebs Soris an msjelobaSi.
es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan mraval Tvisebas, romelsac
socialuri dargis mkvlevrebi zomaven (magaliTad, `cxovrebis done~,
`statusi~) ver mivaniWebT raime specifikur ricxviT mniSvnelobas.
Tumca, CamoTvlis (ranJirebis) gamoyenebiT Cven SegviZlia miviRoT in
formacia, minimum maTi SedarebiTi mimdevrobis Sesaxeb. rogorc reit
ingis skalebis SemTxvevaSi, CamoTvla (ranJireba) ar gvaZlevs informa
cias am rangebs Soris distanciis Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba pirvel rangsa da
meore rangs Soris SeiZleba ar iyos igive, rac meore da mesame rangebs
Sorisaa.
283
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba
mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevari gansazRvravs kiTxvis formats, man unda
ganixilos wesi, romliTac kiTxvebi ganlagdeba kiTxvarSi. mkvlevreb
ma daadgines kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis ori zogadi paterni, romlebic
yvelaze adekvaturia respondentTa TanamSromlobis motivirebisaTvis:
Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba da amobrunebuli Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba.
Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba
Zabrisebr TanmimdevrobaSi yoveli momdevno kiTxva dakavSire
bulia wina kiTxvasTan da sul ufro konkretuli xdeba. magaliTad,
Tu Tqven dainteresebuli xarT daadginoT, rogor aris politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis mimarT respondentTa Sexed
ulebebi dakavSirebuli im gazeTebTan, romelTac isini kiTxuloben,
SeiZleba gsurdeT, rom icodeT, ra movlenebs Tvlian respondentebi
problemebad, ra aris TiToeuli problemis aRqmuli fardobiTi mniSvn
eloba, ra odenobiT informacias floben isini TemasTan dakavSirebiT,
ra aris maTi informaciis wyaro da axdens Tu ara konkretuli gazeTebi
gavlenas problemisadmi maT midgomaze. qvemoT moyvanili kiTxvebi Za
brisebri mimdevrobisaa:
1. rogor fiqrobT, ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebi,

romlebic eris winaSe dgas?
2. yvela im problemas Soris, romelic axla CamoTvaleT,
rogor fiqrobT, romelia yvelaze mniSvnelovani?
3. sad moiZieT ZiriTadi informacia am problemis Sesaxeb?
4. kiTxulobT `Washington Post~-s?
rodesac gamokiTxvis mizania detaluri informaciis moZieba da

rodesac resapondenti motivirebulia mogvawodos es informacia,
Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba exmareba respondentebs ufro efeqturad
gaixsenon detalebi. garda amisa, Tavdapirvelad ufro zogadi kiTxvebis
dasmiT mkvlevars SeuZlia Tavidan airidos daskvnis sqemis SemuSaveba
respondentis Tvalsazrisis gacnobamde. rodesac gamokiTxvis mizania
aRmovaCinoT gauTvaliswinebeli reaqciebi, interviuerebi Tavdapirve
lad zogad kiTxvebs unda mihyvnen.9
9. Raymond L. Gorden, Interviewing: Strategy, Techniques, and Tactics, 3d. ed. ( Homewood, III.: Dorsey,
1980) pp. 415-416.
284
370
amobrunebuli Zabrisebri Tanmimdevroba

amobrunebuli Zabrisebri Tanmimdevrobis SemTxvevaSi viwro
(konkretuli) kiTxvebs ufro zogadi kiTxvebi mosdevs. rodesac
gamokiTxvis Tema respondentebSi ar iwvevs TanamSromlobis Zlier
motivacias, imis gamo, rom Tema ar aris mniSvnelovani maTTvis an kidev
imitom, rom gaxseneba uWirT, ufro mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu viwro
(konkretuli) kiTxvebiT daviwyebT, romlebze pasuxis gacemac ufro
advilia da romlebic moamzadeben respondentebs mogvianebiT gacile
biT rTul da zogad kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad. Tu gamokiTxvis miza
nia ganzogadeba konkretul situaciasTan dakavSirebiT da faqtebi
mkvlevrisaTvis ucnobia, magram cnobilia respondentisaTvis, viwro
kiTxvebi, romlebic gvexmareba specifikuri faqtebis dadgenaSi, win
unda uswrebdes zogadi, yovlismomcveli msjelobisTvis gankuTvnil
kiTxvebs.10
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi mkvlevari cdilobs gamoavlinos
respondentTa mosazrebebi samaSvelo operaciebis efeqturobasTan
dakavSirebiT katastrofebis dros. imisaTvis, rom daxmareboda adami
anebs miukerZoebeli msjelobis warmoebaSi, mkvlevari grZnobda, rom
ukeTesi iqneboda specifikuri kiTxvebiT daewyo da ganzogadeba Sem
deg moeTxova.11
1. ramdeni adamiani daiRupa tornados dros?

2. Tqveni azriT, ramdeni daSavda ise, rom saWiro gaxda maTi
saavadmyofoebSi gadayvana?
3. ZiriTadad ra dro dasWirda daSavebulTa saavadmyofoebSi
gadayvanas?
4. xom ar daginaxavT vinme, romelic cdilobda
dazaralebulebisaTvis aRmoeCina pirveladi daxmareba:
Caetarebina xelovnuri sunTqva, SeeCerebina sisxldena an
sxva ram gaekeTebina? vin iyo is?
5. zogadad, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad efeqturi iyo
pirveladi daxmareba da samaSvelo operaciebi?
kvlevebma aCvena, rom kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba gavlenas axdens

mocemuli pasuxebis tipze. magaliTad, dadasturebulia, rom at
titudebTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebze pasuxebi SeiZleba SesamCnevad
icvlebodes kiTxvaris wina punqtebis gavleniTa da mixedviT. ukanask
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid
285
nel kvlevaSi 1100 respondentze meti gamokiTxes iseT miznobriv

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa aborti, Tavdacvis xarjebi,
keTildReoba.12 kiTxvaris erT versiaSi miznobriv kiTxvebs win uZRo
da maTTan dakavSirebuli konteqstualuri kiTxvebi, sxva versiebSi _
neitraluri kiTxvebi. magaliTad, abortTan dakavSirebul miznobriv
kiTxvas: èTanxmebiT Tu ara uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas,
romelmac abortis legalizeba moaxdina?~ _ pirvel versiaSi win us
wrebda mTeli rigi konteqstualuri kiTxvebi tradiciuli Rirebule
bebisa da gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb. respondentebze gavlenas axdenda es
konteqstualuri kiTxvebi, gansakuTrebiT maTze, visac konfliqturi
rwmenebi hqonda sakvlevi sakiTxis Sesaxeb.13 dadasturebulia, rom
punqtis pozicia CamonaTvalSi aseve mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mis
arCevaze. naCvenebia, rom rodesac respondentebs sTxoven miaweron
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi punqtebs (magaliTad, maTi mniSvnelovnebis
xarisxis mixedviT), dasawyisSi moTavsebuli punqtebi xSirad ufro
maRal rangs iRebs.
qvemoT moyvanil kiTxvaSi respondentebi pirvel rangs ufro metad
aniWeben pirvel kategorias, vidre ukanasknels mxolod imitom, rom
igi pirvelia CamonaTvalSi.
CamoTvlil punqtebs Soris ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani

da ras aqceven sxva studentebi yuradRebas am saswavlebel
Si? (aRniSneT 1-dan 6-mde.)
 ojaxuri warmomavloba
 aqtivobebSi lideroba
 lamazi manqana
 maRali qulebi, sapatio siaSi yofna
 aTleturoba
 popularuloba
es problema SeiZleba wamoiWras gansakuTrebiT iseT situaciebSi,

rodesac kiTxvebi, attitudebis msgavsad, subieqturi debulebebia,
romlebic araa mniSvnelovani an nacnobi respondentisaTvis. aseT
situaciebSi pirvel poziciaze myofi punqti, xSirad qmnis xolme
safuZvels daskvnisaTvis sxva punqtebTan mimarTebaSi.
12. Roger Tourangeau, Kenneth A.Rasisnki, Norman M.Bradburn, and Roy D’Andrade, “ Carryover Effects in
Attitude Surveys, “ Public Opinion Quarterly, 53 (1989): 495-524.
13. William A. Belson, “The Effects of Reversing the Presentation Order on Verbal Rating Scales,” Journal of
Advertising Research, 6:4 (1966): 30-37.
286
372
mkvlevrebs aRniSnuli problemis gadalaxva SeuZliaT responden

tebisaTvis am punqtebis gacnobiT, sanam maT sTxovdnen xsenebuli pun
qtebis Sefasebas. mkvlevrebs aseve SeuZliaT wardgenis wesis randomi
zeba ise, rom am wesis efeqtebic randomizebuli iqneba da Sedegad ar
mogvcems sistematur mikerZoebas.14
dabolos, kiTxvaris pirvel adgilze mdgomi kiTxvebi, saqmes unda
uadvilebdes respondents. pirveli kiTxvebi interviuSi xels unda
uwyobdes raportis damyarebas respondentsa da interviuers Soris.
amdenad, sawyisi kiTxva unda iyos advili pasuxis gasacemad, sain
tereso da arawinaaRmdegobrivi. magaliTad, Tu respondentis smis
Cveulebisa da sqesobrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi kiTxvaris da
sawyisSia ganTavsebuli, maRalia imis albaToba, rom TanamSromlobaze
uars gvetyvian. aseve rekomendebulia, rom Ria tipis kiTxvebi Casmuli
iyos mogvianebiT, radgan aseTi kiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, ufro did drosa
da fiqrs moiTxovs, amdenad, SeuZlia Seamciros respondentTa Tanam
Sromlobis sawyisi motivacia, Tu kiTxvaris dasawyisSi iqneba moTav
sebuli.
gadaxris acileba: `maxeebi~

kiTxvaris konstruqciaSi
formulireba
kiTxva ise unda iyos formulirebuli, rom respondentma igi
erTmniSvnelovnad gaigos. magaliTad, mkvlevris leqsikoni SeiZle
ba moicavdes iseT sityvas, rogoricaa sinTezireba, rac SeiZleba
gaugebari aRmoCndes sxva adamianebisaTvis. Tu respondentebi yvela
fenasa da pozicias, interviuerma iseTi sityvebi unda gamoiyenos,
romlebic gasagebi iqneba Cveulebrivi meeqvse klaselisTvisac. gar
da amisa, mkvlevrebma Tavi unda aaridon an SezRudon sityvebi, rom
lebic Riaa interpretaciisaTvis. magaliTad, kiTxva: `xarT Tu ara
liberali?~Zalian zogadia. Tqven SeiZleba exebodeT respondentis
ganaTlebas, politikas, profesias an sqesobriv cxovrebas.
magram kiTxva `miiCnevT Tu ara Tavs liberalad? vgulisxmob poli
tikur WrilSi~ _ respondents afiqrebinebs gamoiyenos politikuri
CarCo daskvnisaTvis kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad. TiToeuli kiTxva ise
14. Edwin H. Carpenter and Larry G.Blackwood, “The Effects of Question Position on Responses to Attitudinal
Questions,” Rural Sociology, 44 (1979):56-72.
287
unda iyos formulirebuli, rom respondentma gaigos misi mniSvneloba

da, amasTanave, kiTxvas erTi da igive mniSvneloba unda hqondes yvela
respondentisaTvis.
pasuxebi
pasuxebi aris tendencia upasuxo specifikuri mimarTulebis yve
la kiTxvas maTi Sinaarsis miuxedavad.15 es problema SeiZleba wamoi
Wras, rodesac kiTxvebi warmodgenilia erTad erTi da imave pasuxebis
formatiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac kiTxvebi erTsa da imave
Temas exeba. magaliTad, Tu kiTxvebi asaxavs proattituds abortTan
mimarTebaSi, abortis mowinaaRmdege respondentebma SeiZleba erTi
da igive pasuxi aRniSnon (vTqvaT, `savsebiT veTanxmebi~an `sruliad
ar veTanxmebi~) mxolod imitom, maTi azriT, yvela es kategoria abor
tisadmi protests gamoxatavs. mkvlevrebs pasuxebi Seqmnis Tavidan
acuileba SeuZliaT imiT, rom cvalon kiTxvebis formati, vTqvaT, pa
suxTa kategoriebis SecvliT TiToeul kiTxvaSi an erT TemasTan da
kavSirebuli kiTxvebis ganawilebiT mTel kiTxvarSi, nacvlad imisa,
rom isini erT adgilas iyos Tavmoyrili.
mimaniSnebeli kiTxvebi
mimaniSnebelia kiTxva, romelic isea Camoyalibebuli, rom respon
dents eCveneba, TiTqos mkvlevari garkveul pasuxs moelis. kiTxva, ro
melic Sedgenilia imisaTvis, rom daadginos zogadi attitudi lega
lur abortTan mimarTebaSi, ase SeiZleba JRerdes: èTanxmebiT Tu ara
legalur aborts?~igive mimaniSnebeli kiTxva ki SeiZleba iyos aseTi:
`Tqven ar ityviT, rom legaluri abortis momxre xarT, xom asea?~ miman
iSnebeli kiTxvis ufro SeumCneveli da moqnili forma mimarTulebis
mimcemi kiTxvisa, SeiZleba aseTi iyos: `SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqven ar
eTanxmebiT legalur aborts?~es ukanaskneli kiTxva ufro uadvilebs
respondents Tqvas `diax~, vidre àra~, vinaidan adamianebis umravle
soba Tavs ufro komfortulad grZnobs, roca eTanxmeba kiTxvas, vidre
maSin, roca ewinaaRmdegeba interviuers.
respondentebi aseve ufro metad eTanxmebian debulebebs, rom
lebic mxars uWeren aRiarebul normebs, anu aRqmulia, rogorc so
cialurad sasurveli. respondentebi iSviaTad adastureben deb
ulebebs, romlebic socialurad arasasurvel qcevas an attitudebs
15. Kenneth D. Bailey, Methods of Social Research ( New York: Free Press, 1987), p.133.
288
374
asaxaven. garkveuli sakiTxebisadmi sazogadoebriv mxardaWeraze aseve

mniSvnelovani efeqti aqvs imas, rom sakiTxebi kategorizebulia da
vrclad warmodgenili. kiTxvis formulirebis variaciebis analizma
zogad socialur gamokiTxvaSi gamoavlina mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
pasuxebSi, rodesac erTi da igive pasuxebi gansxvavebulad aris kat
egorizebuli.
magaliTad, rodesac kiTxva exeba keTildReobisaTvis gaweul xar
jebs, igi SeiZleba ase JRerdes: `ramdens xarjavT keTldReobisaT
vis, Zalian bevrs, Zalian cotas, Tu saTanado raodenobas?~amgvarad
formulirebul kiTxvaze respondentTa 23%-ma ganacxada, rom Zalian
cotas xarjavs. magram rodesac respondentebs dausves igive kiTxva
Semdegi formulirebiT, `ramdens xarjavT RaribTa daxmarebisaTvis,
Zalian bevrs, Zalian cotas, Tu zomier raodenobas?~TiTqmis 63%-ma
upasuxa, rom Zalian cotas.16
1994 wlis ABC/Washington Post-is mier Catarebuli poli moicavda
Semdeg kiTxvas: àris Tu ara klintoni Zveleburi stilis àkrife-dax
arje~ _ demokrati, Tu axali stilis demokrati, romelic yuradRe
biT moekideba saxelmwifos fuls?~erovnuli presis kritikaSi jef
foqsi aRniSnavda, rom es kiTxva mikerZoebulicaa da mimaniSnebelic.17
ramdenadac kiTxva liberalebs uaryofiT konteqstSi warmoaCens,
xolo konservatorebs _ dadebiTSi, igi uSvebs, rom Tu respondenti
ukmayofiloa klintoniT, es imitom unda xdebodes, rom igi Zveleburi
stilis liberal-demokratia.
Sefasebis elementebisagan Tavisufali kiTxva, àris Tu ara klin
toni liberal-demokrati Tu igi konservatiuli demokratia?~ _ Sei
Zleba gansxvavebul pasuxs gvaZlevdes.
mkvlevrebma, romlebic miukerZoebel da daumaxinjebel pasuxebs
eZieben, Tavi unda aaridon mimaniSnebel kiTxvebs. Tumca, garkveul piro
bebSi mimaniSnebeli kiTxvebi SeiZleba dagvexmaros kvlevis miznis gaxor
cielebaSi. kiTxva: èTanxmebiT Tu ara sakvebis gagzavnas okeanis gaRma,
indoeTSi, adamianebisaTvis, romlebic SimSiliT ixocebian?~gamoiyenes
im adamianebis raodenobis dasadgenad, romlebic ise kategoriulad
ewinaaRmdegebodnen sakvebis gagzavnas sxva qveynebSi, rom am ideas ar
daeTanxmebodnen TviT iseTi Zlieri emociuri konteqstis SemTxvevaSic
ki, rogoricaa `xalxi, romelic SimSiliT kvdeba~.18
16. Kenneth A. Radinski, “The Effect of Question Wording on Public Support for Governmetn Spending, “
Public Opinion Quarterly, 53 (1989): 388-394.
17. Jeff Faux, “ Hey, Big Spender.” The Nation, 31 Oct, 1994:480.
18. Robert I. Kahn and Charles F.Cannell, The Dynamics of Interviewing ( New York: Wiley , 1957), p. 129.
289
muqaris Semcveli kiTxvebi

xSirad saWiroa, kiTxvarSi arsebobdes iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic
respondentisTvis damabnevelia da, amdenad, rTulia maTze pasuxis
gacema. aseTi, muqaris Semcveli kiTxvebi, norman bredbernisa da misi
Tanaavtorebis azriT, aris `SfoTvis gamomwvevi kiTxvebi, magaliTad,
aralegaluri an normebis sawinaaRmdego qcevis Sesaxeb, an iseTi qce
vis Sesaxeb, romelic, socialuri TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, ar aris
devianturi, magram Cveulebriv, daZabulobis gareSe ar ganixileba.~19
muqaris Semcveli kiTxvebi SeiZleba iZiebdes iseT sakiTxebs, rogori
caa respondentTa azartuli midrekilebebi, sma, seqsualuri Cvevebi.
empiriulad dadasturebulia, rom muqaris Semcvel kiTxvebs mivya
varT mikerZoebul pasuxamde _ respondentebi an uaryofen qcevas, an
araadekvaturad Seafaseben mas. zogadad, ramdenadac izrdeba muqa
ris xarisxi kiTxvaSi, miT ufro mcirdeba respondentebis tendencia
mogvawodon angariSi garkveuli qcevis Sesaxeb. rodesac maT warud
genen muqaris Semcvel kiTxvas, respondentebi ebmebian konfliqtSi
`kargi respondentis~(romelic sandod pasuxobs yvela kiTxvas) ro
lur moTxovnebsa da adamianebis zogad tendencias Soris, sakuTari
Tavi pozitiur WrilSi warmoadginon. respondentebi, Cveulebriv,
konfliqts Wrian ara pasuxze uariT, aramed imis aRniSvniT, rom isini
ar erTvebian konkretul aqtivobaSi, rodesac realurad erTvebian.20
ramdenadac muqaris Semcvel kiTxvebs SeuZlia gamoiwvios mgadaxra
pasuxebSi, mkvlevrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom Tavdapirvelad
gansazRvron aris Tu ara konkretuli kiTxva muqaris Semcveli.
norman bredberni da seimur sadmeni varaudoben, rom saukeTeso
meTodi kiTxvis SedarebiTi muqaris Semcvelobis gansasazRvrad aris
respondentebisaTvis imis Txovna, rom daalagon kiTxvis Temebi imis
mixedviT, ramdenad rTulia, maTi azriT, am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema
adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis.21 interviuerebs aseve SeuZliaT hkiTx
on respondentebs kiTxvaze maTi reaqciebis Sesaxeb an dainteresd
nen, ramdenad rTuli iyo maTTvis intervius dros wamoWril Temebze
saubari.
ra unda qnan mkvlevrema mas Semdeg, rac gamoavlenen muqaris Sem
cvel kiTxvebs? sagulisxmo kvlevaSi, romelic exeboda sapasuxo
efeqtebs muqaris Semcvel kiTxvebze gamokiTxvaSi, bredberni da sad
19. Norman M.Bradburn, Sudman, Ed Blair, and Carol Stocking, “ Question Threat and Response Bias,” Public
Opinion Quarterly, 42 (1978) 221-222.
20. Ibid., pp. 221-234.
21. Bradburn and Sudman , Improving Interview Method and Questionnaire Design, p. 165.
290
376
meni mividnen daskvnamde, rom kiTxvari mravalnairi gziT SeiZleba ai

gos.22 SesaZlebelia maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo is, rom
pasuxis sizuste mniSvnelovnad izrdeba kiTxvamde vrceli Sesavlis
gamoyenebiT, vidre mokle kiTxvebis dasmiT, agreTve ufro metad Ria
kiTxvebis dasmiT, vidre daxuruli formatis kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT
da aseve respondentebisaTvis uflebis micemiT, rom maT sakuTari si
tyvebiT isaubron, rodesac sensitiur Temebs exeba saqme. bredbernisa
da sadmanis kiTxvari Seicavda punqts imis Sesaxeb, ramdenjer hqonda
intoqsikacias adgili respondentis cxovrebaSi wina wels. mokle,
daxuruli formiT kiTxva aseTi iqneba: `ramdenad xSirad hqonda into
qsikacias adgili Tqvens cxovrebaSi gasul wels nebismieri sasmelis
dalevisas?~ respondentebs sTxovdnen sakuTari pasuxi aerCiaT Sem
deg kategoriebSi: arasdros, erTxel weliwadSi an ufro naklebjer;
ramdenime TveSi erTxel, ramdenime kviraSi erTxel, kviraSi erTxel,
kviraSi ramdenjerme, yoveldRe.
Ria tipis grZeli kiTxvis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs Tavidan
sTxovdnen sakuTari sityva SeerCiaT intoqsikaciis aRsaniSnavad:
`zogjer adamianebi ufro met luds, Rvinos, viskis svamen, am dros isi
ni Cveulebrivze gansxvavebulad iqcevian. rogor fiqrobT, ra sityva
unda gamoviyenoT am adamianebis aRsawerad, rom Tqven icodeT, ras vgu
lisxmobT da ufro komfortulad igrZnoT Tavi?~intoqsikaciasTan
dakavSirebuli kiTxva SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi aseTi iyos: `zogjer
adamianebi cariel kuWze zedmets svamen da ... (respondentis sityva)
xdebian. gasul wels, ramdenad xSirad iyaviT ... (respondentis sityva),
rodesac svamdiT nebismieri tipis alkoholur sasmels?~am SemTxveva
Si pasuxTa kategoriebi ar arsebobs.23
ormagi mniSvnelobis kiTxvebi

ormagi mniSvnelobis kiTxvebi or an met kiTxvas erT kiTxvaSi aer
Tianebs. qvemoT moyvanilia kiTxvis magaliTi ojaxuri Zaladobis
Temaze:
ojaxuri Zaladoba da Sidsi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebia,
rac dRes amerikis winaSe dRes dgas.
 veTanxmebi  ar veTanxmebi
 gaaCnia  sruliad ar veTanxmebi
22. Ibid., pp. 14-25.

23. Ibid., p18.
291
aseTi tipis kiTxvasTan aris dakavSirebuli problema aris is, rom

mas SeuZlia daabnios respondentebi, romlebic kiTxvis erT nawils
vTqvaT, ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb, eTanxmebian, magram ar eTanxmebian
meore nawils, Sidsis Sesaxeb. mravali kiTxva, romelic moicavs `da~-
s, xSirad ormagi mniSvnelobisaa. Tumca, ki `da~-s Semcveli kiTxvebi,
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT maSin, Tu `da~-Tia gancalkevebuli aspeqtebi
ormxrivad eqskluziuria da respondents sTxoven SearCios erTi an
moaxdinos maTi camoTvla raime kriteriumis mixedviT. magaliTad:
dResdReisobiT qveyanaSi dgas ori mTavari problema: garemo

da ojaxuri Zaladoba. romelia amaTgan Tqveni azriT ufro
mniSvnelovani?
 garemo
 ojaxuri Zaladoba
Tavfurceli
mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevari Seadgens kiTxvars, Semdegi safexuri aris
Sesavali mimarTvis (pirovnuli an satelefono interviusTvis) an Tav
furclis (werilobiTi gamokiTxvisaTvis) dawera, raTa respondentebs
auxsnas gamokiTxvis daniSnuleba da miaRwios pasuxebis maRal nixrs.
Tavfurclis Sinaarsi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania werilobiT
gamokiTxvaSi, romlis SemTxvevaSic, kargadaa cnobili, rom rTulia
pasuxebis maRali nixris miRweva, gansakuTrebiT Tu mkvlevars uwevs
ramdenime martiv kiTxvaze metis dasma (ixileT me-10 Tavi).
Tavfurcelma unda daZlios winaaRmdegoba an prejudisi, romelic
SeiZleba respondents hqondes gamokiTxvis winaaRmdeg. man unda: (1)
acnobos respondents sponsori organizaciis Sesaxeb, im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic kvlevas awarmoeben, (2) ganmartos kvlevis daniS
nuleba, (3) auxsnas maT, ratomaa mniSvnelovani, rom respondentebma
upasuxon kiTxvars da (4) daarwmunos respondenti, rom mis mier mice
muli informacia mkacrad konfidencialuri iqneba.
zogadad, Tavfurceli werilobiTi gamokiTxvisaTvis ufro deta
luri unda iyos, vidre Sesavali winadadeba personaluri intervius
dros. interviuSi interviueri yovelTvis adgilzea, raTa auxsnas re
spondents da daarwmunos igi, rodesac es saWiroa. werilobiTi gamok
iTxvis SemTxvevaSi mxolod Tavfurcelma unda itvirTos mTeli es
misia, amitomaa misi funqcia ase mniSvnelovani.
qvemoT moyvanilia ori magaliTi Tavfurclisa, romlebic gamoy
292
378
enebuli iyo sxvadasxva werilobiT gamokiTxvaSi. pirveli, romelic

warmodgenilia 11.2 danarTSi, gamoiyenes floridis saxelmwifo uni
versitetis sociologiuri kvlevebis institutis mier dagegmil wer
ilobiT gamokiTxvaSi, romelic floridis samuSao Zalis dagegmvis
saxelmwifo departamentis daxmarebiT Catarda, raTa Sefasebuliyo
sazogadoebriv servisSi dasaqmebisa da wvrTnis proeqti, saxelwodeb
iT VI (CETA).24
danarTi 11.2
floridaSi Catarebuli werilobiTi
gamokiTvis Tavfurceli
programis operatorebs:
samuSao Zalis dagegmvis saministro, sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis

departamenti, samuSao Zalis servisis saxelmwifo sabWosTan erTad,
afinansebs sazogadoebriv servisSi dasaqmebis proeqtebs, romelic
avtorizebulia saxelwodebiT VI. es Sefaseba tardeba doqtor m.l.
burniumis mier floridis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiuri
kvlevebis institutSi. Sefasebis mizania gansazRvros sazogadoe
briv servisSi dasaqmebis proeqtebis gavlena dausaqmebel adamianebze
floridaSi da am proeqtebis sargeblis gazomva im sazogadoebisaTvis,
sadac isini xorcieldeba.
rogorc iciT, sazogadoebriv servisSi dasaqmeba federaluri,
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi strategiis mTavari nawilia, raTa gadai
laxos dasaqmebisa da Semosavlis problemebi ekonomikur siduxWireSi
mcxovrebi, dausaqmebeli adamianebisaTvis. eWvgareSea, rom programa
mTels qveyanaSia saWiro, raTa Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi da adamian
ebma gaiaron treningi. Tqven albaT aseve iciT, rom sazogadoebriv
servisSi dasaqmebis programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da maTi momavali
SeiZleba safrTxis qveS dadges. amis mizezi nawilobriv isic seiZleba
iyos, rom ar tardeba am programebis sargeblis Sefaseba dasaqmebuli
individebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis, romelTac isini emsaxurebian.
ramdenadac am konkretul Sefasebas mniSvnelovani nagulisxmevi
azri aqvs erovnuli politikis TvalsazrisiT, gTxovT, rom daxmareba
24. Mickey L. Burnim, An Evaluation of the Public Service Employment Projects in Florida Created under Title
VI of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 ( Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1978),
p.164.
293
gauwioT mkvlevarTa jgufs, raTa moipovon saWiro monacemebi. Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom rac SeiZleba male SeavsoT miRebuli kiTxvari.
madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis.
pativiscemiT,
eduard fiveri, direqtori

samuSao Zalis dagegmvis saministro
danarTi 11.3
viskonsinSi Catarebuli werilobiTi
gamokiTxvis Tavfurceli
Zvirfaso megobaro,
Cven vatarebT gamokiTxvas, romelsac sponsorobas uwevs viskon

sin-milvokis universiteti amerikis samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis gaer
Tianebis (ACLU) daxmarebiT. Cveni mizania meti gavigoT imis Sesaxeb,
rogor grZnoben Tqvennairi adamianebi samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis
garkveul aspeqtebs da rogor aris rwmenebi dakavSirebuli qcevasTan.
Tqveni SerCeva am gamokiTxvaSi monawileobis misaRebad SemTxveviTad
moxda. amdenad, Tqveni mosazreba aTasobiT Tqveni msgavsi adamianis
mosazrebis warmomadgenlobiTi iqneba.
werils Tan axlavs Cveni kiTxvari. ramdenadac igi sakmaod grZe
lia da daaxloebiT 20 wuTi dagWirdebaT mis Sesavsebad, imedi gvaqvs,
rom gamonaxavT dros, SeavsebT mas da dagvibrunebT kiTxvars im
damisamarTebuli konvertiT, romelic axlavs am werils. informacia,
romelsac Tqven mogvcemT, did wvlils Seitans mniSvnelovan kvleva
Si da SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas imisaTvis, rom gavlena movaxdinoT
ACLU-s politikaze.
rac Seexeba konfidencialobas _ Cven gaZlevT konfidencialo
bis pirobas amerikis politikur mecnierebaTa asociaciis akademiuri
eTikis standartebis Sesabamisad. Tqveni saxeli ar gamJRavndeba da ar
iqneba dakavSirebuli Tqvens pasuxebTan, arc viskonsin-milvokis uni
versitetis personalis romelime wevrs eqneba ufleba, naxos Tqveni
pasuxebi imaT garda, vinc proeqtSi monawileobs. amdenad, sanam ACLU
dainteresebuli iqneba Cveni kvleviT, isini Cvengan ver miiReben raime
294
380
informacias, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqveni iden

tificireba. Tu SeiZleba, aRniSneT ricxvi kiTxvaris zeda marjvena
kuTxeSi. es ricxvi saSualebas mogvcems droebiT movaxdinoT Tqveni
identificireba. am ricxviT Cven gvecodineba, rom Tqven upasuxeT
kiTxvars da aRar gamogigzavniT Semdeg werils, romelTac vugzavniT
imaT, vinc pasuxs ar gvcems.
Cven vafasebT Tqvens survils _ dagvexmaroT kvlevaSi. Tu Tqven
survili geqnebaT, rom miiRoT dasrulebuli kvlevis asli, miuTiTeT
es kiTxvaris bolo gverdze. Semdeg SevamowmebT, rom namdvilad mi
iRoT Cveni Sedegebis asli. gvjera, rom kiTxvari TqvenTvis saintereso
da damaintrigebeli aRmoCndeba. veliT Tqvengan pasuxs.
pativiscemiT,
riCard binhemi jeims gibsoni

asistent-profesori asocirebuli profesori
meore magaliTi, romelic warmodgenilia 11.3 danarTSi, aRebulia

kvlevidan, romelic exeboda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da Catarda
milvokSi viskonsinis universitetis mkvlevrebis mier.25 werili xazs
usvams kvlevis konfidencialobas da detalurad ganmartavs, rogor
iqneba respondentTa pasuxebi gamoyenebuli.
bolos, mkvlevrebma yuradRebiT unda airCion Tavfurclis Ses
abamisi stili, anu gadawyviton, formaluri iqneba igi Tu naxevrad
personaluri. moyvanil or magaliTSi mkvlevrebma formaluri wer
ili gaugzavnes yvela im respondents, romlebic SerCevaSi Sediod
nen. mkvlevrebs SeeZloT aerCiaT piradi werilis stili da CaerToT
masSi respondentis saxeli da misamarTi, imis nacvlad, rom daeweraT
`Zvirfaso megobaro~an Zvirfaso respondento~. sityvebis damuSavebis
programebis umetesobas SeuZlia werilebis avtomaturad personali
zeba, Tu werilebi da safosto CamonaTvali kompiuterizebulia. dada
sturebulia, rom personaluri werilebi pasuxebis ufro maRal nixrs
iZleva, vidre oficialuri werili.26
25. Richard D. Bingham and James L.Gibson, “ Conditions of Commitment to Civil Liberties.” unpublished (
Milwaukee: Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, 1979).
26. Michael T. Matteson, “Type of Transmittal Letter and Questionnaire Color as Two Variables Influencing
Response Rates in a Mail Survey,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 59 (1974): 532-536.
295
instruqciebi
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic unda gaiTvaliswinon
mkvlevrebma kiTxvaris Sedgenisas, aris TiToeul kiTxvaze an kiTxva
Ta wyebaze darTuli instruqciebi. instruqcia unda erTvodes yvela
kiTxvas, romelic ar aris TviTganmartebiTi. instruqciebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes Zalian martividan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `SemoxazeT Se
sabamisi kategoria~, ufro kompleqsur miTiTebebamde, romelic xsnis,
rogor movaxdinoT prioritetebis CamoTvla. rodesac interviueri
adgens kiTxvars, instruqciebi, Cveulebriv, misTvis iwereba da, amde
nad, moklea, uxsnis interviuers, ra qnas, rodesac respondenti iZleva
konkretul pasuxs, rodis CaeZios damatebiTi informaciis mosaZie
blad an rogor daazustos konkretuli kiTxva. qvemoT moyvanilia in
terviuerisTvis gankuTvnili instruqciebis magaliTebi:
vin iyo Tqveni damqiravebeli ukanasknel samuSaoze?

(CaeZieT swori kategoriis gasagebad, swori pasuxis misaRebad)
kerZo piri
qalaqi
olqi
Stati
saxelmwifo
TviTdasaqmebuli
sazogadoeba, anazRaurebis gareSe
sxva (dawereT)
ar vici
personaluri an satelefono interviu mihyavs interviuers, raTa

upasuxos bundovan sakiTxebze respondentis mier wamoWril kiTxvebs,
magram aseTi ram SeuZlebelia werilobiTi gamokiTxvis dros, sadac
nebismieri kiTxva, romelic ar aris naTeli da bundovania, mosalodne
lia, rom arasworad iqneba pasuxgacemuli an saerTod upasuxod darCe
ba. amdenad, zusti instruqciebis micema ukiduresad mniSvnelovania.
isini, mosalodnelia, rom icvlebodes zogadidan _ rac SeiZleba iyos
kiTxvari an mis nawili, specifikur detalebamde, romelic win uswrebs
konkretul SekiTxvas.
qvemoT moyvanilia kiTxvaris dasawyisSi mocemuli zogadi instruq
296
382
ciis magaliTi, romelic exeba samoqalaqo TavisuflebasTan mimarTe

baSi dakavSirebul attitudebs:27
instruqcia: TiToeul kiTxvaze aRniSneT pasuxi, romelic,

Tqveni azriT, yvelaze axlos dgas imasTan, rasac fiqrobT.
aq ar arsebobs `swori~an àraswori~pasuxebi. upasuxeT kiTx
vebs gulaxdilad. kiTxvebs pasuxi gaeciT imave Tanmimdev
robiT, rogorc aris warmodgenili kiTxvarSi. Tu gsurT,
miiRoT damatebiTi komentarebi nebismier konkretul kiTx
vasTan dakavSirebiT an, zogadad, Temis irgvliv, gamoiy
eneT SeniSvnebisTvis datovebuli sivrce kiTxvaris bolos.
Tqveni mosazrebebi ukiduresad mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebis sakiTxebis gasagebad. Zalian vafasebT Tqvens
TanamSromlobas.
Semdegi magaliTi aRebulia zogadi socialuri gamokiTxvidan da

waradgens kiTxvas, romelic Camoyalibebulia CamoTvlis formatSi:
instruqcia: zogierTi adamiani Tvlis, rom vaSingtonis mTav

robam mdidrebisa da Raribebis Semosavlebs Soris gansx
vaveba unda Seamciros mdidari ojaxebisTvis gadasaxadebis
gazrdiT an RaribebisaTvis saSemosavlo daxmarebiT. sxvebi
fiqroben, rom saxelmwifom TavisTavad araferi unda gaake
Tos mdidrebsa da Raribebis SemosavlebSi gansxvavebis Sesa
mcireblad.
aq aris baraTi, romelzec mocemulia skala 1-dan 7-mde. 1

aRniSnavs imas, rom mTavroba valdebulia Seamciros mdi
drebisa da Raribebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, xolo
maCvenebeli 7 niSnavs, rom mTavrobam amaze fiqriT Tavi ar
unda Seiwuxos. moniSneT is qula, romelic yvelaze axlos
dgas Tqvens mosazrebasTan (moniSneT mxolod erTi).
mTavrobam raRac unda gaakeTos mTavrobam Tavi

mdidrebisa da Raribebis ar unda Seiwuxos
Semosavalebs Soris gansxvavebuli
gansxvavebis Sesamcireblad Semosavlebis gamo.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27. Bingham and Gibson, “Conditions of Commitment to Civil Liberties.”
297
dabolos, aq aris specifikuri instruqciis magaliTi erT kiTxvaze

sapasuxod.
daaxloebiT ramden StatSi gicxovriaT mTeli Tqveni cxovrebis
manZilze? (daiTvaleT mxolod is Statebi, sadac, sul mcire, erTi
weli mainc gaatareT.)
kiTxvaris Sedgena: SemTxvevis Seswavla

kiTxvaris Sedgena mraval safexurs moicavs. mkvlevari iwyebs
sakvlevi problemiT da gadis kiTxvebis formulirebis, gamoyenebu
li kiTxvebis formatisa da tipis ganxilvis process. imisaTvis, rom
movaxdinoT am safexurebis ilustrireba, 11.4 danarTSi warmogidgenT
realur kvlevaze agebul kiTxvars, romelic Caatara miCiganis univer
sitetis sociologiuri kvlevebis institutma.28
kvlevis mizani iyo urbanul problemebsa da rasobriv urTierTo
bebTan dakavSirebuli atitudebisa da aRqmebis gamokvleva SeerTebu
li Statebis CrdiloeTSi mdebare TxuTmet qalaqSi. cdilobdnen gane
sazRvraT TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani urbanuli mosaxleobis socialuri
da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi iseve, rogorc maTi miswrafebebi.
mkvlevrebma TiToeul qalaqSi Seadgines TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa
SerCeva. TiToeul qalaqSi gamokiTxva daaxloebiT 175 Savkaniani da
amdenive TeTrkaniani respondenti. amas garda, 366 TeTrkaniani gamoi
kiTxa or qalaqgareTa teritoriaze. sul gamoikiTxa 2809 Savkaniani da
2950 TeTrkaniani respondenti. maTi asaki meryeobda 16-dan 69 wlamde;
isini cxovrobdnen kerZo saxlebSi.
mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes kiTxvaris ori forma, erTi TeTrkanianebi
saTvis, xolo meore SavkanianebisaTvis. kiTxvebi beqgraundul maxasi
aTeblebTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis identuri iyo orive formaSi; at
titudebTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebic identuri iyo intervius orive
formaSi, magram kiTxvebis didi raodenoba gankuTvnili iyo eqskluzi
urad erTi an meore rasobrivi jgufisaTvis. kiTxvarebi moicavda at
titudebTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs, romlebic eZieboda responden
tebs, raTa mieRo maTgan informacia imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad kmayofilia
momsaxurebiT samezoblo, agreTve gaegfo maTi azri saxelmwifos
efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT urbanuli problemebis sakiTxSi, maTi
interrasobrivi urTierTobebis, integraciasTan dakavSirebiT maTi
28. Based on Angus Campbell and Howard Schuman, Racial Attitudes in Fifteen American Cities ( Ann Arbor,
Mich.: Social Science Archive; 1973).
298
384
attitudebisa da rasebs Soris mtrobis maTeuli aRqmis Sesaxeb. dan

arTSi warmodgenili kiTxvari originaluri kiTxvaris Semoklebuli
versiaa romelic SavkanianebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom kiTxvari iwyeba respondentisa da
misi adgilmdebareobis saidentifikacio nomrebiT, da aseve datovebu
lia adgili imisaTvis, rom interviuerma CainiSnos intervius dawyebis
dro. pirveli kiTxva attitudTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvis magaliTia,
romelic exeba qalaqis mier SemoTavazebuli servisiT kmayofilebis
xarisxs. am kiTxvisaTvis mkvlevari iyenebda matricul formats. yu
radReba miaqcieT, rom aq mocemulia instruqciebi, rogorc intervi
uerisaTvis, aseve respondentisaTvis.
meore kiTxvas aqvs rogorc daxuruli, ise Ria tipis komponenti (2A).
me-2 punqti daTmobili aqvsA SemTxveviT kiTxvas. mesame, mexuTe, meeqvse
da meSvide kiTxvebi aseve SemTxveviT kiTxvebia. pirveli nawili gam
filtravi kiTxvaa, xolo meore SemTxveviTi kiTxva, romelic gamoiy
eneba mxolod im respondentebTan, romelTac specifikuri kategoria
aRniSnes pirvel nawilSi. yvela kiTxva iyenebs ricxviT kods, romelic
mowmdeba mxolod interviueris mier.
kiTxvaris bolo ganyofileba gviCvenebs intervius upiratesobas
sxva tipis kiTxvarebTn (werilobiTi, satelefono) SedarebiT. inter
viuers SeuZlia miiRos detaluri informacia respondentebis zogadi
attitudis Sesaxeb, rac mkvlevrebs pasuxebis paternis interpre
tirebisas daexmareba.
danarTi 11.4
urbanuli problemis kvlevis kiTxvari
mxolod ofisSi
interviu
gamoyenebisaTvis
daiwyo:____ sT.
V.2
qalaqis
nomeri V.3
segmentis
nomeri V.9
DULS xazis
nomeri V.10
pirovnebis
nomeri V.10
299
1. pirvel rigSi minda gkiTxoT, ramdenad kmayofili xarT qalaqis

ramdenime ZiriTadi servisiT, romlis daniSnuleba Tqveni
ubnis momsaxurebaa. rogoria skolebi Tqvens dasaxlebaSi _
zogadad kmayofili xarT, met-naklebad kmayofili Tu zogadad
ukmayofilo?
(kodi a qvemoT, da dasvi kiTxva b, e-s meSveobiT)

A Zalian
kmayo
ramdenad
me kmayo
Zalian
ukmayo
ar
vici
fili fili filo
a. sajaro skolebis xarisxi 1 2 3 8
b. parkebi da saTamaSo moednebi

bavSvebisaTvis 1 2 3 8
g. sportuli da rekreaciis centrebi

mozardebisaTvis 1 2 3 8
Dd. policiis mfarveloba 1 2 3 8
e. dasufTaveba 1 2 3 8
2. qalaqis masStabiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sajaro skolebis,

parkebis, dasufTavebis servisebs, rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni
dasaxleba ukeTes momsaxurebas iRebs, iseTives Tu uaress qalaqis
sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT?
ukeTess . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . 1
iseTives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
uaress . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . 3
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
a. Tu ukeTesia an uaresi: ra aris imis mizezi, rom Tqveni

dasaxleba (ukeTes/uares) serviss
iRebs?
3. Tu Tqven seriozuli pretenzia gaqvT cudi rekodirebuli

momsaxurebis gamo qalaqis mmarTvelobis mniSvnelobebi
mimarT, rogor fiqrobT, SegiZliaT Tu ara
satelefono zaris meSveobis aiZuloT qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba,
rame gaakeTos?
diax . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . 5
ar vici . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . .8
300
386
a. dagirekavT odesme qalaqis xelmZRvanelobasTan saCivriT, romelic

cud momsaxurebas ukavSirdeba?
diax . . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . . 5
4. zogadad, rogor fiqrobT, qalaqis mmarTveloba ufro met

yuradRebas uTmobs SavkanianTa Txovnas an saCivrebs, ufro
naklebs Tu igives, rasac TeTrkanianebisas?
mets . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 1
naklebs . . . . . 2 . . . . 3
igives . . . . . . .3 . . . . 2
ar vici . . . . . .8 . . . . 8
axla visaubroT mTlianobaSi qalaqis problemebze.
5. rogor fiqrobT, axmars Tu ara qalaqis meri mTel Tavis

Zalisxmevas qalaqis problemebis gadaWras, Tu ar akeTebs
yvelafers rac SeuZlia am problemebis mosagvareblad?
akeTebs yvelafers, rac SeuZlia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ar akeTebs yvelafers, rac SeuZlia (dasviT kiTxva A) X
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
a. Tu ar akeTebs yvelafers, rac SeuZlia, rogor fiqrobT,

met-naklebad cdilobs am problemebis gadaWras, Tu saerTod
ar zrunavs amisaTvis?
sakmaod cdilobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
saerTod ar cdilobs . . . . . . . 3
6. ras ityviT Statis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb? rogor fiqrobT,

maTi SesaZleblobis farglebSi sakmarisad cdiloben, qalaqis
mTavari problemebis gadaWras, Tu rac SeuZliaT yvelafers
ar akeTeben aRniSnuli problemebis gadasalaxad?
cdiloben, rogorc SeuZliaT . . . . . . . . . . 1
ar akeTeben yvelafers, rac
SeuZliaT (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
a. Tu ar akeTeben yvelafers, rac SeuZliaT: rogor fiqrobT,

sakmaris Zalisxmevas problemebis gadaWras, Tu saerTod ar
cdiloben?
sakmao ZalisxmeviT cdiloben. . . 2
saerTod ar cdiloben . . . . . . . . . .3
301
7. ras ityviT vaSingtonis federaluri mTavrobis Sesaxeb?

rogor fiqrobT, sakmarisad cdiloben, yvelaferi gaakeTon,
rac SeuZliaT qalaqis mTavari problemebis gadasaWrelad
Tu ar akeTeben yvelafers, rac SeuZliaT aseT problemebTan
gasamklaveblad?
cdiloben, rogorc SeuZliaT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ar akeTeben imas, rac SeuZliaT (dasviT A kiTxva) . X
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
a. Tu ar akeTeben yvelafers, rac SeuZliaT: sakmao

ZalisxmeviT cdiloben, Tu saerTod ar irjebian am probleme
bis gadasaWrelad?
sakmarisad cdiloben. . . . . . . . . . . 2
saerTod ar cdiloben. . . . . . . . . . 3
8. klivlendsa da geriSi, indianas Statis qalaqebSi, airCies

Savkaniani meri. ra efeqti eqneba amas klivlendsa da gerSi
arsebul problemebze? rogor fiqrobT, es gaauaresebs
viTarebas, gaaumjobesebs Tu araferi Seicvleba?
gaaumjobesebs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
gaauarsebes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ar iqneba cvlilebebi . . . . . . . . . . 3
ar vici (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . . 8
Aa. Tu ar iciT: rogor fiqrobT, rogori SeiZleba iyos efeqti:

ukeTesoba, uaresoba, Tu ar iqneba cvlilebebi?
ukeTesoba . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
uaresoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
ar iqneba cvlilebebi . . 3
axla visaubroT zogierTi pretenziis Sesaxeb, romelic

adamianebsaqvT policiis mimarT.
9. pirveli: zogierTi adamiani ambobs, rom policia swrafad ar

modis, rodesac daxmarebisTvis iZaxeben. rogor fiqrobT,
marTla ase xdeba am dasaxlebaSi?
diax . . . . . . . . . . .(dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . .1
ara . . . . . . . (gadadiT meaTe kiTxvaze) . . . 5
ar vici . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . 8
a. Tu `diax~, an àr vici~: SegmTxveviaT aseTi ram odesme?

diax . . . . . . . (dasviT b da g kiTxvebi) . . . .1
ara . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva g) . . . . . . . . . . .5
302
388
Bb. Tu `diax~kiTxvaze A: ramdeni xnis win moxda es?

wlis win
g. Tu `diax~an àra~: kiTxvaze: mosvlia aseTi ram romelime
Tqvens nacnobs?
diax . . . . . . . . . . . .1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
10. zogierTi adamiani ambobs, rom policia pativiscemiT ar

ekideba adamianebs, iyenebs Seuracxmyofel mimarTvebs. rogor
fiqrobT, marTla xdeba aseTi ram am dasaxlebaSi?
diax . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (gadadiT me-11 kiTxvaze) . .5
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . .(dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . . . 8
aA. Tu `diax~an àr vici~: Tqven SegmTxveviaT aseTi ram odesme?

diax . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dasviT Bb da g kiTxvebi) . . . .1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva g) . . . . . . . . 5
b. Tu `diax~kiTxvaze A: ramdeni xnis win moxda es

ukanasknelad?
wlis win
g.. Tu `diax~an àra~: kiTxvazeA: aseTi ram Tqvens romelime nacnobs

Tu SemTxvevia?
diax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
11. zogierTi adamiani ambobs, rom policia rekodirebuli

devnis da ZebnaSi acxadebs adamianebs mniSvnelobebi
sakmarisi mizezis gareSe. rogor fiqrobT,
marTla xdeba aseTi ram am dasaxlebaSi?
diax . . . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . .1
ara . . . . . . (gadadiT me-12 kiTxvaze) . . 5
ar vici . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . .8
Aa. Tu `diax~an àr vici~: Tqven SegmTxveviaT aseTi ram odesme?

diax . . . . . (dasviT bB da g kiTxvebi) . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva g) . . . . . . . . . . .5
bB. Tu `diax~: kiTxvazeA: ramdeni xnis win moxda es?

wlis win
303
g. Tu `diax~an àra~: mosvlia aseTi ram Tqvens romelime

nacnobs Tu SemTxvevia?
diax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
12. zogierTi adamiani ambobs, rom policia uxeSad epyroba

xalxs, roca amis saWiroeba ar aris da gansakuTrebiT
dapatimrebis dros. rogor fiqrobT, marTla xdeba aseTi ram
am dasaxlebaSi?
diax . . . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . . . 1
ara. . . . . . . . . (gadadiT me-13 kiTxvaze). .5
ar vici . . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva A). . . . . . .8
aA. Tu `diax~an àr vici~: Tqven SegmTxveviaT aseTi ram odesme?

diax . . . . . .(dasviT bB da g kiTxvebi) . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . . (dasviT kiTxva g) . . . . . . . . . 5
Bb. Tu `diax~: ramdeni xnis win moxda es?

wlis win
g. Tu `diax~an àra~A: aseTi ram Tqvens romelime nacnobs Tu

SemTxvevia?
diax . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1
ara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
13. rogor fiqrobT, Savkanian mosaxleobas Savkaniani policielebi

ufro kargad epyrobian, TeTrkaniani policielebi, Tu ar
aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba?
Savkaniani policielebi (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . . . .1 1
TeTrkaniani policielebi (dasviT kiTxva A) . . . 2 2
ar aris gansxvaveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 8
Aa. Tu `Savkaniani~ an `TeTrkaniani policielebi~:

rogor fiqrobT, ratom xdeba ase?
14. zogadad, rogor fiqrobT, qalaqis mosamarTleebi Savkaniane

bis mimarT, TeTrkanianebis mimarT ufro mkacrebi arian Tu ar
aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba?
ufro mkacrebi arian Savkanianebis mimarT . . . . . . . . .1 1
304
390
ufro mkacrebi arian TeTrkanianebis mimarT. . . . . . .2 3

ar aris didi gansxvaveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2
ar vici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
15. pirovnulad dRes ufro usafrTxod da daculad grZnobT
Tavs, vidre ori an sami wlis win, ar aris cvlileba Tu
naklebad daculad grZnobT Tavs?
dRes ufro daculad . . . . . . . . 1
ar aris cvlileba . . . . . . . . . . . .2
naklebad daculad . . . . . . . . . . 3
16. qvemoT moyvanilia zogierTi saCivari, romelsac gaigonebT

savaWro dawesebulebebSi. miTxariT, Tu gqoniaT msgavsi
SemTxveva, sayidlebze yofnisas am dasaxlebaSi an mis
siaxloves?
xSirad xan iSvia arasdros ar vvaWrob axlomaxlo

daxan Tad
aA. fiqrobT, rom

saqonels Zalian 1 2 3 4 5
Zviri fasi adevs? (gadadiT d kiTxvaze)
bB. fiqrobT, rom

gafuWebuli an 1 2 3 4
cudi saqoneli
mogyides?
g. aseT maRaziebSi
upativcemulod 1 2 3 4
gepyrobian?
dD. Tu àr davdivar sayidlebze am dasaxlebaSi~:

ratom ar dadixarT aq sayidlebze?
305
SeavseT qvemoT moyvanili punqtebi dauyovnebliv, rode-

sac daSordebiT respondents
A
a. intervius mTliani
e. 14 wlis asaks gadacilebuli vinme Tu
xangrZlivoba
eswreboda intrevius?
wuTi
(SemoxazeT yvela, vinc eswreboda)
aravin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
b. respondentis ganwyoba meuRle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
TanamSromlobisaTvis mSobeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
14 welze ufrosi asakis . . . . . 3
maRali. . . . .1 sxva naTesavi an megobari. . . . 4
saSualo. . . . 2 sxva (dawereT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dabali.. . . . . .3
g. respondentis dainteresebulo- vF. sisufTave binaSi

ba rasobrivi sakiTxebiT
Zalian sufTa da akuratuli . . . . . 1
maRali. . . . . . . . . .1 sakmaod sufTa da akuratuli . . . . 2
saSualo . . . . . . . . 2 usufTao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
dabali. . . . . . . . . . 3 Zalian binZuri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dd. ramdenad esmis respondents Gz. intervius TariRi: __

kiTxvebi
esmis . . . . . . . . . . 1
saSualod . . . . ..2 TH. interviueris xelmowera:
cudad . . . . . . . . .3
I. mokled aRwereT respondenti da aseve aRniSneT, arsebobda Tu

ara raime specifikuri piroba, ramac gavlena moaxdina interviuze.
daskvna
1. yoveli kiTxvaris safuZveli aris kiTxva. kiTxvari konkre

tul kiTxvebad unda ayalibebdes kvlevis miznebs. am kiTxvebze pa
suxebi uzrunvelyofs saWiro monacemebs hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad.
2. kiTxvebis umravlesoba SeiZleba daiyos faqtobriv da subi
eqturi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebad. faqtobrivi kiTxvebi age
bulia imisaTvis, rom miviRoT obieqturi informacia responden
tisagan. subieqturi kiTxvebi exeba midrekilebebs, upiratesobebis
306
392
miniWebas, prejudisebs, ideebs, SiSebs, mrwamss. zogadad, subieqtu

ri kiTxvebi ufro kompleqsuri da rTulad Sesadgenia, vidre faqto
brivi kiTxvebi. pasuxebi subieqtur kiTxvebze ufro metad icvleba
formulirebis, aqcentebis, Tanmimdevrobis cvlilebis mixedviT,
vidre faqtobriv kiTxvebze.
3. SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT kiTxvis struqturis sami tipi: daxu
ruli, Ria da SemTxveviTi. daxurul kiTxvebSi respondents sTavazo
ben pasuxTa kategoriebs, romelTagan man unda airCios is katego
ria, romelic yvelaze metad asaxavs mis Sexedulebas. Ria kiTxvebs
ar mosdevs arCevani pasuxTa kategoriebs Soris da respondentebis
pasuxebs srulad iweren. SemTxveviTi kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba mxolod
respondentTa subjgufTan. kiTxvis Sesabamisoba am subjgufTan gan
isazRvreba respondentis pasuxiT winamaval gamfiltrav kiTxvaze.
4. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formati, romelsac
mkvlevrebi kiTxvebis dasasmelad iyeneben, aris reitingis skala,
sadac respondentebi msjeloben Tanmimdevruli kategoriebis ter
minebSi. arsebobs reitingis skalis ramdenime tipi, maT Soris erT-
erTia semantikuri diferenciali. matriculi kiTxva aris reiting
is ramdenime, garkveuli kiTxvebis dalagebis meTodi, romelTac
pasuxTa erTnairi kategoriebi (erTnairi pasuxebi) aqvT. CamoTvla
kiTxvarebSi maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac kvlevis mizania informaciis
moZieba im mniSvnelobisa da prioritetebis Sesaxeb, rasac adamianebi
sxvadasxva attitudebsa da sagnebs aniWeben.
5. kiTxvebi ise unda iyos formulirebuli, rom respondentebi
zustad xvdebodnen, ras ekiTxebian. mimaniSnebeli kiTxvis SemTxveva
Si respondents eCveneba, rom mkvlevari konkretul pasuxs moelis
misgan. muqaris Semcveli kiTxvebi warmoSobs SfoTvas responden
tebSi. kiTxvebis es orive tipi iwvevs gadaxras pasuxebSi. mkvlevreb
ma Tavi unda aaridon mimaniSnebel da muqaris Semcvel kiTxvebs spe
cialuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, _ magaliTad, maT SuZliaT dasvan
vrceli Sesavali kiTxva, agreTve gamoiyenon ufro metad Ria tipis,
vidre daxuruli tipis kiTxvebi.
sakvanZo terminebi gameorebisaTvis
attitudi gasafiltri kiTxva

daxuruli kiTxva mimaniSnebeli kiTxva
SemTxveviTi kiTxva matriculi kiTxva
ormagi mniSvnelobis kiTxva Ria kiTxva
faqtobrivi kiTxva azri
307
aRmricxvelebi reitingi
kiTxva semantikuri diferenciali
CamoTvla muqaris Semcveli kiTxva
kiTxvebi
1. ganixileT sxvadasxva gza, romliTac kiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

respondentisgan faqtobrivi informaciis misaRebad, misi azris
gasagebad, attitudis dasadgenad.
2. aRwereT daxuruli, Ria da SemTxveviTi kiTxvebis gamoyeneba.
3. CamoTvaleT da aRwereT formatebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba kiTxvebis dasasmelad.
4. ganixileT kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis mniSvneloba kiTxvarSi.
5. CamoTvaleT problemebi, romelic SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxvaris
Sedgenisas.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
pol abramsoni da Carlz ostromi, `kiTxvis formulireba da ucvleloba:

cvlileba da uwyvetoba partiul loialobaSi 1992 wlis saarCevno
kampaniis dros~. sazogadoebrivi azris kvartaluri gamocema, 58
(1994).
kenet beili `sociologiuri kvlevebis meTodebi~.
biSopi, oldendiki da alfred taCfarberi, `gasafiltri kiTxvebis
gavlena sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebSi~. sazogadoebrivi azris
kvartaluri gamocema, 47 (1983).
jorj gaskeli, kolm o’miuirchartaixi da deniel raiti, `kiTxvebi
bundovani movlenebis sixSiris Sesaxeb: pasuxebis alternativebis
gavlena~. sazogadoebrivi azris kvartaluri gamocema, 58 (1994).
reimond gordeni, ìnterviu: strategia, teqnika, taqtika~.
robert kani da Carlz keneli, ìntervius dinamika~.
kenet rasinski, devid mingai da norman bredberni, `namdvilad aRniSnaven
Tu ara repondentebi realur pasuxebs TviTmarTvad kiTxvarebSi?~
hovsrd Sumani da stenli preseri, `kiTxvebi da pasuxebi atitudebTan
dakavSirebul gamokiTxvebSi~.
rois singltoni, brus straitsi, margaret straitsi da ronald
makkalisteri, `midgomebi sociologiuri kvlevisadmi~.
seimur sadmeni da norman bredberni, `kiTxvebis dasma~.
rojer turango da kenet rasinski, `kognituri procesebi, romlebic
308
თემა 5. ფოკუს ჯგუფი
თავი IX. ფოკუს-ჯგუფი
fokus-jgufi diskusiaze dafuZnebuli interviua. monacemebi respondentTa

jgufisagan miiReba, es aris kargad gamiznuli da organizebuli Sekreba.
jgufuri procesebis Seswavlas mdidari kvleviTi istoria aqvs da saTaves

sociologiaSi iRebs, radgan socialur komunikaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad
amisa, am meTods sociologebis garda marketologebi da fsiqologebic iyeneben,
gansakuTrebiT janmrTelobis fsiqologiaSi.
fokus-jgufis daniSnuleba
fokus-jgufi sxva meTodebTan erTad gamoiyeneba, misi mizania gaigos monawileTa

azri, Tu damokidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT. is sxva meTodebTan erTad
monacemebis Sesagroveblad gamoiyeneba imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor Seefereba sakvlev
gegmas. mas SeuZlia moipovos informacia raime aqtualuri sakiTxis Sesaxeb, an
piriqiT, wamoWras axali sakiTxi. fokus-jgufis upiratesoba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom
is akontrolebs, Tvals adevnebs azris formirebisa da misi gamoxatvis process
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. fokus-jgufi Zalian sasargebloa kros-kulturuli
kvlevisTvisac.
fokusuri stimuli
fokus-jgufis kvlevis fokusSi myofi sakiTxi konkretuli diskusiisakenaa

mimarTuli, romelic garkveul stimulur obieqtTan, movlenasTan Tu situaciasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. es SeiZleba iyos sareklamo rgoli an mTeli kampania, problemuri
sagazeTo statia an tele-radio gadacema, adamianebis reaqcia raime samomxmareblo
produqtze, an raime socialuri movlena. stimulebis SesaZlo areali sakmaod
farToa da Zalian bevr sakiTxs moicavs.
fokus-jgufis zoma
fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 9 adamianiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca, zogierTi

mkvlevaris azriT, 6 an 8 wevri umjobesia. gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom rac ufro
309
naklebia wevrTa raodenoba jgufSi, miT ufro nayofieria muSaoba. didi jgufebis
gakontroleba rTulia, miT umetes, rom fokus jgufis muSaobas iweren audio-video
aparaturaze, xolo sesiis Cawera didi jgufis pirobebSi garTulebulia, vinaidan
yvela adamiani gansxvavebuli xmiT, tembriT, da siswrafiT saubrobs. aqedan
gamomdinare, yovelive amis kasetaze dafiqsireba SeiZleba SeuZlebelic ki aRmoCndes.
gamocdilebam aCvena, rom yoveli axali sesiis dawyebis win saWiroa monawileTa
raodenobis 25%-iT gazrda, radgan wina sesiebis monawileTa sruli raodenoba
Semdgom sesiebze ar gamocxaddeba.
mdebareoba da mowyoba
fokus-jgufis Catarebis adgili xelsayreli unda iyos rogorc TiTeuli

monawilis, aseve kvlevis miznisaTvisac. umjobesi iqneba, Tu kvleva neitralur
adgilas Catardeba, Tumca, am miznis sisruleSi moyvana rTulia. xSir SemTxvevaSi
kvleva garkveul dawesebulebaSi mimdinareobs, mag: saavadmyofoSi. monawileebisaTvis
wamyvania ori moTxovna: komforti da Sesatyvisi garemo. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
agreTve im adgilis gemovnebiT mowyobasac, sadac unda warimarTos kvleva, vinaidan
esTetikuri garemo kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa.
garda amisa, kvlevam xeli ar unda SeuSalos TviTon monawiles da ar unda
daurRvios dRis reJimi – vTqvaT, bavSvis movla an transportirebis problema.
jgufis wevrebi sakuTar saxelebs (mxolod saxelebs da ara gvarebs) waaweren
qaRaldze da magidaze dadeben, an gulze miibneven. Sedegad, jgufis wevrebi
erTmaneTs saxeliT mimarTaven.
sesiis xangrZlivoba
fokus jgufis meTodis mcodneTa umetesobis azriT, sesiis xangrZlivoba

ufrosebSi ar unda aRematebodes 2 saaTs, (Tumca arsebobs 3 an 3 saaT naxevriani
jgufebic), bavSvebSi 1 saaTs.
Temebis cvlis marTva diskusiis dros.
arsebobs Temidan Temaze gadasvlis ori tipi: pirveli, romlis drosac iniciativas
TviTon respondenti iCens da meore, rodesac iniciativa wamyvanis mxridan modis.
respondentis mier inicirebuli cvlileba SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom mas ar surs am

Temaze saubari, rasac sxvadasxva mizezi SeiZleba qondes: Tema misTvis naklebad
nacnobia, an euxerxuleba am Temaze saubari da sxv. amM dros wamyvani unda Seecados
310
moxsnas am mouxerxeblobis an gaugebrobis warmoSobisa da misi Semdgomi gavrcelebis

mizezebi – magaliTad, sxvebic iziareben am uxerxulobas, Tu iziareben, ra aris amisi
safuZveli?
wamyvanis mier inicirebuli cvlilebebi ufro strategiul xasiaTs atarebs:

wamyvans SeuZlia daubrundes im Temis analizs, romelic ama Tu im mizezis gamo
zereled an saerTod ar iqna ganxiluli.
rTuli adamianebis marTva
xandaxan jgufSi aRmoCndebian rTuli adamianebi, romelTa gakontroleba

aucilebelia: 1) jgufis mousvenari wevri: Tu arsebobs adamiani, romelic mTeli
jgufis ganmavlobaSi ver isvenebs da xels giSliT muSaobaSi, umjobesia mas
Sesaferis momentSi, (vTqvaT, Sesvenebis dros) da rac mTavaria, sxvebis Tandaswrebis
gareSe vTxovoT datovos jgufi. 2) jgufis Cumi wevrebi: maT asalaparakeblad da
jgufis muSaobaSi Casabmelad umjobesia gamoviyenoT kiTxvebis dasmis meTodi.
amasTan, es kiTxvebi gonivrulad unda iyos Sedgenili. 3) jgufis zedmetad aqtiuri
wevri: amgvari wevrebis energiis Sesamcireblad umjobesia maT winaaRmdeg mivmarToT
jgufis danarCeni wevrebis reaqcia da vagrZnobinoT, rom sxvebsac surT azris
gamoTqma.
311
Tema 3.
fokus-jgufi
fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul
wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve
gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,
moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris
urTierTobis formebi.
zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,
vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul
intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seri-
ozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokus-
jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro
xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT
maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi
dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).
siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom
ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,
romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc
wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.
garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT
TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri
distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.
fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto
aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave
socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi
arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.
empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe
Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,
romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.
Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTo-
debi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen
iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da
mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is
iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc
respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen
kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis
sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen
naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli
interviuebi dominirebda.
Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecniere-
bebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore
msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am
meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis
gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba
yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956
wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am
meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT
am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita
muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas
mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis
Catarebis mizniT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul
39
Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of
Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
27
312
kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?
politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli - Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.
TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi - jerjerobiT...
yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba - araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.
saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi - magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...
adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT
gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?
am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis - ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri
gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjo- meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.
beson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokus- - ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive
jgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.
mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi, - SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.
politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno San- - gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.
sebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis - axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti
kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis — sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba
saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT. nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias
amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokus- vgulisxmob.
jgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi, - imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...
maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokus- - centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota
jgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod, ufro sustdeba.
maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas. - erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom
korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.
- ki.
meTodis daxasiaTeba - jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom
rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.
ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac
SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sede- faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,
gad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri prob- TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri
lemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,
xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier. studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im
meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.
5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva - ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs
imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT
mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.
ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans. gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,
rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZ- imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,
velze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom
upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaT- imaT Svils ar unda swavla.
viTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba - diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...
(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxma- - da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,
reblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi). imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.
saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icob-
nden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?
msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met - ki.
gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac - ki, kaco.
cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (maga- - ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...
liTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia. - arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cata- SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,
rebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTma- piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].
neTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi res- - gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...
pondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi - ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.
- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.
- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda
moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.
40
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar - “seilebi” ar aris.
aris mizanSewonili. - ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da
28 85
313
iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias. savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41
- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT, mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgo-
saxelmwifos winaSe... mareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis. jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens
- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi, daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-
rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi. Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.
- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes... fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu
- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas. moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im
- arc aqvT moTxovnileba. sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da
- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom
kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime
sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma
efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons! unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.
- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis
daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba
gaxdeboda saWiro. diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu
- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara? jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs
- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.
vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli. moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul
saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad war-
Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla... marTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac responden-
- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris. tebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini
iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda
Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba? gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos
- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen. araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli
- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvela- jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels
feri iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi
TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiq- Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso
robs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, unda iyos maTTvis.
magram... fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis
- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia. Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT
- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored
iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris. imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli
- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan
raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,
damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec. romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis
- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram... msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas
- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara. aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena
- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,
moxdeboda revolucia. mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac
- ki. fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma
- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos, unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvle-
magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs. lobisas gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa
- eg marTalia. da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze
- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba
sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici, jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.
rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT, iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis
ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba. meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis
- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Cata-
wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs rebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel
amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan
axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es
momenti Zalian aris. 41
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications. P. 19.
ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom 42
moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic
gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli
SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.
84 29
314
respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontro- gvaqvs saqme?
los diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze. - ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi
fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan, - ki, magram ar xdeba.
SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba - magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,
jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...
rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT - anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen
danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...
gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid - gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis
morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli
am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44. Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialur-
amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadaw- teqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,
yvetilebis miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc
gamoTqmis saSualeba misces. es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.
magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad
mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?
daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom - Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram
rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45 TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi
fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva
Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu- enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.
Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.
Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes. mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?
es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi, - irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...
fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi - formalurad irCevs.
kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an - adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini
damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas. amorCeulebi arian.
respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb. - dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda
yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an vide- gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].
oCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra - me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.
Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba. - es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im
fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea; doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela
Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili. CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,
fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu
gamargilebeli sasmelebiT. adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.
tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT - ki.
(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia - sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams
SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs
tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,
iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.
teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi. - erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,
arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze, qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre
rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,
gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...
msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva - eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,
masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.
da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi
kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi. axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?
fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad - am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,
gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane
gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRe- universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —
buli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs. es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-
axla mase aRar aris?
43 - me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da
Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand
saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.
Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3.
44
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21. - meti aqvs.
45
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8. - ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda
30 83
315
- igivea. jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi
- Cemi azriT, igivea. ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.
- aranairad naklebad.
- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.
- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa... proeqciuli teqnikebi
- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq — Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.
patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia]. proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSua-
- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ... lebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamia-
- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia. nis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsi-
- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu qologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iye-
ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman neben.
SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve
gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis
sakmaod irRveva. motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,
- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT. amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna
- nu, Tanabrad. verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —
enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.
piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan? swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.
- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad. mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre
- met-naklebad. mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika
- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:
mqonia. 1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis
- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb. misaRwevad?
- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom... 2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?
3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?
Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT, magram manamde — ra aris qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle
korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias? aRwera.47
- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.
- kanonis ucodinroba. 1. sityvieri asociaciebi
- gaunaTlebloba. magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”
- samarTlebrivi...
- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT, es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,
rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba... rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu
- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni, is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas
rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia, gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa
sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamom- maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri
dinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.
moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;
SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi... ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram
- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba
- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan
vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis muSaobisas.
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi
rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi, 2. winadadebebis damTavreba
ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria. magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”
“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”
ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?
- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba
valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebi-
formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs seuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod Camova-
universitets Cvens mimarT. yalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani
- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli. sakiTxebisadmi.
- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am
wesdebas, xom?
- erTi procenti. 46
termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~.
- erTic ara. 47
es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis
centris (amJamad — levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998
Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan wlebSi.
82 31
316
3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi” kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.
magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?” - unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,
“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?” imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis
gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma
cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da
imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla
azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...
gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”) - marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.
ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad - Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.
gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs. - ra Tqma unda!
- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven
4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.
magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec - rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba
aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros
gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.
Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis - da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro
azri Caweron. cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.
- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT
es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic
respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.
ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar - ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...
aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs - jaWviviT modis.
mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu
kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi” Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris
Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi, gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?
romelic gvainteresebs. - sakmaod.
am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi - Zalian.
naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini. - Zalian gavrcelebulia.
naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.
sakmaod Tu Zalian?
5. personifikacia - Zalian.
magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania. - Zalian.
rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?” - me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.
“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel - igives vityodi mec.
cxovels gagonebT is?” - faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.
xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba, SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris
magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi
axal-axal detalebs. daasaxeleT.
sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias - ganaTleba.
mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri - saganmanaTleblo.
momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze; - ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...
reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva. - saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.
- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.
6. stereotipebi - es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac - es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.
yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es
ojaxi. Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?
- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.
am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis - mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.
tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis
ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars. situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.
es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba - igive.
CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic, - samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...
respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.
saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad
7. rolebis gaTamaSeba aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia, - igivea.
32 81
317
korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba... magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri
- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi. saqoneli.
modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT. es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro
- indoeTi mgonia me. sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is
- ruseTi. saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli
- sasomxeTic aseve. respondentebis yofaSi.
- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.
8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”
ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli? magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime
- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT. situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram
sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT. aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im
- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”. saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo
- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali. rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis
- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT
dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.
saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba. ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,
meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika
CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanon- yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.
mdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.
- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs. 9. kolaJi
- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan
problema. respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze
metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.
kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an
SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli? es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis
- naklebad. damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias,
- gacilebiT naklebad. romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.
- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana. rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu
- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi. respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze
- amerika. Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve
- me amerikas davasaxelebdi. Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.
- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs
- ara, naklebad. Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,
rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas
da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan
gavrcelebuli? Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.
- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.
- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba. 10. kartografireba (Brand mapping)
- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti
evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician, firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.
rom marTla daisjebian. es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokus-
- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi jgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,
[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs
ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,
moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis. ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis
- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa. SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba
- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas, Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis
ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi. qveS.
- dausjeloba akeTebs amas. am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod
- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi. did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino
- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic masalis” gamoyeneba.
uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.
- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis
korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanoni- dacva:
zirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,
80 33
318
• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis - qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis
saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT); SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,
• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas
winaSe mdgar amocanebs; momitan.
• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze - ki.
ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba; - sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,
SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram
• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar
wesebi”; gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...
- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...
• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise, - ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.
TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben; - kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom
• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar qrTams ver daarqmev?
“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba - qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.
ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;
maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi
• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?
jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTo- - sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.
dikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs); - da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.
- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTleb-
• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Sem- rivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda
dgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,
TviT respondentebma mogvcen. parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen
raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom
proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba, is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas
agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod: Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.
- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT
siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris
da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba. konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba
Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs nivTic.
moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas, - 1000 lari.
mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias, - am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia
diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi. rom cal-calke aiRos.
mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram - elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,
amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.
monawiles. - madlierebis niSnad.
jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT, - eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.
romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis; - ara! mainc korufciaa.
gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv. - korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.
informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris - ara, ra Tqma unda!
Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT - anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da
Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi. ara imitom, rom...
“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis” - eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,
(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad. qrTami sxvaa.
“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas - eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.
yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi
da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi. aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?
- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...
fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi - imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.
fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris
qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokus- aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis
jgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?
mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis - Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.
miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris
citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da, gavrcelebuli?
xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs. - es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da
34 79
319
- korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac, ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis
gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleb-
raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis lobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki
safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac... — Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs das-
- Seavso... kvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan
raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs
gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorciel-
saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod. des analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad
- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob. cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokus-
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi
korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara? (rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis far-
- ki. glebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis
- Cemi azriT, ki. Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi responden-
- ki. tebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis
- erTia. msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens
- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,
pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileb-
qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze lad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48
rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena, ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari
xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organi- Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis
zaciaSic. bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis
- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli. magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis
- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia. institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva
- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,
iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli. korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo
- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi. gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,
- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde, romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesor-
imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari, maswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara
anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis
adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT, mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).
notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe, fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar
romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —
daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamom- Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes
dinareobs. sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis
- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia? warmomadgenelma respondentebma.
- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis
mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris. analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.
- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.
...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis davalebebi:
safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros 1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura
ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis
moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme? gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokus-
- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs jgufSi?
fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom
SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes 2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis
gareT. mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli
- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.
[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom
saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis 3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokus-
SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli. jgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic
- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase, yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.
magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im
qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT
aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.
- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad. 48
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.
78 35
320
rekomendebuli literatura: danarTi #1
1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
korufcia saqarTveloSi92
da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”. fokus-jgufis transkripti
2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.
fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.
3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition.
fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks,
SeniSvna:
Calif.: Sage Publications.
transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili
audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebis-
dagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver
xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am
magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad
srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris
stilisturi redaqtireba.
zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis
yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis
gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixse-
nieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi
gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod mode-
ratoris sityvebi.
Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT; magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT
yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.
- ...,93 studenti.
- ..., agraruli universiteti.
- ..., ucxo enebi94.
- ....
- ..., biosamedicino.
- ..., ucxo enebi.
- ..., iuridiuli.
- ..., studenti.
sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer

SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor
SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu
gaqvT vinmes?
- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro
saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —
es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,
orive igulisxmeba.
- igulisxmeba.
92
fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia
saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis
mier”.
93
respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT.
94
Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,
sadac swavlobdnen.
95
fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.
36 77
321
magaliTi #4. magaliTi #2
gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
izrdeba emigraciis survili
sadiskusio gegma49
CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.
londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,
zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc SeniSvna:
britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq, rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba
sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa. dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators
amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis» gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes
SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54 ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania
procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze
gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad. pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos
maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia, sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu
sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.
britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia
espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen. da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan
gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore
msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili saerTo SekiTxvebi:
mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?
Semcirda. - yoveldRiurad
- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)
umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba - qorwili, qelexi
surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba - sxva ?
kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen. daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni
litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)
ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli
adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi. arCevani
piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?
sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi, - TeTrs Tu wiTels?
megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa. - glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?
Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis
umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?
rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes

saqarTveloSi?
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?
Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:

- glexuri;
- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;
- qarxnuli boTlis.
vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?
49
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis
Catarebisas.
76 37
322
vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven
isini aseT Rvinos? davalebebi:
rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos? 1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda
(Tu ara — ratom?) im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini
ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs? erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.
Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino 2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis
imsaxurebs? ratom? mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor
SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?
daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”
ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)

Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?
rekomendebuli literatura:
fasi
sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad? 1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston:
saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos? Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).
ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?
Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze? 2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances
ra unda Rirdes Rvino? in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.
unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da
TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis) 3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.
http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961
Rvinis smis kultura
rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”? 4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/
ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT? ecoderev.html
aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic
axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi? 5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and
kaxeTSi? Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html
rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?
Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTve-
loSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi
da ra — ara?
38 75
323
arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis magaliTi #3
gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,
kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs, korufcia saqarTveloSi
profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis
gadawyvets. warmomadgenlebis mier
d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis
yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi fokus-jgufebis angariSi
wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta
ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokus-
yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac jgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).
TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesor-
profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi. maswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.
fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomad-
genlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla
kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli
profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,
gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.
SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda
aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:
Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS
Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi
iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am
kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier. studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.
kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi”91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,
romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.
mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis
mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da
socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq 1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia
warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta
publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela korufcia, rogorc:
publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad
unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod: “Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;
“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva); sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba; “korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)
o SerCevis reprezentatuloba; “korufcia aris, rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi; TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs
fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi
zusti formulireba. “adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,
Telavi)
socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas “[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,
aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”
Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari. (policielebi, quTaisi)
garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi
informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro
Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi. farTod ganmartaven korufcias:
“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
91
Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.
74 39
324
“movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa” da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs
(policielebi, quTaisi) mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekru-
lebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:
profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.
“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe) g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva
ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis
xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca
zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva pro-
fesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTva-
cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT
iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi: liswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.
rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,
“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im
adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis
Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi) codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Cata-
yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi rebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90
amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:
“vinc aZlevs [qrTams], isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi, sanqciebi
quTaisi) ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,
“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students” maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi
(studentebi, Telavi) sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa
keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze
respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,
gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da
qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo: SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi
“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis
sazogadoebriv reputacias.
“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier
aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas
“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi
[korumpirebuloba]. an aris, an ar aris. da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc
- ara! zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki
qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”- yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.
ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli
respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am
movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis
gamarTleba hqondes: normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s
wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:
“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes
a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im
moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli
“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT
dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.
dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul
axalcixe) xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba
Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi.
amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia
g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT
da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi
tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod, Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed
madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa
korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels
dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia. warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am
asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio
“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa” kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi
(studentebi, Telavi)
“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans 90
maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.
40 73
325
respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazoga- miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami,
doebis winaSe, da sxv. radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)
profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare
“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.
iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli
es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi
eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri nor-
azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi
mebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazo-
da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
gadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,
gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT. “me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me
viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,
a. respondentTa uflebebi rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”
eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts
warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da
Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar 2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi
dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.
korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben
eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,
gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli
miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb. sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad
respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,
miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan
romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi
respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi
iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars
vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi asaxeleben.
darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,
rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas “xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)
ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba “roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”
TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania, (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT
Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi “maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,
pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg. “maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes
socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba
respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda “Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba, araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba. bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs
gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis
xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis
adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma aseT mdgomareobas:
unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.
amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad “ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde [korum-
specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi pirebuli] — magram miuxedavad amisa, is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini
stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac
miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,
miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac “me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,
SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba. patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma
maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,
b. damkveTebis uflebebi raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da normaluri xelfasebi. imitom, rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,
sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT,
ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,
movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli Tbilisi)
problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro
optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad. rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris
mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad, Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali
or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,
aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli
72 41
326
rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b) Tema 6.
tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs
korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli socialuri kvlevis eTika
mentaliteti”.
“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe) socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis
monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas
“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT — axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis
adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa
bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici, gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic
rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesor- respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da
maswavleblebi, Telavi) romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.
“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams” eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs
idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,
bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs
profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis war-
xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba
momadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da
parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis
aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am
gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac
profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am
korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben
profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT
mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis
internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.
moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba
eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTleb-
pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),
rivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tum-
saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis
ca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini
Semcirebas.
ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,
dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,
mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.
xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia
mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze
mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva
daisajos. tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da
rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,
korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba
aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am
moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:
tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli
“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo pirobebi Seqmnas.
[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia” socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.
dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da
Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom
sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia
eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva
Seicvala:
socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens
gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.
da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT, rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze, socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven
ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad, dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis
sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) (ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)
respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis
Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels: sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89.
dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri
“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs
isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,
gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is 88
garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.
kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl.
gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs: 89
Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi) Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri
asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.
42 71
327
quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg “arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi;
SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina, [me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8
policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon
adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra
garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,
gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia
gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:
adamianebs.
swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi “rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis
xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es
mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”
manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc (studentebi, Telavi)
wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da
Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia 3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias
saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba
miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul
moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis
gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.
gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians
mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.
azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis
azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas
adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna
korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:
ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.
mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is “16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara
sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac
cxovrebis azrs”86. aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis
paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti
mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87. saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli
mentaliteti”.
3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis

rekomendebuli literatura: institucionaluri gamarTleba
1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis
problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze
2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan
Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton. gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro
3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications. TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas
korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.
“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da
mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs
amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”
(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa
erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla
gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi
Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
86
saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs
Ibid. P. 325 moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”
87
Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis
damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi
erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY,
kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar
Metropolitan College of New York).
70 43
328
daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom <...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda
maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris quCaSi”82.
arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba
saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe. gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic
— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda
“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom
magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic
saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”
gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.
“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda
axalcixe) imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs
— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.
“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo,
sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi, aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris
cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me
quTaisi)
viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me
“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba
ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) daerToT”84.
“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris, fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom
saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom
kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ... quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan
es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod
undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...
“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo
gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,
“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”
rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”85.
adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi
saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris
elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi. kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —
“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50- yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi
dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli
yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli
moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi) bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis
SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis
“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.
saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18 kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,
lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido, raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom
sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev” aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes
(policielebi, quTaisi) dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT
vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.
pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,
maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —
da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli
iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT
korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad: aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli
urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.
Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom
SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi? mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,
moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
xels” (policielebi, quTaisi) hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis
fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad
korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis
qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT
korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,
romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea. 82
Ibid. P. 341.
83
“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris, dunieris informantebi.
84
amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335.
85
Ibid. P. 338-339.
44 69
329
am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxov-
“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen
rebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi
codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems
policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad
Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”
cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.
(studentebi, Telavi)
dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr
cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT
muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs. zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas
rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.
msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali
ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu
saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze
adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis
“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT
Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds
Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben; badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan
“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an
mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis
sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis sindromis aRmofxvras.
magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S.
dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public
character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis 3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba
funqciasac asruleben. “qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc
“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs
jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSve-
amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”), obiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis
sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.
saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb: “iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos
mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac
SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebis- “rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime
mieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians
aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sa- raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],
jaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad
funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair “yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;
adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania”80. magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,
xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma
jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,
biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT, Telavi)
swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT
utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT
maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.
4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi
Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.
respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis
brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:
gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva”81, —
ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis “pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba
Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori “korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda
urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)
Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis
dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli. Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,
miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi, romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,
gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.
moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme. amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, rome-
79
lic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:
kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic
upatronod dgas trotuarze. “axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes
80 cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6.
81
Ibid. P. 340-341.
68 45
330
“imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCum- saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im
debodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc
delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,
zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi, rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis
ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da
mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,
SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis
Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi: SerCevas”78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli
zegavlena moexdina informantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva
“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi
rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,
saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] ufleba- magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare
movaleoba. ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris
moxeleebi, axalcixe) specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis
“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis garkveuli strategiebi.
micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara
qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis
moxeleebi, axalcixe) myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis
xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da
aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis
konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni
rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi: quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara inter-
“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs” viuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu
(studentebi, Telavi) ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.
imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba
“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe) quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi
“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakon-
ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac trolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave
Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi) naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.
es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis
“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi, Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi
Telavi)
da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT
“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes
akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT
rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi” uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,
(studentebi, Telavi) binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne
damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac
“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)
mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zala-
“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom uneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba
rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da
rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi) saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian
Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi
mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala
SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasa-
SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi
marTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive
RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis
amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,
kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es
ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.
ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis
dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic
meSveobiT:
cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da
“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom
ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,
Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar
maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba” ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,
(policielebi, quTaisi) mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es
“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni] yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis
ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe) donis dacemas.
“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.

78
viRaca rom dainaxavs, daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe) Ibid. P. 339.
46 67
331
respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
brZola ioli ar aris:
“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian
Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac
brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc
saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:
“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi
unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom socialuri
problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)
oqtomberi, 2004 w.
47
332
Methodology Brief
Focus Group Fundamentals

Focus group methodology is one of several Reality
tools that educators can use to generate valid
The situation, of course, is different. Focus group
information important to the advancement of
methodology is one of many tools. Importantly,
programs, communities, and organizations. This
focus groups were developed after the rise of
bulletin describes fundamental aspects of focus
statistical survey methods. Most educators have
groups by distinguishing them from familiar
survey methods ‘in their bones’ because they
research tools.
learned them first. This may make it difficult
The Learning Problem to get focus groups right. Survey methodology
There are so many research tools. The sheer shares with focus group method a commitment
number makes learning challenging. to rigorous collection of high quality data and
honest reporting. Like survey research, focus
Imagine for a moment that focus group method groups require special training. They may
was the only social research tool available. If so, be subject to approval by university, school,
surely we would be dissatisfied. The limitations of tribal, or organizational Committee on Human
focus groups would be widely known. We would Subjects. However, focus group methodology is
pray for someone to invent a different method. different from quantitative survey methodology
We would complain about the ineffectiveness of in its purposes, procedures, and results. Broadly
focus groups for comprehensively measuring the speaking, there are more differences than
knowledge and perspectives of individuals. We similarities (see Table 1).
would dream of a tool that could identify views
on sensitive topics like sex, drugs and weight Table 1. Focus groups compared to survey
loss. Society would long for the day when a methods
small sample of people could yield data that was How Focus Groups Differ from Survey Methods
representative of the view of an entire county,
state, or nation. Sadly, focus groups do none of Insight not rules
this well. Social not individual
Of course, if focus group methodology were the Homogeneous not diverse
only social research tool available, there would be
benefits. Educators would understand the nuances Flexible not standardized
of focus group methodology, having conquered Warm not hot
the basics in college. All interested parties would
be experienced in the art of convening and Words not numbers
moderating focus group sessions. Analysis would
be a snap. Clients, community leaders, members of Purposes
boards, and legislators would eagerly apply focus Insight not Rules
group results into their decision making. Assistants Focus groups arguably provide researchers with
could conduct focus groups in the absence of more surprises than other types of research.
researchers—and we would be able to catch their Individuals who participate in focus group sessions
mistakes. aren’t restricted by the “A, B, C” choices provided
PM 1969b May 2004
333
by the typical survey researcher. Participants the matter. It is plausible that the individual was
generally are allowed to say anything they’d like being supportive rather than honest. The noisy
in focus groups sessions. Focus groups therefore social environment of focus groups also makes
are considered to be naturalistic (Krueger and it an inappropriate setting in which to assess an
Casey, 2000). The researcher listens not only for individual’s knowledge of content (Krueger and
the content of focus group discussions, but for Casey, 2000). It is possible to gauge a groups’
emotions, ironies, contradictions, and tensions. overall reaction to educational materials (see
This enables the researcher to learn or confirm for example, Nordstrom et al., 2000), but not
not just the facts (as in survey method), but the on an individual basis. To assess an individual’s
meaning behind the facts. This is simplistic, but understanding of content matter, assess their
conveys a major advantage of focus group method: knowledge in a quiet setting on an individual basis.
the production of insight. Procedures
Survey research, on the other hand, enables
researchers to make predictions about the Homogenous not Diverse
occurrence of a phenomenon on a large scale. It makes good sense, when developing programs, to
Survey research can predict, from a relatively elicit as many points of view as possible. Focus groups
small sample of responses, how many people do this well. However, one might assume that focus
in the nation are likely to vote for a particular groups accomplish this by inviting a highly diverse
presidential candidate. In this way, survey research group of people to participate in the same session.
generalizes. Generalizations that are confirmed Regrettably, this doesn’t work very well. Instead, focus
over and over lead to the development of theories group researchers select and invite 20-25 people with
regarding human behavior. Focus groups can similar characteristics to a single session. The goal is to
provide trustworthy naturalistic data that also lead fill the room with a minimum of 10-12 participants
to important insights about human behavior, but that are similar (Krueger and Casey, 2000). Even
they aren’t set up to generalize in the same way as when incentives are provided, such as refreshments,
survey research (Fern, 2001). child care, or stipends, no-shows are common, so
Social not Individual don’t get caught short.
Composing a group with highly different
The focus group is a type of group interview.
characteristics will decrease the quality of the data.
If there’s no group, there is no focus group. The
Individuals will tend to censor their ideas in the
social, semi-public nature of the methodology
presence of people who differ greatly from them in
shapes the data and the purposes that it serves.
power, status, job, income, education, or personal
In a focus group session, conversation among
characteristics. To get a cross section of views from
participants results in data that are “talk.” In this
a diverse population using focus group method,
way, focus groups elicit information that paints
it is necessary to conduct multiple sessions. To
a portrait of combined local perspectives. The
understand the perspectives of a different group of
researcher can see how it “all fits together” (for
people, compose multiple focus groups on the same
example, Duncan and Marotz-Baden, 1999).
topic.
However, focus group methodology is not a
For the next group, also invite people who are
reliable technique for determining an individual’s
alike; however, they will be ‘similar’ according to
authentic point of view. Social norms get in
a different criterion. This procedure explains why
the way. For example, during a focus group, a
professional researchers typically report results
participant may affirm another participant by
from a series of sessions rather than from a single
saying, “Right! Couldn’t have said it better.”
focus group session. Although it is common
However, the analyst must not assume that the
practice to conduct a single focus group session,
individual has provided their final opinion on
the data may not be reliable.
334
For example, in an evaluation report of a retreat for hot. Consider that conversation in many cultures
environmental educators, the moderator conducted avoids conflict. Consider also that individuals
separate focus groups for first time attendees and are adept at changing the subject away from
for participants who had attended for many years overtly private matters, like sex and salaries. In
(Eells, 2002). The key to deciding which features are general, people strive to be polite. Therefore, focus
important to keep the same or vary depends on the groups do not produce reliable data on topics that
type of community and the topic of the focus group. produce extremely strong feelings (Krueger and
Flexible not Standardized Casey, 2000). Whereas a focus group about weight
loss programming might succeed if participants are
Focus group method strives to produce good carefully chosen and purposefully invited, it would
conversation on a given topic. Good conversation likely not work to convene focus groups with
ebbs and flows. Individuals laugh, tell personal victims of domestic violence and expect them to
stories, revisit an earlier question, disagree, discuss their individual experiences.
contradict themselves, and interrupt. However, the
researcher must balance the needs of participants Reporting
to ‘have their say’ against the need to stay focused. Words not Numbers
A focus group moderator wants both natural In the analysis stage, survey research requires
features of conversation as well as focused transformation of numbers with statistics
discussion in the course of a two-hour session. (at minimum, it requires the calculation of
The moderator accomplishes this balancing act by percentages). The end result is a report featuring
using an interview guide (Morgan and Krueger, graphs and tables. Focus groups, on the other
1998). A well-designed guide assists group hand, rely upon words spoken by participants.
members to relax, open up, think deeply, and The focus on language earns focus group
consider alternatives. methodology the label, qualitative (Creswell,
A good design also allows for synergy to occur, 1998). A report based on focus groups will
which produces greater insight due to the fact that feature patterns formed by words, called themes
participants work together during the session. or perspectives. Researchers must use specific
Questions in an interview guide flow from general methods to analyze patterns in spoken language
to specific. They invite openness and avoid bias. (Creswell, 1998). Numerical analysis is not a
However, it is a mistake to apply the guide as if it preferred technique.
were a multiple choice test or phone interview. The In fact, it is inappropriate to report the results
prize does not go to the swift or the efficient. Avoid of focus groups by percentage (e.g., Among the
sounding mechanical and list-like. The result of a five focus groups, an average of 56 percent of
focus group should not be a series of short burst participants mentioned their frustration with the
responses. procedures for applying for public assistance).
A final difference from normal conversation is the Instead, a focus group result might read like this:
fact that focus group sessions are typically audio Another theme noted in focus groups on
taped and transcribed. housing was the value of the (community)
Warm not Hot housing market to the participant’s current
home. Participants frequently mentioned the
Focus groups produce conversations that border cost they had paid for their last home…and
on intimacy. One might assume that focus groups used this home’s cost and amenities as a
therefore can be used to investigate private topics yardstick against which they measured…
or subjects that people feel deeply about. The rule housing (in the community under discussion).
of thumb is that the topic can be warm but not (Larson and Hegland, 2003).
335
The focus group data in the previous example activities of visitors to national parks and monitors
enable the researcher to determine residents’ logic illegal drug trade along regional corridors.
in addition to their judgments.
Talk and Silence
A report of results from focus groups should Conversation is the heart of the focus group.
not present major findings via frequencies or However, qualitative techniques also highlight
statistics because ‘counting’ leads readers to what is not said — silence — as clues to
believe that percentages or frequencies are true for perspectives and world views (Schensul and
a much wider population (which they are not). LeCompte, 1999). For example, if a focus group
Quantitative survey researchers go to great lengths is conducted on campus climate, students may
to design a study so that numerical data generalize only talk about the effect of climate on themselves.
to a wider population with mathematical precision. Faculty may talk about its effect on students, staff,
Focus groups method isn’t meant to create and on themselves. But neither may mention the
generalizations of this type and its procedures offer effect of campus climate on ‘invisible’ workers
none of the protections that would permit them to like janitorial and food service workers or on
do so (Fern, 2001). community members who live nearby. The
silence would say something about the values
and networks of participants in the focus group
Focus Groups And Other Qualitative sessions, and would predict the success or failure
Methods of different types of programs to improve campus
Focus group shares features with other qualitative climate. Humor also is important to monitor. Race
approaches to research. However, focus group and ethnicity sometimes appear in ethnographic
methodology is not interchangeable with the accounts only as jokes rather than the topic of
others. Knowing the commonalties, however, thoughtful discussion, indicating discomfort and/or
allows educators to choose wisely. If a client wants lack of awareness.
the educator to provide leadership for a focus Shared Control
group, but conditions are wrong, they may be able
to suggest a more suitable qualitative method. All qualitative approaches share control of the
research experience with participants. Qualitative
Local Perspectives, Rich Detail approaches take advantage of spontaneous,
All qualitative research illuminates local unexpected elements. For example, a participant
perspectives in rich detail (Creswell, 1998). may raise a topic or respond in a way that the
Results are highly believable because qualitative moderator or interviewer did not anticipate. Focus
research reports actual statements from real group moderators encourage such occurrences.
people. Qualitative approaches differ from focus They watch how others respond. If the line of
groups in the intensity and individuality of the discussion contributes to an understanding of the
perspectives. Personal interviews provide in depth topic, the moderator may encourage even more
information about a single individual that results discussion. They may build the new ‘point’ into the
in a comprehensive if isolated view. Ethnography interview guide for future sessions (Krueger and
tracks both groups and individuals in natural Casey, 2000).
settings typically over a long period of time Qualitative approaches, such as participatory
(Schensul and LeCompte, 1999). Ethnography action research, share control even more
is the qualitative approach made famous by vigorously. In participatory research, the entire
anthropologists. For example, contemporary topic can change based on the interests of
ethnography in the United States has tracked the participants (Greenwood and Levin, 1998). This
336
would not occur with focus group technique. Summary
Personal interviews also share some control. The Focus groups produce high quality data if they
amount, sequence, and phrasing of talk, as well are employed for the right purposes, using the
as specific topics, are managed as much by the right procedures. Leaders who favor survey
interviewee as by the researcher (Creswell, 1998). research may find it challenging to learn and apply
However, the interviewer reestablishes control principles of focus group method. Focus group
in analysis and reporting by highlighted selected method is challenging not because it is more
aspects. Ethnographers typically permit the local difficult than survey research but because survey
environment to control almost everything. The lack research was probably learned first. That said,
of control—chaos even—tells the ethnographer a focus group research can produce highly useful
lot. However, the ethnographer exerts control by information about programs and services that
observing some aspects of the environment more surveys miss, so it may be worthwhile to rise to the
closely than others (Schensul and LeCompte, 1999). challenge.
Table 2. Elements of focus groups.
Element Focus Groups
Format Group session
Size 8-12 per session; invite twice as many
Length 1.5 to 2 hours
Number of sessions Varies; should be more than 1
Participants 1. Selected; by invitation only

2. Similar characteristics
Forms of data 1. Conversation, including tone of voice

2. Silences (words and issues)
3. Body language
Data collection 1. Audiotape

2. Transcribe
Moderator 1. Flexible yet focused

2. Uses interview guide; modify based on early sessions
Formats for reporting 1. Selected quotations

2. Analysis of repeated themes
Committee on Human Subjects Submit as for other social research
337
Recommended Readings References Cited
Morgan, D. L. (editor) 1993. Successful Focus Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and
Groups: Advancing the State of the Art. Newbury Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions.
Park, Calif.: Sage. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Larson, K., N. Grudens-Schuck, and B. Lundy Duncan, S., and R. Marotz-Baden 1999. “Using
Allen, 2004. Can You Call It a Focus Group? Ames, Focus Groups to Identify Rural Participant Needs in
Iowa: Iowa State University Extension. http://www. Balancing Work and Family Education.” Journal of
extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1969A.pdf Extension, 37: 1. Retrieved November 17, 2003, from
http://www.joe.org/joe/1999february/rb1.html
Eells, J. C. 2003. Winter Solstice 2003 Evaluation
Report to the Iowa Conservation Education Council.
Webster City, Iowa: E-Research Group.
Fern, E.F. 2001. Advanced Focus Group Research.
Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
Greenwood, D. J., and M. Levin 1998. Introduction
to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Krueger, R. A., and M. A. Casey 2000. Focus
groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (3rd
edition.) Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Larson, K, and S. Hegland 2003. Iowa Family Child
Care Provider’s Survey: Final Report. Ames, Iowa:
Iowa State University Extension. Available online
at http://www.extension.iastate.edu/cd-dial.
Morgan, D. L. and R. A. Keueger, 1998. The Focus
Group Kit (six book set). Thousand Oaks, Calif:
Sage.
Prepared by Nancy Grudens-Schuck, Nordstrom, P. A., L. L. Wilson, T. W. Kelsey, A.
Beverlyn Lundy Allen, and Kathlene Larson, N. Maretzki, and C. W. Pitts 2000. “The Use of
Departments of Agricultural Education and Focus Group Interviews to Evaluate Agriculture
Studies and Sociology Educational Materials for Students, Teachers, and
File: Communities 7-3
Consumers.” Journal of Extension 38: 5. Retrieved
November 17, 2003, from http://www.joe.org/joe/
2000october/rb2.html
Schensul, J. J., and M. D. LeCompte, editors 1999.
Ethnographer’s Toolkit (seven book set). Walnut
Creek, Calif: Altamira Press.
. . . and justice for all
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin,
gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Many materials can be made available in alternative formats for ADA clients. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Office of Civil
Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa.
338
თემა 6. ნატურალისტური და ეთნოგრაფიული კვლევა
ლექცია 11
7 bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvleva
bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis1 elementebi
socialuri da ganaTlebis samyaro uwesrigo adgilia, romelic savsea

winaaRmdegobebiT, mravalferovnebiT, kompleqsurobiT, logikurobiT, kavSirebiTa da
wyvetebiT. is mravalSriania da advilad ar eqvemdebareba danawevrebis process,
romelic raodenobrivi kvlevebis umravlesobis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tu realurad
gvsurs am samyaros gageba, is mTlianobaSi unda SeviswavloT da ara _ fragmentulad.
wignis pirvel TavSi iTqva, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisadmi zogierTi midgoma
Tvisebrivi, bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvlevis paradigmebSi erTiandeba. am
paradigmebis maxasiaTeblebia (Boas 1943; Blumer 1969; Lincoln and Guba 1985; Woods 1992;
LeCompte and Preissle 1993):
 adamianebi aqtiurad qmnian situaciis iseT mniSvnelobas, anu Sinaarss, romelic am

situaciis maTeul xedvas asaxavs.
 Sinaarsi socialuri situaciidan gamomdinareobs da misi gaazreba
interpretaciuli procesebiT xdeba (ixileT
http://www.routledge.com.textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 7, faili 7. 1. ppt).
 qceva da, aqedan gamomdinare, monacemebi socialuri situaciiT aris
gansazRvruli, mis konteqsts ukavSirdeba, maszea damokidebuli da
Sinaarsobrivad mdidaria. situaciis gasagebad konteqstis gagebaa saWiro, vinaidan
situaciebi zemoqmedeben qcevasa da xedvis kuTxeze da _ piriqiT.
 realoba mravaljeradi, Sedgenili da holisturia.
 Semmecnebeli da Sesamecnebeli urTierTmoqmedi da erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia.
1
mTargmnelis SeniSvna: termin „kvleva-Ziebas“ viyenebT imisaTvis, rom avsaxoT gansxvaveba
inglisurenovan terminebs: research and inquiry-s Soris. inquiry swored Tvisebriv kvlevaSi ixmareba.
339
 mxolod droiT da konteqstiT SezRuduli samuSao hipoTezebis (ideografiuli

mtkicebebis) warmoyenebaa SesaZlebeli;
 yvela erTeuli monawileobs erTdrouli urTierTformirebis procesSi da amitom
SeuZlebelia mizezebisa da Sedegebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna;
 kvleva-Zieba mecnieruli RirebulebiTaa SezRuduli;
 kvlevaze gavlenas axdens mkvlevris Rirebulebebi, romlebic aisaxeba problemis
SerCevaSi, Sesafaseblis an strategiis arCevaSi da am problemis, Sesafaseblis an
arCeuli strategiis formirebaSi, SezRudvasa da fokusirebaSi.
 kvlevaze gavlenas axdens paradigmis arCeva, romelsac kvleva-Zieba problemisken
mihyavs.
 kvlevaze gavlenas axdens arsebuli Teoriis arCeva, romelic warmarTavs
monacemebis Segrovebasa da analizs da miRebuli Sedegebis interpretacias.
 kvlevaze gavlenas axdens konteqstisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebi.
 kvleva an TanxmobaSi modis RirebulebebTan (ganmamtkicebelia an kongruentuli),
an ewinaaRmdegeba maT (konfliqtSi Sedis maTTan). kvlevam azriani, mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi rom mogvces, problema, Sesafasebeli, strategiis varianti, paradigma,
Teoria da konteqsti kongruentuli unda iyos (RirebulebebTan TanxmobaSi unda
modiodes).
 kvleva valdebulia, rom konteqstSi mocemuli qcevis „gajerebul aRweras“
iZleodes.
 sazrisis, mniSvnelobis miniWeba uwyveti da droSi ganviTarebadi procesia;
 adamiani moqmedebisas windaxeduli, mizanmimarTuli da kreatulia.
 istoria da biografia kveTs erTmaneTs _ Cven viqmniT sakuTar momavals, magram ara
aucileblad Cvens mier arCeul situaciebSi.
 socialurma kvlevam monawileTa TvaliT unda Sexedos situaciebs: malinovskis
(Malinowski 1922: 25) TqmiT, eTnografebis amocanaa „adgilobrivebis Tvalsazrisis,
samyaros maTeuli xedvisa da cxovrebisadmi damokidebulebis wvdoma“.
 kvlevis instruments mkvlevari warmoadgens (Eisner 1991).
 mkvlevari gamoTqvams hipoTezebs da ara amowmebs maT.
 mkvlevarma winaswar ar icis, ra daxvdeba, an ras ipovnis.
 adamians winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlia.
340
 adamianuri fenomeni, rogorc Cans, ufro met pirobiT SeTanxmebebs saWiroebs,

vidre sxva romelime fenomeni.
 dasabuTebas Sinaarsi (mniSvneloba) da gaazreba cvlis.
 ganzogadeba gaigeba ara rogorc yvelafris, aramed mxolod identificirebadi,
konkretuli garemoebebisa da subieqtebis generalizacia.
 situaciebi unikaluria anu ar meordeba.
 kvlevisa da qcevis procesebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc _ maTi Sedegebi.
 adamianebs, situaciebs, movlenebsa da sagnebs mniSvneloba, anu Sinaarsi garedan
aqvT miniWebuli, sakuTari Sinagani mniSvneloba maT ar gaaCniaT.
 socialuri kvleva bunebriv, araxelovnur, realur garemoSi unda Catardes
mkvlevris, SeZlebisdagvarad, minimaluri CareviT.
 socialuri realoba, gamocdileba da socialuri fenomeni mravalgvari, zogjer
winaaRmdegobrivi interpretaciebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian; maTze socialuri
urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT migviwvdeba xeli.
 unda aixsnas yvela faqtori da ara _ cvladebis SezRuduli raodenoba.
 monacemebis gaanalizeba induqciurad xdeba, kvlevis procesSi miRebuli
monacemebidan gamomdinare konstruqtebiT.
 Teoriis warmoqmna monacemebzea dafuZnebuli (Glaser and Strauss 1967) _ monacemebi
gvTavazobs Teorias da ara _ piriqiT.
linkolni da guba (1985: 37 – 43) gvTavazoben am aqsiomebidan gamomdinare Sedegebis

CamonaTvals:
 kvleva bunebriv garemoSi unda daigegmos, radgan konteqsti Zalian zemoqmedebs

Sinaarsze.
 kvlevis instrumenti adamiania.
 gardauvalia nagulisxmevi codnis gamoyeneba.
 cnebas „adamiani, rogorc instrumenti“ Tvisebrivi meTodebi ufro ergeba, vidre _
raodenobrivi.
 sakvlevi sakiTxebis srulad dafarvis SesaZleblobas miznobrivi SerCeva iZleva.
 monacemebis analizi induqciuria da ara _ aprioruli da deduqciuri.
 Teoriebi warmoiqmneba da ar aris winaswar SeTanxmebuli. apriorul Teorias
monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria anacvlebs.
341
 kvlevis sqema droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba (iseve, rogorc icvleba SerCeva).

 kvlevis Sedegebi molaparakebis Sedegad miiRweva.
 angariSis wardgenis bunebrivi formaa SemTxvevis Seswavla.
 nomoTetur interpretacias idiografiuli anacvlebs.
 praqtikuli gamoyeneba saorientacio, savaraudo da pragmatulia.
 kvlevis fokusi gansazRvravs mis sazRvrebs.
 ndobis Rirsad yofna da misi komponentebi anacvlebs sandoobisa da validobis
ufro tradiciul xedvas.
lekomti da preisli (1993) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom eTnografiuli kvleva aris

procesi, romelic moicavs kvleva-Ziebis meTodebs, Sedegs da kvlevis Semajamebel
saboloo Canawers. kvleva mimarTulia Sesaswavli kulturis an jgufebis,
SeZlebisdagvarad, naTel, TvalsaCino rekonstruqciaze (gv. 235). Tvisebriv kvlevas
ramdenime mizani aqvs, magaliTad, aRwera da angariSis momzadeba, ZiriTadi cnebebis
Seqmna, Teoriis generacia da Semowmeba. lekomti da preisli (1993) eTnografiuli
kvlevis midgomebis ramdenime ZiriTad elementze migviTiTeben:
 moipoveben fenomenologiur monacemebs (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 3).

 ikvleven da warmoadgenen monawileebis msoflmxedvelobas _ „situaciis maTeul
gansazRvrebas“ (Thomas 1923).
 fenomens mniSvnelobas mkvlevari da monawileebi sZenen; maSasadame, kvlevis
procesi hermenevtikulia da mniSvnelobis gamovlenazea mimarTuli (LeCompte and
Preissle 1993: 31 – 2).
 kvlevis asagebad monawileebis konstruqtebi gamoiyeneba.
 empiriuli monacemebi bunebriv garemoSi grovdeba (laboratoriebisgan an
kontrolirebuli situaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc iseT kvlevebSi, sadac
cvladebiT manipulireben).
 realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan monacemebis misaRebad farTod gamoiyeneba
dakvirvebis (rogorc monawilis, ise, aramonawilis) sxvadasxva teqnika.
 kvleva holisturia, anu „mTliani fenomenebis“ aRwerasa da interpretacias
cdilobs.
 aRweridan da monacemebidan midian axsnisken, mizezebis SeTavazebisken da Teoriis
generirebisken.
342
 meTodebi „multimodaluria“ da eTnografi „meTodologiuri yvelafrismWamelia“

(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 232).
hiCkoksa da hagiss (1989: 52 – 3) miaCniaT, rom eTnografiuli kvleva moicavs:
 jgufis kulturis aRweras da am kulturis Sesaxeb codnis Camoyalibebas.

 aqtivobebis aRweras konkretul kulturul konteqstTan mimarTebaSi Tavad am
jgufis wevrebis TvalTaxedviT;
 im ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvalis Seqmnas, romelic jgufis, an kulturis
wevrobisTvis aris aucilebeli;
 socialuri urTierTqmedebis paternebis aRwerasa da analizs;
 „Signidan axsnis“ uzrunvelyofas, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia;
 Teoriis SemuSavebas.
loflandi (Lofland 1971) Tvlis, rom bunebrivi meTodebi sam mTavar kiTxvaze iZleva
pasuxs:
 ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs socialur fenomens?

 ra mizezebi iwvevs socialuri fenomenis warmoqmnas?
 ra Sedegebi moaqvs socialuri fenomenis arsebobas?
am CarCos gamoyenebiT SegviZlia davakvirdeT: garemos, adamianebsa da maT

urTierTobas; qcevebs, moqmedebebsa da aqtivobebs; fsiqologiur mdgomareobas;
istoriebs; fizikur sagnebs (Baker 1994: 241 – 4).
bunebriv da pozitivistur midgomebs Soris ramdenime arsebiTi gansxvavebaa,
romlebzec pirvel TavSi visaubreT. lekomti da preisli (1994: 39 – 44) Tvlian, rom
eTnografiul midgomebs aRwera ainteresebs da ara _ winaswarmetyveleba, induqcia da
ara _ deduqcia, Teoriis generacia da ara _ Semowmeba, struqtura da ara _ daTvla,
subieqturi da ara _ obieqturi codna. am ukanasknelTan mimarTebiT, avtorebi
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben orgvar midgomas: -emur-s (rogorc terminSi „fonemuri“,
sadac subieqturi, monawilis mier situaciisTvis miwerili Sinaarsis, mniSvnelobis
wvdoma ainteresebT) da -etikur-s (rogorc terminSi „fonetikuri“, sadac situaciis
obieqturi an mkvlevriseuli mniSvnelobebisa da wyobis identificirebas isaxaven
miznad) (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 45).
Tumca vudsi (Woods 1992: 381) amtkicebs, rom raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevebs
Soris arsebuli zogierTi gansxvaveba gazviadebulia. magaliTad, is ambobs, rom 70-ian
343
wlebSi arsebobda arafris momcemi diqotomia, rodesac raodenobrivi kvleva mkacrad

hipoTetur-deduqciur modusad (Teoriebis Semowmebad) iyo miCneuli, Tvisebrivi
kvleva ki _ Teoriebis generaciis induqciur meTodad. mas miaCnia, rom
epistemologiuri kontrasti, romelic am or midgomas Soris arsebobs,
gadaWarbebulia, vinaidan Tvisebrivi teqnikebi Teoriebis generaciisTvisac SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT da maT Sesamowmebladac.
doberti da kurT-sqai (Dobbert and Kurth-Schai 1992: 94 – 5) amtkiceben, rom
eTnografiuli midgomebi ara marto metad sistemuri gaxda, aramed isini
interesdebian socialuri qcevisa da socialuri struqturis kanonzomierebebiT da
Seiswavlian mas. eTnografebis amocanaa, rom Tanabrad Seitanon wvlili, erTi mxriv,
socialuri urTierTqmedebebis mravalferovnebis, cvalebadobis, kreatulobis,
individualobis, unikalobisa da spontanobis SeswavlaSi (magaliTad, „gajerebuli
aRwerebiT“) da, meore mxriv, socialur mecnierebaSi, romlis amocanaa, am
mravalferovnebaSi moiZios kanonzomierebebi, wesrigi da modelebi. rogorc durqhemi
(1950) SeniSnavs, arsebobs „socialuri faqtebi“.
am xazs Tu gavyvebiT, SesaZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom eTnografiul kvlevas SeuZlia
generalizebis sakiTxis _ pozitivisturi kvlevis principis _ mogvareba, romelic aq
interpretirdeba, rogorc „Sedarebadoba“ da „gadatanadoba“ (LeCompte and Preissle 1993:
47). Sedarebadobis SemTxvevaSi Sesaswavli jgufis maxasiaTeblebi imdenad
eqspliciturad da gasagebad unda iyos warmodgenili, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos maTi
Sedareba sxva msgavs, an gansxvavebul jgufebTan. gadatanadobis SemTxvevaSi kvlevaSi
analizisTvis gamoyenebuli kategoriebi, jgufebis maxasiaTeblebis msgavsad,
eqspliciturad unda iyos mocemuli, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos mniSvnelovani
Sedarebebis gakeTeba sxva jgufebTan an disciplinebTan.
spindleri da spindleri (Spindler and Spindler 1992: 72 – 4) efeqturi eTnografiebis
ramdenime ZiriTad maxasiaTebels aRweren:
 dakvirveba Seesatyviseba rogorc im uSualo garemos konteqsts, sadac akvirvebian

qcevas, ise, am konteqstis miRma arsebul sxva konteqstebsac.
 hipoTezebi adgilze, muSaobis procesSi, dasakvirvebel garemoSi kvlevis
ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoiqmneba.
 dakvirveba xangrZlivia da xSirad meordeba. dakvirvebis monacemebis sandoobis
dasadgenad movlenebsa da movlenaTa seriebs erT jerze metad akvirdebian.
344
 dakvirvebaze dayrdnobiT gamotanili daskvnebi da eTnografiuli kvlevis

sxvadasxva forma Signidan danaxuli realobis SeswavlisTvis gamoiyeneba.
 eTnografiuli amocanebis ZiriTadi mizani monawileebisgan sociokulturuli
codnis miRebaa, rac socialur qcevas gasagebs xdis.
 instrumentebi da miwodebis grafikebi interviuebisTvis, kiTxvarebisTvis da a. S.
advilzeve unda iqmnebodes, dakvirvebisa da eTnografiuli kvleva-Ziebidan
gamomdinare.
 Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba transkulturuli, istoriul-SedarebiTi xedva, Tumca
xSirad es nagulisxmevi daSvebaa; kulturuli variacia (drosa da sivrceSi)
bunebrivi movlenaa.
 garkveuli sociokulturuli codna, romelic gavlenas axdens Sesaswavl qcevasa
da komunikaciaze, nagulisxmevia/implicituria da SeiZleba monawileebmac ar
icodnen, an bundovnad icodnen. aqedan gamomdinarobs, rom eTnografiis erT-erTi
amocanaa, auxsnas mkiTxvels, Tu ras gulisxmoben informantebi, anu ra aris
maTTvis implicituri mocemuloba.
 eTnografma interviuerma ar unda SezRudos, an winaswar gansazRvros pasuxebi
dasmuli kiTxvebis formulirebebiT, vinaidan informantebs Tavad aqvT sakuTari
gulubryvilo, yofiTi kulturis codna.
 SeZlebisdagvarad meti monacemis mosagroveblad nebismieri teqnikuri
mowyobilobis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli.
 monawileebma unda icodnen, rom arian eTnografiuli kvlevis subieqtebi da
maTTvis cnobili unda iyos mkvlevris piradi, socialuri da interaqciuli
statusi.
mkvlevrisa da monawileebis „urTierTformirebisa da interaqciis“ pirobebSi

(Lincoln and Guba 1985: 155) mkvlevari xdeba kvlevis „adamiani-instrumenti“, romelic
deklarirebulTan erTad, nagulisxmev, implicitur codnas eyrdnoba da iyenebs
adamianis kvlevisTvis kargad morgebul meTodebs, magaliTad, dakvirvebas, intervius,
dokumentebis analizsa da „naklebad SesamCnev, moridebul“ meTodebsac (Lincoln and Guba
1985: 187). „adamiani-instrumentis“ upiratesobas qmnis misi adaptirebadoba,
reaqtiuloba, codna, sensitiur sakiTxebTan gamklavebis Zala, erTiani suraTis
danaxvis niWi, atipuri an idiosinkrazuli pasuxebis naTelyofis, Sejamebis,
Seswavlis, analizisa da garCevis unari (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 193 – 4).
345
bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi formebia (Arsenault and Anderson 1998: 121; Flick 2004):
 SemTxvevis Seswavla: konkretuli epizodis an fenomenis Seswavla realur

cxovrebiseul konteqstSi.
 SedarebiTi Seswavla: ramdenime SemTxvevis Sedareba mkvlevrisTvis saintereso
ZiriTadi sferoebis mixedviT.
 restrospeqtuli Seswavla: fokusirdeba monawileebis biografiebze, an
monawileebs warsulSi darCenili movlenebisa da Temebis gaxsenebas sTxovs.
 momentaluri kadrebi: drois erT konkretul momentSi konkretuli situaciis,
movlenis an fenomenis analizi.
 longituduri Seswavla: adamianebis an sakiTxebis droSi gaxangrZlivebuli
Seswavla.
 eTnografia: socialuri jgufebis da situaciebis portretuli aRwera da maTi
axsna realuri cxovrebis konteqstSi.
 monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria: Teoriis ganviTareba fenomenebis asaxsnelad.
Teoria monacemebze dayrdnobiT iqmneba da ara _ monacemebis mogrovebamde,
winaswar warmoisaxeba an ganisazRvreba.
 biografia: individualuri an koleqtiuri.
 fenomenologia: nivTebis realuri xedva, maTi sazrisisa da mniSvnelobisTvis
naTlis mofena axsniT da ara taqsonomiuri midgomebiTa da abstraqciebiT;
Teoriis Camoyalibeba mkvlevrisa da kvlevaSi monawilis dialogis meSveobiT.
bunebriv kvleva-ZiebaSi monacemebis Segrovebis ZiriTadi meTodebia (Hammersley and

Atkinson 1983):
 monawilis dakvirveba;
 interviu da saubari;
 dokumentebi da savele Canawerebi;
 angariSebi;
 Canawerebi da samaxsovro SeniSvnebi.
bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmva
bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmvisas mosagvarebeli sakiTxebi didad ar gansxvavdeba im

sakiTxebisgan, romelTa mogvarebac sxva tipis kvlevebSi uwevT, magaliTad,
346
problemisa da kvlevis miznebis dadgena, kvlevis fokusis gansazRvra, kvlevis sqemisa

da instrumentebis SerCeva, sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxis mogvareba, eTikuri
sakiTxebi, monacemebis analizisa da interpretaciis sakiTxis gadawyveta. es Temebi
saerToa yvela kvlevisTvis. ufro axlodan Tu SevxedavT sakiTxs, uolkoti (Wolcott
1992: 19) Tvlis, rom naturalistma mkvlevrebma dakvirvebis, kiTxvebis dasmisa da
gadaxedvis etapebs anu, rogorc is ambobs, gamocdilebis miRebas, Ziebasa da
Seswavlas unda miaqcion gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. bunebriv kvlevaSi SesaZlebelia
kvleva-Ziebis procesSi gasavleli etapebis ufro detalurad aRwera (Hitchcock and
Hughes 1989; 57 – 71; Bogdan and Bilken 1992; Lecompte and Preissle 1993). qvemoT warmodgenilia is
TerTmeti etapi, romelsac mkvlevari gadis bunebrivi kvlevisas. SemdgomSi TiToeuli
maTgani detalurad aris ganxiluli (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780
_ Tavi 7, faili 7. 2. ppt):
1. sakvlevi velis gansazRvra;

2. eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvareba;
3. gadawyvetilebis miReba SerCevis Sesaxeb;
4. rolis morgeba da konteqstSi Sesvla;
5. informantebis moZieba;
6. urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da SenarCuneba sakvlev velSi;
7. monacemebis Segroveba adgilze;
8. monacemebis Segroveba velis gareT;
9. monacemebis analizi;
10. velis datoveba;
11. angariSis dawera.
es etapebi gaJRenTilia mTeli rigi sakiTxebiT, romlebic gavlenas moaxdens

kvlevaze, maT Sorisaa:
 pirovnuli sakiTxebi: mkvlevris simpaTiebi disciplinis konkretuli Temebisadmi,

misi subieqturi damokidebulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi. hiCkoki da hagisi (1989: 56)
miuTiTeben, rom savele samuSaos warmoebisas arsebobs garkveuli seriozuli
daZabuloba imis gamo, rom masSi mkvlevars sakuTari emociebi, damokidebulebebi,
rwmenebi, Rirebulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi Seaqvs. praqtikulad, rac ufro metad
xdeba ase, miT ufro naklebia monawileebis Tvalsazrisebisa da Sinaarsebis
wvdomis albaToba.
347
 ra saxiT miiRebs mkvlevari monawileobas _ ra rols moirgebs da rogor

CaerTveba konteqstSi.
 mxardaWeris sakiTxebi: rodis aris mosalodneli, rom mkvlevari gaiTavisebs
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis emociebs, sazrunavsa da problemebs da maTi miznebis
miRwevaSi CaerTveba. es xSirad axasiaTebs kvlevis dasawyissa da dasasruls,
rodesac mkvlevari jgufis kanonieri warmomadgenelia.
 roluri urTierTobebi.
 sazRvrebis dacva kvlevaSi.
 wonasworoba distanciasa da CarTulobas Soris.
 eTikuri sakiTxebi.
 refleqsuroba.
refleqsuroba aRiarebs, rom mkvlevrebi gardauvlad arian im socialuri samyaros

nawili, romelsac ikvleven (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 14) da es samyaro, faqtiurad,
ukve aqtorebis mier interpretirebuli samyaroa, rac arRvevs obieqturi realobis
cnebas. mkvlevrebi arian samyaroSi da ikvleven am samyaros. isini sakuTari
biografiebiT Sedian sakvlev situaciaSi da monawileebi garkveulad iqcevian maTi
TandaswrebiT. refleqsiuroba moiazrebs, rom mkvlevrebma kvlevis procesSi
gaacnobieron da gaxsnan sakuTari Tavi da ecadon, gaigon sakuTari roli, an gavlena.
mkvlevris efeqtis ganeitralebis nacvlad (rac praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan
mkvlevari im samyaros nawilia, romelsac ikvlevs), mkvlevrebi dRis Suqze unda
rCebodnen, rac „sarkis TviTobis2“ quliseul (1902) cnebas exmianeba. rogorc hamersli
da atkinsoni (1983) amboben:
is mkvlevari par excellencekvlevis instrumentia. is faqti, rom qceva da

damokidebulebebi xSirad konteqstidan konteqstSi stabilurad gadadis, da mkvlevars
SeuZlia, monawileoba miiRos konteqstis formirebaSi, centraluri xdeba analizisTvis . . .
Teoriebi, romlebsac adamianebis qcevis asaxsnelad vqmniT, Cveni, rogorc mkvlevris,
sakuTari aqtivobebis relevanturic unda iyos.
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 18 – 19)
2
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: qulis es cneba niSnavs, rom pirovneba socializaciis
procesSi yalibdeba da sakuTari Tavis (TviTobis) aRqma damokidebulia socialur
interaqciebze
348
marTlac refleqsuri mkvlevari kargad gaacnobierebs, Tu rogor ayalibebs

kvlevas misi seleqciuroba, aRqma, warsuli, induqciuri procesebi da paradigmebi.
isini kvlevis instrumentebia. makkormiki da jeimsi (1988: 191) amtkiceben, rom
reaqtiulobis refleqsiurobiT dasaZlevad mkvlevrebi zustad da uwyvetad unda
daakvirdnen monawileebTan TavianT urTierTqmedebas, sakuTar reaqciebs, rolebs,
mikerZoebasa da sxva Temebs, romlebmac SeiZleba imoqmedos kvlevaze. es Tema ufro
srulad ganvixileT mexuTe TavSi, rodesac validobis, triangulaciisa da
respondentis mier validaciis sakiTxebze vsaubrobdiT.
linkolni da guba (1985: 226 – 47) bunebrivi kvlevebisTvis kvlevis sqemis aT
elements gamoyofen:
1. kvleva-Ziebis fokusis gansazRvra;
2. gansazRvra, ergeba Tu ara paradigma fokuss;
3. gansazRvra, ergeba Tu ara kvlevis paradigma arsebul Teorias, romlis
farglebSic unda ganxorcieldes kvleva;
4. gansazRvra, Tu sad da visgan unda moipovebodes monacemebi;
5. kvlevis Tanmimdevruli fazebis gansazRvra;
6. instrumentebis SerCeva;
7. monacemebis Segrovebisa da Caweris wesebis dagegmva;
8. monacemebis analizis procedurebis dagegmva;
9. organizebis dagegmva:
 mTeli proeqtis organizebis gaazreba winaswar;
 sakvlev velSi Sesvlamde misi monaxulebis organizeba;
 velSi yofnisas iq moZraobis organizeba;
 velis monaxulebis Semdgomi aqtivobebis organizeba;
 kvlevis dasrulebis organizeba.
10. kvlevis ndobis Rirsad yofnis dagegmva.
es elementebi bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmvis Tanmimdevrul, etapobriv midgomad

SeiZleba dalagdes (magaliTisTvis ixileT Schatzman and Strauss 1973; Delamont 1992).
spradli (Spradley 1979) Semdeg etapebs asaxelebs: kulturis Sesaxeb monacemebis
Segroveba, kulturis Sesaxeb monacemebis analizi; eTnografiuli hipoTezebis
formulireba; eTnografiuli kvlevis dawera srul, TerTmetetapian models am TavSi
cota mogvianebiT SemogTavazebT.
349
kvlevis sxva saxeebis msgavsad, bunebriv da Tvisebriv meTodebs kiTxvebis

formulireba sWirdeba, romlebic gasagebi da arabundovani, magram kvlevis procesSi
momxdari cvlilebisadmi Ria unda iyos. strausi (1987) maT uwodebs „generaciul
kiTxvebs“, romlebic kvlevis mimarTulebis, sawyisi hipoTezisa da monacemebis
mogrovebis arealis stimulirebas axdens, Tumca ar gamoricxavs kvlevis winsvlasTan
erTad modifikaciis SesaZleblobebs. unda SenarCundes balansi erTi mxriv, Zalian
zogad kiTxvebs, romlebic arc erTi konkretuli mimarTulebiT ar warmarTavs
kvlevas da Zalian viwro kiTxvebs Soris, romlebic axali mimarTulebebisken ketavs
gzas (Flick 2004: 150).
mailsi da hubermeni (1994) Tvisebrivi kvlevis sqemis or tips ganasxvaveben:
farTosa da viwros. farTo kvlevis sqemaSi farTod gansazRvruli cnebebi da kvlevis
sferoebia da, faqtiurad, Riaa meTodologiis cvlilebebisTvis. avtorebi Tvlian,
rom aseTi sqema maSin aris gamosadegi, rodesac mkvlevari gamocdilia da axal
sferos ikvlevs, an axal konstruqtebs qmnis, rac glazerisa da strausis (1967)
moqnilobasa da Teoriuli SerCevis Riaobas uaxlovdeba. amis sapirispirod, viwro
kvlevis sqema viwrod ayalibebs kvlevis kiTxvebs da winaswar sazRvravs procedurebs,
romlebic naklebad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. avtorebis azriT, aseT sqemas maSin
moaqvs sargebeli, rodesac mkvlevari ar aris gamocdili, kvleva konkretul
specifikur sakiTxebs, konstruqtebs, jgufebs an individebs ikvlevs, an rodesac
kvleva aSkarad xanmoklea.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebriv kvlevaSi Temebi da Teoriebi monacemebidan
momdinareobs, es ar amcirebs kvlevis kiTxvebis Rirebulebas. fliki (Flick 1998: 51)
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sami tipis kvlevis kiTxvebs gvTavazobs, romlebic Seexeba: (1)
mdgomareobis, maTi mizezebisa da SenarCunebis meqanizmebs; (2) am mdgomareobis
cvlilebis procesebisa da Sedegebis aRweras; (3) imas, Tu ramdenad gamodgeba es
kiTxvebi hipoTezebis an daSvebebis mxardasaWrad an uarsayofad, an axali
hipoTezebisa da daSvebebis generaciisTvis („generaciuli kiTxvebi“, rogorc zemoT
movixsenieT).
saWiroa Tu ara hipoTeza Tvisebriv kvlevaSi?
pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, rom pozitivisturi midgomebi, Cveulebriv, winswar

formulirebul hipoTezebs amowmebs. aseve, vTqviT, rom bunebrivi da Tvisebrivi
midgomebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani hipoTetur-deduqciur paradigmaze uaris Tqmaa
350
(magaliTad, Meinefeld 2004: 153), kerZod, imitom, rom aRiarebulia mkvlevris gavlena
kvlevaze da imitom, rom kvleva gacilebiT metad Ria da ganviTarebadia Tvisebriv
midgomebSi. meinefildi (2004) iseT klasikur Sromebs iSveliebs, rogoricaa uaitis
(1955) Street Corner Society da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom SeuZlebelia hipoTezis
winaswar gansazRvra, ganurCevlad imisa, surs es mkvlevars Tu ara, vinaidan codnas
winaswar ver ivaraudeb. glazeri da strausi (1967) Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebi
Segnebulad unda ganTavisufldnen yovelgvari winaswari codnisgan; imasac ki amboben,
rom winaswar literaturis gacnobac ki SeuZlebelia, vinaidan gaurkvevelia,
wakiTxuli relevanturi aRmoCndeba Tu ara _ monacemebi Tavad metyvelebs sakuTar
Tavze. Teoria kvlevis saboloo punqtia da ara _ sawyisi.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom mkvlevris sakuTari interesebi, codna da biografia win
uswrebs kvlevas da amitom, SesaZlebelia, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi ar gamoiTqvas
sawyisi hipoTeza, Tumca kvlevis Tavdapirveli dafuZneba moiazrebs interesis
sferoSi Semaval konkretul Temas, anu kvleva da samizne monacemebi ar aris
Teoriisgan damoukidebeli; codna ar aris Teoriisgan damoukidebeli. faqtiurad,
glaseri da strausi (1967) aRiareben, rom maT winaswari codniTY daiwyes TavianT
kvleva, romelSic gardacvalebis process Seiswavlidnen.
aq aSkara winaaRmdegobaa: erTi mxriv, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sawyisi hipoTezis
uaryofisken mowodebaa da, meore mxriv, aRiareba, rom yvela kvleva Teoriis
garkveuli winaswari codniT iwyeba, romelic dasabams aZlevs mas. am winaaRmdegobis
daZlevis gza, marTalia, jerjerobiT Canasaxovan formaSia, magram, SesaZloa,
ramdenime sferoSi mainc aRmoCndes. aq Sedis: monacemebis Riaoba (Meinefeld 2004: 156 – 7);
winaswari daSvebebisa da poziciis SecvlisTvis mzaoba; gancxadeba imisa, Tu ramdenad
SeiZleba imoqmedos kvlevaze mkvlevris winaswarma codnam (anu refleqsiurobam);
hipoTezebis pirobiTobis gacnobiereba; kvlevis gamoyenebiT hipoTezis
formulirebisTvis mzaoba; da, rogorc ukiduresi pozicia, gacnobiereba da aRiareba
imisa, rom hipoTeza SeiZleba mxolod imdenad iyos Tvisebrivi kvlevis nawili,
ramdenadac is raodenobrivi kvlevis nawilia.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis maxasiaTeblebi da etapebi
efeqtur Tvisebriv kvlevas ramdenime maxasiaTebeli aqvs (Cresswell 1998: 20 – 2) da

maTi danaxva SesaZlebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sefasebisas. es maxasiaTeblebia:
 gamokvlevaSi monacemebis mosapoveblad zusti da mravalgvari meTodi gamoiyeneba.
351
 gamokvleva Tvisebrivi kvlevis bunebisa da daSvebebis farglebSi warmoebs.

 kvleva-Zieba ZiriTadi Tvisebaa da erTi an meti tradiciis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba
warmoebdes (magaliTad, biografia, eTnografia, fenomenologia, SemTxvevis
Seswavla, monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria).
 kvlevis proeqti Temaze an problemaze erTi fokusiT iwyeba da ara
_ cvladebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb hipoTeziT, an winaswari
daSvebiT. urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba SemdgomSi ganviTardes, magram es Ria
sakiTxia.
 gansazRvrulia gadamowmebis kriteriumebi, angariSi iwereba zustad da
zedmiwevniT.
 damajerebloba saWiroa imdenad, rom mkiTxvels SeeZlos aRweril situaciaSi
Tavis warmodgena.
 monacemebis gaanalizeba sxvadasxva doneze xdeba, isini mravalSriania.
 naweri itacebs mkiTxvels da, damajereblobisa da sizustis fonze, savsea
moulodneli wvdomebiT.
etapi 1: sakvlevi velis gansazRvra

bogdani da bikleni (1992: 2) Tvlian, rom kvlevis kiTxvebi Tvisebriv kvlevaSi ar
Semoifargleba mxolod cvladebis operacionalizaciiT, rogorc pozitivistur
paradigmaSi. piriqiT, kvlevis kiTxvebi in situ_ adgilze yalibdeba arsebuli
situaciebis pasuxad, anu Temas mTeli Tavisi kompleqsurobiT bunebriv garemoSi
ikvleven. veli, rogorc arseno da andersoni (Arsenault and Anderson 1998: 125) amboben
“Tvisebriv kvlevaSi farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da ubralod fenomenis
adgilmdebareobas aRniSnavs”.
zogierT Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sakvlevi sferos SerCevaze gavlenas axdens kvlevis
miznebi, saWiroeba, kvlevisTvis biZgis mimcemi, kvlevaSi wamoweuli problema da
kvlevis kiTxvebi da qvekiTxvebi. zog Tvisebriv kvlevaSi ki es elementebi SeiZleba
mxolod mas Semdeg Camoyalibdes, rac mkvlevari garkveul dros Tavad gaatarebs
sakvlev velSi.
etapi 2: eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvareba

dili da misi kolegebi (Deyle et al. 1992: 623) gamoyofen ramdenime ZiriTad eTikur
sakiTxs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas kvlevaSi:
352
rogor waradgens mkvlevari sakuTar Tavs sakvlev velSi? vis warudgens sakuTar
Tavs? ramdenad eTikurad gamarTlebulia sxva adamianad Tavis moCveneba im codnis
misaRebad, romelsac sxva gziT ver miiRebda da im adgilebSi mosaxvedrad, sadac sxva
SemTxvevaSi ver moxvdeboda an ver darCeboda?
aq ramdenime sakiTxia. pirvelia informirebuli Tanxmobis Tema (monawileobisTvis
da gaxsnisTvis), unda miviRoT Tu ara monawilis Tanxmoba (aseve, ixileT LeCompte and
Preissle 1993: 66). amas sxva msjelobamde mivyavarT _ faruli Tu Ria kvleva. erTi mxriv,
arsebobs Zlieri argumenti informirebuli Tanxmobis sasargeblod, Tumca, rac ufro
meti ician monawileebma kvlevis Sesaxeb, miT naklebad bunebrivad SeiZleba iqceodnen
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 108), xolo bunebrioba, TavisTavad cxadia, rom bunebrivi
paradigmis ZiriTadi kriteriumia.
miCeli (1993) saubrobs dilemaze, romelic mkvlevris winaSe dgas: man unda
gadawyvitos, faruli kvleva awarmoos, Tu Ria. is ambobs, rom informirebuli
Tanxmobis sakiTxma SeiZleba kvlevis konkretuli formebis arCevamde migviyvanos,
iseTi formebis, sadac mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT sakvlevi fenomenis gakontroleba. amiT
gamoiricxeba kvlevis sxva saxeebi, sadac monawileebi moqmedeben naklebad
kontrolirebulad, naklebad prognozirebulad da dadgenili wesiT, sadac maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi realurad SeuZliaT kvlevaSi CarTva, an kvlevis datoveba.
is amtkicebs, rom realur socialur samyaroSi kvlevis mniSvnelovani sferoebi
xelmiuwvdomeli iqneba, Tu informirebuli Tanxmobis miRebas vecdebiT, magaliTad,
sazogadoebis marginaluri jgufebis, an upovarTa kvlevisas. Tavad
monawileebisTvisaa ukeTesi kvlevis saidumlod Senaxva, vinaidan Tu ase ar moxda,
maSin SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani samuSao ar Sesruldes da is „mniSvnelovani saidumlo“
(Mitchell 1993: 54) saidumloebad darCes; es sazogadoebis da Tavad monawileebis
legitimur interesebSi Sedis. miCeli saidumlod Senaxvis seriozul SemTxvevas
aRwers da amtkicebs, rom informirebuli TanxmobiT mkvlevarma SeiZleba Tavi
daiZvrinos Zalauflebis mqone, privilegirebul da SeWidul jgufebTan Sexvedrisgan,
romelTac sazogadoebis Tvalisgan surT Tavis dacva. gasaidumloeba da
informirebuli Tanxmoba sakamaTo Temebia. amitom mkvlevrebma Tavad unda
gadawyviton, ras erTguleben da ra pasuxismgeblobebi aqvT (LeCompte and Preissle 1993:
106), magaliTad, risi codnis ufleba aqvs sazogadoebas da risi saidumlod
datovebis ufleba _ individs (Morrison 1993; De Laine 2000: 13).
353
lekomti da preisli (1993) miuTiTeben, rom faruli da Ria kvlevis sakiTxTan

erTad, monawilisTvis riskisa da mowyvladobis problemebic unda ganixilebodes.
monawilisTvis riskisa da zianis miyenebis asarideblad garkveuli zomebis miRebaa
saWiro (principi “ar avno” _ primum non nocere). bogdani da bikleni (1992: 54) afarToeben
ganxilvis areals da monawileTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebisa da zianis
sakiTxebic SemoaqvT. mowyvladobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas, rodesac
kvlevaSi monawileebs SezRuduli aqvT arCevanis Tavisufleba, magaliTad, asakis,
janmrTelobis, socialuri SezRudvebis, maTi cxovrebis stilis (magaliTad,
kriminalSi monawileobis), socialuri miuReblobis da Cagvris (magaliTad,
Zaladobis, Zaladobrivi danaSaulis msxverplni) gamo (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 107).
rogorc avtorebi amboben, monawileebi iSviaTad arian kvlevis iniciatorebi, amitom
maTi dacva mkvlevris valdebulebaa. mkvlevrisa da kvlevis monawileebis
urTierTobebi iSviaTad aris simetriuli Zalauflebis mxriv, xSirad xdeba, rom meti
Zalauflebis, informaciisa da resursebis mqoneni ikvleven imaT, vinc moklebulia am
yvelafers an flobs, magram ufro naklebi odenobiT.
xSirad dacvis standartul meTods konfidencialobis garantia, anu monawileebis
namdvili saxelebisa da sxva saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebis gaumJRavnebloba
warmoadgens. bogdani da bikleni (1992: 106) amas anonimurobas adareben, rodesac
vinaoba imitom ar mJRavndeba, rom marTlac ucnobia. amasTan, dgeba amocnobisa da
Tvalis devnebis sakiTxebi. monawileebma SeiZleba Tavad amoicnon sakuTari Tavi
kvlevis angariSSi, Tumca sxvebma ver SeZlon es. amas ukavSirdeba monacemebisa da
Sedegebis kuTvnilebis, gacemuli Sedegebis kontrolisa (vis da rodis) da monawilis
mier kvlevis Sedegebze vetos dadebis uflebis gansazRvris sakiTxebi. patriki (1973)
am sakiTxis ukidures variantze miuTiTebs: is, rogorc mkvlevari, glazgos bandaSi
yofnisas Tavad gaxda mkvlelobis mowme. dilema naTelia _ policiaSi wasuliyo da
ganecxadebina mkvlelobis Sesaxeb (da amiT gamoeaSkaravebina Tavi da safrTxeSi
Caeyenebina sakuTari sicocxle), Tu gaCumebuliyo da farul mkvlevrad darCeniliyo.
bogdani da bilkeni (1992: 54) amateben monawileebis, rogorc subieqtebis,
pativiscemis saWiroebas, romlebic ar arian, ubralod, sakvlevad mosaxmari da Semdeg
gadasayreli obieqtebi. masoni (Mason 2002: 41) Tvlis, rom mniSvnelovania, mkvlevarma
gaiTvaliswinos is organizaciebi, praqtikebi da mxareebi, romlebic SeiZleba
dainteresebuli iyvnen kvleviT an ganicdidnen mis zemoqmedebas da, aseve,
mxedvelobaSi miiRos yvela dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxebis gavlena kvlevis warmoebaze,
354
angariSis momzadebasa da gavrcelebaze. eTikis sakiTxebi meore da mexuTe TavebSi

ganvixileT da mkiTxvels vurCevT, rom mimarTos am Tavebs.
etapi 3: SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba

idealur variantSi mkvlevars jgufis mTlianad Seswavla SeeZleboda. aseTi
SemTxveva iyo gofmanis (Goffman 1968) naSromSi „mTliani institutebi“, romelic exeba
saavadmyofoebs, cixeebs da policias. analogiuri gamocdileba hqondaT
anTropologebs, rodesac calkeul izolirebul Temebs, an tomebs swavlobdnen. dRes
es iSviaTad aris SesaZlebeli, vinaidan aseTi jgufebi aRar arian izolirebuli, an
Caketili. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevari SerCevis sakiTxis winaSe dgeba, anu, man ise
unda SearCios adamianebi, rom isini ufro farTo jgufs warmoadgendnen (nebismierad
gansazRvruls). mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros is jgufebi, visTvisac adekvaturia
kvlevis kiTxvebi, kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovani konteqstebi, saWiro drois Sualedi da
misTvis saintereso mosalodneli artefaqtebi. sxva sityvebiT, aucilebelia
gadawyvetilebebis miReba adamianebis SerCevis, konteqstebis, sakiTxebis, vadebis,
artefaqtebisa da monacemebis wyaroebis Taobaze.
zogierTi saxis kvlevaSi SerCeva dasawyisSive gansazRvrulia, Tumca SeiZleba
moxdes SerCevis Secvla misi „kvdomis“ gamo (magaliTad, adamianebi toveben kvlevas).
amas problemurad miiCneven. eTnografiuli kvleva amas bunebriv procesad aRiqvams da
ara _ mosabezreblad. adamianebi kvlevaSi modian da midian. es gavlenas axdens
arCevanze _ Catardes erTi sinqronuli kvleva drois erT momentSi, Tu upiratesoba
mieniWos diaqronul kvlevas, rodesac movlenebsa da qcevebs droTa ganmavlobaSi
akvirdebian da situaciebs utoveben Secvlis, ganviTarebisa da warmoqmnis
SesaZleblobas. eTnografiul kvleva-ZiebaSi SerCeva cvalebadi da situaciuria da
ara _ dasawyisidanve gansazRvruli. is icvleba da viTardeba droSi. vnaxoT, rogor
SeiZleba moxdes es.
lekomti da preisli (1993: 82 – 3) miuTiTeben, rom eTnografiuli meTodebi
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gamoricxaven statistikur SerCevas. es mizezebia:
 ucnobia populaciis maxasiaTeblebi;

 jgufSi ar aris sazRvrebis TvalsaCino markerebi (kategoriebi an stratebi);
 ganzogadebadoba _ statistikuri meTodebis mizani _ ar warmoadgens
eTnografiuli kvlevisF aucilebel mizans;
 SerCevaSi SesaZloa Tanabrad ar gadanawildes misi maxasiaTeblebi;
355
 mTliani SerCevis maxasiaTeblebis mxolod erTi an ori jgufi SeiZleba iyos

mniSvnelovani;
 mkvlevrebs SeiZleba xeli ar miuwvdebodeT mTel populaciaze;
 SerCevis zogierTi wevri SeiZleba ar iyos im populaciis warmomadgeneli,
romlidanac ganzraxuli iyo SerCevis aReba.
aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa sxva tipis SerCevebi. kriteriumze dafuZnebuli SerCeva

mkvlevrisgan im Tvisebebis, faqtorebisa da maxasiaTeblebis, anu kriteriumebis
winaswar gansazRvras moiTxovs, romlebsac yuradReba unda mieqces kvlevaSi.
Sesabamisad, mkvlevris amocanaa, uzrunvelyos, rom es kriteriumebi warmodgenili
iyos aRebul SerCevaSi (stratificirebuli SerCevis ekvivalenti). arsebobs SerCevis
sxva formebic (ganxilulia meoTxe TavSi), romlebic gamosadegia eTnografiul
kvlevaSi (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 70; LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 69 – 83). es formebia:
 xelmisawvdomi SerCeva: SesaZleblobis SerCeva, xelmisawvdomi adamianebidan arCeva.
 kritikuli SemTxvevis SerCeva: magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebTanac mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso Temebi an maxasiaTeblebi mTeli sisruliT, an maTi qcevisTvis
ukiduresad mniSvnelovani formiT vlindeba.
 maxasiaTeblis normis identificireba: rodesac dadgenilia mocemuli
maxasiaTeblis ukiduresi gamovlinebebi da maTi sazRvrebi.
 tipuri SemTxvevis SerCeva: identificirdeba Tvisebebis an maxasiaTeblebis
profili, romelic Cveulia „saSualo“, tipuri pirovnebisTvis, an SemTxvevisTvis
da SerCevas axdenen am Cveulebrivi adamianebisgan, an SemTxvevebisgan.
 unikaluri SemTxvevis SerCeva: identificirdeba erTi an meti kriteriumis mixedviT
iSviaTi, ganumeorebeli, an ucnauri SeTxvevebi da maTgan xdeba SerCeva. ra
maxasiaTeblebiT da TvisebebiTac ar unda hgavdes individi sxvebs, is erTi an
ramdenime konkretuli Tviseba an maxasiaTebeli mainc gamoarCevs mas.
 reputaciis SemTxvevis SerCeva: kritikuli SemTxvevisa da unikaluri SerCevis
varianti, rodesac mkvlevari SerCevas axdens garkveuli sferos eqspertis
rekomendaciis safuZvelze.
 zvavisebri SerCeva: sxva respondentebis mozidva pirveli respondentis rCeviT da
rekomendaciiT.
patoni (1980) gamoyofs SerCevis ramdenime tips, romelic gamosadegia bunebriv

kvlevaSi, maT Sorisaa:
356
 eqstremaluri/deviaciuri SemTxvevebis SerCeva: uCveulo SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb

informaciis misaRebad iseTi SemTxvevebis aReba, romlebic SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT
problemuri, an naTlis momfeni iyos.
 zvavisebri SerCeva: rodesac erTi monawile uzrunvelyofs Semdgom monawileebTan
wvdomas da a.S.
 maqsimaluri cvalebadobis mqone SerCeva: mowodebulia unikaluri cvlilebebis
diapazonis dasafiqsireblad; es cvlilebebi xSirad imis Sedegia, rom adamianebs
uwevT gansxvavebul pirobebTan Segueba. gamosadegia, Tu kvleva miznad isaxavs
konkretuli fenomenis, an fenomenebis cvalebadobis, diapazonisa da paternebis
dadgenas (Ezzy 2002: 74).
 intensiurobis mixedviT SerCeva: damokidebulia imaze, Tu mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso romeli maxasiaTeblebi Cans, an vlindeba.
 kritikuli SemTxvevebis SerCeva: SesaZlebelia misi gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebSic:
Tu informacia WeSmaritia kritikuli SemTxvevebisTvis (magaliTad, rodesac yvela
faqtori saxezea), maSin, mosalodnelia, rom is sxva danarCeni SemTxvevebisTvisac
WeSmariti iqneba.
 politikurad mniSvnelovani, an sensitiuri SemTxvevebis SerCeva: yuradRebis
mipyroba konkretul SemTxvevaze.
 xelmisawvdomi SerCeva: mkvlevars azogvinebs dros, fulsa da naklebad damyoli
monawileebis moZebnaze daxarjul Zalisxmevas.
am CamonaTvals SegviZlia davamatoT mailsisa da hubermanis mier dasaxelebuli

SerCevis tipebi (1994: 28):
 homogenuri SerCeva: fokusirdeba msgavsi maxasiaTeblebis mqone jgufebze.

 Teoriuli SerCeva: gamoiyeneba monacemebze dafuZnebul TeoriaSi, romelsac qvemoT
ganvixilavT, rodesac monawileebs arCeven maTi unaris gamo, wvlili Seitanon
Teoriis SemuSavebaSi.
 damadasturebeli da uarmyofeli SemTxvevebi: hgavs eqstremalur da deviaciur
SemTxvevebs, romelzec patoni (1980) miuTiTebs. gamoiyeneba wesidan gamonaklisebis
mosaZieblad, ramac SeiZleba, wesis modifikaciamde migviyvanos.
 SemTxveviTi miznobrivi SerCeva: rodesac potenciuri SerCeva Zalian didia,
SeiZleba ufro mcire moculobis qveSerCevebis gamoyeneba da am dros mainc
narCundeba garkveuli ganzogadebadoba.
357
 stratificirebuli miznobrivi SerCeva: gamoiyeneba qvejgufebisa da stratebis

identificirebisTvis.
 kriteriumis mixedviT SerCeva: irCeva yvela, vinc akmayofilebs mocemuli jgufis,
an klasis wevrobis garkveul dadgenil kriteriums.
 SesaZleblobis SerCeva: aseTi SerCeva moulodneli movlenebis, iniciativebis,
ideebis, Temebis upiratesobiT sargeblobs.L
mailsi da hubermani (1994) Tvlian, rom am strategiebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba

rogorc cal-calke, ise _ kombinirebuli saxiT da maT ase gamoyenebas
triangulaciaSi Seaqvs wvlili.
qvemoT SerCevis or kategorias ganvixilavT: „pirvelad informantebs“ da „meorad
informantebs“ (Morse 1994: 228) anu maT, vinc sruliad akmayofileben SerCevis
kriteriumebs da maT, vinc avseben am kriteriumebis SerCevas.
linkolni da guba (1985: 201 – 2) aRweren mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas, romelic
arsebobs tradiciuli da bunebrivi kvlevis sqemebs Soris. tradiciuli kvleva
msgavsebebis gamovlenasa da ganzogadebis miRwevazea orientirebuli, xolo bunebrivi
kvlevis mizani informaciulobaa _ imdenad mravalferovani wvrilmanebis, detalebis
mopoveba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos TiToeuli SemTxvevis unikalobisa da
individualobis warmoCena. braldebas, rom bunebrivi kvleva-Zieba, SerCevis
naklovanebebidan gamomdinare, ver axerxebs ganzogadebas, avtorebi pasuxoben, rom es
gardauvalia, magram _ trivialuri; erTi sityviT, umniSvneloa.
SerCevis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT odnav ufro radikalur pozicias ikavebs patoni
(1980: 184) da ambobs, rom „Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis moculobisTvis wesebi ar
arsebobs“. SerCevis moculoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi codna surs mkvlevars,
kvlevis miznebze, ra iqneba gamosadegi, sando da risi gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli
arsebuli resursebiT, magaliTad, dro, fuli, adamianebi, mxardaWera _ es yvelaferi
mniSvnelovani gaazrebis sagania damwyebi mkvlevrisTvis.
ezi (Ezzy 2002: 74) aqcents „Teoriuli SerCevis“ cnebaze akeTebs, romelsac glaseri
da strausi (1967) gvTavazoben, da ambobs, rom kvlevis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT,
Tvisebrivi kvlevis dawyebisas SeiZleba yovelTvis zustad ar icodnen, Tu vin unda
SearCion da SerCeva adgilze, kvlevis winsvlis procesSive ganisazRvros. Teoriuli
SerCeva monacemebTan erTad iwyeba da Sedegad miRebuli suraTis Sefasebis
safuZvelze mkvlevari iRebs gadawyvetilebas, ra mimarTulebiT wavides Camoyalibebis
358
procesSi myofi Teoriis gansaviTareblad (Glaser and Strauss 1967: 45). am sakiTxs ufro
detalurad 23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
individebs da jgufebs imitom irCeven, rom maT aqvT potenciali (an imedovneben,
rom aqvT), raRac axali SesZinon ganviTarebad Teorias, anu maT Teoriis
Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi Setanili mniSvnelovani wvliliT gamoarCeven.
Teoriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mkvlevari iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu vis mimarTos
monawileobis saTxovnelad. Teoriuli SerCeva ar iTxovs populaciis maxasiaTeblebis
codnas, an cnobili populaciis winaswar warmodgenas, xolo SerCevis moculoba ar
aris winaswar gansazRvruli. SerCeva mxolod maSin sruldeba, rodesac Teoriuli
gajereba (qvemoT aris ganxiluli) miiRweva.
ezis (2002: 74 – 5) magaliTad moaqvs sakuTar SromaSi gamoyenebuli Teoriuli
SerCeva, romelSic umuSevrobas ikvlevda. man ganaviTara Teoria, rom umuSevari
adamianebis mier gancdili distresis3 doneze gavlenas axdenda finansuri distresis
done. distresis donis gansasazRvrad man Caatara interviuebi valis mqone da armqone
mcire Semosavlisa da didi Semosavlis mqone jgufebTan. igi aRniSnavs, rom
distresis dones imdenad ar ganapirobebda Semosavlis absoluturi odenoba,
ramdenadac Semosavlisa da valis urTierTmimarTeba.
ganaTlebis sferoSi Teoriuli SerCevis gamoyenebis magaliTi aseTi SeiZleba iyos:
moraluri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb maswavleblebis interviuirebam SeiZleba, migiyvanoT
Teoriamde, rom skolebSi maswavleblis moralur mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs moswavleebis xelisSemSleli qceva. aman SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos im
maswavleblebis SerCeva, romlebsac bevr aseT moswavlesTan uwevs muSaoba Znelad
aRsazrdelTa skolebSi. es iqneba „kritikuli SemTxvevis SerCeva“. Tumca, kvleva
aCvenebs, rom aseT garemoSi momuSave zogierT maswavlebels myari moraluri
mdgomareoba aqvs, kerZod, imitom, rom isini moelian xelisSemSlel qcevas
problemuri moswavleebisgan da amitom ar ukvirT, anda ar aSinebT is; da kidev
imitom, rom am skolebis TanamSromlebi udides mxardaWeras uweven erTmaneTs _
yvelam icis, Tu ras niSnavs rTul moswavleebTan muSaoba.
amrigad, mkvlevrebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, rom skolis iseT maswavleblebze
fokusirdnen, romlebsac SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis problemur moswavleebTan
uwevT muSaoba. mkvlevari aRmoaCens, rom am maswavleblebis moraluri mdgomareoba
3
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: medicinaSi am terminiT aRniSnaven mdgomareobas, rodesac
adamians ar SeuZlia stresTan Segueba.
359
gacilebiT uaresia. is gamoTqvams hipoTezas, rom es imitom xdeba, rom maswavleblebi

bevrs elian moswavlis qcevisgan da rodesac gamoCndeba erTi an ori moswavle,
romelic ar amarTlebs am molodins, maswavleblebis moraluri mdgomareoba
mniSvnelovnad zaraldeba; da imitomac, rom xelisSemSleli qceva am skolebSi
maswavleblis sisusted aris miCneuli da TiTqmis ar arsebobs urTierTmxardaWeris
praqtika. Sesabamisad, daixveweba mkvlevris Teoria da is CaTvlis, rom maswavleblis
moralur mdgomareobaze misive molodini ufro metad axdens gavlenas, vidre
moswavlis xelisSemSleli qceva. ase rom, mkvlevari iRebs maswavleblebis
„maqsimaluri variaciis SerCevas“ mTel rig skolebSi, raTa ikvlios, ra mimarTebaSia
molodini da moraluri mdgomareoba moswavlis xelisSemSlel qcevasTan. am
SemTxvevaSi SerCeva warmoiqmneba kvlevis winsvlasTan da Teoriis ganviTarebasTan
erTad. swored es aris Teoriuli SerCeva _ „Tvisebrivi kvlevis samefo gza“ (Flick
2004: 151). Sacmanma da strausma (Schatzman and Strauss 1973: 38 ff) gamoTqves mosazreba, rom
Teoriuli SerCevis SigniT SerCeva, SeiZleba, Seicvalos drois, adgilis, individebisa
da movlenebis mixedviT.
zemoT aRwerili procedura Tanxvdeba glaserisa da strausis (1967) mosazrebas,
rom SerCeva moicavs monacemebis uwyvetad Segrovebas manam, sanam praqtikuli
faqtorebi (sazRvrebi) ar Sewyvets monacemebis mogrovebas, an Tu Semdgomi,
damatebiTi monacemebiT Teorias axali aRaraferi emateba _ „Teoriuli gajerebis“
etapi, rodesac Teoria irgebs axal monacemebs. Teoriul gajerebas glaseri da
strausi (1967: 610) aRweren, rogorc mdgomareobas, rodesac „aRar moipoveba
damatebiTi monacemebi, romliTac sociologi kategoriis Tvisebebs ganaviTarebda“.
miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari frTxilad unda iyos, rom Tavidan airidos monacemebis
mogrovebis naadrevad Sewyveta. Zalian ioli iqneboda kvlevis Sewyveta SezRuduli
odenobis monacemebiT, rodesac Semdgom SerCevas da monacemebis Segrovebas realurad
SeiZleboda Teoriis Tavidan formulirebamde mieyvana mkvlevari.
Teoriuli SerCevis gagrZelebaa „analitikuri induqcia“ _ procesi, romelic
znanieckim SemogvTavaza (Znaniecki 1934). am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari TeoriiT (romelic
SeiZleba monacemebidan warmoqmniliyo, rogorc es monacemebze dafuZnebul TeoriaSi
xdeba) iwyebs da Semdeg, Teoriis mtkice dacvis uzrunvelsayofad, mizanmimarTulad
eZebs deviaciur, an winaaRmdegobriv SemTxvevebs. es Tanxvdeba poperis mosazrebas,
rom myari mecnieruli Teoria falsificirebadobis Semowmebas unda uZlebdes.
analitikur induqciaSi mkvlevari ganzrax, mizanmimarTulad eZebs monacemebs,
360
romlebic potenciurad SeZlebda Teoriis falsificirebas da amiT gaaZlierebda

saboloo Teorias.
Cven vTvliT, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCeva yovelTvis ver iqneba winaswar
„erTxel da samudamod“ gansazRvruli. SerCevis procesi SesaZloa, monacemebis
Segrovebis, analizisa da angariSis etapebze gagrZeldes. amaSi aisaxeba Tvisebrivi
kvlevis wriuli procesi, rodesac monacemebis Segroveba, analizi, interpretacia,
angariSis wardgena da SerCeva aucileblad sworxazovnad ar misdevs erTmaneTs. es
cvalebadi da mravaljeradi procesia. SerCevis Taobaze gadawyvetileba, imTaviTve
anu winaswar, ar miiReba. SerCeva SeiZleba gadawydes, Seicvalos, gaizardos da
gafarTovdes kvlevis winsvlasTan erTad.
etapi 4: rolis morgeba da konteqstSi Sesvla

aq Sedis sakvlev velSi yofnis mizezis mofiqreba, wvdomisa da nebarTvis
sakiTxebi, rolisa da legendis Seqmna, guSagebis moZieba, romlebic mkvlevars sakvlev
jgufSi SesvlaSi daexmarebian (ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 100 da 111). mkvlevris
winaSe rTuli amocana dgas: is jgufis wevric unda iyos da unda Seiswavlides kidec
mas, amitom frTxilad aris mosafiqrebeli is roli, romelic mkvlevars saSualebas
miscems, iyos orive _ monawileca da mkvlevaric. lekomti da preisli (1993: 112)
amboben, rom Sesvlis uflebis uzrunvelyofaSi umniSvnelovanesi elementebia
mkvlevris mzaoba moqnili iyos da monawileTa qcevisa da reaqciebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba. rogorc de laini (De Laine 2000: 41) SeniSnavs: „Sesvlis uflebis
mosapoveblad mniSvnelovani kriteriumebia sakvlev garemoSi adamianebTan daaxloebis
unari da mimdinare aqtivobebSi maTTan erTad monawileoba“.
vulfi (2004: 195 – 6) Tvlis, rom velze Sesvlis uflebis mopovebisas or
fundamentur kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi:
 rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars kontaqtebis damyareba da informantebTan

TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofa?
 rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars Tavis imgvarad warmoCena, rom hqondes kvlevis
warmoebisTvis saWiro dro, sivrce da socialuri urTierTobebi?
fliki (1998: 57) ajamebs vulfis (2004) mier identificirebul ramdenime sakiTxs,
romelic kvlevis warmoebis mizniT institutebSi Sesvlas Seexeba.
361
 kvleva yovelTvis aris socialur sistemaSi SeWra da Careva da amitom arRvevs

Sesaswavl sistemas; Sedegad sistema reagirebs, xSirad _ dacviTi reaqciebis
saxiT.
 sakvlev socialur sistemasa da kvleviT proeqts Soris arsebobs e. w. „ormxrivi
gaumWvirvaloba“, romelic ar mcirdeba Sesaswavl sistemasa da mkvlevars Soris
informaciis gacvliT. es ki arTulebs situacias da, aqedan gamomdinare, „imunur
reaqciebsac“.
 garmoSi Sesvlisas urTierTgagebis mopovebis nacvlad, sjobs, TanxmobisTvis,
rogorc procesisTvis, brZola.
 vinaidan aucilebelia monacemebis Senaxvis uflebebze SeTanxmeba, aman SeiZleba
gaarTulos Tanxmobis miRweva.
 sakvlevi veli mxolod maSin xdeba naTeli da gasagebi, rodesac mkvlevari Seva
masSi.
 kvleviTi proeqti, Cveulebriv, verafers sTavazobs socialur sistemas.
Sesabamisad, bevr verafer sargebels an serviss dahpirdeba mkvlevari, Tumca
SeiZleba, mainc ar arsebobdes realuri mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba
socialurma sistemam uari uTxras mkvlevars.
urTierTobebis marTvis sakiTxi mniSvnelovania Tvisebriv kvlevaSi.

xelmisawvdomobis, guSagebisa da informatebis sakiTxebi meoTxe TavSi ganvixileT.
mkvlevars uyureben, rogorc, viRacas, visac „ar aqvs istoria“ (Wolff 2004: 198),
„profesional ucnobs“ (Flick 1998: 99), vinc unda miiRon, gaicnon da mainc SeinarCunos
distancia maTTan, visac ikvlevs. faqtiurad, fliki (1998: 60) mkvlevrisTvis oTx rols
gvTavazobs: ucxo, stumari, Sinauri da axali wevri. pirveli ori arsebiTad
inarCunebs gareSe piris rols, xolo mesame da meoTxe institutis danaxvas wevrebis
TvaliT, Signidan cdilobs. am ori ukanaskneli rolis ganxorcieleba Zneldeba, Tu
saqme sensitiur Temebs Seexeba (ixileT Tavi 5). es tipologia TanxmobaSi modis oTx
rolTan, romelsac, Cveulebisamebr, damkvirveblisTvis asaxeleben xolme, rogorc
diagramazea mocemuli.
gareSe piri Sinauri

ganyenebuli damkvirvebeli, monawile, rogorc sruli monawile
damkvirvebeli rogorc monawile damkvirvebeli
362
rolis SeTanxmeba, balansi da ndoba mniSvnelovani da rTuli misaRwevia.

magaliTad, Tu mkvlevarma skolaSi unda imuSaos, ra roli unda airCios:
maswavleblis, mkvlevris, inspeqtoris, megobris, menejeris, garkveuli servisis
(magaliTad, eqskursiebisa da sxva kulturuli aqtivobebis) uzrunvelmyofis,
konsultantis, socialuri muSakis, resursebis mimwodeblis, biblioTekaris,
damlageblis, skolis gaCerebaze an sasadiloSi momsaxure personalis da a. S.? saqme
isaa, rom man is roli unda airCios, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad met adamianTan
wvdomis SesaZleblobas miscems, neitralobas SeunarCunebs (ar dadgeba aravis mxares)
da usafrTxoebis garantiebsac miscems.
roluri konfliqti, daZabuloba da gaurkvevloba mosalodnelia Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi. magaliTad, de leini (2002: 29) saubrobs SesaZlo konfliqtze mkvlevars,
rogorc aseTs, Terapevtsa da megobars Soris. igi miuTiTebs, rom sxvadasxva rolis
winaswar dagegmva iSviaTad aris SesaZlebeli da is savele samuSaos aucilebeli
nawilia, uqmnis ra mkvlevars eTikur da moralur problemebs da mudmiv
molaparakebasa da mogvarebas moiTxovs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi rolebi icvleba. uolfordi (2001: 62) aRwers etapobriv
process, romelSic mkvlevris roli xuT fazas gadis: axalmosuli, pirobiT
miRebuli, kategoriulad miRebuli, pirovnulad miRebuli da gardauvali migranti.
igi (2001: 71) TiTqmis mosalodnelad miiCnevs, rom sxvadasxva rolSi yofna mkvlevars
ara marto situaciasTan gamklavebis sakuTar unarSi daaeWvebs, aramed mniSvnelovan
emociur da fsiqologiur stress miayenebs, SfoTvasa da araadekvaturobis gancdas
Seuqmnis. es gansakuTrebiT mwvaved Cans, rodesac mkvlevrebs informaciis dafarva da
sxvadasxva rolis Sesruleba uwevT, raTa moipovon wvdoma, SeinarCunon neitraloba,
pirovnuli rwmenebisa da Rirebulebebis erTgulni darCnen da gaumklavdnen
situaciebs; amasTan, unda moipovon informacia sxvebis Sesaxeb ise, rom araferi Tqvan
sakuTar Tavze. uolfordi (2001) Tvlis, rom mkvlevars, SeiZleba, rolebis
mofiqrebisa da manevrirebis Zalian mcire SesaZlebloba hqondes, vinaidan
SezRudulia maTi molodinebiT, visac ikvlevs.
kidev erTi relevanturi sakiTxia sakvlev velSi Sesvlis vadebi, romelic ise unda
daigegmos, rom mkvlevrebma muSaoba SeZlon saTanado momentebSi (magaliTad,
programis dawyebamde, dawyebisas, msvlelobisas da dasasruls). saqme ufro Sors
midis eTnografisTvis, romelmac jer jgufSi Sesvla unda uzrunvelyos da misi
Sesvla-ar Sesvla SeiZleba Cacmulobas, qcevis stils, pirovnebas, asaks, kanis fers,
363
eTnikur kuTvnilebas, empaTiasa da jgufTan identifikacias, sametyvelo enas, aqcents,

Jargons, jgufis saqmeebSi CarTulobisadmi mzaobas, jgufis qcevebisa da
Rirebulebebis miRebas da a. S. ukavSirdebodes (ixileT glazgos bandis patrikiseuli
(1973) momxibvleli da warmtaci kvleva). amitom mkvlevarma unda gaacnobieros
„STabeWdilebis marTvis“ mniSvnelovneba (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 78 ff). farul
kvlevaSi es faqtorebi kidev ufro sagulisxmo xdeba, vinaidan erTma waborZikebam
SeiZleba mTeli legenda CaSalos (Patrick 1973).
loflendi (1971) Tvlis, rom sakvlev velSi momuSave mkvlevarma unda aRiaros da
moirgos „misaRebi arakompetenturobis“ roli _ icodes rogor daicvas balansi
SeWrasa da ganze gadgomas Soris. aseTi balansireba mudmivad mimdinare procesia.
hamersli da atkinsoni (1983: 97 – 9) fiqroben, rom mkvlevrebma unda moaxerxon
„marginalobis marTva’’: isini arian organizaciaSi, magram ar ekuTvnian mas. avtorebi
amboben, rom „eTnografi gonebrivad „nacnobobasa“ da „ucnobobas“ Soris unda
inarCunebdes wonaswarobas, xolo socialurad _ „ucnobsa“ da „megobars“ Soris“.
isini imasac amboben, rom ramdenime rolTan gamklavebam, gansakuTrebiT,
,,marginalobis marTvam’’, SeiZleba „daucvelobis mudmivi SegrZneba gaaCinos“
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 100).
rogorc mexuTe TavSi vTqviT, wvdomisa da Sesvlis uflebis miReba procesis saxiT
unda ganvixiloT (Walford 2001: 31), romelic droSi iSleba da ar xdeba erTxel da
srulad. uolfordi aRwers sxvadasxvagvar marcxs, Seferxebasa da cvlilebas, rac
xdeba, an mosalodnelia Tvisebrivi kvlevis Casatareblad sakvlev velSi Sesvlis
uflebis mopovebisas.
etapi 5: informantebis povna

informantebis povna gulisxmobs im adamianebis identificirebas, visac aqvs codna
sakvlevi sazogadoebis, an jgufis Sesaxeb. aq mkvlevari rTul situaciaSi vardeba,
vinaidan man unda SeZlos ZiriTadi informantebis Sefaseba da gadawyvitos:
 vis mier mowodebuli informacia ufro mniSvnelovania;

 vin aris kompetenturi informatebs Soris, rom komentarebi da SeniSvnebi
gamoTqvas;
 vin aris sando;
 ra statusi aqvT informantebs;
364
 ramdenad reprezentaciulebi (garkveuli adamianebis, sakiTxebis, situaciebis,

mosazrebebis, statusebis, rolebisa Tu jgufis) arian ZiriTadi informantebi;
 rogor unda moiZebnon informantebi sxvadasxva garemoSi;
 realurad ician Tu ara informantebma situacia axlodan da eqspertuli
poziciidan;
 ramdenad centraluri adgili uWiravs informants organizaciaSi an situaciaSi
(magaliTad, centraluri an marginaluri);
 rogor unda Sexvdes mkvlevari informatebs da rogor unda SearCios isini;
 ramdenad mniSvnelovania guSagi informanti sxva informantebTan mimarTebaSi,
uSvebs adamianebs kvlevaSi, Tu kars uketavs (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 73);
 urTierToba informantsa da Sesaswavli jgufis sxva wevrebs Soris da maTi
damokidebuleba situaciiisadmi.
informantebis arCeva da maTTan urTierTobis damyareba problemuria. lekomti da

preisli (1993: 95), magaliTad, gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom pirveli informantebi,
SesaZloa, TviTSerCeuli adamianebi iyvnen, romlebic jgufis marginalur nawils
warmoadgenen, dabali statusi aqvT da amitom sakuTari prestiJis gazrdas kvlevaSi
CarTulobiT cdiloben. linkolni da guba (1985: 252) gvaswavlian, rom mkvlevari
windaxedulad unda moiqces da informantebi, romlebsac, savaraudod, „angarebiani
miznebi“ aqvT, enis mimtanebad ki ar unda gamoiyenos, aramed mxolod informacia unda
miiRos maTgan. avtorebi amtkiceben, rom mkvlevrebi, romlebic guSagebTan muSaoben,
molaparakebisa da SeTanxmebis mudmiv procesSi arian CarTuli.
morsi (Morse 1994: 228) ambobs, rom „kargi“ informanti is aris, visac sakvlevi
sakiTxis Sesaxeb aucilebeli codna, informacia da gamocdileba aqvs, SeuZlia am
codnasa da gamocdilebaze dafiqreba, aqvs proeqtSi monawileobis dro, mzad aris
amisTvis da realurad SeuZlia sxva informantebis mozidva. informants, romelic
yvela am kriteriums akmayofilebs, „pirveladi informanti“ ewodeba. morsi (1994)
imasac ambobs, rom informants SeiZleba ar hqondes yvela es Tviseba, magram mainc
sasargeblo iyos kvlevisTvis. aseTebs ,,meorad informatebs’’ uwodeben da mkvlevarma
unda gadawyvitos, ra dros mimarTos maT.
etapi 6: urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da SenarCuneba

es etapi iseTi interpersonaluri da praqtikuli sakiTxebis mogvarebas moicavs,
rogoricaa:
365
 monawileebis ndobis mopoveba;

 raportis, ndobis, sensitiurobisa da keTilgonierebis formireba;
 iseT adamianebTan da sakiTxebTan gamklaveba, romlebsac mkvlevari ar eTanxmeba an
miuReblad miaCnia.
 yuradRebianoba da empaTiuroba;
 TavSekavebuloba;
 sakvlev velSi darCenis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra.
spaindleri da spaindleri (Spindler and Spindler 1992: 65) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom
eTnografiuli validoba imiT miiRweva, rom mkvlevari sakmarisad didxans rCeba
velSi da xedavs, rom movlenebi ganmeorebadia da ara erTjeradi, anu akvirdeba maT
regularobas.
lekomti da preisli (1993: 89) Tvlian, rom savele samuSao, gansakuTrebiT, imis
gamo, rom pirispir tardeba, iseT problemebsa da sakiTxebs wamoWris, rac naklebad
mniSvnelovania Sor manZilze warmoebuli kvlevebisTvis. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba:
 rogor ekontaqton monawileebs gasagebad;

 ra gavlenas axdens monawileebsa da mkvlevarze erTmaneTSi gamowveuli emociebi
da rogor unda gaumklavdnen maT;
 ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinon mkvlevarsa da monawileebs Soris arsebulma
msgavsebebma da gansxvavebebma (magaliTad, pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, Zalaufleba,
resursebi) mxareebis urTierTobasa da kvlevis mimdinareobaze.
 mkvlevris (rogorc mkvlevris da rogorc Temis wevris) pasuxismgeblobebi
monawileebis winaSe maSinac ki, roca igi TemSi mcire xniT rCeba.
 rogor unda SenarCundes wonasworoba Temis winaSe pasuxismgeblobebsa da sxva
dainteresebul mxareebs Soris.
am sferoSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ndobisa da raportis SenarCuneba (De

Laine 2000: 41), interesis gamovlena, konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofa (sadac saWiroa)
da Sefasebebisgan Tavis Sekaveba. amas emateba gaurkvevlobis moTmenis, eWvebis
gadamowmebis, daucvelobis atanis, situaciasTan morgebis unarebi da moqniloba (De
Laine 2000: 97). es Tvisebebi ver darCeba mxolod formaluri SeTanxmebis farglebSi,
isini efeqturi Tvisebrivi kvlevis macocxlebeli Zalaa da Tavad procesisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
366
etapi 7: monacemebis Segroveba adgilze

Tvisebriv mkvlevars informaciis Sesagroveblad sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyeneba
SeuZlia. ar arsebobs monacemebis mogrovebisTvis erTi konkretuli instrumentis
gamoyenebis erTaderTi recepti, aramed aq „miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis“ sakiTxi dgeba,
radgan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, eTnografi „meTodologiuri yvelafrismWamelia“! es
ki asea, magram mainc arsebobs monacemebis Sesagrovebeli instrumentebis ramdenime
tipi, romlebic sxvebze metad gamoiyeneba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi. mkvlevars SeuZlia
gamoiyenos savele Canawerebi, monawilis dakvirveba, saJurnalo Canawerebi,
interviuebi, dRiurebi, cxovrebiseuli istoriebi, artefaqtebi, dokumentebi, video da
audioCanawerebi da a. S. zogierTi maTganis ganxilva am wignSia mimofantuli.
linkolni da guba (1985: 199) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben „abezar“ (magaliTad,
intervius, dakvirvebas, araverbalur sametyvelo enas) da „araabezar“ meTodebs
(magaliTad, dokumentebsa da Canawerebs) imis mixedviT, eswreba Tu ara meore adamiani
monacemebis Segrovebis process.
savele Canawerebi SeiZleba adgilzec gakeTdes da situaciis gareTac. maTSi
mocemulia dakvirvebis Sedegebi. dakvirvebis Taviseburebebi eTnografiul kvlevaSi
meCvidmete TavSia ganxiluli. dakvirvebis teqnikis Tanmxlebi meTodebia interviu,
dokumentebis analizi da cxovrebiseuli istoriebi. es meTodebi, Sesabamisad, cal-
calkea ganxiluli meSvide, meTxuTmete da meTeqvsmete TavebSi. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
farTod gamoiyeneba interviuirebis erT-erTi teqnika _ naxevrad struqturirebuli
interviu, rodesac keTdeba zogadi monaxazi da sakmaod Riaa imisTvis, rom
gadaanacvlon, gadauxvion da metad ganavrcon Temebi, CarTon axali mimarTulebebi da
ganagrZon zondireba. karspiqeni (Carspecken 1996: 159 – 60) aRwers aseTi intervius
cvalebadobis diapazons: interviueri zomieri waxalisebidan, „aradireqtiuli“
miTiTebebidan, aqtiuri mosmenidan, naklebi daskvnebis Semcveli perifrazirebidan
midis zomier da meti wili daskvnebis Semcvel perifrazirebamde. mkvlevars SeiZleba
dakvirvebis procesSi wamoWrili zogierTi Temis metad Seswavla intervius gziT
undodes. bunebriv kvlevaSi intervius validobis wesebSi Sedis: patiosneba,
respondentis dainteresebuloba, pasuxebis siRrme da mravalferovneba (Oppenheim 1992).
linkolni da guba (1985: 268 – 70) interviuirebis ramdenime mizans aRweren, maT
Soris: movlenebis Seswavla, pirovnebis grZnobebis, aqtivobebis, motivaciebis,
safiqralis, moTxovnebis gamovlena da a. S. aseve, organizaciebis, struqturebis
367
aRwera-warmodgena, warsuli gamocdilebis rekonstruqcia; momavlis dagegmva-

prognozireba; monacemebis Semowmeba, gaumjobeseba da ganvrcoba.
garda amisa, silvermeni (1993: 92 – 3) amatebs, rom interviuireba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
gamosadegia: faqtebis Sesagroveblad; faqtebSi dasarwmuneblad; grZnobebisa da
motivebis gamosavlenad; moqmedebebis standartebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebis (ra SeiZleba,
gakeTdes mocemul situaciebSi) mosasmenad; mimdinare an warsuli qcevis Sesaswavlad;
mizezebis dasadgenad da asaxsnelad.
linkolni da guba (1985) xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom mniSvnelovania intervius
procesis dagegmva, rac moicavs winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catarebas,
intervius dawyebas, mis tempsa da drois ganawilebas, saubris dinamikis SenarCunebas
da intervius dasasrulisken wayvanas da mis saboloo dasrulebas. cxadia,
mniSvnelovania intervius ramdenime etapis detalurad da zedmiwevniT gaazreba.
magaliTad, dagegmvis etapze yuradReba unda mieqces raodenobas (Sexvedrebis ricxvs
TiToeul pirovnebasTan), xangrZlivobas, vadebs, sixSires, garemos/adgilmdebareobas,
erT interviuze damswre adamianebis raodenobas (magaliTad, individualuri Tu
jgufuri interviu) da respondentebis stils (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 177).
ganxorcielebis etapze mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, respondentisTvis pasuxebis gacema,
waxaliseba, zondireba, mxardaWera, TanagrZnoba, axsna, kristalizacia _ formis
micema, magaliTebis moyvana, Sejameba, cenzurisTvis Tavis arideba, miReba. analizis
etapze ramdenime mniSvnelovani momentia, magaliTad (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 195): azris
martivad da gasagebad gadmocema; monawileebis dainteresebis done; kiTxvisa da
pasuxis sicxade; interviueris sizuste (da amis gadmocema); rogor umklavdeba
interviueri saeWvo pasuxebs (magaliTad, SeTxzul pasuxebs, sicrues, pretenziebs).
Tvisebrivi kvleva Sordeba winaswar struqturirebul, standartizebul formebs
da Tavisufal an naxevrad struqturirebul interviuze gadadis (ixileT Tavi 16), rac
respondentebs samyaros maTeuli gagebis proecirebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. is
moqnilobis saSualebas iZleva da ar zRudavs monawileebs saubris fiqsirebuli
TanmimdevrobiT, aZlevs maT winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli Temebis wamoWrisa da
ganxilvis SesaZleblobas (Denzin 1970b; Silverman 1993).
interviuebTan erTad, linkolni da guba (1985) ganixilaven monacemebis miRebas
iseTi wyaroebidan, romlebSic adamiani ar aris CarTuli, maT Soris:
 dokumentebi da Canawerebi (magaliTad, saarqivo an piradi Canawerebi) imiT aris

mimzidveli, rom yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia, xSirad sakmaod iafad iZleva
368
faqtobriv masalas. meore mxriv, isini SeiZleba, iyos arareprezentaciuli da

seleqciuri, obieqturobas moklebuli, ucnobi iyos maTi validoba da, SesaZloa,
ganzrax Sehyavdes mkiTxveli SecdomaSi (ixileT Finnegan 1996).
 naklebad SesamCnevi informaciuli narCenebi: aq Sedis artefaqtebi, fizikuri kvali
da sxvadasxvagvari Canaweri. marTalia, maT xSirad aqvT zedapiruli validoba,
isini martivia, uSualod mocemuli da Carevis gareSea miRebuli (da, Sesabamisad,
Semcirebulia reaqtiulobis problema), magram SesaZloa, ukiduresad deduqciuri,
logikuri msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli, Znelad asaxsneli iyos da iseT
elementebs Seicavdes, romelTa relevanturobac eWvqveS dgas.
Tvisebrivi monacemebis Segroveba ar Semoifargleba ramdenime dasaxelebuli

strategiiT. mas ekleqtizmi da miznisTvis Sesatyvisoba axasiaTebs. es ar niSnavs, rom
„yvelaferi gamodgeba“, aramed _ „gamoiyene is, rac Sesatyvisia“ _ da es qmediTi
rCevaa. masoni (2002: 33 – 4) mxars uWers meTodebis integracias ramdenime mizezis gamo:
 fenomenis sxvadasxva nawilis an elementis Seswavla mkvlevris mier da rwmena

imisa, rom icis, ra mimarTebaa maT Soris;
 pasuxebis gacema kvlevis sxvadasxva kiTxvaze;
 sxvadasxvagvari pasuxis gacema xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxidan kvlevis erT kiTxvaze;
 met-naklebad Rrma da vrceli analizi;
 triangulacia (dasabuTeba) erTi da imave fenomenis Sesaxeb moZiebuli monacemebiT.
masoni (2002: 35) amtkicebs, rom integracia sxvadasxva formiT SeiZleba moxdes. is
Tvlis, rom mkvlevarma aucileblad unda Seamowmos, aris Tu ara misi monacemebi
urTierTSemavsebeli, raTa gaaerTianos, daafuZnos, daagrovos isini da amiT mTliani
suraTi Seqmnas. igi imasac amtkicebs, rom mniSvnelovania, monacemebi ontologiurad
avsebdnen erTmaneTs, anu efuZnebodnen „socialuri arsebisa da fenomenis bunebis
Sesaxeb msgavs, komplementarul (anu erTmaneTis Semavsebel) an urTierTSesadarebel
daSvebebs“. masoni (2002: 36) fiqrobs, rom integracia epistemologiuri TvalsazrisiT
unda moxdes, anu monacemebi erTi da igive, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, komplementaruli
epistemologiebidan unda momdinareobdes; is ambobs, rom monacemebi „efuZneba
msgavs, urTierTSemavsebel an urTierTSesadarebel daSvebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi
dasabuTebuli mocema SeuZlia mtkicebulebebis codnas“. da bolos, masoni (2002: 36)
amtkicebs, rom integracia axsnis doneze unda moxdes, raSic is gulisxmobs, rom
369
SesaZlebeli unda iyos sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan sxvadasxva meTodiT miRebuli

monacemebis gaerTianeba Tanmimdevrul, damajerebel da saTanado argumentad.
etapi 8: monacemebis Segroveba sakvlevi velis gareT

Sesadareblad da fenomenis asaxsnelad mkvlevarma SeiZleba sasargeblod miiCnios
im jgufis farglebs gareT gasvla, romelSic es fenomeni vlindeba. es rom rTuli
da mZime sakiTxia, Semdeg magaliTSi Cans: ori moswavle Zalian agresiulad,
fizikurad Cxubobs. erTi SexedviT, es, ubralod, ori adamianis Cxubia; Tumca aseTi
ram Cveulebrivi ambavia am ori moswavlisTvis _ isini mezoblebi arian da didad
megobruli urTierTobiT ar gamoirCevian, vinaidan maT ojaxebs Soris didi xnis
uTanxmoebaa. isini erTmaneTis mezoblad adgilobrivma xelisuflebam daasaxla,
vinaidan gadawyda, rom erTad daesaxlebinaT is ojaxebi, visac uWirda binis qiris
gadaxda. xelisuflebam aseTi gadawyvetileba mTavrobis mier gatarebuli politikis
Sesabamisad miiRo, romlis Tanaxmadac, ekonomikur siduxWireSi myofi jgufebis
erTad lokalizaciis SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqturi iqneboda mizanmimarTuli qmedebebi
da intervenciebi. amiT dakmayofildeboda rogorc mTlianad Temis, ise, calkeuli
individebis saWiroebebi.
aq sakiTxi ase dgas: ramdenad unda daSordes mkvlevari mikrogaremos am
situaciaSi gasarkvevad? es dauzustebeli sakiTxia, magram ar aris umniSvnelo
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisTvis, is safuZvlad edo ramdenime naSroms, magaliTad: (a)
boulsisa da gintisis (Bowles and Gintis 1976) cnobil kvlevas, romelic kapitalisturi
amerikis skolebs Seexeboda da sadac avtorebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom skolebi
faruli programiT iseTi sxvadasxvagvari samsaxurebrivi karierisTvis amzadebdnen
moswavleebs, romelic araegalitaruli kapitalisturi sistemisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli; (b) TviTaRsrulebadi winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevas (Hurn 1978); (g)
polardis (1985: 110) Sromas, romelic exeba dawyebiTi skolis socialur garemos,
sadac yoveldRiuri interaqciebi moswavleebs amzadebda individualizmis,
konkurenciis, miRwevaze orientaciis, ierarqiebisa da TavdajerebulobisTvis, rac ase
popularobiT sargeblobs farTo sazogadoebaSi; (d) delamontis (1981) propagandas,
rom ganaTlebis sferos Teoretikosebma skolebis msgavsi institutebi ki ar unda
ikvlion, aramed maTgan gansxvavebuli (magaliTad, saavadmyofoebi da sxva „totaluri“
institutebi), raTa ucnobi nacnobad aqcion (aseve, ixileT Eriskon 1973).
etapi 9: monacemebis analizi
370
miuxedavad imisa, rom am wignis ori Tavi (22-e da 23-e) mTlianad Tvisebrivi
monacemebis analizs eZRvneba, Tvisebrivi kvlevis 11-etapiani procesis mTlianobis
dacvis mizniT, ramdenime winaswari SeniSvna mainc unda gavakeToT. monacemebis
analizi moicavs organizebas, raodenobriv Sefasebasa da axsnas. mokled rom vTqvaT,
es aris monacemebSi Sinaarsis Cadeba situaciis, SemCneuli paternebis, Temebis,
kategoriebisa da kanonzomierebebis ganmsazRvreli monawiliseuli terminebiT.
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi monacemebis analizi, Cveulebisamebr, maTi Segrovebis procesSive
iwyeba. es ramdenime mosazrebiT xdeba, razec qvemoT visaubrebT.
praqtikul WrilSi Tu SevxedavT, Tvisebrivi monacemebi swrafad aRwevs uzarmazar
raodenobas, ufro adreuli analizi ki amcirebs monacemebiT gadatvirTulobis
problemas, vinaidan am dros xdeba Semdgomi fokusirebisTvis mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTeblebis gadarCeva. mailsi da hubermeni (1984) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom
monacemebis zustad warmoCena reduqciisa da SerCevis mniSvnelovani elementia.
parletisa da hamiltonis mixedviT (Parlett and Hamilton 1976), „TandaTanobiTi fokusireba“
maSin iwyeba, rodesac mkvlevari monacemebis Segrovebisas xedvis farTo kuTxes iRebs
da Semdeg maTi gamoxSirviT, daxarisxebiT, gadaxedviTa da gaazrebiT naTeli xdeba
situaciis ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. am procesis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi Semdgomi fokusirebis sayrdenad gamoiyeneba. es procesi Zabrisebria _
farTodan viwrosken.
Teoriul WrilSi Tvisebrivi kvlevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom analizi
monacemebis Segrovebis dawyebisTanave iwyeba, ase rom, ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba
Teoriis generacia (LeComple and Preissle 1993: 238). lekomti da preisli (1993: 237 – 53)
Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebma sakvlevi fenomenis ZiriTadi konturebi unda moxazon. Semdeg
unda gadaaxarisxon, daajgufon monacemebi, raTa erTiani logikuri suraTi dainaxon
(magaliTad, werilobiT Seajamon nanaxi). amis Semdeg guldasmiT unda daanawevron
savele Canawerebi, SeuTavson erTmaneTs, daupirispiron, gadaajgufon, Seadaron da
moawesrigon arsebuli Canawerebi. aq mizania gadanacvleba aRweridan axsnisken da
Teoriis generaciisken.
meti sicxadisTvis monacemebis analizi SegviZlia, warmovidginoT Svidnabijian
procesad, romelic qvemoT aris mocemuli:
nabiji 1: monacemebis analizis erTeulebis dadgena da am erTeulebis msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebis Cveneba;
nabiji 2: „sferoebis analizi’’;
371
nabiji 3: sferoebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da kavSiris dadgena;

nabiji 4: spekulaciuri daskvnebis gakeTeba;
nabiji 5: Sejameba;
nabiji 6: negatiuri da gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis moZieba;
nabiji 7: Teoriis generacia.
nabiji 1: monacemebis analizis erTeulebis dadgena da am erTeulebis msgavsebisa

da gansxvavebis Cveneba. aq kriteriumia, rom analizis TiToeuli erTeuli (kategoria
_ konceptualuri, realuri, klasifikaciis elementi, klasteri, sakiTxi)
SeZlebisdagvarad diskretuli iyos da, amasTanave, mTlianobasac inarCunebdes, anu
yoveli erTeuli naTlad unda iyos formulirebuli da konteqsts an sxva monacemebs
damaxinjebulad ar unda warmoadgendes. analizis erTeulebis Seqmna monacemebisTvis
kodebis miniWebiT aris SesaZlebeli (Miles and Huberman 1984), rac „unifikaciis“ process
hgavs (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 203).
nabiji 2: „sferoebis analizi“. sferoebis analizi debulebebisa da erTeulebis
urTierTdakavSirebul klasterebad, Temebad da paternebad dajgufebas moicavs;
sfero is kategoriaa, romelic ramdenime sxva kategorias aerTianebs. sferoebis
analizs detalurad 23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
nabiji 3: sferoebs Soris urTierTmimarTebebisa da kavSirebis dadgena. es procesi
uzrunvelyofs, rom SenarCundes monacemebis simdidre da „konteqstiT
dafuZnebuloba“. kavSirebis povna damadasturebeli SemTxvevebis identificirebiT
aris SesaZlebeli, rac „safuZvlad mdebare asociaciebisa“ (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 246)
da monacemTa qvejgufebs Soris kavSirebis moZiebiT xorcieldeba.
nabiji 4: spekulaciuri daskvnebis gakeTeba. es mniSvnelovani safexuria, vinaidan
am dros kvleva aRweridan daskvnaze gadadis. mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze mkvlevarma
garkveuli axsnebis postulireba unda moaxdinos mocemuli situaciisTvis, zogierTi
ZiriTadi elementisa da, savaraudod, maTi mizezebisTvisac ki. es hipoTezebis
generaciis an samuSao hipoTezebis wamoyenebis procesia, rasac Teoriis
CamoyalibebaSi Seaqvs wvlili.
nabiji 5: Sejameba. mkvlevari ukve dadgenili ZiriTadi Tvisebebis, sakiTxebis,
cnebebis, konstruqtebisa da ideebis Sejamebis monaxazs wers. Sejamebaze ufro
dawvrilebiT 23-e TavSi visaubrebT.
nabiji 6: negatiuri da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis moZieba. Teoriis generaciisas
mniSvnelovania ara marto damadasturebeli SemTxvevebis moZieba, aramed
372
sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebac. lekomti da preisli (1993: 270)

gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom vinaidan monacemebis interpretacia Tavad monacemebsve
efuZneba, Sedegebi ver axerxebs sawyisi hipoTezebis mxardaWeras, arc uariyofa da
arc saeWvod iTvleba. amitom Tavad hipoTeza unda Seicvalos ise, rom moergos am
monacemebs. problemebis gadawyvetis TandaTanobiT process eriksoni (1992: 208)
erTnografiuli kvlevisa da monacemebis analizis erT-erT ZiriTad aspeqtad miiCnevs.
lekomti da preisli (1993: 250 – 1) negatiur SemTxvevas ganmartaven, rogorc nimuSs,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba an uaryofs arsebul samuSao hipoTezas, wess an axsnas. aseTi
SemTxveva pozitivisti mkvlevris nulovani hipoTezis ekvivalentia Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi. ganviTarebis procesSi myofi Teoria ufro Zlierdeba da myardeba, Tu
negatiur SemTxvevas umklavdeba, vinaidan es SemTxveva awesebs Teoriis sazRvrebs,
axdens mis modificirebas da gansazRvravs Teoriis gamoyenebis parametrebs.
gansxvavebuli SemTxveva imdenad wesidan gamonaklisi ar aris (rogorc negatiuri
SemTxveva), ramdenadac wesis varianti (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 251). gansxvavebul
SemTxvevas konstruqtis, wesis an wamoyenebuli hipoTezis modifikaciamde an
SemuSavebamde mivyavarT. mkvlevarma iseTi SemTxvevebi unda moZebnos da gaaanalizos,
romlebsac wesi, konstruqti an axsna ver miudgeba, an romelTac maT ver movargebT,
anu es SemTxvevebi arc gamonaklisia da arc sawinaaRmdego, isini, ubralod,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba!
nabiji 7: Teoriis generacia. Teoria monacemebidan momdinareobs, mas safuZveli
monacemebSi aqvs da maTgan warmoiqmneba. rogorc linkolni da guba (1985: 205)
amtkiceben, monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda ergebodes sakvlev situacias.
dafuZnebuli Teoria interaqciuli procesia, romelic monacemebsa da Teorias Soris
moZraobs manam, sanam Teoria ar moergeba monacemebs. amiT irRveva tradiciuli
kvlevis umetesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sworxazovneba (Flick 1998: 41, 43), romlis
drosac yalibdeba hipoTezebi, miiReba gadawyvetileba SerCevis Sesaxeb, grovdeba
monacemebi da analizdeba. hipoTezebi an dasturdeba, an _ ara. dafuZnebul TeoriaSi
miRebulia wriuli da cvalebadi procesi, rodesac Teoria monacemebis mixedviT
icvleba da wamoWrili sakiTxebis sakvlevad meti da meti monacemebis mopovebas
cdilobs (Teoriuli SerCeva).
linkolni da guba (1985: 354 – 5) mouwodeben mkvlevars, rom monacemebis analizisas
da interpretirebisas ramdenime sakiTxi axsovdes, maT Soris:
 monacemebiT gadatvirTva;
373
 mxolod pirveli STabeWdilebis mixedviT moqmedebis problema;

 adamianebisa da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba (magaliTad, ramdenad
reprezentaciulia isini da saidan unda vicodeT, rom is adamianebi da monacemebi,
romlebzec xeli ar migviwvda, SeiZleba, mniSvnelovani yofiliyo);
 safrTxe, romelsac qmnis mxolod damadasturebeli da ara sawinaaRmdego
SemTxvevebis Zebna;
 monacemebis sandooba da Tanmimdevruloba da rwmena, rom SeiZleba am monacemebis
SedegSi Setana.
es mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia kvlevaSi sandoobis, damajereblobisa da validobis

problemebis mogvarebisas (ixileT sandoobisa da validobis ganxilva mexuTe TavSi).
am midgomis arsi, rom Teoria monacemebidan momdinareobs da maT efuZneba, ar rCeba
kritikis gareSe. magaliTad, silvermens (1993: 47) miaCnia, rom is ver axerxebs im
implicituri Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic kvlevis adreul etapebze
warmarTavs kvlevas (anu monacemebi Teoriisgan Tavisufali, anu sruliad neitraluri
ki ar aris, aramed gaJRenTilia TeoriiT); aseve, Tvlis, rom mas SeiZleba, kargad
exerxebodes kategorizacia aucilebeli axsniTi potencialis gareSe. es
gafrTxilebaaa, romelic, albaT, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi refleqsiis procesSia
gamosayenebeli.
etapi 10: sakvlevi velis datoveba

kvlevis dasasruls gadasawyvetia, rogor davamTavroT kvleva, rogor gamovideT
aRebuli rolebidan, rogor SevwyvitoT kvlevis procesSi awyobili urTierTobebi (da
unda SevwyvitoT Tu ara saerTod) da rogor gamovideT velidan ise, rom,
SeZlebisdagvarad, minimalurad dazaraldes jgufi an situacia (LeCompte and Preissle
1993: 101). de leini (2000: 142) SeniSnavs, rom SeiZleba, zogierT monawiles kvlevis
Semdegac undodes urTierTobis SenarCuneba da uarma maTSi imedgacruebis,
eqspluataciis, Ralatis gancdac ki gamoiwvios. mkvlevarma unda gaiazros wasvlis
Semdgomi efeqtebi da izrunos, rom aravin datovos gulnatkeni kvlevis dasrulebis
Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca SeuZlebelia dadgena, naxes Tu ara maT raRac sargebeli
kvlevidan.
etapi 11: werilobiTi angariSi

kvleviT literaturaSi SeiniSneba kvlevis Catarebidan kvlevis wardgenisken
gadanacvleba. xSirad xdeba, rom bunebrivi kvlevis werilobiTi saxiT wardgenis
374
mTavari saSualeba SemTxvevis Seswavlaa (ixileT Tavi 11), romlis „ndobis Rirsad
yofna“ (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 189) ganisazRvreba terminebiT: damajerebloba, gadatana,
sandooba da dadastureba. es Temebi meeqvse TavSi ganvixileT. SemTxvevis Seswavla im
mxriv aris gamosadegi, rom eTnografiuli kvlevisTvis sasargeblo gajerebul
aRwerebs iZleva da SeuZlia daafiqsiros da mkiTxvels gadasces, ras niSnavs
situaciaSi yofna (gv. 214). rogorc linkolni da guba (1985: 359) amboben, SemTxvevis
Seswavla idealuri instrumentia -emur kvleva-ZiebaSi. is im nagulisxmevi codnis
ganuyofeli nawilia, romelsac avtori da mkiTxveli deben naSromSi. SemTxvevis
Seswavla am codnazeve aigeba da, amgvarad, seriozulad uyurebs kvlevaSi „adamianis,
rogorc instrumentis“ mkvlevrisa da monawileebiseul cnebas, miuTiTebs ra maT
urTierTqmedebaze.
linkolni da guba (1985: 365 – 6) SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiTi saxiT
wardgenisTvis ramdenime miTiTebas iZlevian:
 werilobiTi naSromi araformaluri, bunebrivi unda iyos, raTa gadmosces

araformaluroba da bunebrioba.
 ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, naSromSi warmodgenili unda iyos faqtebi. gamonakliss
Seadgens naSromis is nawilebi, sadac TvalnaTliv aris mocemuli interpretacia,
Sefaseba da daskvna.
 naSromis konturebis moxazvisas umjobesia, saWiroze meti daiweros, vidre
daakldes rame.
 angariSis weris eTikur wesebs saTanado pativi unda miegos, magaliTad,
anonimurobas da amoucnoblobas.
 SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT wardgenisas imdenad naTlad unda iyos mocemuli
monacemebi, romelsac eyrdnoba naSromi, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos sandoobis,
validobisa da daskvnebis gadamowmeba.
 unda ganisazRvros naSromis dasrulebis konkretuli TariRi.
spradli (1979) eTnografiuli kvlevis werilobiTi naSromis saxiT gaformebis

cxra praqtikul nabijs gvTavazobs:
1. SearCieT samizne auditoria;

2. SearCieT Tezisi;
3. CamowereT Temebi da gaakeTeT eTnografiuli kvlevis gegma;
4. moxazeT gegmis TiToeuli nawilis uxeSi, zogadi konturebi;
375
5. gadasinjeT gegma da gaukeTeT qvesaTaurebi;

6. SeasworeT Tqvenive redaqtirebuli monaxazi;
7. dawereT Sesavali da daskvna;
8. waikiTxeT monacemebi da angariSi magaliTebis mosaZebnad;
9. dawereT saboloo varianti.
cxadia, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT gadmocemisas bevri sxva aspeqtia,

romelic unda aRiniSnos. maTze meTerTmete TavSi visaubrebT.
kritikuli eTnografia
kritikuli eTnografia eTnografiis ganviTarebadi Stoa, romelic pirvel TavSi

ganxilul kritikul paradigmas Tanxvdeba. aq warmoebs Tvisebrivi, anTropologiuri,
monawilis, damkvirvebelze dafuZnebuli kvleva da misi Teoriuli safuZveli
kritikul TeoriaSi Zevs (Quantz 1992: 448; Carspecken 1996). rogorc pirvel TavSi iTqva, es
paradigma dainteresebulia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Cagvrisa da uTanasworobis
pirobebSi, gaizardos individebisa da jgufebis uflebamosileba koleqtiuri
emansipirebis ideis warmoCeniT. am TvalsazrisiT, kvleva imTaviTve politikuri
wamowyebaa. qarspekeni (1996: 4 ff) kritikuri eTnografiis ramdenime ZiriTad wanamZRvars
asaxelebs:
 kvleva da azrovneba ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebiT aris gaSualebuli;
 es ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi konkretul socialur da istoriul konteqstSi
xorcieldeba;
 faqtebi da Rirebulebebi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan;
 urTierTobebi sagnebsa da cnebebs Soris denadia da warmoebis socialuri
urTierTobebiT aris gaSualebuli;
 sametyvelo enas centraluri adgili ukavia aRqmaSi;
 sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufebi sxvebze ufro Zlieria;
 uTanasworoba da Cagvra warmoebisa da moxmarebis kapitalisturi urTierTobebis
ganuyofeli nawilia;
 ideologiuri dominacia yvelaze Zlieria maSin, rodesac Cagruli jgufebi
sakuTar mdgomareobas gardauvlad, bunebrivad an aucileblad miiCneven;
 Cagvris formebi erTmaneTs aSualeben da amitom erTad unda ganixilebodes
(magaliTad, rasa, genderi, klasi).
376
quanci (Quantz 1992: 473 – 4) amtkicebs, rom kvlevaSi uciloblad moiazreba

garkveuli Rirebulebebi, amitom is garkveul interesebs emsaxureba. igi imasac
amtkicebs, rom kritikul eTnografiaSi momuSave mkvlevrebma unda gamoikvlion es
interesebi da monawileebi emansipaciisken da Tavisuflebisken waiyvanon. amgvarad,
kvlevis fokusi da mizani suliT xorcamde politikuria da exeba Zalauflebas,
dominirebas, xmis uflebasa da uflebamosilebas. kritikul eTnografiaSi is
kulturebi, jgufebi da individebi, romlebsac Seiswavlian, Zalauflebisa da
interesebis konteqstebSi imyofebian. es konteqstebia sakvlevi, maTi legitimurobaa
gasarkvevi da Tavad kvlevis safuZvlad mdebare Rirebulebebia gamosavleni. kritikul
eTnografiaSi maRalia refleqsiurobis done. eTnografiis sxva formebisgan
kritikuli eTnografia imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is sazogadoebaSi legitimurobis,
Zalauflebis da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb svams kiTxvebs da wina planze swevs
dominirebasa da Cagvras.
rogor muSaobs kritikuli eTnografi?
qarspekeni da eifli (Carspecken and Apple 1992: 512 – 14) da qarspekeni (1996: 41 – 2)
kritikul eTnografiaSi xuT etaps gamoyofen. es etapebi qvemoT aris aRwerili.
etapi 1: pirveladi ,,monologuri’’ Canawerebi

am etapze mkvlevrebi _ monawile damkvirveblebi _ SedarebiT pasiurebi da
SeumCnevlebi arian. maTi amocana obieqturi monacemebis mopovebaa. es „monologuri“
procesia im mxriv, rom mkvlevari mxolod TavisTvis akeTebs Canawerebs. linkolni da
guba (1985) Tvlian, rom am etapze validobis Semowmeba mocavs:
 CawerisTvis sxvadasxvagvari mowyobilobisa da sxvadasxva damkvirveblis

gamoyenebas;
 dakvirvebis moqnili ganrigis gamoyenebas mikerZoebulobis minimumamde dayvanis
mizniT;
 situaciaSi xangrZlivad darCenas hoTornis efeqtis daZlevis mizniT;
 daskvnebis naklebad Semcveli terminologiisa da aRwerebis gamoyenebas;
 kolegebTan gasaubrebis gamoyenebas;
 respondentis mier validaciis gamoyenebas.
exmianeba ra validobis Sesaxeb habermasiseul (1979; 1982; 1994) naSroms, validoba

moiazrebs simarTles (naTqvamis utyuaroba), legitimurobas (naTqvamis sisworesa da
377
Sesatyvisobas), gagebas (naTqvami gasagebia) da gulwrfelobas (mTqmelis ganzraxvebi).

qarspekeni (1996: 104 – 5) iTvaliswinebs amas, rodesac obieqturi validobis Sesaxeb
daskvnis ramdenime kategorias gvTavazobs: aqti gasagebi, socialurad legitimuri da
Sesatyvisia; aqtiors konkretuli identoba da ganzraxvebi an grZnobebi aqvs, rodesac
moqmedeba xorcieldeba; aRiarebuli da gaTvaliswinebulia obieqturi,
konteqstualuri faqtorebi.
etapi 2: winaswari rekonstruqciuli analizi

rekonstruqciuli analizi cdilobs, gamoavlinos situaciis mniSvnelobis an
abstraqciebis is mdgenlebi, romlebsac monawileebi TavisTavad nagulisxmevad
miiCneven. aseTi analizi RirebulebaTa sistemebis, normebisa da ZiriTadi cnebebis
identificirebas isaxavs miznad, romlebic mas safuZvlad udevs da romlebic
marTaven situaciebs. qarspekeni (1996: 42) fiqrobs, rom mkvlevari ubrundeba I etapze
gakeTebul pirvelad Canawerebs urTierTqmedebis paternebis, ZalauflebiTi
urTierTobebis, rolebis, movlenebis mimdevrobis da situaciebisTvis miniWebuli
mniSvnelobebis Sesaswavlad. is acxadebs, rom am etaps „rekonstruqciulad“ aqceven
is kulturuli Temebi, socialuri da sistemis faqtorebi, romelTa Sesaxeb Tavad
monawileebi, Cveulebisamebr, ar saubroben xolme da, faqtiurad, xdeba maTi
rekonstruqcia da garkveviT warmoCena _ SeumCnevel diskursad iqceva. am etapze
abstraqciis ufro maRal doneze gadanacvlebisas SesaZlebelia kodirebis ufro
maRali donis gamoyeneba (ixileT kodirebis ganxilva am TavSi).
kritikul eTnografiaSi qarspekeni (1996: 141) am etapze validobis uzrunvelyofis
ramdenime gzas aRwers:
 Tavad subieqtebTan interviuebisa da jgufuri diskusiebis gamoyeneba;
 rekonstruqciebis jgufis wevrebTan gadamowmeba, raTa gaTanabrdes Zalauflebrivi
urTierTmimarTeba;
 kolegebTan gasaubrebis gamoyeneba (wyvils sTxoven, gadaxedos monacemebs da
Tqvas, mkvlevari Zalian seleqciuri xom ar iyo, magaliTad, individebis,
monacemebis an daskvnebis mimarT) rekonstruqciebSi mikerZoebulobis an
Cavardnebis gadasamowmeblad;
 velSi xangrZlivad yofna, raTa mkvlevarma ukeT SeZlos Sinauris, jgufis wevris
TvalTaxedvis wvdoma;
378
 „ukuanalizis“ gamoyeneba _ pirveladi monacemebidan amokrefil monacemebSi

Temebisa da segmentebis gadamowmeba, maTi pirvelad monacemebTan Sesabamisobis
uzrunvelsayofad;
 negatiuri SemTxvevebis analizis gamoyeneba.
etapi 3: monacemebis dialoguri mogroveba

am etapze monacemebis mopoveba monawileebTan saubriT xdeba da maTTanve
ganixileba (Carspecken and Apple 1992). avtorebi amtkiceben, rom es procesi arabunebrivia
im mxriv, rom monawileebs sTxoven, dafiqrdnen sakuTar situaciebze, garemoebebsa da
cxovrebaze da wamoayenon Teoriebi maT Sesaxeb. es gadamwyveti etapia, vinaidan
monawileebs xmis uflebas aZlevs, xolo kvlevas demokratiulobas sZens. SesaZloa, am
etapze axali monacemebi gaCndes, rac wina ori etapisTvis gamowvevaa da saeWvos xdis
manamde miRebul suraTs.
kvlevis am etapze monawileebis meti subieqturobis uzrunvelsayofad qarpsekeni
(1996: 164 – 5) validobis gadamowmebis ramdenime meTods gvTavazobs, magaliTad:
Cawerili interviuebis SeTanxmebulobis Semowmebas, ganmeorebiT interviuebs
monawileebTan, mimdinare movlenis an momxdari movlenis Sesaxeb monawilis naTqvamisa
da dakvirvebis Sedegebis urTierTSedarebas, interviuirebisas mimarTulebis momcemi
kiTxvebisTvis Tavis aridebas, kolegasTan gasaubrebis gamoyenebas, respondentebis
mier validacias, Txovnas, rom monawileebma bunebrivi konteqstebis aRwerisas
TavianTi terminebi gamoiyenon da ganmarton isini.
etapi 4: sistemuri mimarTebebis aRmoCena

am etapze dgindeba sakvlevi jgufis mimarTeba sxva faqtorebTan, romelTanac
uwevs mas Sejaxeba, magaliTad, lokaluri adgilmdebareoba, lokaluri Temis
jgufebi, romlebic kulturul produqts qmnian. qarpsekeni (1996: 202) aRniSnavs, rom am
etapze validobis Semowmeba moicavs wina etapebis moTxovnebis dacvas, mkvlevris
analizisa da monawileebisa da sxva mkvlevrebis mier mowodebuli komentarebis
urTierTSedarebas, kolegasTan gasaubrebas da respondentis mier validaciis
gamoyenebas.
etapi 5: sistemuri mimarTebebis gamoyeneba miRebuli Sedegebis asaxsnelad
379
am etapze xdeba miRebuli Sedegebis Seswavla da axsna makro-socialuri Teoriebis

WrilSi (Carspecken 1996: 202). nawilobriv, es aris kvlevis Sedegebisa da socialuri
Teoriis urTierTSedarebis da Sedegebis TeoriisTvis morgebis procesi.
amrigad, kritikul eTnografiaSi moZraobis mimarTuleba aseTia: situaciis aRwera,
gageba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba da Secvla. es Seesabameba ideologiis kritikis
etapebs, romelic pirvel TavSia warmodgenili:
etapi 1: arsebuli situaciis aRwera – hermenevtikuli procesi;
etapi 2:L im mizezebis wvdoma, romlebmac Seqmna arsebuli situacia;
etapi 3: situaciis Secvlis gegma;
etapi 4: axali situaciis miRwevis Sefaseba.
eTnografiul da bunebriv midgomebTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi problema
eTnografiul da bunebriv midgomebSi ramdenime sirTule arsebobs (ixileT

http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 7, faili 7. 3. ppt), romlebmac SeiZleba
gavlena iqonios kvlevis sandoobasa da validobaze. maT ricxvSi Sedis:
1. situaciis definicia: monawileebs sTxoven situaciis maTeuli definiciis mocemas,

Tumca es ar iqneba erTaderTi WeSmariti gansazRvreba. isini SeiZleba „mcdarad
patiosanni“ iyvnen (araferi icodnen „realuri“ situaciis Sesaxeb), ganzrax
amaxinjebdnen, an mcdarad warmoaCendnen situacias, an ukiduresad seleqciurni
iyvnen. sandoobisa da validobis es sakiTxebi wignis meeqvse TavSia ganxiluli
(ixileT triangulaciis ganxilva).
2. sandooba: hoTornis efeqti _ mkvlevris yofna situaciaSi ganapirobebs mis
ESecvlas, radgan monawileebs SeiZleba, surdeT, mkvlevars Tavi aaridon,
mimarTuleba miscen an uaryon, masze zemoqmedeba iqonion, an STabeWdileba
moaxdinon. es sakiTxebic meeqvse TavSia ganxiluli. reaqtiulobis problema,
rogorc wesi, gvardeba guldasmiT molaparakebiT, velSi sakmarisad xangrZlivad
yofniTa da mkvlevris mier sakuTari Tavis SeZlebisdagvarad sworad wardgeniT.
3. angelozis efeqti: rodesac situaciis an monawileebis Sesaxeb arsebuli an
miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba monacemebis Semdgomi mogroveba
seleqciuri gaxdes, anda am informaciis arsebobam SemdgomSi situaciis
380
konkretul WrilSi xedvamde migviyvanos (TviTaRsrulebadi winaswarmetyvelebis4

ekvivalenti kvlevaSi). es sandoobis sakiTxia da misi mogvareba SesaZlebelia
farTo, triangulirebuli monacemTa bazis gamoyenebiTa da gareSe damkvirveblis
daxmarebiT. Saravandedis efeqti, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs, rom mkvlevars swams
monawileebis gulkeTiloba da sulgrZeloba (monawileebi SaravandediT arian
mosilni!) da, Sesabamisad, maTi qcevis uaryofiTi mxare Tu pirovnuli nakli
uariyofa an uyuradRebod rCeba. amis sapirispiroa, eSmakis efeqti, roca mkvlevars
swams, rom monawileebi cudi, uvargisi adamianebi arian (eSmakis rqebi adgaT
Tavze!) da uaryofs an uyuradRebod tovebs maT dadebiT mxareebs.
4. interpretaciuli meTodologiis implicituri konservatizmi. kvlevis es tipi,
kritikuli eTnografiis gamoklebiT, monawileebsa da damxmareebs maTi status
kvoTi iRebs. is maT warsulsa da awmyoze fokusirdeba da ara momavalze.
5. arsebobs nacnobze fokusirebis sirTule. monawileebi (da, SesaZloa, mkvlevrebic)
imdenad axlos arian situaciasTan, rom uaryofen mis namdvilad arsebul, xSirad
nagulisxmev, aspeqtebs. Sesabamisad, dgeba nacnobis ucnobad gadaqcevis amocana.
delamonti (1981) Tvlis, rom nacnobis ucnobad gadaqceva SeiZleba:
 erTi sakiTxis uCveulo magaliTebis ESeswavliT (magaliTad, atipuri
klasebi, saskolo cxrilebi an struqtura);
 sxva kulturebidan aRebuli magaliTebis SeswavliT;
 im sxva situaciebis SeswavliT, romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodnen sakvlev
situacias (magaliTad, skolebis Seswavlisas SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos
iseTi, garkveulwilad, msgavsi, magram gansxvavebuli organizaciebis naxva,
rogoricaa saavadmyofo an cixe).
6. Sesaswavli situaciebis RiaobiTa da mravalferovnebiT. hamersli (1993) ambobs, rom
specifikur konteqstebsa da situaciebze fokusirebiT SesaZloa zedmetad
gamokveTili aRmoCndes konteqstebsa da situaciebs Soris gansxvavebebi da ara maT
Soris arsebuli ufro meti msgavseba, maTi saerTo niSnebi. igi amtkicebs, rom
mkvlevrebi kanonzomierebebsac iseve unda acnobierebdnen, rogor gansxvavebebs.
7. ufro farTo socialuri konteqstisa da SezRudvebis uaryofiT. iseTi situaciebis
Seswavlisas, sadac xazgasmulia maTi situaciiT SezRuduloba, SeiZleba
4
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: Sesatyvisi inglisuri terminia “self-fulfiling prophecy”, romelic
niSnavs, rom winaswarmetyveleba, varaudi Tavad iwvevs Sesrulebas, radgan mis dajerebasa da
qcevas Soris kavSiria.
381
uaryofil iqnas ufro farTo dinebebi da konteqstebi _ kvlevis mikrodone

sazRvrebis dawesebis riskis winaSe dgas, rac gamoricxavs makrodonis
mniSvnelovan faqtorebs. farTo makrokonteqstebi ver gamoiricxeba konkretuli
situaciebidan.
8. ganzogadebis sakiTxi. Tu situaciebi unikaluri da araganzogadebadia, rogorc
mravali bunebrivi principi ambobs, rogor unda gadawydes ganzogadebis sakiTxi?
ra konteqstebisTvis iqneba miRebuli Sedegebi gamosadegi? ra roli aqvs da
rogoria replikaciis kvlevebi?
9. rogor unda daiweros mravaljeradi realoba da axsna? rogor miiRwevaa
reprezentaciuli xedva? ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari iseT raRaceebs xedavs,
rac monawileebs ar daunaxavT?
10. vis ekuTvnis monacemebi, angariSi, da vin akontrolebs maT gacemas?
amrigad, bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani,

magram problemuri kvlevis meTodebis erTianobaa. legitimuri da mniSvnelovani
stilis es kvlevebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli da TandaTan matulobs maTi
gamoyeneba.
382
თემა 7. ინტერნეტ-კვლევა და კვ ლევაში კომპიუტერის გამოყენება
10 internetiT kvleva da kompiuteris gamoyeneba
Sesavali
internetis ganviTarebam aramarto tradiciuli kvlevis iseTi teqnikebis

ganviTarebisTvis gaaRo axali kari, rogoricaa gamokiTxvebi, kiTxvarebi,
eqsperimentebi da interviuebi, aramed mkvlevrebs veb gverdebze geometriuli
progresiiT mzardi moculobis mqone masalis swrafad mosaZieblad da dasamateblad
literaturis moZiebisa da amoRebis teqnikebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobac misca. am
TavSi internetis, rogorc kvlevis saSualebis, gamoyenebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs
SevexebiT, ufro konkretulad, gamokiTxvebze da maTTan dakavSirebul kiTxvarebze,
eqsperimentebsa da interviuebze visaubrebT. aseve, ganvixilavT kvlevis masalebis
internetis saSualebiT moZiebis sakiTxs.
internet-gamokiTxvebi
socialuri mecnierebis bevr mimarTulebaSi gamokiTxvebis Casatareblad

internetis gamoyeneba ufro da ufro gavrcelebul praqtikad iqceva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom internetze dafuZnebul gamokiTxvebs bevri ram saerTo aqvT Cveulebriv
gamokiTxvebTan, maT TavianTi speficikuri maxasiaTeblebic aqvT.
internet-gamokiTxvebma forma icvala da eleqtronuli gzavnilebidan an mibmuli
failiT gagzavnili kiTxvaridan eleqtronul gzavnilad gadaiqca, romelic
potenciur respondentebs saTanado vebgverdze amisamarTebs. Tu eleqtronuli fosta
operatiulobiTaa mimzidveli, veb-gamokiTxvebSi grafikuli gamosaxulebebis CarTvis
SesaZlebloba didi cdunebaa mkvlevrebisTvis. xSirad gamoiyeneba maTi kombinacia:
eleqtronuli gzavniliT potenciur monawileebs uTiTeben veb gverdze, romelzec
kiTxvari HTML formatiT aris mocemuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronuli fostiT
gamokiTxvebi ufro meti pasuxebis mozidvis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian, vidre veb-
gamokiTxvebi, am ukanasknels ufro meti monawilis miwvdomis SesaZlebloba aqvs,
383
amitomac upiratesoba maT eniWeba. eleqtronuli gzavnili SeiZleba damatebis saxiT

iqnas gamoyenebuli monawileebTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad da konkretul vebgverdze
Sesvlis rCevis misacemad.
internet-gamokiTxvebis zogierTi principi
dilmanma da misma kolegebma (Dillman et al. 1998a; 1998b; 1999) veb-gamokiTxvebis

ramdenime principi Camoayalibes. zogierTi maTgani teqnikuria, zogierTi _
daformatebis. magaliTad, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, maT aRmoaCines, rom kiTxvarebis
martivi versia „mdidrul“ versiasTan SedarebiT (pirvels mwiri grafika aqvs, meores
ki _ bevri da daxvewil programul uzrunvelyofas iyenebs) SeiZleba samjer naklebi
iyos zomiT, rodesac saqme failis CamotvirTvaze midgeba (317 k da 959 k, Sesabamisad);
aseve, SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes CamotvirTvis dro _ 225 wami martivi versiisTvis da
682 wami _ „mdidruli“ versiisaTvis. maT daadgines, rom naklebi SesaZleblobis
kompiuterebisa da internetkavSiris mqone respodentebi an ufro met dros xarjaven
failis CamotvirTvaze, an kompiuters emarTeba raRac. maT isic aRmoaCines, rom im
adamianebisgan, romlebic martiv versiebs iReben, ufro metadaa mosalodneli
kiTxvaris Sevseba, vidre maTgan, vinc mdidrul variants iRebs (93.1 da 82.1 procentebi,
Sesabamisad), vinaidan, martivi kiTxvaris Sevsebas naklebis dro sWirdeba. grafikulad
kargad damuSavebuli gverdis gamoyeneba kiTxvaris Sevsebis maRal sixSires ar
niSnavs; ufro daxvewili vebgverdebi, faqtobrivad, Sesrulebis sixSires amcireben. es
exmianeba friCerisa da sqonlaus (Fricker and Schonlau 2002) mier aRweril kvlevas,
romelSic eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnil kiTxvarze pasuxebis sixSire 43 procenti
iyo. xolo rodesac igive furcelze dabeWdili kiTxvari Cveulebrivi fostiT
dagzavnes, pasuxebis sixSirem 71 procenti Seadgina. faqtobrivad, es kvleva aCvenebs,
rom mxolod specializebuli SerCevebis (magaliTad, studentebis) SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli internet-gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis maRali sixSiris miReba. sxvadasxva
programuli paketebis CamonaTvali da mimoxilva mocemulia misamarTze
http://tucows.com/, xolo misamarTze http”www.my3q.com/misc/register/register.phtml ufaso
“onlain” gamokiTxvis programuli uzrunvelyofa SegiZliaT ixiloT.
daformatebis TvalsazrisiT, dilmani da misi kolegebi (1998a; 1999) amboben, rom
furcelze dabeWdili kiTxvarebiT Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi respondentis Tvalebi da
xelebi erTi da imave mimarTulebaze fokusirdeba, xolo veb-gamokiTxvebSi Tvali
ekrans uyurebs, xelebi ki an klaviaturazea an _ “mausze” (Tagunaze), amitom
384
kiTxvaris Sevseba ufro rTulia. es erT-erTi mizezia, rom respondentebs ar

movTxovoT Ria kiTxvebze grZeli pasuxebis gacema da aseTi pasuxebi dasaWeri an
aRsaniSni RilakebiT CavanacvloT, sadac “mausis” dawkapunebiT avtomaturad Cajdeba
aRniSvna (Witte et al. 1999: 139). garda amisa, zogierT respondents, sxvebTan SedarebiT,
SeiZleba kompiuterTan muSaobis naklebi unari hqondes. avtorebi muSaobis Sereul
variants gvTavazoben (erTi da imave kiTxvaris veb da dabeWdili variantebis
gamoyenebas). mkvlevrebma, aseve, daadgines, rom saeWvo xdeba pasuxebis CamonaTvalis
„aRniSneT yvela Sesatyvisi variantis“ formiT miwodeba, vinaidan respondentebi aseT
debulebebs srulad aRniSnaven kiTxvaris dasawyisSi da uyuradRebod toveben
danarCenebs. amitom, isini gvirCeven, rom veb-gamokiTxvebSi aseTi tipis kiTxvebs Tavi
avaridoT.
isini aseve gvirCeven, rom Sesavali teqsti iyos mokle (imdeni, rom ekranze
eteodes), informaciuli (magaliTad, rogor unda gadavides Semdegze) da ar moicavdes
miTiTebebis grZel CamonaTvals. amasTan, gamokiTxvis pirveli kiTxva respondentebis
azrTa konkretuli nakadis warmoqmnis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. amitom, kargad aris
gasaazrebeli, ra da rogori iqneba pirveli kiTxva, romelmac monawileobisken unda
ubiZgos da ar daafrTxos respondenti. (magaliTad, arc Zalian rTuli, arc Zalian
martivi, saintereso, iolad aRsaniSni pasuxebiT, CamosaSleli areebisa da ekranis
Camowevis saWiroebis gareSe.) dilmani da misi kolegebi (1998a; 1998b; 1999) konkretul
rekomentaciebs iZlevian ekranze gamotanili masalis struqturis Sesaxeb, magaliTad,
daxuruli kiTxvis pasuxebis variantebi kiTxvarTan axlos unda iyos mocemuli, raTa
advili iyos Tvalis midevneba; gamoviyenoT iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa
sikaSkaSe, msxvili Srifti da striqonebs Soris manZili kiTxvaris nawilebis
erTmaneTisgan gasamijnad. isini Tvalis bunebrivi moZraobis mimarTulebis _ zeda
marcxena kuTxidan (ekranis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili da, Sesabamisad, is adgili,
sadac kiTxvaa mocemuli) qveda marjvena kuTxisken (ekranis yvelaze naklebad
mniSvnelovani nawili, sadac mkvlevris logos ganTavseba SeiZleba) _ miyolasac
gvirCeven. avtorebi amboben, rom Tvalis bunebriv moZraobas teqstis araTanabrad
kiTxva axasiaTebs da amitom arsebobs mniSvnelovani sityvebis gamotovebis riski, rac
gansakuTrebiT ZalaSia grZeli striqonebis kiTxvisas. amitom, sasurvelia mokle
striqonebisa da winadadebebis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, teqstSi erTeulebs Soris didi
manZilebis datoveba, an kiTxvebis cxrilis saxiT mocema). amis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini
kiTxvaris Sevsebis progresis mimaniSneblebis gamoyenebasac gvirCeven (magaliTad,
385
davalebis Sesrulebis indikatori an cxrili, romelic aCvenebs, kiTxvaris ra

nawilia ukve Sesrulebuli).
respondentebisTvis SeiZleba ucxo iyos veb-kiTxvarebTan muSaobis specifika,
magaliTad, gadasarTveli Rilakebi (rodesac mxolod erTi variantis aRniSvnaa
SesaZlebeli), ekranis Camowevis operacia, „mausis“ gamoyeneba, CamosaSleli meniuebi
da Ria pasuxebis kiTxvebis Sesatani velebis amocnoba. Amitom, gamokiTxvis dizainerma,
am mxriv, ar unda gadaafasos respondentis SesaZlebelobebi, Tumca rostocki da
lari (Roztocki and Lahri 2002) Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs kavSiri kompiuterTan muSaobis
unarebsa da veb-gamokiTxvebisadmi upiratesobis miniWebas Soris. sinamdvileSi, maTi
gamoyeneba, albaT, Tavad gamokiTxviTve unda aixsnas. dilmanisa da misi kolegebis
(1999) mosazrebiT, kompiuterTan muSaobis gansxvavebuli gamocdilebisa da unarebis
problemis mogvareba sami gziT aris SesaZlebeli:
 kiTxvaris punqtis Sesrulebis instruqcia iqve, kiTxvasTan unda iyos mocemuli (da
ara _ erTad, yvela instruqcia kiTxvaris dasawyisSi);
 respondentebs dasawyisSi unda vkiTxoT, ramdenad SeuZliaT kompiuterTan muSaoba
da Tu sakmaod kargad erkvevian, zogierTi instruqcia amoviRoT da kiTxvari ise
mivawodoT, xolo, Tu naklebad gamocdili momxmareblebi arian, Semdgomi
instruqciebiTa da daxmarebiT uzrunvelvyoT;
 gvqondes „mcuravi fanjara“, romelic Tan axlavs teqsts da romelic SeiZleba
gaiSalos ufro detaluri instruqciebisaTvis.
zogerTi veb-gamokiTxva respondentebs ar aZlevs Semdeg etapze gadasvlis

saSualebas, Tu wina etapze mocemuli yvela davaleba ar aris Sesrulebuli.
marTalia, es Temis srulad dafarvis garantiaa, magram respondentebi SeiZleba
imdenad gabrazdnen, rom Tavi mianebon kiTxvars, an mizanmimarTulad ar upasuxon
kiTxvebs (magaliTad, Tu ar surT garkveuli informaciis gacema, kiTxva realurad ar
Seesabameba maT, an ar ician pasuxi). Sesabamisad, dilmani da kolegebi (1999) gvirCeven,
Tavi avaridoT aseT praqtikas. am sakiTxis mogvarebis erT-erTi gzaa, respondentebs
davutovoT pasuxis arCevani _ „ar msurs pasuxis gacema“ _ an „ar vici“. saqme isaa,
rom veb-gamokiTxvis mitoveba gacilebiT advilia _ erTi Rilakze TiTis daWeraa _
amitom, jobia, monawileobis SenarCunebas aq ufro meti yuradReba davuTmoT, vidre
Cveulebrivi gamokiTxvisas.
386
redlains da mis kolegebs (Redline et al. 2002) miaCniaT, rom veb-gamokiTxvebSi

gadasvlebis, ganStoebebis Sesaxeb instruqciebma (magaliTad, „gamotoveT kiTxva N13“;
„gadadiT kiTxvaze N10“; „Tu ‚diax„, maSin gadadiT kiTxvaze N12, Tu ‚ara„, maSin
gaagrZeleT“) SeiZleba problemebi Seqmnas, radgan respondentebma SeiZleba gamotovon
mTeli rigi debulebebi da kiTxvebi, romlebzec unda epasuxaT. es sakiTxi
instruqciis ganTavsebis adgils ukavSirdeba (magaliTad, debulebis marjvniv, mis
qvemoT, pasuxis Casaweri velis marjvniv). pasuxis Casaweri velidan Zalian Sors
marjvniv moTavsebuli instruqcia (magaliTad, teqstidan rva erTeuliT marjvniv
gaweuli) SeiZleba respondentis mxedvelobis fokusis gareT aRmoCndes da
uyuradRebod darCes. garda amisa, avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom gadasvlis instruqciebi,
romlebic ZiriTadi teqstis feris da zomis SriftiTaa mocemuli, umniSvnelod
aRiqmeba, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom respondentebs xSirad hgoniaT, rom kiTxvaris
Sevseba imaze advilia, vidre es sinamdvileSia. amitom, avtorebi gvirCeven
instruqciebis povnis gamartivebas imiT, rom isini mkiTxvelis bunebrivi mxedvelobis
areSi movaTavsoT, msxvili SriftiT da gansxvavebuli feriT davbeWdoT. isini
aRniSnaven, rom gadasvlebis intruqciebTan dakavSirebuli Secdomebi ZiriTadad
imitom ki ar xdeba, rom respondentebi Segnebulad ugulebelyofen maT, aramed
imitom, rom ver amCneven da ar ician maTi arseboba (Redline et al. 2002: 18).
mkvlevrebma gamoikvlies mTeli rigi sxva cvladi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
gadasvlebis instruqciebis Semcveli kiTxvarebis warmatebiT Sesrulebaze. maT Soris
aRniSnaven Semdegs:
 respondentze moqmedebs sityvebis raodenoba kiTxvaSi: rac ufro meti sityvisgan

Sedgeba kiTxva, miT naklebia, mkiTxvelis kiTxvidan kiTxvaze sworad
gadamisamarTebis albaToba, radgan is kiTxviT ufroa dakavebuli, vidre _
instruqciiT;
 gadasvlis instruqciebze yuradRebis misapyrobad msxvili Sriftis, mowodebis
strategiebisa da sityvebis dizainis gamoyeneba zrdis maT TvalsaCinoebas;
 pasuxebis SesaZlo variantebis raodenobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios respondentze:
Svidze meti variantis SemTxvevaSi respondentma SeiZleba Secdoma dauSvas, an
gamorCes gadasvlis instruqciebi;
 gadasvlis instruqciisa da pasuxebis variantebis erTdroulad yurebisas,
respondents SeiZleba gadasvlis instruqciebi gamorCes;
387
 gadasvlis instruqciis pasuxebis bolo variantTan ganTavsebis SemTxvevaSi misi

SemCnevis albaToba metia, vidre _ CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi. es SeiZleba pasuxebis
variantebis CamonaTvalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvlas saWiroebdes, raTa bolo
varianti logikurad mivides gadasvlis instruqciamde;
 gadasvlis instruqciebi unda ganTavsdes iq, sadac unda gamoiyenon da sadac
dainaxaven;
 gamokiTxvebSi muSaobs pasuxebis Tanmimdevrobis efeqti _ TviTSesrulebad
gamokiTxvebSi respondentebi CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi mocemuli debulebebis
arCevis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian (dasawyisis efeqti), amitom mcdarad reagireben
CamonaTvalis bolos mocemul gadasvlis instruqciebze;
 ramdenime gadasvlis Semcvel (anu erTze meti ganStoebis mqone) kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemis saWiroeba respondentebs SeiZleba manamde daaviwydeT, vidre debulebas
pasuxoben;
 Tu yovel pasuxs Tavisi ganStoeba aqvs, respondentebs SeiZleba yvela
mimarTuleba msgavsi egonoT da gadasvlis instruqciebi ver SeamCnion;
 Tu respondentebs Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebis Cawera moeTxovebaT, maT SeiZleba ver
SeniSnon gadasvlis instruqcia, radgan metismetad dakavebuli iyvnen pasuxis
SedgeniT da Cawerisas instruqcia mxedvelobis vels miRma darCeT;
 gverdis qveda kidesTan ganTavsebuli debulebebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad darCes
upasuxod, vidre _ gverdis zeda nawilSi mocemuli debulebebi, amitom, Tu
gadasvlis instruqciebi gverdis qveda kideSia mocemuli, metia maTi gamotovebis
albaToba. Sesabamisad, Tavi unda avaridoT gadasvlis instruqciebis gverdis
bolos ganTavsebas;
 Tu gadasvlis instruqcia Zalian aris moSorebuli pasuxis Casaweri velidan, maSin
is SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes.
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli am rCevebis gamoyeneba aramarto “onlain” gamokiTxvebis

kiTxvarebSia SesaZlebeli, Cveulebrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis gankuTvnili
kiTxvarebisTvisac gamodgeba.
dilmani da kolegebi (1999) da dilmani da boukeri (2000: 10 – 11) gamoTqvamen
mosazrebas, rom warmatebuli veb-gamokiTxvebi unda iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom
zogierT respondents ar SeuZlia daxvewili programuli masaxiaTeblebis mqone veb-
gamokiTxvebis wvdoma da veb-kiTxvarebze pasuxebis gacema (magaliTad, iseTze,
388
romlisTvis saWiro programuli uzrunvelyofa respondents ara aqvs, an Zalian nela

itvirTeba), aseve, dizainisa da wyobis TvalsazrisiT am kiTxvarebis SevsebasTan
dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi unda Tanxvdebodes respondentis molodins.
dilmani da misi kolegebi veb-kiTxvarebis Seqmnis ramdenime „princips“ gvTavazoben:
 kiTxvari misalmebiT daiwyeT, riTac respondentebs kiTxvis gagrZelebis

motivacias SeuqmniT. misalmebaSi naTlad miuTiTeT, rom kiTxvaris Sevseba
martivia; mieciT moqmedebis mkafio da gasagebi instruqciebi;
 mianiWeT piradi saidentifikacio nomeri, raTa SerCevis sxva SesaZlo wevrebma ver
SeZlon misi pasuxebis naxva;
 darwmundiT, rom pirveli kiTxva srulad Cans ekranze. advilia misi gageba da
pasuxis gacema;
 TiToeuli kiTxvis forma maqsimalurad miaaxloveT nabeWdis analogTan, radgan
respondentebisTvis is SeiZleba nacnobi iyos;
 ferebis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyaviT figura-fonis Tanmimdevruloba da sandooba
ise, rom martivi iyos kiTxvarSi daubrkoleblad gadaadgileba da kiTxvebi
naTlad da msgavsi formatiT iyos formulirebuli;
 erideT gansxvavebebs kiTxvebis garegnul mxareSi, rac SeiZleba gansxvavebuli
kompiuterebis, konfiguraciebis, operaciuli sistemebis, monitorebisa (magaliTad,
nawilobrivi da teqstis irgvliv) da brauzerebis (veb-navigatorebis)Sedegi iyos;
 gaakeTeT mokle striqonebi, raTa ergebodes ekranis zomas;
 maqsimalurad SeamcireT CamosaSleli meniuebis mqone areebis raodenoba da
respondentebi maTken gadaamisamarTeT;
 Zalian mkafiod da naTlad CamoayalibeT kiTxvaris nawilebis gamotovebis
instruqciebi;
 moqmedebis Sesrulebis instruqciebi ganaTavseT iq, sadac es instruqciebi unda
Sesruldes da ara yvela erTad _ kiTxvaris dasawyisSi;
 SeecadeT, Semdeg kiTxvaze gadasvlamde, respondents yvela kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
ar mosTxovoT;
 darwmundiT, rom kiTxvari advilad gadadis kiTxvidan kiTxvaze, Tumca rigis
efeqtic mniSvnelovania;
389
 Tu mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebia mocemuli, SeecadeT, rom respondenti maT

erTi SexedviT, mTlianad xedavdes ekranze. Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin ganixileT
kiTxvis or svetad micemis varianti da Tan daurTeT Sesabamisi instruqciebi;
 grafikuli simboloebiT an sityvebiT gamosaxeT, kiTxvaris ra nawili Seavso ukve
respondentma da ramdeni aqvs darCenili _ aCveneT respondents Tavisi progresi;
 erideT iseT kiTxvebs, romlebic problemuria Cveulebriv, furcelze dabeWdil
kiTxvarebSi (magaliTad, kiTxvebs, romlebic yvela SesaZlo variantis aRniSvnis
saSualebas iZleva).
internet-gamokiTxvebis zogierTi upiratesoba
internet-gamokiTxvebSi yvelaze xSirad kiTxvarebi gamoiyeneba. internetis kiTxvarebis

gamoyenebas furcelze dabeWdil kiTxvarebTan SedarebiT, ramdenime aRiarebuli
upirtesoba aqvs, (magaliTad, Watt 1997; Dillman et al. 1999; Dillman and Bowker 2000; Roztocki
and Lahri 2002): amcirebs xarjebs (magaliTad, safosto momsaxurebis, qaRaldis,
dabeWdvis, monacemebis Setanis, monacemebis damuSavebis, interviuerebis
anazRaurebis);
 amcirebs kiTxvarebis dagzavnis, monacemebis Segrovebisa da damuSavebis dros (veb-

gamokiTxvebSi Setanili monacemebi avtomaturad SeiZleba damuSavdes maSinve,
rogorc ki respondenti upasuxebs kiTxvebs da ar saWiroebs mogvianebiT Setanas);
 ufro farTo da gacilebiT mravalricxovani populaciis miwvdomis saSualebas
iZleva;
 mkvlevars rTuli populaciis anonimurad da amoucnobad miwvdomis saSualebas
aZlevs;
 es SeiZleba siaxle iyos (rac, cxadia, droTa ganmavlobaSi moZveldeba);
 respondentebs saxlSi, anu maT mier arCeul da nacnob garemoSi SeuZliaT
kiTxvaris Sevseba (da ara, magaliTad, samsaxurSi);
 respondentebs saxlSi, maTTvis xelsayrel dros SeuZliaT kiTxvaris Sevseba da
amiT minimumamde dadis organizaciuli SezRudvebi, romelic SeiZleboda
mkvlevrisTvis, an respondentisTvis daewesebina Sesabamis organizacias;
 respondentebs kiTxvaris Sevseba nel-nela, TandaTanobiT SeuZliaT (anu, ar arian
valdebulni, pirvelive jerze daasrulon);
 praqtikulad ar arsebobs mkvlevris efeqti;
390
 veb-gamokiTxvebSi ufro naklebad gvxvdeba Seuvseblad datovebuli grafebi, vidre

_ furcelze dabeWdil kiTxvarebSi;
 monacemebis Setanisa da damuSavebis procesSi adamianis mier daSvebuli Secdoma
gamoricxulia;
 damatebiTma maxasiaTeblebma SeiZleba mimzidveli gaxadon gamokiTxva (magaliTad,
grafikulma mxarem, ferebma, asoebis moyvanilobam da a. S.);
 SesaZlebelia meti ganzogadeba, vinaidan internetis momxmareblebi farTo da
mravalferovan populacias warmoadgenen;
 imis gamo, rom adamianebi moxaliseebi arian da sakuTari nebiT monawileoben
gamokiTxvaSi (ar aris iZulebis momenti), ufro auTenturi pasuxebis miRebaa
SesaZlebeli.
RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, vati (1997) gvafrTxilebs, rom internet-kvleva

yovelTvis ufro ekonomiuria, vidre _ satelefono gamokiTxva, magram, internet-
gamokiTxva safosto gamokiTxvasTan SedarebiT odnav iafia, im SemTxvevebis garda,
rodesac veb-gamokiTxvaSi 500-ze meti adamiani monawileobs, radgan veb-kiTxvaris
Seqmna garkveul xarjebs ukavSirdeba dizainisa da drois TvalsazrisiT da Tu masSi
mcire raodenobis adamiani monawileobs, es xarjebi gaumarTebelia. rodesac 500-ze
meti monawilea internet-gamokiTxvaSi, ukve SeiZleba mniSvnelovan ekonomiaze saubari.
frikeri da sqonlau (2002) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom mtkicebebi internet-
gamokiTxvis siiafesa da siswrafis Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar eyrdnoba empiriul
monacemebs da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dros, romelsac iTxovs internet-gamokiTxvis
dagegmva, programireba, testireba da modifikacia, sawyisi kontaqti da Semdgomi
kavSiri pasuxebis sixSiris maRali maCveneblis uzrunvelsayofad, maSin danazogi
SeiZleba arc ise didi iyos, rogor amtkiceben. avtorebis TqmiT, isini acnobiereben,
rom vinaidan internet-gamokiTxva viTardeba, man unda daakmayofilos es moTxovnebi.
reipss (Reips 2002a; 2002b) miaCnia, rom marTalia, internet-gamokiTxva laboratoriuli
sivrcis, aRWurvilobisa da administrirebis xarjebs ukavSirdeba _ es gamokiTxvis
dagegmva-ganxorcielebis xarjebs anazRaurebs.
internet gamokiTxvebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
meore mxriv, internet-gamokiTxvebs Tavisi problemebi aqvs. zogierTi maTgani da

maTi SesaZlo gadawyveta warmodgenilia CanarTSi 10. 1 (Coomber 1997; Dillman et al. 1999;
391
Frick et al. 1999; Witmer et al. 1999; Dillman and Bowker 2000; Solomon 2001; Reips 2002a; 2002b; Dillman et
al. 2003; Hewson et al. 2003; Smyth et al. 2004).
rogorc am CamonaTvalidan Cans, internet-gamokiTxvebSi gazviadebulia kiTxvarebis
vizualuri mxaris mniSvneloba (Smyth et al. 2004) da es exeba kiTxvebis, instruqciebisa
da pasuxebis ganlagebis struqturas, debulebebis dajgufebas, gamoyenebul ferebs,
pasuxebis variantebis ganlagebas da pasuxebis aRniSvnis formats (magaliTad,
sityvebiT Cawera an aRniSvna). smiTi da misi kolegebi (2004) aRniSnaven, rom
respondentebi internet-gamokiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebamdel gadamuSavebas
iyeneben, anu, konkretuli debulebebis wakiTxvamde mTliani suraTis (anu ekranis)
danaxvasa da gagebas cdiloben, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania vizualuri
maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, gamuqebuli sityvebi, msxvili Srifti, ferebi, sikaSkaSe,
kiTxvaris nawilebis dasaTaureba, xazebs Soris manZili, pasuxebis Canaweri velebis
debulebebTan axlos ganTavseba. es yvelaferi geStalt-fsiqologias efuZneba,
romelic Semdegi principebiT gadmoicema:
 siaxlove (vajgufebT sivrceSi erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebul sagnebs);

 msgavseba (vajgufebT msgavs sagnebs);
 simartive (figurebi an sagnebi, romlebic simartiviT, regularobiTa da simetriiT
xasiaTdeba, ufro iolad aRsaqmeli da dasamaxsovrebelia).
CanarTi 10. 1.
problemebi da maTi mogvarebis gzebi internetze dafuZnebul kvlevaSi
problema: SerCeva SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebi SeiZleba arasrulad Sedegebis morgeba SerCevis pasuxebis

warmoadgendnen zogierT qveSerCevas. Sewonvis gziT (naxeT „forsirebuli
SerCeva“ da „Sewonva“, Tavi 4).
angariSSi aRwereT SerCevis
SesaZlebelia dafarvis Secdomis daSveba.
maxasiaTeblebi.
upasuxod datoveba da moxaliseTa
veb-gverdebsa da internetiT diskusiis
mikerZoebuloba.
jgufebSi ganaTavseT Sexsenebis
Setyobinebebi. potenciur monawileebTan
dasakavSireblad eleqtronuli fosta
gamoiyeneT. respondentebisgan moiTxoveT,
rom nabij-nabij gamogzavnon Sevsebuli
kiTxvari. amiT aramarto nawilobrivi
pasuxebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba
mogecemaT, aramed upasuxod datovebis
392
detalur sqemasac. dainaxavT, anu,

pasuxebis gacema ar xdeba principiT
„yvelaferi an araferi“ (an mTliani
kiTxvaris gamogzavna, an _ arafris).
problema: eTika SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebma SeiZleba ar moidomon umjobesia, rom respondentebi vebgverdze

mkvlevrisTvis sakuTari vinaobis gamxela, gadaamisamarToT, vidre eleqtronuli
eleqtronuli fostiT ki SesaZlebelia fostiT gqondeT maTTan urTierToba.
misi amocnoba (sensitiuri kvlevis aswavleT, rogor gamoiyenon usafrTo
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, bavSvze gzebi kiTxvaris asaRebad da ukan
Zaladobisas an narkotikebis gamoyenebisas, dasabruneblad (magaliTad, internet kafe,
SeiZleba kriminaluri msvleloba mieces biblioTeka, universiteti). urCieT
saqmes, Tu dadginda respondentis vinaoba, respondentebs, amobeWdon kiTxvari da
an kriminalist-gamomZiebelma gatexa fostiT gaagzavnon miTiTebul misamarTze.
vebgverdi da miagno respondents). erideT respondentisTvis parolis
respondentebis amoucnobloba SeiZleba gamoyenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis
problemuri iyos. misamarTis Txovnas. SezRudeT daucvel
direqtoriebsa da konfidencialur
informaciaze gasvlis mcdeloba.
kiTxvars Tan daurTeT mkvlevris statusi
respondentebma SeiZleba araferi icodnen organizaciaSi (magaliTad, universiteti)
mkvlevris Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, rom es da, Tu SesaZlebelia, logo.
keTilsindisieri kvlevaa da ara
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom respondents
marketinguli xriki.
nebismier dros SeeZlos kiTxvarisTvis
informirebuli Tanxmoba Tavis danebeba da kvlevidan gamoTiSva
(magaliTad, ekranze mudmivad Candes
Rilaki „gasvla“).
problema: teqnikuri _ aparatura da SesaZlo gadawyveta
programuli uzrunvelyofa
kiTxvaris konfiguracia SeiZleba SeinarCuneT simartive. Tanmimdevrulobis

sxvadasxva kompiuterze sxvadasxvagvari uzrunvelsayofad kiTxvari sxvadasxva
iyos (vebnavigatorebis, internet-kavSiris, kompiuterul sistemebSi/veb navigatorebSi
aparaturis, programuli uzrunvelyofis gamoscadeT. erideT realur droSi
gamo), ramac kvlevidan gamoTiSva Sesavseb kiTxvarebs.
gamoiwvios. SeinarCuneT simartive. kiTxvaris
gamokiTxvis dizaineris mier Seqmnili Sesaqmnelad gamokiTxvis komerciuli
gamosaxuleba SeiZleba sxvagvarad programuli sistemebi gamoiyeneT. erideT
gamoCndes respondentis ekranze. maRali donis programebs.
minimalurad gamoiyeneT grafikuli
gamosaxulebebi. gaarkvieT, ra dro
neli interneti an talRis SezRuduli sWirdeba kiTxvaris CamotvirTvas.
sixSire, rac anelebs CamotvirTvas.
erideT grafikuli gamosaxulebebisa da

respondentebs SeiZleba ar hqondeT igive mowinave programuli teqnologiebis
programuli uzrunvelyofa, an igive gamoyenebas.
versia, rac an SeuZlebels xdis
kiTxvaris CamotvirTvas, an miRebul
failSi grafikuli gamosaxulebebi ireva.
grafikuli gamosaxulebebi SeiZleba
393
daziandes an araTavsebadi iyos,

SeinarCuneT simartive. gamoiyeneT
magaliTad, erTnair kompiuterebze
komerciulad xelmisawvdomi veb-
sxvadasxva operaciuli sistemiT, an
gamokiTxvebis sistemebi da momsaxurebis
programuli uzrunvelyofiT muSaobdnen
paketebi. CamotvirTvis drois Semcirebis
mklevari da respondenti. maTi aparaturac
mizniT suraTis tipis failebi (magaliTad,
(kompiuterebi) SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes
jpg, gif) gamoiyeneT. SeZlebisdagvarad
erTmaneTisgan.
erideT CamosaSleli meniuebis gamoyenebas,
radgan is amcirebs pasuxebis sixSires.
rac ufro metad gamoiyeneba grafikuli
gamosaxulebebi da programuli
SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde daiyvaneT
gafarToebebi (magaliTad, Java-s da Applets-
programuli uzrunvelyofisTvis
is gamoyeneba), miT meti dro sWirdeba
wayenebuli moTxovnebi. erideT kiTxvarebs,
failis CamotvirTvas. da gansakuTrebiT
romlebSic daxvewili, rTuli
maSin (da ara marto maSin), roca
kompiuteruli grafika gamoiyeneba.
respondents ar aqvs didi gamtarobis arxi,
xangrZlivi CamotvirTva an respondentis
dakargviT SeiZleba dasruldes, an misi
guneba-ganwyobilebis gafuWebiT.
failis CamotvirTva SeiZleba xazis
gadatvirTulobam gaaZnelos. erideT rTul grafikas da „mdidrul“
garegnobas, radgan maT Camosatvirad meti
kompiuteris konfiguraciidan gamomdinare
droa saWiro.
SeiZleba gaizardos damokidebulebis
skalis punqtebs Soris fizikuri manZili. miuTiTeT kiTxvaris xedvis saukeTeso
teqstis struqturirebis procedurebi formati (magaliTad, 800400).
SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva
kompiuterze.
teqstis xazebi mokle unda iyos.
eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnil
kiTxvarebSi SeiZleba dairRves kiTxvaris
struqtura (eleqtronuli fostis
zogierTi programuli uzrunvelyofa
HTML formats iyenebs, zogierTi _ ara). erideT kiTxvaris pirdapir eleqtronuli
fostiT gagzavnas. umjobesia vebgverdze
ganaTavsoT (magaliTad, respondenti
Sevides vebgverdze da Semdeg uSualod
kiTxvarze gadasasvlelad daaWiros
Rilaks). eleqtronuli fosta
respondentis veb gverdze
gadamisamarTebisTvis gamoiyeneT
(magaliTad, SetyobinebaSi mocemuli
vebgverdis misamarTi, romelze
dawkapunebiTac respondenti pirdapir
gadava miTiTebul vebgverdze). grafikulad
SedarebiT rTuli kiTxvarebi mibmuli
failis saxiT gagzavneT.
problema: respondentebi SesaZlo gadawyveta
respodentebisTvis SeiZleba ucxo iyos kiTxvari martivi da advilad Sesavsebi

interneti da media. unda iyos.
respondentma SeiZleba ramdenjerme unda arsebobdes usafrTxoebis meqanizmi,
394
gagzavnos Sevsebuli kiTxvari erTi da romelic Tvals gaadevnebs da SezRudavs

imave an sxvadasxva misamarTidan. (ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia)
respondentebis mier erTi da igive
kiTxvaris ramdenjerme dabrunebas.
gamoiyeneT parolebi (Tumca, aman, Tavis
mxriv, identifikaciis problema SeiZleba
Seqmnas). SeagroveT pirovnebis
saidentifikacio debulebebi. gadaamowmeT
miRebuli kiTxvarebis Tanmimdevruloba.
erT kiTxvars erTze meti repondenti msgavs debulebebze pasuxebis jvaredini
SeiZleba avsebdes (igive problema, gadamowmebis mizniT daamateT Sesabamisi
rogoric, magaliTad, safosto kiTxvebi.
gamokiTxvebisas dgas).
respondentebi SeiZleba ar iyenebdnen mieciT naTeli mkafio instruqciebi.
CamosaSlel menius.
eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnili gadaamowmeT kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli
gamokiTxvis kiTxvarSi gamoyenebulma sametyvelo ena da erideT monawilis
sametyvelo enam SeiZleba Seuracxyos gajavrebas.
potenciuri monawileebi („aaleba“).
respondentebs uWirT “onlain” gamokiTxvis instruqciebi im gverdze moaTavseT,
gverdidan gverdze gadasvla. romelsac exeba. gadasvlebis instruqciebi
Zalian gasagebad CamoayalibeT (Sriftis
zoma, feri da a. S.).
problema: formati da vizualuri mxare SesaZlo gadawyveta
gverdis sigrZe ufro didia, vidre sigane, gaxsovdeT, rom eleqtronuli gamokiTxvebi
magram ekrani ufro farToa, vidre misi ufro met gverds anu ekrans moiTxovs,
sigrZe; ekrani gverdze pataraa, anu vidre maTi dabeWdili analogi. ise
formati problemuri xdeba. dayaviT kiTxebi seqciebad, rom TiToeulma
seqciam Seavsos ekrani da ar daikavos
erTze meti ekrani (ar gaxdes saWiro
ekranis Camoweva).
testisa da instruqciebis formats ufro mkafiod da martivad gadaeciT saTqmeli.
meti mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre dabeWdil
kiTxvarebSi.
kiTxvarSi bevri cxrili da marticaa erideT cxrilebisa da matricebis
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebas: es upasuxod darCenis ZiriTadi
wyaroa.
debulebebis Tanmimdevroba gavlenas piradi informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi
axdens pasuxebis sixSireze. kiTxvaris dasawyisSi ganaTavseT. teqstSi
kiTxvaris dasawyisSi CarTeT
„gasaxurebeli“ debulebebi da „maRali
barierebi“, raTa Tavi aaridoT monawilis
dakargvas.
Sesaval teqstSi respondentebs SeiZleba ganaTavseT gamokiTxvis sareklamo
Zalian bevri informacia miayaroT. Setyobineba momxmarebelTa jgufebSi da
farTo sazogadoebaSi, SesTavazeT
monawileebs, rom daukavSirdnen ama da am
395
pirovnebas, an mimarTon vebgverds Semdgomi

informaciisTvis da Tavad kiTxvaris
sanaxavad, anu, erTmaneTisgan gamijneT
sakuTriv kiTxvari da misi wardgena, an
reklama.
gamokiTxvis dasawyisSi respondentebi erideT yvela instruqciis kiTxvaris
SeiZleba gadaitvirTon instruqciebiT. dasawyisSi ganTavsebas. konkretuli
instruqciebi konkretul kiTxvebTan
ganalageT.
gamokiTxvis dasawyisSi respodentebi CarTeT mokle sawyisi informacia da
SeiZleba gadaitvirTon informaciiT. danarCeni kiTxvarSi ganaTavseT.
TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRebad minimumamde
respondentebma SeiZleba ramdenime daiyvaneT Sesasrulebeli moqmedebebis
moqmedeba ganaxorcielon (magaliTad, raodenoba.
pasuxze dawkapunebiT, ekranis CamoweviT,
Semdeg gverdze gadasvliT, ekranze
mocemuli informaciis gagzavniT).
respondentebi SeiZleba ver xedavdnen darwmundiT, rom debuleba da misi
savaraudo pasuxebis yvela variants savaraudo pasuxebi erTianad Cans ekranze.
ekranis Camowevis gareSe.
respondentebma SeiZleba ver gaigon uzrunvelyaviT daxmarebis funqcia, mieciT
instruqciebi. mkvlevaris eleqtronuli fostis
misamarTi, an sakontaqto informacia.
gamoscadeT instrumenti.
asarCevi variantebis Sesaxeb instruqciebi gamoiyeneT Rilakebi, romlebic mxolod
SeiZleba gaugebari iyos. erTi variantis dafiqsirebis saSualebas
iZleva da SeecadeT, kiTxvaris formati
Cveulebrivi, dabeWdili kiTxvarisas
miuaxlovoT.
respondentebi kiTxvis mxolod nawils gamoiyeneT instruqciebisa da sityvebis
kiTxuloben da gadadian savaraudo aucilebeli minimumi.
pasuxebis wakiTxvaze.
problema: sandooba SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebma SeiZleba Secvalon Secvlis aRsakveTad da Secvlili

instruqciebi. mkvlevari respondents instrumentis saidentifikaciod, gamoiyeneT
gacilebiT meti kontrolis saSualebas teqnologiuri dacvis meqanizmebi da
aZlevs, vidre tradiciul kiTxvarebSi. procedurebi.
respondentebi SeiZleba iZulebulni iyvnen, CaatareT piloturi gamokiTxva. CarTeT
rom yvela kiTxvas upasuxon maSinac ki, iseTi variantebi, rogoricaa „ar vici“ da
rodesac pasuxebis zogierTi varianti „ar msurs pasuxis gacema“ da ecadeT ar
maTTvis Seusabamoa. aiZuloT respondenti wina kiTxvebs
aucileblad upasuxos Semdeg kiTxvaze
gadasvlamde,
respondentebi SeiZleba ar ambobdnen CarTeT pasuxebis jvaredinad
simarTles _ sakuTari Tavis araswor gadasamowmebeli kiTxvebi (mcdari
interpretacias axdendnen. informaciis miwodebis problemis
Sesamcireblad).
problema: kvlevidan gamoTiSva SesaZlo gadawyveta
396
raRac drois Semdeg respondentebma ise aawyeT gamokiTxva, rom respondents

SeiZleba interesi dakargon da miatovon saTiTao debulebis an nawil-nawil
kiTxvari, riTac daikargeba mTeli SeeZlos pasuxebis gamogzavna (magaliTad,
gamokiTxvis monacemebi. Rilaki „gagzavna“ ekranis qveda kuTxeSi).
yoveli kiTxva an yoveli seqcia calke
ekranad Candes da TiToeuls boloSi
hqondes Rilaki „gagzavna“. gamoiyeneT
teqnika „erTi debuleba_erTi ekrani“.
respondentebma SeiZleba ar icodnen, ra mianiSneT respodentebs, kiTxvaris ra
moculobisaa kiTxvari da amitom dakargon nawils upasuxes ukve da ramdeni darCaT:
interesi. CarTeT progresis maCvenebeli grafikuli
gamosaxuleba ekranis bolos, an kiTxvaris
gverdiT.
internet-gamokiTxvebs meti dro sWirdeba, internet-gamokiTxva Selebisdagvarad
vidre zepir da werilobiT gamokiTxvebs. mokle, gasagebi da Sesavsebad ioli unda
iyos.
adamianebs ar surT monawileobis miReba gazardeT monawileobiT daintereseba
da ufro advilia internet (magaliTad, Tu qveynis kanonmdebloba
gamokiTxvisTvis Tavis danebeba, an uSvebs, finansuri interesebis SemotaniT,
pasuxebis gauqmeba, vidre sxva saxis latariis bileTebiT).
gamokiTxvebSi (maT ubralod Rilaks unda
daaWiron).
dabrunebuli kiTxvarebis raodenobis monacemebis mogrovebis periodSi
Semcireba (gamokiTxvaSi miRebuli uzrunvelyaviT vebgverdis yovelkvireuli
pasuxebis raodenoba mkveTrad iklebs). ganaxleba.
siaxleebSi ganTavsebuli Setyobinebebi da
eleqtronuli ganxilvis jgufebi
garkveuli drois (magaliTad, erTi kviris)
Semdeg gauqmebuli, daqveiTebuli an
arqivirebulia da mkiTxvelebi aRar
kiTxuloben bolos damatebul
Setyobinebebs.
SeiZleba xSiri iyos monawileobaze uari ( gazardeT monawileobiT daintereseba.
potenciurma monawileebma ar Seavson piradi informaciis Semcveli kiTxvebi
kiTxvari, imaTgan gansxvavebiT, vinc kiTxvaris dasawyisSi gamoitaneT.
daiwyebs da mogvianebiT daanebebs Tavs).
Secdomis Setyobinebebi (magaliTad, Tu Tu SesaZlebelia, erideT Secdomis
debuleba ar aris dasrulebuli) Setyobinebebs, kargad auxseniT, ratom
frustracias iwvevs da amis gamo moxda Secdoma da rogor unda gaswordes.
respondentebma SeiZleba kvleva miatovon.
smiTi da misi kolegebi (2004: 21) imasac amboben, rom saTaurebis gamoyeneba da
kiTxvaris seqciebad dayofa internet-gamokiTxvebs mniSvnelovnebas matebs. isini
aRniSnaven, rom erTi seqciis debulebebis meorisgan saTauriT gamoyofas „gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba“ aqvs, radgan respondentebi Tavs valdebulad Tvlian, orive seqciaSi
mocemul kiTxvebs upasuxon (orive seqciaSi gacemuli pasuxebi 70 procents Seadgenda,
usaTauro da seqciebad dauyofeli kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSi ki es maCvenebeli 40
397
procentamde ecemoda). avtorebma, aseve, aRmoaCines, rom debulebebis CamonaTvalis

vertikalur qvejgufebSi da svetebSi gaerTianeba (ori sveti TiTo gverdze)
„arasasurveli wyoba“ iyo da Tu SesaZlebelia, ar unda gamoviyenoT. isini amboben,
rom zogjer Ria kiTxvebis dasma (magaliTad, specialobis Cawera) ufro efeqturi
SeiZleba gamodges, vidre specialobaTa grZeli siis SeTavazeba, romelic unda
CaaTvalieros respodentma da ipovos Tavisi specialoba, Tumca amis gaioleba
specialobebis anbanuri wesiT dalagebiTac SeiZleba. dabolos, maT aRmoaCines, rom
pasuxis Casaweri velis qvemoT da ara _ gverdiT _ Zalian mokle miniSnebis ganTavseba
(magaliTad, dd/TT/ww _ „dRe/Tve/weli“-sTvis da „weli“-sTvis „ww“-is gamoyeneba da
ara _ „wwww“-is) zrdis pasuxebis sixSires.
dilmanma da misma kolegebma (2003: 23), aseve, aRmoaCines, rom ki/ara formatis
(„iZulebiTi arCevanis“) gamoyeneba zrdida dadebiTi pasuxebis raodenobas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom amas meti kognituri gadamuSaveba sWirdeba, vidre nebayoflobiTi arCevanis
kiTxvebs (magaliTad, „aRniSneT yvela Sesatyvisi pasuxi“). es SeiZleba imitom
xdebodes, rom respondentebs ar undodeT uaryofiTi pasuxis Riad da pirdapir
dafiqsireba (Dillman et al. 2003: 10). miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba saerTod ar hqondeT
raime mosazreba, netiralurad iyvnen ganwyobilni, an arc erTi pasuxi ar
SeesabamebodeT, respondentebma SeiZleba mainc airCion kategoria „diax“ da ara _
gategoria „ara“. maT urCevniaT, upasuxod datovon kiTxva, magram _ ar upasuxon „ara“.
dadebiTi pasuxebis procentuli maCvenebeli arainternetul kiTxvarebSi ufro
maRali iyo, vidre _ internet-gamokiTxvebSi (Sesabamisad, 11.3 procenti da 6.5
procenti) (Dillman et al. 2003: 22).
rogorc zemoT iTqva, dilmanma da misma kolegebma (2003) aCvenes, rom respondentebi
CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi mocemuli debulebebis arCevis tendenciiT xasiTdebian da
naklebad irCeven CamonaTvalis bolosken mocemul debulebebs (pirvelobis efeqti) _
anu misdeven „damakmayofilebel“ princips (maT akmayofilebT minimaluri sakmarisi
pasuxebi da CamonaTvalSi mocemul pirvelive mizanSewonil pasuxs irCeven. imis
nacvlad, rom optimaluri pasuxis asarCevad bolomde CaikiTxon mocemuli sia, Semdeg
debulebaze gadadian) da varaudoben, rom debulebebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvneloba
aqvs, rac 39 procentze met pasuxebSi gansxvavebas qmnis (Dillman et al. 2003: 7). rogorc
avtorebi amtkiceben, ase gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, roca respondentebs mosazrebebsa
da rwmenebze ekiTxebian da ara _ roca maTgan faqtobriv informacias iTxoven. isini
imasac amboben, rom rac ufro rTulia debuleba, miT metad airCeven respondentebi
398
„damakmayofilebel“ pasuxebs. dilmanma da misma kolegebma (2003: 22) aRmoaCines, rom

„damakmayofilebeli“ da pirveladi efeqtebi internet-gamokiTxvebSi ufro Zlieria,
vidre Cveulebriv gamokiTxvebSi da „yvela Sesatyvisi pasuxi aRniSneT“ principis
iZulebiTi arCevanis pasuxebiT SecvliT ver xerxdeba pasuxebis rigis efeqtis
aRmofxvra.
dilmani da misi kolegebi (2003: 6) aseve aRniSnaven, rom savaraudo pasuxebis
Tanmimdevrobam SeiZleba Tavad pasuxebze moaxdinos gavlena da magaliTad moaqvT
kvleva, romelSic aRmoaCines, rom rodesac kolejis studentebs ekiTxebodnen,
mamakaci maswavlebeli ufro empaTiuri iyo, Tu qali da varianti „mamakaci“
Tavsdeboda varianti „qalis“ win an Semdeg, „respondentebi qal maswavleblebs ufro
dadebiTad afasebdnen, Tu maT qali maswavlebeli mamakaci maswavleblisTvis unda
SeedarebinaT, vidre maSin, rodesac mamakaci maswavlebeli unda SeedarebinaT
qalisTvis“. respondentebi meore debulebas CamonaTvalSi mis win mdgari debulebis
konteqstSi ganixilavdnen da ara _ damoukideblad.
internet-gamokiTxvebSi eTikis igive wesebi moqmedebs, rac Cveulebriv gamokiTxvaSi.
aq Sedis, magaliTad, informirebuli Tanxmoba da konfidencialoba. Tu pirvelis
miRweva sakmaod ioli SeiZleba iyos, mkvlevrebisTvis internetSi konfidencialoba
SeiZleba ufro did Tavsatexs warmoadgendes. magaliTad, eleqtronuli fostiT
gagzavnili gamokiTxva SeiZleba swrafi da martivi iyos, magram am dros mJRavndeba
respondentis vinaoba da SesaZlebeli xdeba misi povna. rogorc uitmeri da misi
kolegebi (Witmer et al 1999: 147) SeniSnaven, aman SeiZleba SeaCeros kvleva. usafrTxoeba
(magaliTad, parolebisa da piradi saidentifikacio nomrebis gamoyenebiT) erT-erTi
SesaZlo gamosavalia, Tumca, es sxva problemebs qmnis _ respondentebs SeiZleba
hqondeT gancda, rom amoicnes da ipoves. zogierTma gamokiTxvam SeiZleba
arasasurvelad imoqmedos („cookies“-is saxiT) internetSi respondentis samomavlo
kontaqtebze.
SerCeva internet-gamokiTxvebSi
Tavad respondentTa SerCevis mikerZoebuloba internet-gamokiTxvebis ZiriTadi

safiqralia (Coomber 1997; Roztocki and Lahri 2002). hiusoni da misi kolegebi (Hewson 2003: 27)
Tvlian, rom „internetiT gaSualebuli kvleva dauyovnebliv dgeba SerCevis
reprezentaciulobisa da monacemebis validobis problemebis winaSe“, magaliTad,
internetis saSualebiT momuSave mkvlevris yuradRebis velSi, ZiriTadad, saSualo
399
klasis warmomadgeneli ganaTlebuli amerikelebi an bakalavriatis da kolejis

studentebi xvdebian. 2000 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam (Witte et al. 1999) aCvena, rom
respondentebis 92.5 procenti TeTrkaniani iyo. Tumca, mosazreba, rom gamokiTxvebSi
zogierTi jgufi Warbad aris warmodgenili, zogi ki _ arasakmarisad, eWvis qveS
dadga (Smith and Leigh 1997; Witte et al. 1999; Hewson et al, 2003): Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom
internetis momxmareblebidan da aramomxmareblebidan aRebuli SerCevebi ar
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan Semosavlis, ganaTlebis, seqsualuri orientaciis,
ojaxuri mdgomareobis, eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da religiuri rwmenis mixedviT.
Tumca, maT Soris arsebobs asakobrivi sxvaoba: internetis momxmarebelTa SerCevaSi
asakis ufro farTo diapazoni SeiniSneba, xolo rac Seexeba sqess, am SerCevaSi
mamakacebi Warboben. hiusoni da misi kolegebi (2003) aRniSnaven, rom internet-SerCeva
zogadad ufro mravalferovania, Tumca es arafers niSnavs da internet-SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebi isevea damokidebuli monawileebis SerCevisTvis gamoyenebul
strategiaze, rogorc sxva saxis SerCevebis SemTxvevaSi. stiuarti da ialonisi (Stewart
and Yalonis 2001) fiqroben, rom SerCevis SesaZlo mikerZoebulobis daZleva
stratifikaciis martivi teqnikebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
internet-gamokiTxvebisTvis SerCevis Sedgenis mTavar problema im populaciis
moculobisa da Taviseburebebis Sefasebaა, saidanac SerCeva unda iqnas aRebuli:
SerCevis strategiis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli. mkvlevrebma zustad ar ician arc
populaciis maxasiaTeblebi da moculoba. igive iTqmis SerCevis Sesaxebac. internetis
momxmarebelTa raodenoba ar aris kompiuterebis an serverebis raodenobis martivi
funqcia (magaliTad, bevri momxmarebeli SeiZleba erT kompiuters an servers
iyenebdes), Tumca, wignis weris momentisTvis internets 500 milionze meti
momxmarebeli hyavs (Hewson et al. 2003: 36). garda amisa, Znelia imis Tqma, rogorma an
ramdenma adamianma naxa konkretuli gamokiTxva veb gverdze (magaliTad, ufro metma
qalma Tu mamakacma), anu, gaurkvevelia SerCevis CarCo. metic, populaciis garkveul
seqtorebs SeiZleba ar hqondeT internetSi muSaobis saSualeba, magaliTad, maT, visac
ar unda an ar SeuZlia (fasis an xelmisawvdomobis gamo) internetamde misvla.
situacia swrafad icvleba. 1997 wels aRniSnavdnen (Coomber 1997), rom internetis
momxmareblebi, ZiriTadad, iyvnen ganviTarebuli samyaros warmomadgeneli TeTrkaniani,
SedarebiT uzrunvelyofili da ganaTlebuli mamakacebi. SedarebiT gviandeli Sromebi
(magaliTad, Hewson et al. 2003) ki aCveneben, rom interneti gacilebiT mravalferovan
populacias izidavs da is axlos dgas mTlian populaciasTan.
400
SerCevasTan da internet-gamokiTxvebTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemebic arsebobs.

internet-gamokiTxvebi didwilad moxalise SerCevebs eyrdnoba, romelic vebgverdze
Setyobinebis ganTavsebiT (magaliTad, reklama, romelSic aRwerilia kvlevis
detalebi da respondents saTanado vebgverdze amisamarTebs) an, rac ufro
popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi _ konkretuli siaxleebis jgufebSi an
interesis mixedviT Seqmnil internet-jgufebSi gancxadebis gaSvebiT (magaliTad,
SchoolNet-is meSveobiT) miiReba. vebze (USERNET) sxvadasxva saxis momxmarebelTa
jgufebis, siaxleebis jgufebisa da elqtronuli ganxilvis jgufebis (magaliTad,
Listservs) siebis mopoveba SeiZleba. arsebobs ramdenime saZiebo sistema, romelic eZebs
da Setyobinebebs agzavnis eleqtronul misamarTebze. aseTia, magaliTad,
http://www.liszt.com (sagnobrivi saZiebeli), Catalist (LISTSERV-is oficialuri katalogebi
misamarTze http://www.lsoft.com/catalist.html), Mailbase (http://www.mailbase.ac.uk), romelic didi
britaneTis akademiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi koleqciaa 2.500-ze meti wevrisgan
Semdgari siiT. aseve, unda davasaxeloT Meta-List.net (http://www.meta-list.net), romelic
TiTqmis meoTxedi milionis siis bazaSi eZebs. doCartei (Dochartaigh 2002) ganaTlebis
sferos muSakebsa da socialur mkvlevrebs veb Ziebis Sesaxeb sasargeblo masalas
awvdis.
saqme isaa, rom mkvlevari araalbaTur, moxalise SerCevas iyenebs, ramac SeiZleba
Seamciros Sedegebis ganzogadebuloba (Tumca, cxadia, es SeiZleba aRar iyos imdenad
problemuri internet-gamokiTxvebSi, rogorc sxva saxis gamokiTxvebSi). xelsayreli
SerCevebi (magaliTad, studentebi, romlebic internets iyeneben, an konkretuli
jgufebi) SeiZleba zRudavdnen kvlevis ganzogadebas, magram ara imaze metad, vidre
tradiciul kvlevaSi da es SeiZleba aRarc iyos problemuri, radgan aRiarebulia da
gacnobierebuli. moxalise SerCevebis sakiTxi ufro seriozulad dgas, vinaidan
moxaliseebi SeiZleba pirovnulad gansxvavdebodnen maTgan, vinc ar aris moxalise
(magaliTad, metad eqstravertebi iyvnen, an metad iswrafvodnen TviTaqtualizaciisken:
Bargh et al. 2002) da gamokiTxvisTvis TviTSerCeulebi iyvnen, rac isev da isev zRudavs
Sedegebis ganzogadebas.
moxaliseTa mikerZoebulobis problemis daZlevis erTi meTodia, ukiduresad didi
SerCevebis aReba vcadoT, an vebze SemsvlelTa raodenoba aRvricxoT, Tumca es Zalian
miaxloebiTi maCvenebeli iqneba. aramoxaliseTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofis kidev
erT meTodia, maTTan gamokiTxvis Taobaze eleqtronuli fostiT dakavSireba (im
daSvebiT, rom cnobilia maTi eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi), magaliTad,
401
studentebis klasi, maswavleblebis jgufi. Tumca, eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi

TavisTavad arafers eubneba mkvlevars SerCevis maxasiaTeblebze (magaliTad, asakis,
sqesis, erovnebisa da a. S.).
uats (1997) miaCnia, rom sami saxis internet-SerCeva arsebobs:
 SeuzRudavi SerCeva: yvelas SeuZlia kiTxvaris Sevseba, magram nakleb
reprezentaciuli iqneba;
 gadaxarisxebuli1 SerCeva: qveSerCevis kategoriebsa da tipebze dawesebulia
kvotebi (magaliTad, sqesi, Semosavali, samsaxureobrivi movaleobebi da a. S.);
 raime niSniT2 SerCeva: respodentebi winaswar saklasifikacio kiTxvars avseben da
Semdeg, am kiTxvarSi mocemuli informaciis safuZvelze, SeirCevian, an ar
SeirCevian gamokiTxvisTvis.
internet-gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSire, Cveulebriv, ufro dabalia, vidre

tradiciul gamokiTxvebSi. analogiuri viTarebaa mTliani kiTxvaris dasrulebis
TvalsazrisiTac (Reips 2002a). uitmeri da misi kolegebi (Witmer et al. 1999: 147) aRniSnaven,
rom tradiciuli kiTxvarisTvis pasuxebi SeiZleba iyos ara umcires 20 da ara umetes
50 procentisa, xolo internet-gamokiTxvisTvis es maCvenebeli SeiZleba 10
procentamdec davides. dilmani da misi kolegebi (1998b) aRweren kvlevas, romelSic
SerCevis 84-ma procentma srulad Seavso konkretuli tradiciuli kiTxvari, xolo
igive kiTxvaris vebversiis Sesrulebis maCvenebeli mxolod 68 procenti iyo.
solomoni (2001) aRniSnavs, rom internet-gamokiTxvis pasuxebis sixSire amave
gamokiTxvis safosto variantis sixSireze naklebia. Tumca, es sakiTxi ufro
garTulebulia, vinaidan internet-gamokiTxvaSi ar gvaqvs realuri codna populaciis
an SerCevis Sesaxeb, zogierTi konkretuli adamianis garda, romlebic dagvikavSirdnen
(magaliTad, eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT). imave kvlevaSi uitmerma da misma
kolegebma daadgines, rom internet- kiTxvarebis mokle versiebi, grZel versiebTan
SedarebiT, ar ganapirobebs mniSvnelovnad meti raodenobis pasuxebs (gv. 155).
solomonis (2001) mosazrebiT, pasuxebis sixSiris gaumjobeseba personaluri
1
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: SerCevaSi wevrebi araTanabrad arian warmodgenili da saWiro
xdeba kvotebis SemoReba, mis dasabalanseblad
2
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: SerCevis wevrebs gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT irCeven, raime
konkretuli niSnis mixedviT, radgan gamokiTxvas esaWiroeba SerCevis wevrebis ragvarobis meti
kontroli
402
eleqtronuli gzavnilebis, Sexsenebebis, martivi formatebis da dagegmili

gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb winaswar Setyobinebis gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
reipsi (2002a) internet-gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSiris gazrdis sasargeblo
rCevebs iZleva. mas miaCnia, rom pasuxebis sixSiris gazrda SesaZlebelia mravalmxrivi
Sesvlis teqnikis gamoyenebiT, anu, ramdenime veb gverdis qoniTa da ganacxadis
ramdenime jgufSi ganTavsebiT, rac potenciur monawileebs an internetis
momxmareblebs im veb gverdze gaiyvans, romelzec kiTxvaria ganTavsebuli. reipsi
(2002a: 249) „maRali barieris“ teqnikis gamoyenebasac gvTavazobs, rodesac „motivaciis
xelis SemSleli faqtorebi winaswar aris gancxadebuli an maqsimalurad
koncentrirebulia kiTxvaris dasawyisSi“. amitom, kvlevidan potenciuri gamoTiSva
dasawyisSive TavisTavad xdeba da ara _ SemdgomSi, monacemebis mogrovebisas. respsis
azriT, „maRali barieris“ teqnika moicavs:
 seriozuloba: monawileebisTvis imis Tqmas, rom es seriozuli da skrupulozuri

kvlevaa;
 personalizacia: eleqtronuli fostis misamarTis, an sakontaqto detalebisa da
piradi informaciis moTxovna;
 kontrolis STabeWdileba: uTxariT monawileebs, rom maTi amocnoba SesaZlebelia;
 moTmineba: CatvirTvis dro: vebgverdis CamotvirTvis drois Sesamcireblad suraTis
formatebi gamoiyeneT;
 moTmineba: grZeli teqstebi: teqstis didi nawili pirvel gverdze ganaTavseT da
yovel Semdgom gverdze TandaTanobiT SeamcireT;
 xangrZlivoba: uTxariT monawileebs, ra dros waiRebs kiTxvaris Sevseba;
 piraduloba: uTxariT monawileebs, rom gainteresebT garkveuli pirovnuli
informacia;
 winapirobebi: miuTiTeT garkveuli programuli uzrunvelyofis moTxovnebi;
 teqnikuri pretesti: SeamowmeT programuli uzrunvelyofis Tavsebadoba;
 jildoebi: miuTiTeT, rom kiTxvaris srulad SevsebisTvis garkveuli
jildoebia/wamaxaliseblebia dawesebuli.
marTalia, zogierTma am strategiam SeiZleba mkvlevari daazaralos (magaliTad,

pirovnuli da amocnobadi detalebis gamJRavneba), magram aq ZiriTadi principi aseTia:
individma sjobs dasawyisidanve Tqvas monawileobaze uari, vidre _ kiTxvaris Sevsebis
Sua procesSi. frikma da misma kolegebma (Frick et al. 1999) aRmoaCines, rom dasawyisSi
403
piradi informaciis moTxovna ar moqmedebs kvlevis droze adre mitovebis sixSireze.

“onlain” eqsperimentebTan mimarTebiT maT aRmoaCines, rom „eqsperimentis mitovebis
tendencia meti iyo, roca pirovnul informacias kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg
iTxovdnen“ (Frick et al. 1999: 4), amitom umjobesia, rom piradi informacia kvlevis
dasawyisSive miviRoT.
reipsi (2002a) internet-gamokiTxvebSi „maRali barieris“ teqnikasTan erTad
„gaxurebis“ teqnikebis gamoyenebasac emxroba (aseve ixileT Frick et al. 1999). is Tvlis,
rom kvlevidan gamoTiSvis SemTxvevebis umetesoba monacemebis mogrovebis adreul
etapebze an sul dasawyisSi (monawileobaze uaris Tqma) xdeba da ara _ bolosken.
aseTi adreuli gamoTiSvebis mizezia, dasawyisSive, monawileebis didZali
informaciiT gadatvirTva. amis nacvlad, reipsi gvirCevs, respondents kiTxvaris
dasawyisSi martivad Sesasrulebeli punqtebi mivawodoT, raTa mas warmodgena
Seeqmnas, ras akeTebs da rogor unda upasuxos momdevno debulebebs. friki da misi
kolegebi (1999) aRniSnaven, rom kvlevidan gamoTiSvis Sesamcireblad SeiZleba
finansuri wamaxaliseblebis SeTavazeba gamodges, Tumca, am dros yvela piroba unda
SevqmnaT imisTvis, rom respondentebma bolomde Seavson kiTxvari (orjer metad
mosalodnelia dasruleba); finansuri wamaxaliseblebi motivaciis asamaRlebladac
gamodgeba, Tu maTi Sinagani motivacia arasakmarisia kiTxvaris Sevsebis dasrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
internet-eqsperimentebi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mzardi sfero eqsperimentebisTvis internetis gamoyenebaa

(magaliTad, http://www.psych.unizh.ch/genpsy/Ulf/Lab/ webExpPsyLab.html). hiusoni da misi
kolegebi (2003) internetis gamoyenebiT eqsperimentebis oTx ZiriTad tips gamoyofen:
eqsperimentebi, romlebic statikur beWdviT masalebs iyeneben (magaliTad, dabeWdili

teqsti an grafikuli gamosaxulebebi); meorea isini, romlebic arabeWdviT masalebs iyeneben
(magaliTad, video-audio); mesamea reaqciis drois eqsperimentebi; da bolos, meoTxea
eqsperimentebi, romlebic garkveuli formis pirovnebaTSoris urTierTqmedebas moicaven.
(Hewson et al. 2003: 48)
pirveli tipis eqsperimenti gamokiTxvas imiT hgavs, rom respondentebs

eleqtronuli fostiT an vebgverdis meSveobiT egzavnebaT mza masalebi (magaliTad,
grafikulad warmodgenili masalebi) da eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba, anu, Careva
sxvadasxva jgufebisTvis sxvadasxgvari masalis gagzavna iqneba. aqac ZalaSi rCeba
404
yvela is gafrTxileba da komentari, romelic gamokiTxvaze saubrisas iTqva,

gansakuTrebiT, CamotvirTvis drosTan, gansxvavebul veb navigatorebTan da
platformebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. Tumca, CamotvirTvis sakiTxi meore tipis
internet-eqsperiments ufro exeba, romelSic video da audio masalebi gamoiyeneba da
programuli uzrunvelyofis zogi paketi Cvenebis ufro maRal xarisxs uzrunvelyofs,
zogi ki _ gacilebiT dabals, imisda miuxedavad, rom originali “faili” yvelasTvis
erTi da igivea. am sakiTxis mogvareba SeiZleba an iseTi masalebis miwodebiT,
romelTa optimalurad gaSveba yvelaze nel kompiuterzec ki SesaZlebelia (Hewson et
al. 2003: 49), an eqsperimentis warmatebiT warmoebisTvis aucilebeli minimaluri
aparaturuli moTxovnebis dawesebiT.
reaqciis drois eqsperimentebi, romlebic drois Zalian zustad gazomvas
(magaliTad, miliwamebiT) saWiroeben, Zneli Casatarebelia manZilze, vinaidan
gansxvavebuli platformebi da pikis saaTebSi momxmareblebiT gadatvirTuli
internet-xazebi praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdian standartizacias. aqedan erT-erTi
gamosavalia, eqsperimenti jer CamoitvirTos, Sesruldes, Semdeg ukan aitvirTos da
gaigzavnos.
meoTxe tipis internet-eqsperimentebi urTierTqmedebas moicavs da internet-
interviuirebas (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT) hgavs, romelic “Catis” meSveobiT
xorcieldeba. Tumca, es mxolod werilobiTi urTierTobaa da amitom, am
urTierTobaSi gamoricxulia intonaciebi, xmis modulacia, meryeoba, araverbaluri
maniSneblebi, damatebiTi lingvisturi da paralingvisturi faqtorebi. garkveuli
azriT, es arasruli, arasakmarisi procesia, Tumca, amas mzardi xelmisawvdomoba da
martivi vebkamerebis gamoyeneba amsubuqebs. faqtobrivad, internetis epoqaSi
bolodroindeli teqnologiuri winsvla afarToebs dakvirvebis gamoyenebiT kvlevebis
Catarebis SesaZleblobas.
reipsi (2002a) aRniSnavs, rom laboratoriul eqsperimentebTan SedarebiT, internet-
eqsperimentebSi ufro mwvaved idga kvlevidan gamoTiSvis problema da gamoTiSvebis
sixSiris mkveTri cvalebadoba (1-dan 87 procentamde). gamoTiSvebis raodenoba
Seamcira wamaxaliseblebis SeTavazebam, magaliTad, fuladma anazRaurebam an
latariis bileTebis gadacemam, Sedegad, kvlevis mitovebaSi gansxavebam 31 procenti
Seadgina. internet-kvlevidan gamoTiSva mTel rig iseT faqtorebs ukavSirdeba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, motivacia; ramdenad saintereso iyo eqsperimenti;
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eqsperimentis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi (amis
405
sawinaaRmdego magaliTad SeiZleva dasaxeldes savaldebulo eqsperimentebi, romelSi

monawileobac studentebis saswavlo programis nawils Seadgens). zemoT ganxiluli
„maRali barieris“ teqnika aqac gamosadegia. reipsi (2002b: 245 –6) imasac aRniSnavs, rom,
teqnikuri sakiTxebis gamo (magaliTad, internet-kavSiris siCqare, kompiuteris
muSaobis siCqare, erTdroulad gaSvebuli ramdenime programa), Sedegebis meti
dispersia internet eqsperimentebSi ufro mosalodnelia, vidre _ tradiciul
eqsperimentebSi.
meore mxriv, reipsi (2002b: 247) ambobs, rom internet eqsperimentebi ufro
mimzidvelia, vidre laboratoriuli da tradiciuli eqsperimentebi, vinaidan:
 ufro farTo SerCevis gamo, metad ganzogadebadia;

 meti ekoogiuri validoba aqvT, radgan, Cveulebisamebr, monawileebisTvis nacnob
garemoSi da maTTvis mosaxerxebel dros tardeba („eqsperimenti midis
monawilesTan da ara piriqiT“), Tumca, amas meore mxarec aqvs: eqsperimentatori
ver akontrolebs eqsperimentul garemos (Reips 2002b: 250);
 vinaidan metia nebayoflobiTi monawileoba, metad auTenturi qcevebis dakvirvebaa
SesaZlebeli.
am mtkicebebis marTebuloba empiriuli sakiTxia. magaliTad, rTuli da daxvewili

programuli paketebis (magaliTad, Java) gamoyenebam SeiZleba Seamciros
eqsperimentatoris kontroli, radgan am paketebs programirebis sxva enebTanac
SeuZliaT urTierTqmedeba. Svarci da reipsi (2001) acxadeben, rom eqsperimentSi
Javascript-is gamoyenebas 13 procentiT meti gamoTiSvis sixSire mohyva, vidre es
gamouyeneblobis pirobebSi aRiniSneboda. garda amisa, erTi da igive monawilis
kvlevaSi ramdenjerme dabrunebas sandoobis dazaraleba SeuZlia (es sakiTxi zemoT
ganvixileT, gamokiTxvis meTodebze saubrisas.
reipsi (2002a, 2002b) internet-eqsperimentis zogierTi „gaakeTe“-s da „ar gaakeTo“-s
CamonaTvals gvTavazobs. „gaakeTe“-s reipsiseul nusxaSi xuTi punqti xvdeba:
 kvlevidan gamoTiSva damoukidebel cvladad aiReT;

 kvlevidan gamoTiSva motivaciuri mdgenelebis dasadgenad gamoiyeneT (anu,
daadgineT eqsperimentSi mobezrebisa da motivaciis doneebi);
 piradi informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi internet kvlevis dasawyisSi ganaTavseT.
reipsi (2002b) gveubneba, rom piradi informaciis moTxovna SeiZleba monawileebis
eqsperimentSi datovebaSi dagvexmaros da es „maRali barieris“ teqnikis nawilia,
406
sadac monawileebi Tavad irCeven kvlevis datovebas dasawyisSive da ara _

eqsperimentis msvlelobisas;
 gamoiyeneT teqnikebi, romlebic internetiT mopovebuli monacemebis xarisxis
uzrunvelyofaSi dagexmarebaT (magaliTad, zemoT ganxiluli „maRali barieris“ da
„gaxurebis“ teqnikebi, qveSerCevebis gamoyofa monacemebis Tanmimdevrulobis
dasadgenad da uzrunvelsayofad, monacemebis erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad erTi
parolis gamoyeneba, sakontaqto informaciis miwodeba, kvlevidan gamoTSvis
sixSiris Semcireba);
 kvlevis asawyobad da mis Sesaxeb informaciis gasavrceleblad gamoiyeneT
internet-saSualebebi da servisebi (gamoiyeneT komerciulad warmoebuli
programuli paketebi, raTa darwmunebuli iyoT, rom daZleulia teqnikuri da
vizualuri xasiaTis problemebi). arsebobs vebgverdebi (magaliTad, amerikis
fsiqologiuri sazogadoeba), romlebic acxadeben eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb.
reipsis „ar gaakeTo“-s CamonaTvalSic xuTi punqti Sedis:
 ar misceT gareSe pirebs daucvel direqtoriebze miwvdomis ufleba. amiT SeiZleba

eTikuri da samarTleblivi moTxovnebi dairRves, vinaidan konfidencialur
informaciazea saubari. garda amisa, amiT eqsperimentis struqturaze
monawileebsac SeiZleba miuwvdeT xeli, rac „gaWuWyianebs“ mas;
 monawileebis konfidencialuri monacemebi URL-ebis meSveobiT (Uniform resource
locators; problema iqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu respondenti GET operators gamoiyenebs,
romelic html gverdis moTxovnis saSualebaa, imisda miuxedavad, iyenebs moTxovnis
parametrebs Tu ara) sajaro ar gaxadoT. es isev da isev arRvevs eTikis normebs;
 SemTxveviT ar gaamJRavnoT eqsperimentis struqtura (radgan aman monawilis
qcevaze SeiZleba imoqmedos). es SeiZleba asocirebul failSi eqsperimentis
detalebis CarTviT an imave direqtoriaSi eqsperimentis detalebis Semcveli
failis CaweriT moxdes;
 ar ugulebelyoT internetisTvis damaxasiaTebeli teqnikuri cvalebadoba (rogorc
zemoT iTqva, yvelaferma SeiZleba daazianos eqsperimenti: konfiguraciis
detalebma, veb navigatorebma, platformebma, gadacemis sixSireebma da
programulma paketebma);
 nu SeitanT mikerZoebulobas monacemebSi formis elementebis arasaTanadod
gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa gazomvis Secdomebi, sadac gamotovebulma garkveulma
407
kategoriebma (magaliTad, „neitraluri“, „ar msurs pasuxis gacema“, „arc veTanxmebi

da arc ar veTanxmebi“) SeiZleba daamaxinjos Sedegebi;
faqtobrivad, internet-gamokiTxvebsa da kiTxvarebze saubrisas gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebi ZalaSia internet-eqsperimentebis SemTxvevaSic. amitom, mkiTxvels maT
gadaxedvas vurCevT.
reipsi (2002b) miuTiTebs, rom arasworia internet-eqsperimentis laboratoriuli
eqsperimentis ekvivalentad ganxilva, vinaidan:
 internet-monawileebi Tavad irCeven rodis datovon eqsperimenti da maT amis

gakeTeba nebismier dros SeuZliaT;
 maT SeuZliaT eqsperimentis nebismier dros da TavianT sakuTar garemoSi warmoeba;
 isini xSirad ufro did SerCevebze tardeba, vidre _ tradiciuli eqsperimentebi;
 isini damokidebuli arian teqnikur pirobebze, qselis kavSirebsa da monawileebis
kompiuterTan muSaobis unarze;
 isini ufro sajaroa, vidre _ tradiciuli eqsperimentebis umetesoba.
meore mxriv, is imasac gvafrTxilebs, rom internet-eqsperimentebi laboratoriuli

eqsperimentebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuladac ar unda miviCnioT, vinaidan:
 bevri laboratoriuli eqsperimenti, aseve, damokidebulia kompiuterebze;

 laboratoriul da internetis qselSi kvlevas erTi da igive fundamenturi ideebi
aqvT;
 orives saSualebiT msgavsi Sedegebi miiReba.
reipsi (2000b) internet-eqsperimentebis warmoebisTvis Semdeg rCevebs gvTavazobs:
 ganixileT vebprogramebi eqsperimentuli masalebis SemuSavebisTvis;

 sxvadasxva platformaze scadeT piloturi eqsperimenti, raTa sabolood naTeli
instruqciebi gqondeT da Tqveni eqsperimenti xelmisawvdomi iyos sxvadasxva
platformaze;
 gadawyviteT, iyenebT Tu ara HTML-s da Tu iyenebT _ gansazRvreT misi sirTulis
done;
 gadaamowmeT eqsperimentebi konfiguraciis Secdomebisa da sxvadasxva kompiuterebs
Soris gansxvavebebis TvalsazrisiT;
 eqsperimenti ramdenime vebgverdsa da serverze ganaTavseT;
408
 SedarebisaTvis eqsperimenti internet-kavSiris (online) da kavSiris gareSe (offline)

reJimebSi awarmoeT;
 gamoiyeneT „gaxurebis“ da „maRali barieris“ teqnikebi, dasviT gamfiltravi
kiTxvebi (magaliTad, monawilis seriozulobis, maTi warsulisa da gamocdilebis,
metyvelebis unarebis Sesaxeb);
 kvlevidan gamoTiSvis faqtebis gaanalizebam, SesaZloa, motivaciis roli
gamoavlinos;
 gadaamowmeT failebis dasaxelebebi da miwvdomis pirobebi (raTa failebi ar
moxvdes maT xelSi, visTanac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen);
 ganixileT parolebisa da sxva procedurebis gamoyeneba (magaliTad,
Tanmimdevrulobis gadamowmeba) erTi da imave kiTxvaris ramdenjerme gagzavnis
SesaZleblobis Sesamcireblad;
 awarmoeT eqsperimentis Canawerebi monacemebis nebismieri saxis Semdgomi analizisa
da verifikaciisaTvis;
 gaaanalizeT da saboloo angariSSi SeitaneT kvlevidan gamoTiSvis Tema;
 eqsperimentze dadebiTi STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, misi detalebi internetSi
ganaTavseT.
am wignis weris momentisTvis, internetiT warmoebuli eqsperimentebi bavSvis

fsiqologiis sferos ufro ganekuTvneba, vidre _ ganaTlebas. Tumca, ganaTlebis
sferoSi empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli praqtikis Semotanisa da randomizebuli,
gakontrolebuli cdebis momxreTa matebis pirobebSi, ganaTlebis sferoSi
eqsperimentirebis am formis gamoyenebas ufro farTo perspeqtivebi aqvs.
internetiT warmoebuli eqsperimentebisTvis programuli uzrunvelyofis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb informacia Semdeg misamarTebze ixileT:
http://www.genpsylab.unizch/wextor/index.html;
http://www.psych.hanover.edu.APS/exponnet.html;
http://www.genpsy.unizch/Ulf.Lab.webexplist.html.
internet-interviuebi
internet-interviu respondentebis interviuirebis ganuzomel SesaZleblobebs

iZleva. magaliTad, “onlain” interviuebi, romlebic mTlianad realur droSi
mimdinareobs da “CatiT” sinqronizdeba, SeiZleba orive mxarisTvis anonimuri iyos, Tu
409
maT es ase surT da metia SesaZlebloba imisa, rom respondentebTan kontaqti orive
mxarisTvis mosaxerxebel dros Sedges. magaliTad, am wignis weris momentisTvis
skaipiT kontaqti realur droSi da praqtikulad ufasod uSualo kontaqtis uaxlesi
saSualebaa. internetis am da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gamo, mkvlevrebs SesaZlebloba
aqvT Znelad misawvdom jgufebs da individebs daukavSirdnen (magaliTad, sensitiuri
sakiTxebis kvlevisas). meore mxriv, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, informaciis wmindad
werilobiT urTierTgacvlaze dayvanam, rogorc meTeqvsmete TavSi vnaxavT, SeiZleba
gaafermkrTalos intervius zogierTi arsebiTi niSani. saWiroa interviu srul
socialur urTierTqmedebad miviCnioT.
“Cati” ekranis gayofisa da gaziarebis da amiT monawileebs Soris mimdinare
dialogis danaxvis saSualebas iZleva. Tu “Cati” ar gamoiyeneba, maSin misi
alternativa SeiZleba eleqtronuli fosta iyos, romelic, aseve, iZleva mimdinare
dialogis warmarTvis saSualebas, rac kavSiris siCqarezea (Cveulebriv, maRal
siCqareze) damokidebuli. am midgomebs SeiZleba akldes tradiciuli intervius
spontanuroba da mravalferovneba, magram, maT mimzidvelobas anonimuroba da
pirispir Sexvedris ararseboba qmnis (Tumca intervius msvlelobisas vebkamerebis
gamoyenebac SeiZleba). gamosaxulebis xarisxi SeiZleba dabali iyos da akldes
teqstTan sinqronizacia _ xSirad gamosaxuleba odnav igvianebs da kadrebis
Tanmimdevroba ufroa, vidre erTi uwyveti moZravi gamosaxuleba. internet-interviu
SeiZleba realur droSi kavSiris gareSec mimdinareobdes: respondentebi werdnen
TavianT pasuxebs da sxvadasxva dros gzavnidnen, Tumca es intervius, garkveulwilad,
kiTxvarTan aaxloebs da erTaderTi darCenili gansxvaveba, albaT, isaa, rom internet-
interviuSi respondenti ufro Tavisufalia kiTxvebis (Sinaarsis, xasiaTis, wamoWrili
sakiTxebis da Semdgomi Sexsenebis) TvalsazrisiT, vidre kiTxvarebis SemTxvevaSi.
inernet-intervius ubralod sWirdeba, rom orive mxare SeTanxmdes droze, rom
erTdroulad iyos xazze da Tu saWiroa an SesaZlebeli, CarTon vebkamera.
kvlevis masalebis internetSi Zieba
internetSi kvlevis monacemebis Senaxva da moZieba mniSvnelovania aramarto

mkvlevrebisTvis, rom ar CamorCnen mimdinare procesebs/ganviTarebas mTeli msoflios
masStabiT, aramed imitom, rom xelmisawvdomi xdeba monacemebi, romelic mkvlevars
literaturis moZiebisa da mimoxilvis saSualebas aZlevs da xels uwyobs sakuTar
kvlevaSi konstruqtis da Sinaarsobrivi validoba uzrunvelyos. zogierTi kvleva
410
realurad didi moculobis literaturas qmnis (magaliTad, JurnalSi Review of

Educational Research gamoqveynebuli kvleviTi naSromebi). eleqtronuli Jurnalebi,
amonaridebi da saTaurebi mkvlevars mimdinare Tanamedrove kvlevebTan gacnobis da
misTvis saintereso Temis Sesatyvisi masalebis moZiebis saSualebas aZlevs.
vebgverdebi da eleqtronuli fosta qselebisa da informaciis gacvlis saSualebas
iZleva. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevrebs surT, rom globaluri uwyveti miwvdoma hqodeT
kvleviT literaturasa da kvlevaSi uaxles miRwevebze, avstraliaSi, aRmosavleT
aziaSi, did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebul asociaciebTan
dakavSireba mxolod ramdenime wamis saqmea iseTi veb gverdebis saSualebiT,
rogoricaa, magaliTad:
amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (American Educational Research Association): http://www.aera.net;
da isev amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia: http://www.lalc.k12.ca.us/catalog/ provuders/185.html;
avstraliis ganaTlebis kvlevis sabWo (Australian Council for Educational Research):
http://www.acer.edu.au/index2.html;
britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (British Educational Research Association):
http://www.bera.ac.uk;
Cinur-amerikuri ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (Chinese American Educational Research Association):
http://www.ttu.eedu/ ~edupsy/regis.html;
kurikulumis, Sefasebisa da marTvis centri (Curriculum, Evaluation and Management Centre) (didi
britaneTi: msoflioSi am tipis monitoringis erT-erTi msxvili centri): http://www.cemcentre.org;
ekonomikuri da socialuri kvlevis sabWo (Economic and Social Research Council) (didi britaneTi):
http://www.esrc.ac.uk;
Educators’ Reference Desk (the source of ERIC in the United States, publications of the American Educational Research
Association): http://www.eduref.org;
evropis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (European Educational Research Association):
http://www.eera.ac.ik/index.html;
hong-kongis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (Hong Kong Educational Research Association):
http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~hkera;
centraluri samxreTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (Mid-South Educational Research Association)
(Zalian msxvili regionuli asociacia aSS-Si): http://www.msstate.edu/org/msera/msera.html;
ganaTlebis kvlevis erovnuli fondi (didi britaneTi) (National Foudation for Educational Research):
http://www.nfer.ac.uk;
ganaTlebaSi kvlevis Sotlandiuri centri (Scottish Council for Research in Education):
http://www.scre.ac.uk;
411
ganaTlebaSi kvlevis Sotlandiuri centris eleqtronuli Jurnalebi:

http://www.scre.ac.uk/is/webjournals.html;
vaSingtonis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (aSS) (Washington Educational Research Association):
http://www.wera-web.org/index.hmtl;
dainteresebul mkvlevars eleqtronuli Jurnalebis indeqsebisa da gamoqveynebuli

kvlevebis SedegebisTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxis moZieba (zemoT mocemuli
konkretuli kvleviTi asociaciebis vebgverdebisgan gansxvavebiT) qvemoT mocemul
eleqtronul misamarTebze SeuZlia:
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/bel (britaneTis ganaTlebis indeqsi);

http://brs.leeds.ac.uk/~beiwww/bwid.html (britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociaciis arqivSi
„onlain“ ZiebisTvis gankuTvnili vebgverdi);
http://www.eera.ac.uk/links5.html (evropis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociaciis vebgverdi, romelic
ufaso eleqtronuli gamocemebis vebgverds ukavSirdeba);
http://www.routledge.com:9996/routledge/journal/er.html (Routledge-is veb gverdi, saerTaSoriso
gamomcemeli, romelic moicavs informacias yvela samecniero kvleviTi statiis Sesaxeb);
http://www.carfax.co.uk (britaneTis gamomcemelis mier SemoTavazebuli momsaxureba _ Scholarly
Articles Research Alerting qselze miwvdoma did britaneTSi);
http://www.sagepub.co.uk (Sage Publication);
http://www.tandf.co.uk.cra/ (ganaTlebis kvlevis eleqtronuli
referatebi/mimoxilvebi/amonaridebi, gamomcemlis Taylor & Fransis sasignalo momsaxureba);
http://www.journals.routledge.com (Routledge Journals);
http://bubl.ac.uk (didi britaneTis erovnuli sainformacio momsaxureba umaRlesi ganaTlebis
muSakTaTvis);
http://www.scout.cs.wisc.edu/archive (Scout Report Archive, sadac warmodgenilia ramdenime aTasi
saresurso vebgverdis mokle aRwera);
http://www.sosig.ac.uk da http://www.sosog.esrc.ac.uk (socialuri mecnierebis sainformacio karibWe
(Social Science Information Gateway), romelic iZleva resursebsa da informaciaze miwvdomis
saSualebas msoflios masStabiT);
http://sosig.ac.uk/social_science_general/social_science_methodology (socialuri mecnierebis sainformacio
karibWis seqciebi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb);
http://www.carfax.co.uk/ber-ad.htm (British Educational Research Journal-is vebgverdi);
http://www.unesco.org/general.eng.infoserv (UNESCO-s vebgverdi, sadac mocemulia socialuri
mecnierebis mkvlevarTaTvis gankuTvnili masalebi);
http://www.statistics.gov.uk (didi britaneTis mTavrobis oficialuri statistikis vebgverdi);
412
http://www.mimas.ac.uk (Web on Science-is oficialuri vebgverdi, romelic, sxva funqciebTan

erTad, socialuri mecnierebis citirebis indeqssa da xelovnebisa da humanitaruli
mecnierebebis citirebis indeqsze miwvdomis saSualebas iZleva);
http://www.essex.ac.uk (eseqsis universitetis monacemTa arqivis vebgverdi).
rac Seexeba biblioTekebSi Ziebas, qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime gamosadebi vebgverdis

misamarTi:
http://www.lights.com/webcats (mkvlevrebs uzrunvelyofs biblioTekebis katalogebis

misamarTebiT, romlebic biblioTekis tipisa da adgilmdebareobis mixedviT aris dalagebuli);
http://www.loc.gov (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis biblioTeka);
http://www.leweb.loc.gov/z3950 (aSS-is biblioTekebis bmuli);
http://www.libdex.com/ (Library Index-is vebgverdi, sadac 18,000-ze meti biblioTekis bmulia
mocemuli);
http://www.copac.ac.uk.copac (mkvlevars didi britaneTis biblioTekebSi SeuZlia masalebis
moZieba);
http://www.bl.uk (britaneTis biblioTekis eleqtronuli katalogi);
http://vlib.org/ (virtualuri biblioTeba (Virtual Library), sadac eleqtronuli resursebia
mocemuli).
beWdvaSi CaSvebuli wignebis sanaxavad SegiZliaT mimarToT http://www.booksinprint.com,

sadac mocemulia im wignebis CamonaTvali, romelic mimdinare momentSi ibeWdeba,
xolo http://www.bibliofind.com-ze Zveli da iSviaTi wignebis nusxis naxvaa SesaZlebeli
.http://www.lights.com-ze 6,000-ze meti gamomcemlis vebgverdis bmulia mocemuli.
Jurnalebis umetesobas statiebis abstraqtebze ufaso “onlain” wvdoma aqvs, Tumca
mTliani statiis naxva mxolod gamoweriT aris SesaZlebeli. eleqtronuli
Jurnalebis momwodebelTa ricxvSi Sedian, magaliTad (anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT):
Bath Information and Data Services (BIDS): http://www.bids.ac.uk;
EBSCO: http://www.ebsco.com;
Elsevier: http://www.elsevier.com;
Emerald: http://www.emeraldinsight.com;
FirstSearch: http://www.ocle.org;
Ingenta: http://www.ingenta.com;
JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org;
Kluweronline: http://www.kluweronline.com;
Northern Light: http://www.northernlight.com;
ProQuest: http://www.proquest.com da http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com.proquest;
413
ProQuest Digital Dissertations: http://www.bib.umi.com/dissertations;

Science Direct: http://www.sciencedirect.com;
Swet: http://www.swetsnet.nl da http://www.swetsnet.com;
Uncover Web: http://www.Uncweb.carl.org;
Web of Science: http://www.isinet.com.
samagistro naSromebisTvis gamodgeba Aslib Index to Theses (http://www.theses.com) da

Networked Digital Library of Theses, xolo disertaciebis moZieba SeiZleba bmulze
http://www.theses.org. zogierTi ZiriTadi samTavrobo vebgverdic gvTavazobs ufaso
sainformacio momsaxurebas (magaliTad, Ofsted).
mkvlevrebisTvis, romlebmac ar ician vebgverdebis misamarTebi, xelmisawvdomia
sxvadasxva saZiebo sistema. am sistemebiT maT konkretuli vebgverdebis moZieba
SeuZliaT. dReisaTvis yvelaze farTo gamoiyeneba Semdegi saZiebo sistemebi:
Google: http://www.google.com;
MSN Search: http://www.msn.com;
AOL Search: http://www.search.aol.com;
Netscape Navigator: http://www.netscape.com;
Fast Search: http://www.alltheweb.com;
Internet Exploner: http://www.microsoft.com;
Alta Vista: http://www.altavista.com;
Direct Hit: http://www.directhit.com;
Excite: http://www.Excite.com;
Ask Jeeves: http://www.askjeeves.com;
Lycos: http://www.Lycos.com;
Go To: http://www.go2.com;
Yahoo: http://www.yahoo.com;
HotBot: http://www.hotbot.com;
Northern Light: http://www.northernlight.com;
Metacrawler: http://www.metacrawler.com.
kidev bevri sxva aseTi vebgverdi arsebobs. yvela am saZiebo sistemaSi mkvlevars
“sityva-gasaRebebiT” SeuZlia Zebna. zogierTi maTgani paraleluri saZiebo sistemaa
(romelic sxva saZiebo sistemebs eZebs), zogierTi ki _ “failebis” saZiebelia
(romelic mTel msoflioSi eZebs “failebs”).
kvlevis Sesaxeb informaciis povna, iqneba es monacemTa bazebidan Tu diskebze
mocemuli indeqsebidan, erTi an ramdenime “sityva-gasaRebis” kombinaciis (ormag
414
frCxilebSi Casmuli sityvebis) gamoyenebiT, xSirad, internetiT cdisa da Secdomis

meTodiT xdeba. vebgverdebis „CaniSvnis“ (“bookmarking”) sistema momavalSi am gverdebis
swrafad miwvdomis saSualebas iZleva. es, albaT, mniSvnelovania, radgan zogierTi
internet-kavSiri nelia, xolo vebgverdebze ganTavzebuli masalis didi nawili,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi _ usargebloa!
http://www.nap.edu/category.html?id=ed (National Academies Press-is ganaTlebis ganyofileba, sadac

mocemulia ufaso “onlain” masalebi);
http://www.educationindex.com/ da http://www.shawmultimedia.com/links2.html (centrebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen ufaso saganmanaTleblo masalebsa da saTanado vebgverdebis misamarTebs);
http://www.lii.org/ (biblioTekarebis indeqsi internetSi);
http://www.ncrel.org/ (Crdilo-centraluri regionuli ganaTlebis laboratoriebis (North Central
Regional Educational Laboratories) vebgverdi. es aris organizacia, romelic saganmanaTleblo
resursebs uzrunelyofs);
http://www.sedl.org/ (samxreT-dasavleTis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis laboratoria (Southwest
Educational Development Laboratory), organizacia, romelic saganmanaTleblo resursebs iZleva).
vebgverdebis Sefaseba
imisaTvis, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisTvis interneti gamoviyenoT, saWiroa

vicodeT vebgverdebis Sefaseba. interneti araorganizebuli da, ZiriTadad,
gadaumowmebeli masalis uzarmazari sawyobia da mkvlevrebs sakmaod swrafad unda
SeeZloT imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad gamosadegia vebgverdidan aRebuli masala.
vebgverdebis Sefasebis ramdenime kriteriumi arsebobs, maT Soris (magaliTad, Tweddle
et al. 1998; Rodrigues and Rodrigues, 2000):
 vebgverdis mizani, rac momxmarebels misi relevanturobisa da Sesatyvisobis

dadgenis saSualebas miscems;
 masalis oficialuroba da auTenturoba, rac niSnavs, rom oficialuri unda iyos
da unda saxeldebodes wyaro, saidanac miRebulia es masala;
 masalis Sinaarsi _ siaxle, Sesatyvisoba da dafarvis sfero;
 masalis damajerebloba, sandooba da legitimuroba (magaliTad, aRiarebuli
wyarodan an institutidan aris Tu ara);
 masalis siswore, sizuste, sisrule da keTilsindisiereba;
 warmodgenili da/an ganxiluli masalis obieqturoba da sizuste.
415
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis vebgverdze warmodgenili masalebis Sefasebisas

mkvlevrebsa da maswavleblebs ramdenime kiTxvis dasma SeuZliaT (Hartley et al. 1997):
 dasaxelebulia Tu ara avtori?

 ambobs Tu ara avtori raimes mocemul sferoSi Tavisi
gamocdilebis/profesionalizmis Sesaxeb da naTelia Tu ara misi instituciuri
statusi?
 avtoritetulia Tu ara dasaxelebuli organizacia?
 aris Tu ara masalebSi miTiTebuli gamoyenebuli literatura. ambobs Tu ara
avtori, rogor moagrova masala?
 ra mizniT Seiqmna es vebgverdi? ras akeTebs (magaliTad, informaciis miwodeba,
darwmuneba)?
 axalia Tu ara masala?
 ramdenad Tavisufalia mocemuli masala tendenciurobisgan, piradi
mosazrebebisgan da Seuracxyofebisgan?
 saidan viciT, rom avtori auTenturia am veb gverdze?
mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevarma Seinaxos vebgverdebidan aRebuli masalebis sruli

bibliografia, masalis aRebis TariRisa da vebgverdis misamarTis CaTvliT.
kompiuteruli simulaciebi
kompiuterul simulaciebsa da virtualur teqnologias mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seaqvs ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis warmoebaSi. simulaciebs ori mTavari komponenti
aqvs: sistema, romelic ainteresebs mkvlevars da modelirebasa da simulacias
eqvemdebareba; da am sistemis modeli (Wilcox 1997). sistema aerTianebs nebismier
urTierTdakavSirebul maxasiaTebels, xolo modeli, anu, sistemis analogi _ xSirad
maTematikuria.
uiloqsi (1997) simulaciis or formas gamohyofs: deterministul simulaciebSi
sistemis komponentebs Soris arsebuli yvela maTematikuri da logikuri mimarTeba
cnobili da fiqsirebulia. stoqastur simulaciebSi, romlis ZiriTadi tipebi,
rogroc wesi, ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebul kvlevaSi gamoiyeneba, sul mcire, erTi
cvladi mainc aris Tavisufali. simulacia realuri samyaros modelia, romelSic
SesaZlebelia kvlevaSi monawilis Seyvana da manipulireba. modeliT SesaZlebelia
416
Teoriis operacionalizacia, misi kompiuterul programad gardaqmna (ixileT Gilbert

and Troitzsch 2005: 3) da amiT misi daSvebebis naTlad warmoCena.
gilberts da troics (2005: 6) miaCniaT, rom kompiuteruli simulaciebis upirveleni
mizani aRmoCena, dasabuTeba da eqsperimentia. ubralod winaswarmetyvelebis garda,
kompiuteruli simulaciebi imis gagebisa da axsnis saSualebasac iZleva, Tu rogor
mimdinareobs procesebi, rogor iSleba isini droSi da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas. es
aufasurebs winaswarmetyvelebas, rogorc Teoriis Semowmebis saSualebis
Rirebulebas. is amtkicebs, rom Teoriis Semowmeba misi axsniTi da hermenevtuli
simZlavriT unda moxdes da ara _ misi prediqtuli RirebulebiT. sinamdvileSi,
kompiuteruli simulaciebi Teoriebis ganviTarebisTvis ufro SeiZleba gamogvadges,
vidre _ maT Sesamowmeblad.
kompiuteruli simulaciebi mkvlevars cvladebisa da komponentebis kontrolisa da
manipulirebis saSualebas aZlevs da „Tu maSin“ tipis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad
gamodgeba, magaliTad, „ra moxdeba, Tu Sevcvli ama Tu im parametrs?“; „ra moxdeba, Tu
Sevcvli garemos aseTsa da aseT maxasiaTebels?“; simulaciaSi erTveba relevanturi
elementebi da Semdeg, am elementebiT manipulireben _ cvlian parametrebs da
naxuloben, ra moxdeba da Sedegad ra miiReba.
kompiuteriT iseTi moculobis monacemebTan SeiZleba Zalian swrafad gamklaveba,
romelTa dasamuSavebladac adamians kompiuteris gareSe wlebi dasWirdeboda.
maTematikur modelirebaze agebuli simulaciebi (magaliTad, erTi da igive formulis
mravaljer gameorebas) mkvlevars qcevebisa da sistemebis imitirebis saSualebas
aZlevs, aseve, exmareba gaarkvios, ra moxdeba, Tu sistema garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs, an erTi da igive maTematikuri gamoTvlebi kidev da kidev
meordeba, rodesac wina gamoTvliT miRebuli monacemebi igive formulaSi brundeba
da Semdegi gamoTvlis safuZveli xdeba. hopkinsi da misi kolegebi (1996: 159 – 62) aseTi
SemTxvevis magaliTad centralur zRvariT Teoremas (ganxilulia meoTxe TavSi)
asaxeleben. aq gamoTvlis formula 10,000-jer meordeba. aseTi modelireba qaosisa da
sirTulis TeoriebSi iRebs saTaves.
laplasisTvis da niutonisTvis samyaro racionaluri, deterministuli da
saaTiviT awyobili iyo; efeqtebi mizezebis funqcias warmoadgenda, mcire mizezebi
(minimaluri sawyisi pirobebi) mcire (minimalur da prognozirebad) efeqtebs qmnida,
xolo didi mizezebi (mravalmdgeneliani sawyisi pirobebi) _ did (mravalmdgenelian)
efeqtebs. prognozirebadoba, mizez-Sedegobrioba, sqematuroba, universaloba da
417
„didi“ yovlismomcveli Teoriebi, sworxazovneba, uwyvetoba, stabiluroba,

obieqturoba _ es yvelaferi samyaros, rogorc mowesrigebuli da Sinaganad
harmoniuli, Tumca, rTuli wonasworobis mqone meqanizmis xedvis mdgenelebs
warmoadgens, romelic racionaluri, daxuruli da deterministulia, amave dros,
mgrZnobiarea SedarebiT martivi mecnieruli aRmoCenebisa da kanonebisadmi.
1960-iani wlebidan es mosazreba swrafad dadga eWvqveS, ramac safuZveli daudo
qaosisa da sirTulis Teoriebis warmoqmnas. am Teoriebs ramdenime ZiriTadi principi
(magaliTad, Gleick 1987; Morrison 1998; 2002a) qvemoT aris mocemuli:
 sawyisi pirobebis mcire cvlilebebma Sedegebis masobrivi da araprognozirebadi

cvlilebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios (magaliTad, karibis zRvaSi peplis frTis
frTxialma amerikaSi qariSxali SeiZleba gamoiwvios);
 Zalian msgavs pirobebs Zalian gansxvavebuli Sedegebis gamowveva SeuZlia
(magaliTad, martivi maTematikuri tolobebis gamoyeneba: Stewart 1990);
 elementebs Soris regularoba, SeTanxmebuloba da wrfivi damokidebuleba maT
Soris araregularobiT, mravalferovnebiTa da arasworxazovnebiT irRveva;
 maSinac ki, Tu diferencialuri gantolebebi Zalian martivia, sistemis qceva,
romlis modelirebasac isini axdenen, SeiZleba ar iyos martivi;
 efeqtebi mizezebis wrfivi, uwyveti funqcia araa;
 samyaro metwilad araprognozirebadia;
 Tu raRac erTxel gamovida, es ar iZleva garantias, rom es raRac meore jerzec
zustad ise gamova;
 determinizms aradeterminizmi anacvlebs. deterministuli, wrfivi da stabiluri
sistemebi Canacvlebulia „dinamikuri“, cvalebadi, ganviTarebadi sistemebiT da
fenomenebis arasworxazovani axsnebiT;
 uwyvetoba Canacvlebulia diskretulobiT, turbulentobiTa da Seuqcevadi
transformaciiT;
 didi, zogadi da yovelismomcveli Teoriebi da farTomasStabiani axsnebi
saTanadod ver xsnian lokalur da konkretul fenomenebs;
 SeuZlebelia grZelvadiani prognozebis gakeTeba.
qaosis ufro gviandeli Teoriebi sirTulis Teoriamde ganivrco (Waldrop 1992; Lewin
1993) iseTi sistemebis analizisas, romlebSic erTi donis mdgenelebi meore donis
mdgenelebis saSen masalas warmoadgenen. rTuli sistema moicavs damoukidebel
418
elementebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, rTuli sistemebisgan SeiZleba Sedgebodes. es

urTierTqmedebs da sistemaSi, rogorc erT mTlianSi, mravalferovan qcevas
warmoqmnis. wesrigi ar aris sruliad winaswar gansazRvruli da fiqsirebuli;
samyaro (nebismierad gansazRvruli) SemoqmedebiTi, formirebadi (gameorebiT, swavliT,
ukukavSiriT, rekursiulobiTa da TviTorganizebiT), ganviTrebadi da cvalebadi,
transformirebadi da turbulenturia. wesrigi warmoiqmneba rTul sistemebSi,
romlebic urTierTmoqmedi organizmebisTvis martiv wesebzea (savaraudod,
formulebiT) agebuli (Kauffman 1995: 24).
ukukavSiris, cikluri gameorebis, mRelvarebis, TviTkatalizis, dakavSirebulobisa
da TviTorganizaciis meSveobiT, xdeba sirTulis ufro maRali da rTuli doneebis
gamodiferencireba. naklebad rTuli da arsebuli doneebidan axali formebi
warmoiqmneba. es rTuli formebi, xSirad, SedarebiT martivi wesebidan momdinareobs _
kerZo wesebi da qcevebi ufro rTul globarul wesrigsa da mravalferovnebas qmnian
(Waldrop 1992: 16 – 17; Lewin 1993: 38). dinamikuri sistemebi (Peak and Frame 1994: 122) sawyisi
pirobebis da, xSirad, martivi wesebis cvlilebis produqtia. arsebobs warmoqmnis
rigis kanonebi da ar aris aucilebeli, rom rTul qcevebsa da sistemebs rTuli
safuZvlebi hqondeT (Waldrop 1992: 270). mniSvnelovania, rom am martivi wesebiT
SesaZlebeli iyos qcevisa da sistemebis kompiuterul simulaciebSi modelireba.
mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom kompiuteruli simulaciebis safuZveli sirTulis
TeoriaSi devs. es pasuxobs maTdami wayenebul braldebas, rom isini zedmetad
amartiveben realur samyaros. sirTulis Teoria amtkicebs, rom mravali
TvalsazrisiT, realuri samyaro marTalia rTulia, magram SedarebiT martiv wesebzea
agebuli, romelic qmnis aseT sirTules (aseve ixileT Gillbert and Troitzsch 2005: 10).
simulaciebi aTwleulebis manZilze gamoiyeneboda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa
da ekonomikaSi winaswarmetyvelebisTvis. magaliTad, levini (1993) da valdropi (1992)
saxeobebisa da maTi qcevis aRmasvlebisa da dacemebis kvlevaSi aCveneben, Tu rogor
udebs saTaves usazRvrod mravalferovan Sedegebs (magaliTad, saxeobebs, qcevas)
martivi formulebis uwyveti gameoreba _ ganmeorebadi gamoTvlebi, romelic
SezRuduli raodenobis cvladebis (sawyisi pirobebis) gameorebas asaxavs, sadac
gamoTvlebis erTi ciklis Sedegebi igive formuliT meore ciklis gamoTvlebSi
gamoiyeneba da a. S. (anu, uwyvet ukukavSirze aigeba); da es ar eqvemdebareba martiv
winaswarmetyvelebas an martiv mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebas. valdrops (1992: 241 – 2)
amisi saintereso magaliTi moaqvs adreuli kompiuteruli simulaciis programa Boids-
419
dan: mis maTematikur formulaSi mxolod sami sawyisi pirobaa Cadebuli, romelic
frinvelTa gundis frenis suraTis sruli realuri mravalferovnebis daWeras
axerxebs. es pirobebia: pirveli _ frinvelebi cdiloben, rom sxva obieqtebTan (sxva
frinvelebis CaTvliT) minimaluri manZili SeinarCunon; meore _ frinvelebi
cdiloben, rom igive siCqariT ifrinon, romliTac sxvebi mifrinaven; mesame _
TiToeuli frinveli cdilobs, gundis centrisken gadainacvlos.
simulaciebis zogierTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli qvemoT aris mocemuli:
 kompiuteriT SesaZlebelia sistemis qcevisa da misi ZiriTadi niSnebis modelireba

da imitireba;
 kompiuteris gamoyeneba SeiZleba dagvexmaros sxvadasxva simulirebul, imitirebul
garemo pirobebSi simulaciis Semowmebis gziT (magaliTad, mkvlevars saSualeba
aqvs, naxos „ra moxdeba, Tu...“ sistemas SeeZleba Tu ara movlenis msvlelobis
gaTamaSeba an Tu cvladebiT manipulireben, anu, SesaZlebelia winaswarmetyveleba)
im sistemaSi gaverkveT, romlis imitirebasac vaxdenT;
 realobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis modelireba da interpretireba _ gamosaxva da
gadamuSaveba maTematikuri formuliT xdeba da ara _ realobis wvrili
elementebis CaWeriTa da manipulirebiT;
 daSvebulia, rom maTematikuri mimarTebebi deterministulad meordeba
gakontrolebul, SezRudul da mkafiod gansazRvrul situaciebSi da zog
SemTxvevaSi dasabams aZlevs, winswar ganuWvretel, formirebad da moulodnel,
farTomasStabian Sedegebs (Tymms 1996: 124);
 ukukavSiri da uwyeti gameoreba fenomenebisa da qcevebis warmoqmnis gasagebad
misaRebi procedurebia;
 rTuli da didmasStabiani fenomenebi da qcevebi sawyisi pirobebis/cvladebis
ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebidan momdinareobs;
 deterministul kanonebs (formulis ganmeorebad gamoTvlas) araprognozirebad
Sedegebamde mivyavarT.
am midgomas ganaTlebis sferos SeuZlia SesTavazos is, rom skolebi da klasebi

_ rTuli, arasworxazovani da dinamikuri sistemebi _ martivi maTematikuri
modelirebiT SeiZleba gavigoT. es mxolod analogiis doneze SeiZleba iyos (ixileT
Morrison 2002a), magram, rogorc timsi (1996: 130) SeniSnavs, Tu analogia realobas
ergeba, maSin mkvlevrebs aseTi sirTuli gagebis mZlavri iaraRi aqvT ZiriTadi
420
cvladebis an sawyisi pirobebis da martivi wesebis nakrebis urTierTqmedebis saxiT.

garda amisa, Tu SesaZlebelia aseTi sawyisi pirobebis an ZiriTadi cvladebis
konstruqtuli validobis Cveneba, maSin mkvlevrebma imis winaswarmetyvelebac
SeiZleba moaxerxon, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi moxdeba.
simulaciebis sami uaxlesi gamoyeneba saganmanaTleblo cvlilebis sferos
(Ridgway 1998), skolis efeqturobasa (Tymms 1996) da ganaTlebis sistemebis gagebas
ganekuTvneba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi rijvei (1998) amtkicebs, rom cvlilebis procesis
sirTule saukeTesod SeiZleba iqnas gagebuli, rogorc rTuli, warmoSobadi sistema
(aseve ixileT Fullan 1999).
meore SemTxvevaSi timsi (1996) wrfivi (Sesavali da gasavali) an mravaldoniani
modelirebis SezRudvebze miuTiTebs, rodesac saqme imis gagebasa da axsnas Seexeba,
Tu ratom aris skolebi efeqturi, an ratomaa aseTi didi cvalebadoba skolebSi da
skolebs Soris. aseTi mravalferovnebisa da cvladebadobis axsnisas, is upiratesobas
maTematikur modelirebaze agebul simulaciebs aniWebs. rogorc amtkicebs Tavis
provokaciul gancxadebaSi: „samyaro imdenad rTulia, rom SeuZlebelia misi
sityvebiT gadmocema“ (Tymms 1996: 131) (analogiurad, Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisTvis
samyaro SeiZleba imdenad rTuli iyos, rom SeuZlebeli iyos misi ricxvebiT
gadmocema!). timsi skolis efeqturobis kvlevis SezRudvebze miuTiTebs, romelic
wrfiv, magram daxvewil, wanamZRvrebs efuZneba. igi skolis efeqturobis kvlevebis did
nawils civ wyals axsams da amtkicebs, rom:
simulaciis modelebis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli romc yofiliyo, rom zustad erTsa da

imave klass ori wlis manZilze, erTi da imave saklaso oTaxSi igive maswavlebeli
hyoloda, da is ori weli kidev meorejer ecxovraT, Sedegebi mainc ver iqneboda igive.
(Tymms 1996: 132 – 3)
mas TiTqmis ar ukvirs, rom skolis efeqturobis kvlevam ver axsna skolebs Soris
cvalebadoba, vinaidan aseTi kvleva mcdar principebs emyareba. igi amtkicebs, rom
aseTi gansvla ZiriTadi _ saerTo _ cvladebis urTierTqmedebis bunebrivi Sedegia.
mesame magaliTSi gilberti da troici (2005: 117 – 23) germaniis skolebSi da
skolis maswavleblebSi omisSemdgomi genderuli desegregaciis kvlevas ganixilaven.
modelSi, romelic iyenebs programas MIMOSE, sami tipis 150 skolis 4,500
maswavlebeli gamoiyenes. masSi kompiuteruli modeli axlos iyo realuri cxovrebis
situaciasTan _ moxda simulaciis validacia. es moduli mxolod sam daSvebazea
agebuli: pirveli _ yvela maswavlebels, romelic tovebs samsaxurs, erTnairi
421
albaTobiT/SesaZleblobiT SeiZleba Caanacvlon mamakacebma da qalebma (gv.117); meore

_ mamakacebi erT samuSao adgilze orjer ufro didxans rCebian, vidre qalebi; mesame
_ axali qali maswavleblebi calkeul skolaSi im mocemuli albaTobiT ikaveben
Tanamdebobas, romelic am skolaSi qali maswavleblebis wilis mixedviT icvleba.
am TavSi ar ganvixilavT kompiuteruli simulaciebis Seqmnis etapebs (magaliTad,
kiTxvis identificireba, modelirebis samiznis dadgena, parametrebisa da ZiriTadi
niSnebis dasadgenad winaswari dakvirvebebis warmoeba, simulaciis sayrdenad asaRebi
daSvebebis formulireba, simulaciis muSaobis Semowmeba, simulaciis validacia
(ramdenad Tanxvdeba is realuri samyaros im situacias, romlis modelirebasac
axdens) da imis analizi, Tu ramdenad mgrZnobiared reagirebs simulacia sawyisi
pirobebisa da parametrebis cvlilebaze (Gillbert and Troitzsch 2005: 18 – 19). arc sxvadasxva
saxis simulaciebs ganvixilavT (magaliTad, sistemis dinamika, mikrosimulacia,
modelebis mimdevroba, mravaldoniani modelebi, ujreduli avtomatebi, mraval-
agentiani modelebi, swavlis modelebi). kompiuteruli simulaciebisa da maTi
sxvadasxva tipebis Sesaxeb ufro sruli ganxilvisTvis mimarTeT Gillbert and Troitzsch
(2005).
kompiuteruli simulaciebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
beili (1994: 322 – 4) simulaciebis Semdeg dadebiTi mxareebze migviTiTebs:
 ekonomia: ufro iafia, vidre realuri cxovrebis situaciebi;

 TvalsaCinoeba: maT SeuZliaT fenomeni ufro gasagebi gaxadon mkvlevrisaTvis;
 kontroli: mkvlevari simulacias ufro metad akontrolebs, vidre realuri
cxovrebis situacias;
 usafrTxoeba: mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT iseT situaciebTan muSaoba, romlebic Zalze
saxifaTo, mgrZnobiare, eTikurad saWoWmano an rTuli iqneboda realuri cxovrebis
bunebriv situaciebSi.
kompiuteruli simulaciebis kidev erTi mZlavri maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom

mkvlevrebs momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas aZlevs (magaliTad, ekonomikur
prognozebSi); amasTan is fenomenis gagebisa da Seswavlis SesaZleblobasac qmnis.
simulaciebiT SeiZleba Canacvldes adamianebis gamocdileba, eqspertuli codna da
xandaxan araprofesionalebsac SeuZliaT iseTi kvlevis Catareba, romelic
kompiuterebis kvelvaSi Semotanamde mxolod da mxolod eqspertebis saqme iqneboda:
422
gilbertsa da troics (2005: 5) geologebis, qimikosebisa da eqimebis magaliTebi

moaqvT. avtorebi imasac amboben, rom kompiuteruli simulaciebi wvrTnis (magaliTad,
pilotebis) da, faqtiurad, garTobis miznebisTvisac gamodgeba. Tumca isini (2005: 5)
xazgasmiT aRniSnaven kompiuteruli simulaciebis upirveles mniSvnelobas Teoriis
aRmoCenisa da formalizebisTvis (Teoriis naTlad mocemuloba, Tanmimdevruloba,
operacionalizacia, elementebis CarTuloba da kompetenturoba).
meore mxriv, beili (1994: 324 – 5) kompiuteruli simulaciebis mimarT ramdenime
SeniSvnas gamoTqvams:
 xelovnuroba: is baZavs cxovrebas da ar aris realuri cxovreba;

 Rirebuleba: magaliTad, kompiuteruli simulaciebis SeZena;
 monawileebis treningi: bevri kompiuteruli simulacia mniSvnelovan trenings
saWiroebs;
 raodenobrivi problemebi: programuli uzrunvelyofa da ara mxolod Tavad
kompiuteruli simulacia SeiZleba programirebis specialists saWiroebdes.
kompiuteruli simulaciebis Sesaxeb ramdenime problemuri momenti da kritika

arsebobs. im braldebis sapasuxod, rom isini samyaros xelovnuri reprezentacia da
absurdamde dayvanaa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mkvlevrebi, Teoretikosebis msgavsad,
realobis saukeTeso aslis agebas cdiloben, raTa ufro amomwuravad axsnan is da
rac ufro metad uaxlovdeba analogia _ simulacia _ realur samyaros, miT ukeTesi
(Tymms 1996: 130). es kamaTi simulaciis daxvewas Seexeba da ara _ mis uaryofas.
abstaqciis asagebad mxolod ZiriTadi elementebis codna gvesaWiroeba; Cven ar
gvWirdeba yvela dawvrilmanebuli detali.
braldebebs, rom kompiuteruli simulacia arafriT sjobia im daSvebebs, romelzec
is aigeba da kompiuteri mxolod imas gaakeTebs, ris gasakeTebladac daaprogrameben
(adamianis moqmedebisa da Tavisuflebis wili umniSvneloa), SegviZlia ase vupasuxoT:
simulaciebs iseTi qcevebis gamovlena SeuZlia, romlebic socialuri aqtorebis
„zurgs ukan xorcieldeba“ _ esaa socialuri faqtebi (Durkheim 1956) da paternebi;
simulaciebs SeuZlia, gviTxran is, rac ar viciT (Simon 1996) _ Cven SeiZleba vicodeT
wanamZRvrebi da sawyisi pirobebi, magram ar vicodeT saiT SeiZleba mivyavdeT maT da
ras moiazreben; Cven ar gvWirdeba sistemis muSaobis yvela niuansis codna, sakmarisia
mxolod im nawilebisa, romlebsac modelisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT.
simulaciebis Sesaxeb sxva SeniSvnebic SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, magaliTad:
423
 sirTulis da qaosis Teoria, romelic safuZvlad udevs bevr maTematikur

simulacias, SeiZleba xsnides mravalferovan, cvalebad Sedegebs (rogorc es
skolis efeqturobis kvlevaSi vnaxeT), magram ra saxis Carevebs sTavazoben
praqtikosebs, Tundac, skolebSi gaumjobesebis misaRwevad _ aq axsna
retrospeqciulia da ara _ prospeqtuli (Morrison 2002a). es kritikuli SeniSvna
imTaviTve moixsneba, Tu mkvlevari axerxebs cvladebis parametrebis manipulirebas
da imis danaxvas, Tu ra moxdeba amis Sedegad;
 rogor adgens mkvlevari simulaciis asagebad saWiro ZiriTad sawyis parametrebs
(konstruqtis validoba) da aqedan dawyebul simulaciebs rogor mivyavarT
praqtikul rekomendaciebamde?
 ramdenad misaRebia, rom sistema erTi da igive formulis/modelis mravaljerad
gameorebad aRiqmeba?
 qaoturi sirTulis (mecnieruli gagebiT) Seswavlisas, rogor axerxebs mkvlevari
ukuprocesiT imuSaos da im pirvel principebs, elementebs an sawyis pirobebs
miagnos, romlebic mniSvnelovania _ rTuli Sedegi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebuli, sul sxva sawyisi pirobebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi iyos. es
skineris biheviorizmis Comskiseul (1959) gamanadgurebel kritikas hgavs _ qcevaze
dakvirvebaze dayrdnobiT SeuZlebelia konkretuli stimulis Sesaxeb daskvnis
gakeTeba, Cven ar SegviZlia dakvirvebidan an navaraudevi efeqtidan mizezze
daskvnis gakeTeba;
 simulaciebi mxolod sawyisi pirobebis urTierTqmedebas amuSaveben da uSveben da
amiT ugulebelyofen „gzaze“ damatebiTi faqtorebis gamoCenas, anu, procesi Zalze
deterministulia (da mainc, arsebobs kompiuteruli simulaciebi, romlebSic
kompiuteri „swavlobs“ simulaciis procesSi);
 yovelive zemoTqmulidan mxolod is iTqva saRi azris doneze, rom adamianebis
urTierTqmedeba araprognozirebul da araprognozirebad qcevas warmoqmnis. mas
Zalze mimzidvels isic xdis, rom is moqmedebis apologetia;
 dagegmilma Carevebma Tavidan SeiZleba imuSaos, magram saboloo jamSi _ ara
(savaraudod, hoTornis efeqtis gameoreba); Cven mxolod imis winaswarmetyveleba
SegviZlia, rom ar SegviZlia winaswarmetyveleba;
 adamianuri cvladebiT manipulireba teqnikis saqmea;
424
 qceva ufro metia, vidre erTi da igive maTematikuri modelis mravaljeradi

gameoreba;
 yovelTvis uzarmazari gansxvaveba iqneba realur da simulaciiT miRebul
samyaroebs Soris, im SemTxvevis garda, rodesac isini arafrismomcem martiv
doneze ganixilebian;
 adamianebis, rogorc agentebis moraluri da gaazrebuli qceva ar aris iseTi
martivi, rogorc sicocxlis sxva formebis instinqturi qceva, usulo fenomenebi,
rasac kompiuterul simulaciebSi swavloben (magaliTad, Sesabamisad, frinvelebi
da mwerebi, qviSis grovebi);
 sxva raodenobrivi midgomebis msgavsad, simulaciebSi SeiZleba kombinirebuli iyos
procesis daxvewa da daumuSavebeli cnebebi (Ruddock 1981: 49);
 Tu realoba moTamaSeTa „zurgs ukan muSaobs“, maSin sad Zevs qmedebebze
pasuxismgebloba? rogor moqmedebs Tavisufali neba kompiuterul simulaciebSi?
 Tu kompiuterul simulaciaSi SesaZlebelia SemTxveviTi elementis Setana, es
niSnavs, rom simulacia ramdenjerme unda ganxorcieldes, raTa sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobis pirobebSi dadgindes simulaciis simyare da cvlilebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba;
 samyaros ricxvebze dayvana, rogori daxvewili da damuSavebulic ar unda iyos,
ubralod mcdaria; samyaro Zalian rTulia ricxvebisTvis.
es seriozuli kritikaa da imaze miuTiTebs, rom kvlevis am sferoSi bevria

gasakeTebeli legitimurobis mosapoveblad. agentobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, radgan
SeiZleba amtkicon, rom kompiuterul simulaciebSi is ufro sustia, vidre realur
cxovrebaSi; Tumca vuldriji da jeningsi (Wooldridge and Jennongs 1995), marTalia,
aRiareben amas, magram Tvlian, rom kompiuterul sistemaSi moqmed agentebs iseTi
Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi aqvT, rogoricaa damoukidebloba, proaqtiuloba,
reaqtiuloba da socialuri unari.
kritika ar uaryofs kompiuterul simulaciebs. piriqiT, mis ganviTarebisa da
winsvlisken iswrafvis. konceptualur da praqtikul doneebze gamoTqmuli es
SeniSnvnebi simulaciebis sawinaaRmdegod ki ar aris mimarTuli, aramed _ maTi
ganviTarebisa da daxvewisken. maTgan bevrs unda velodoT da, ganaTlebisgan
gansxvavebiT, mecnierebis sxva sferoebSi ukve sakmao RirebulebiT sargebloben.
425
sirTulis Teoriisa da simulaciebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi informaciisTvis

mimarTeT Semdeg vebgverdebs:
http://www.santafe.edu (santa fe institutis (Sante Fe Institute) vebgverdi _ sirTulis Teoriis
Semswavleli mTavri instituti);
http://www.brint.com/Systems.html (vebgverdi, romelzec mocemulia sirTulis Teoriis Sesaxeb
masalebis indeqsi);
www.complexity-society.com (didi britaneTis sirTulis Teoriis sazogadoeba);
http://emergence.org/ (Jurnalis Emergence: Complexitiy and Organization vebgverdi);
http://jornal-ci.csse.monash.edu.au// (Jurnalis Complexity International veg gverdi);
http://www.udel.edu/aeracc/sites (sirTulis Teoriis Sesaxeb vebgverdebis bmulebi);
http://www.answers.com/complex%20systems%theory (sirTulis Teoriis Sesaxeb vebgverdebis
bmulebi).
daskvna
simulaciis meTodebi mTeli rigi iseTi problemebis aRmofxvris saSualebebs

iZleva, romlebic laboratoriuli eqsperimenebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenen.
amasTanave, isini inarCuneben maT zogierT Rirsebas. rogorc pelisi (Palys 1978)
SeniSnavs, simulaciebisa da eqsperimentebis saerTo maxasiaTebelia, rom
eqsperimentatori srulad akontrolebs mTliani situaciis yvela aspeqts da
manipulirebs. amasTanave, cdis pirebis adamianuri buneba xeluxlebeli rCeba im mxriv,
rom isini realur situaciaSi Tavsdebian, sadac ise iqcevian, rogorc saWirod
Tvlian. drois ganzomilebis CarTva simulaciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani SenaZenia,
rac cdis pirs garemosTan urTierTqmedebaSi aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebis saSualebas
aZlevs, xolo eqsperimentators _ socialuri sistemis moqmedebaSi dakvirvebis
SesaZleblobas, misi ukukavSiris jaWviT, mravalmimarTulebiani mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebiTa da a.S. da bolos, aRniSnavs pelisi _ CarTulobis maRali xarisxi, rac,
Cveulebriv, simulaciebSi monawileobas ukavSirdeba, aCvenebs, rom laboratoriul
eqsperimentTan asocirebuli TviTcnobiereba gacilebiT iolad iflangeba.
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom es ar aris bolomde simulacia, kompiuterul geografiul

sainformacio sistemebs ufro da ufro metad iyeneben ganaTlebis sferoSi
warmoebul kvlevaSi, magaliTad, moswavleebis mozidvasa da skolis arCevis
paternebis ganxilvisas. ganaTlebis politikas xSirad geografiuli mdgeneli da
426
ganzomileba aqvs, magaliTad, dafarvis areali, skolebis daxurva, Tavisufali miReba

da skolis arCeva, resursebisa da finansuri xarjebis ganawileba, Sefasebis qulebisa
da gamocdebis Sedegebis ganawileba. geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi
kompiuteris bazaze Seqmnili sistemaa, romelic sivrcobrivi monacemebis
dafiqsirebisTvis, SenaxvisTvis, SemowmebisTvis, analizisa da warmodgenisTvis aris
mowodebuli; masSi gaerTianebulia rogorc didi moculobis, ise _ mcire zomis da
sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebuli sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi (Worrall 1990; Parsons et al. 1996;
Gorard et al. 2002). es politikuri iniciativebis mniSvnelobisa da Sedegebis
gamosavlenad gamodgeba, magaliTad: „ra Sedegi moitana mSoblebis mier skolis
dafarvis arealis Taobaze gakeTebulma arCevanma?“; „rogor nawildeba gamocdis
qulebi konkretul regionSi?“; „ramdenad efeqturia saSualo skolebis momarageba
mocemuli populaciisTvis?“; „rogor SeiZleba gaumjobesdes transportis momsaxureba,
romelsac moswaleebi saxlidan skolaSi da ukan dahyavs?“; „ra miuTiTebs konkretul
qalaqSi ‚mimzidveli„ da ‚wyalwaRebuli„ skolebis warmoqmnaze?“; am magaliTebis
monacemebi warmodgenilia 10. 2 da 10. 3. CanarTebSi
cxadia, rom aseTi monacemebis politikuri sensitiuroba da mniSvnelovneba
ganuzomelia da gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba kvleva uSualod CaerTos politikasa
da mis efeqtebSi. parsonsi da misi kolegebi (1996) ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis am
mimarTulebis martiv da srulad referirebul Sesavals gvTavazoben. isini gvirCeven
iseTi SemTxvevebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa skolis dafarvis arealebi da gamocdaze
naCenebi Sedegebi, skolis dafarvis arealebis xelaxali gadanawileba da dafarvaSi
gadaadgilebebis paternebi.
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebis (GIS) Sesaxeb internetSi informaciis
mosaZieblad SegiZliaT ramdenime vebgverds gaecnoT, Tu saZiebo sistemaSi CawerT _
„ganaTlebis sferoSi kvleva geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi“ an qvemoT
CamoTvlil vebgverdebs Semdeg misamarTebze ewvioT :
CanarTi 10. 2.
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi saSualo skolebSi
skola A, skola B
A skolis moswavleebi, B skolis moswavleebi, A da Bskolis moswavleebi
dafarvis zonis sazRvrebi
wyaro:LParsons et al. 1996
427
CanarTi 10. 3.
saxlis safosto kodebis gansazRvra geografiuli sainformacio sistemebis gamoyenebiT
skola A, skola B
A skolis moswavleebi, B skolis moswavleebi, A da B skolis moswavleebi
dafarvis zonis sazRvrebi, 100 metriani buferuli zona
wyaro:LParsons et al. 1996
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html (geografiuli sainformacio sistemebis (GIS)

World Wide Web resursebis CamonaTvali);
http://www.tec.army.mil/gis/ (ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul bmulebsac moicavs);
http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gis_gateway.html (geografiuli sainformacio sistemebis
Sesaxeb resursebi aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biurodan);
http://www.geo.uni.bonn.de/members/haack/gisinfo.html (evropuli bmulebis serveri);
http://unr.edu/homepage/daved/gislinks.html (geografiuli sainformacio sistemebis Sesaxeb
resursebi internetSi).
428
თემა 8. პიროვნული კონსტრუქტები
20 pirovnuli konstruqtebi
Sesavali
pirovnuli konstruqtebi pirovnebis srul da formalurad Camoyalibebul
TeoriaSi analizis ZiriTadi erTeulia, romelic jorj kelis ekuTvnis da
gadmocemulia wignSi „pirovnuli konstruqtebis fsiqologia“ (1955). keli
sakuTarma klinikurma gamocdilebam miiyvana mosazrebamde, rom ar arsebobs
obieqturi, absoluturi WeSmariteba da movlenebi azrs mxolod maSin iZenen,
rodesac adamianebi maT mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. kelis, ZiriTadad, individebis
mier sakuTari garemos aRqma, aRqmulis interpretacia maTive fsiqikuri
struqturis terminebiT da Sedegad, mocemul garemoSi maTi qceva ainteresebs.
„pirovnuli konstruqtebis fsiqologiaSi“ keli gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom
adamianebi aqtiurad arian dakavebulni garemosTvis azris miniWebiTa da
TavianTi gamocdilebis gamdidrebiT. pirovnuli konstruqtebi is
ganzomilebebia, romelTac Cveni yoveldRiuri garemos/samyaros sxvadasxva
aspeqtis konceptualizaciisTvis viyenebT da, rogorc keli wers, adamianebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad ageben movlenebs. Cvens mier Seqmnil
konstruqtebs movlenebis winaswar ganWvretisa da situaciebis manamde
warmosadgenad viyenebT, sanam isini realurad moxdebodes. es konstruqtebi
zogjer jgufebad erTiandeba, romlebic qvemdgomisa da zemdgomis
urTierTobebSi xorcieldeba. kelis mixedviT, Cven mecnieris rols virgebT da
429
im movlenebis prognozirebasa da gakontrolebas vcdilobT, romelSic

CaTreulni aRmovCndebiT. kelis ganmartebiT, adamianis qceva „misi sic.
valdebulebebis, mis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis, wamowyebuli kvleva-Ziebisa da
gamoyenebuli strategiebis erTobliobaSi mdgomareobs“ (Kelly 1969). kelis
azriT, ganaTleba aucileblad eqsperimentulia. misi saboloo mizani
individis srulyofa da misi potencialis maqsimaluri ganviTareba,
mocemuli individis saWiroebebis gamoyeneba da kvleva-Ziebaa.
kelis Teoriis centraluri principebi fundamenturi postulatisa da misgan
gamomdinare daskvnebis saxiTaa formulirebuli. aq ar vapirebT am Teoris
dawvrilebiT ganxilvas. komentarebi ix. Bannister (1970) da Ryle (1975) (aseve,
http://brint.com/PTC.htm), xolo Teoriis srul mimoxilvas fei fransela
gvTavazobs Tavis naSromSi (International Handbook of Personal Construct Psychology Fay
Fransella 2004) (aseve, ix. Fransella 2005). aq mxolod kelis mier SemoTavazebul
meTods ganvixilavT, romelic konstruqtebis moZiebasa da maT Soris
maTematikuri mimarTebis dadgenas moiazrebs da repertuaris badis teqnikis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
meTodis maxasiaTeblebi
keli (1955) varaudobs, rom yovel pirovnebas „konstruqtebis“ SezRudul
raodenobaze miuwvdeba xeli, romliTac igi Tavisi samyaros Semadgenel
fenomenebs afasebs. am fenomenebs _ adamianebs, movlenebs, sagnebs, ideebs,
institutebs da a. S. _ „elementebi“ ewodebaT. keli Tvlis, rom konstruqtebi,
romlebsac TiToeuli Cvengani iyenebs, SegviZlia bipolarulad miviCnioT, anu,
SesaZlebelia maTi polaruli zedsarTavi saxelebiT (kargi_cudi) an frazebiT
(kargad mxdis _ cudad mxdis) gansazRvra.
kelis mier repertuaris badis teqnikis pirvelad SemoTavazebis Semdeg misi
sxvadasxvagvari forma Seiqmna. dReisaTvis arsebul yvela teqnikas ori saerTo
maxasiaTebeli aerTianebs. Ees maxasiaTeblebia: konstruqtebi _ ganzomilebebi,
romelsac pirovneba sakuTari samyaros konceptualizaciisTvis iyenebs da
elementebi _ stimulebi, romlebsac pirovneba Tavisi konstruqtebiT afasebs.
430
CanarTSi 20. 1 warmodgenilia kelis mier SemoTavazebuli empiriuli teqnika,

romelic konstruqtebis miRebisTvis da maTi elementebTan kavSiris, kerZod ki
repertuaris badis saxiT, dadgenisTvisaa mowodebuli.
CanarTi 20. 1.
konstruqtebis moZieba da repertuaris badis ageba
pirovnebas misTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime adamianis dasaxeleba moeTxoveba. aseTi
adamiani SeiZleba iyos deda, mama, meuRle, megobari, TanamSromeli, sulieri moZRvari.
dasaxelebuli adamianebi qmnian repertuaris badis elementebs.
Semdeg mas sTxoven dasaxelebuli elementebis samwevrian jgufebad ise gaaerTianos,
rom samidan ori wevri raRaciT hgavdnes erTmaneTs da, amasTanave, gansxvavdebodnen
mesamesgan. is, riTic emsgavsebian an gansxvavdebian elementebi erTmaneTisgan, aris
konstruqti, romelic, zogadad, bipolarul saxisaa (sityvaZunwi_enawyliani,
Zunwi_guluxvi, Tbili_civi). imas, riTic ori elementi hgavs erTmaneTs, konstruqtis
msgavsebis polusi ewodeba, xolo imas, riTic gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan _
kontrastis polusi.
badis asagebad cdis pirs yoveli elementis TiToeuli konstruqtis msgavsebis an
kontrastis polusze moTavsebas vTxovT. davuSvaT, rom  konstruqtis erTi
polusia, xolo carieli adgili _ meore. Sedegad aseT suraTs miviRebT:
konstruqtebi elementebi
A B C D E F
1 sityvaZunwi_enawyliani    
2 Zunwi_guluxvi   
3 Tbili_civi  
axla SesaZlebelia miRebuli badidan sxvadasxva tipis informaciis miReba.

magaliTad, TiToeuli striqonis SeswavliT SegviZlia garkveuli warmodgena
SeviqmnaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gansazRvravs pirovneba TiToeul konstruqts misi
sayvareli adamianebiT. TiToeul svetSi mocemulia cdis piris mier arCeuli
konstruqtiT aRwerili misTvis mniSvnelovani calkeuli adamianis pirovnuli
431
profili. badis monacemebis ufro detaluri ganxilva teqstSi warmodgenil

magaliTebSia mocemuli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kelly 1969
mas Semdeg, rac kelim (1955) pirvelad aRwera is, rasac Tavad „rolis
konstruqtis repertuaris badis testi“ uwoda, repertuaris badis ramdenime
varianti SeimuSaves da gamoiyenes. am teqnikis moqnilobam da
adaptirebadobam ganapiroba misi efeqturi gamoyeneba fsiqiatriaSi,
konsultirebasa da, bolo periodSi, ganaTlebis sferoSi. aq mis ramdenime
formasa da gamoyenebas gavecnobiT. alban-metqalfis (Alban-Metcalf 1997: 318)
azriT, repertuaris bades, ZiriTadad, orgvari gamoyeneba aqvs: misi
„statikuri“ forma drois mocemul momentSi adamianis mier sxvebis aRqmas
avlens, xolo „dinamikuri“ formis SemTxvevaSi, meTodis ganmeorebiTi
gamoyeneba am aRqmis droSi cvlilebaze migviTiTebs. es ukanaskneli
ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis gamosavlenad gamodgeba.
repertuaris badisa da triadebis Seqmnis magaliTebi ix.
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 20, faili 20. 1. doc).
„moZiebuli“ da „miwodebuli“ konstruqtebi

repertuaris badis „standartuli“ forma mkvlevars savaraudod im
konstruqtebis moZiebis saSualebas aZlebs, romlebsac cdis pirebi maTTvis
mniSvnelovani adamianebis qcevis prognozirebisa da interpretaciisTvis
iyeneben. pirovnuli konstruqtebis moZiebis keliseuli meTodi cdis pirebisgan
garkveuli raodenobis baraTebis ganxilvas moiTxovs, romelTagan
„TiToeulze mis cxovrebaSi arsebuli adamianis saxelia aRniSnuli“.
analogiurad, elementebis identificirebisas, cdis pirebs ekiTxebian:
„nebismieri ori maTgani elementi raime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebliT xom ar
gansxvavdeba mesamesgan?“, anu xdeba triaduli moZieba ix. Nash 1976). pirovnuli
konstruqtebis TeoriaSi centraluri adgili ukavia mniSvnelovani adamianebis
da maTi msgavsi an gansxvavebuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis dasaxelebas ,
432
ris Sedegadac cdis pirebi Tavad asaxeleben konstruqtebsac da elementebsac.

keli zustad gamosaxavs individualobis Sedegs: „pirovnebebi erTmaneTisgan
movlenebis agebiT gansxvavdebian.“
dResdReobiT, farTod gamoyenebuli repertuaris badis ramdenime forma
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kelis individualobis Sedegisgan imiT, rom isini
cdis pirebisgan ki ar iReben konstruqtebs, aramed, piriqiT _ maTTvis qmnian am
konstruqtebs.
miwodebuli konstruqtebis erT-erTi dasabuTeba individualuri Sedegis
railiseul komentarSia mocemuli: „keli sakmaod mcire yuradRebas uTmobda
ganviTarebisa da socialur procesebs“; raili (1975) aRniSnavs, rom „mas
pirovnuli ainteresebda da ara _ socialuri“. raili (1975) Tvlis, rom
individualobis Sedegs gaaZlierebs damatebiTi debuleba, romelic Semdegs
gulisxmobs: „pirovnebebi erTmaneTs movlenebis agebiT hgvanan“.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara cdis pirebisTvis konstruqtebis miwodebis praqtikis
individualobis Sedegebis daSvebebTan Sewyvileba? literaturis mimoxilva
cxadyofs rom aseTi Sewyvileba SesaZlebelia da am kiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTia.
kvlevis mixedviT, individebi sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis aRwerisas garedan

miwodebuli ganzomilebebis nacvlad sakuTari konstruqtebis gamoyenebas aniWeben
upiratesobas... zogierTi kvlevis Sedegi aCvenebs, rom normaluri cdis pirebi, sul
mcire, daaxloebiT iseTive diferenciaciis aCveneben zedmiwevniT SerCeuli
zedsarTavi saxelebis CamonaTvalis gamoyenebisas, rogorsac Tavad Seqmnili
pirovnuli konstruqtebis SemTxvevaSi.
(Adams-Webber 1979)
informacia moZiebuli da miwodebuli konstruqtebis dapirispirebis, rogorc

„badiT generirebuli“ problemis, Sesaxeb ix. Fransella and Bannister (1977).
banisteri da mairi (1968) Tvlian, rom miwodebuli konstruqtebis gamoyeneba
iseT eqsperimentebSia SesaZlebeli sadac hipoTezebia formulirebuli da
saWiroa jgufebs Soris Sedareba . miwodebulisa da moZiebuli
konstruqtebis erTad gamoyeneba pirvelis mniSvnelovnebis gadamowmebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, moZiebul da miwodebul konstruqtebs Soris
433
mniSvnelovnad dabali korelacia, savaraudod, mkvlevaris mier am

SeTavazebuli konstruqtis Seusabamobaze miuTiTebs. benisterisa da mairis
(1968) mtkicebiT, mkvlevrebis mier miwodebuli polaruli zedsarTavi saxelebi
an frazebi maTTvis saintereso fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebis verbaluri
eqvivalentebia.
konstruqtis elementebis gadanawileba

rodesac cdis pirs saSualeba eZleva maqsimalurad didi an mcire raodenobis
elementi ganaTavsos msgavsebis an kontrastis polusebze, xSirad Zalian
calmxrivi konstruqti miiReba, rac SemdgomSi konstruqtebis
urTierTmimarTebis Sefasebis damaxinjebis safrTxes qmnis. benisteri da mairi
(1968) am problemis gadaWris or meTods gvTavazoben, romelic
ilustrirebulia CanarTSi 20. 2.
pirveli meTodi e.w. „Suaze gaxleCvis forma“, cdis pirisgan TiToeuli
konstruqtis msgavsebis polusze elementebis naxevris ganTavsebas moiTxovs.
instruqciis Sesabamisad, cdis pirma unda gadawyvitos Tu romel elements
Seesabameba yvelaze metad TiToeul konstruqtSi aRwerili maxasiaTebeli.
danarCeni elementebi kontrastis polusze Tavsdeba. rogorc benisteri (1970)
aRiSnavs, am teqnikis gamoyenebis Sedegad, is konstruqtebi (magaliTad,
mdedrobiTi _ mamrobiTi), romelTa polusebze kompaqturad ganTavseba ver
moxerxdeba, SeiZleba gamoiricxos.
meore meTodi, e.w. „ranguli rigis forma“, rogorc saxelwodeba migviTiTebs,
cdis pirisgan elementebisTvis rangebis miniWebas anu ranJirebas moiTxovs
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis (msgavsebis polusis aRweris Sesabamisad)
maqsimalurad gamkveTili elementidan minimalurad gamokveTili elementis
CaTvliT. rogorc 20. 2 CanarTis meore magaliTi gviCvenebs, nebismieri ori
konstruqtis elementebis gamoyofis msgavsebis xarisxis Sesafaseblad
ranguli korelaciis koeficienti SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. benisteris mixedviT
(1970), „konstruqtebis urTierTkavSiris“ qulebi gamoiTvleba korelaciis
koeficientebis kvadratSi ayvaniTa da 100-ze gamravlebiT. (vinaidan
434
korelaciebi arawrfiv kavSirSia, maT qulebad ver gamoviyenebT).

konstruqtebis urTierTkavSiris qula procentuli dispersiis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva, romelic, badis ranJirebis mixedviT, saerToa ori
konstruqtisTvis.
elementebis gadanawilebis mesame meTodia e.w. „reitingis forma“. aq cdis pirs
yoveli elementis 7- an 5-qulian skalaze Sefaseba moeTxoveba, magaliTad,
“Zalian lamazidan” (7) “Zalian uSnos” farglebSi maxasiaTeblis gamoyenebisas.
(1). reitingis formis upiratesobebze saubrisas, benisteri da mairi (1968)
aRniSnaven, rom is cdis pirebs elementebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebis met
SesaZleblobebs aZlevs, vidre amis saSualebas kelis mier SemoTavazebuli
originaluri forma iZleoda. amavdroulad, cdis pirisTvis moTxovnili
diferencirebis xarisxi SeiZleba ar iyos iseTi didi, rogorsac ranJirebis
meTodi iTxovs. ranJirebis msgavsad, reitingis formac iZleva umetesi
korelaciuri teqnikebis gamoyenebis saSualebas. reitingis forma mesame
magaliTi mocemulia CanarTSi 20. 2.
alban-metqarfs (1997: 317) miaCnia, rom repertuaris badis teqnikaSi
elementebis SerCeva ori principiT xdeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, elementebi
konstruqtis sistemis sakvlevi nawilis Sesabamisi unda iyos. meore
SemTxvevaSi SerCeuli elementebis reprezentaciulobaa saWiro. rac ufro meti
elemeneti an konstruqtia moZiebuli (Cveulebisamebr, 10 da 25), miT metia
reprezentaciulobis Sansi. konstruqtebi SeiZleba iyos fsiqologiuri
(magaliTad, „SfoTva“), fizikuri (magaliTad, „maRali“), situaciuri
(magaliTad, „am samezoblodan“) da qceviTi (magaliTad, „ sportSi
warmatebulia“).
435
CanarTi 20. 2.
konstruqtis elementebis gadanawilebis sami meTodi
magaliTi 1: Suaze gaxleCvis forma
elementebi konstruqtebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
     1 _ swrafi-neli
     2 – gvian-adre
     3 – saSiSi-usafrTxo
vinaidan cdis pirs elementebis naxevris erT polusze ganTavseba moeTxoveba, ori
konstruqtis 10 elementis Sedarebisas maTi Tanxvedris mosalodneli albaToba 5
iqneba. qulebis gadaxrebis gamoTvla albaTobis donidan SegviZlia. amgvarad, 5
Tanxvedra = 0; 1 da 2 konstruqtis SemTxvevaSi, Tanxvedrebis raodenoba = _3; 1 da 3
konstruqtis SemTxvevaSi = +1, xolo 2 da 3 konstruqtis SemTxvevaSi = _1.
konkretuli Tanxvedris miRebuli qulebis albaToba statistikur cxrilebSi
SeiZleba naxoT.
magaliTi 2: ranguli rigis forma
elementebi konstruqtebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 1 2 5 8 7 3 4 9 6 1 _ swrafi-neli
9 4 10 1 6 8 5 2 3 7 2 – gvian-adre
7 9 5 6 10 2 1 4 8 3 3 – saSiSi-usafrTxo
spirmenis ro (rS) urTierTkavSiris qulebi

konstruqtebi 1 da 2 =.15 (0.15)2  100 = +23
konstruqtebi 1 da 3 =.24 (0.24)2  100 = +58
konstruqtebi 2 da 3 = _.16 (_0.16)2  100 = _26
magaliTi 3:
reitingis forma
elementebi
436
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 konstruqtebi
4 4 2 1 4 3 5 1 5 2
1 1 3 5 1 3 2 2 5 5 1 _ swrafi
5 1 3 2 2 1 4 5 1 2 2 – gvian
3 – saSiSi
mocemulia 5-quliani reitingis skala, romelzec, magaliTSi mocemuli konstruqtebis

polusebi Semdegnairad lagdeba:
srulebiT ar saSualo Zalian hgavs

hgavs
1 2 3 4 5
benisteri da mairi (1968: 63 – 5) reitingis formidan konstruqtebs Soris

urTierTkavSiris gamoTvlis ramdenime meTods gvTavazoben. konstruqtebis
urTierTkavSiris sazomebis detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix. Fracsella and Bannister (1977: 60 –
72).
wyaro: adaptirebuli Bannister and Mair 1968
safexurisebri da piramidisebri konstruqtebi

teqnika, romelic safexurebad ganlagebis princips iTvaliswinebs, hinklim
(Hinkle 1965) Seqmna pirovnuli konstruqtebis Teoriis safuZvliani gadaxedvisa
da mis mier kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodis safuZvelze. hinklis individis
konstruqtebis sistemaSi nebismieri konstuqtis mdebareoba ainteresebda da
amtkicebda, rom konstruqts mocemul ierarqiul sistemaSi diferencialuri
Sedegebi aqvs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, konstruqts interviueri irCevs da
respondents mocemuli konkretuli elementis ama Tu im polusTan
Sesabamisobis dadgena moeTxoveba (Alban-Metcalf 1997: 316). ase moZiebuli
konstruqtebi individisTvis logikuri TanmimdevrobiT SeiZleba ganlagdes da
daqvemdebarebulisa da zemdgomi konstruqtebis ierarqiis saxiT gaerTiandes
437
(Alban-Metcalf 1997: 317). aseT ganlagebas „aRmavali safexurebrivi ganlageba”

hqvia, sadac daqvemdebarebuli konstruqtidan zemdgomisken vmoZraobT.
ukuprocesi (zemdgomidan daqvemdebarebulisken), romelsac „daRmaval
safexurebriv ganlagebas“ uwodeben, respodentisgan ama Tu im konstruqtis
konkretul pirovnebasTan Seesatyvisobis dadgenas moiTxovs.
hinklim (1965) Seqmna implikaciuri bade (Implication grid anu Impgrid), romelSic
cdis pirs Tavisi konstruqtebis sxvebTan Sedareba moeTxoveboda imis
dasadgenad, Tu romeli konstruqti romels moicavda. individis konstruqtebis
ierarqiul sistemaSi nebismieri konstruqtis poziciis dasadgenad xSirad
ismoda kiTxva „ratom?“. CanarTSi 20. 3 mocemulia safexurebad ganlagebuli
hinklis teqnika, romelsac Tan axlavs ganaTlebis sferodan motanili
magaliTi da romelsac Tavis naSromSi aRwers fransela (1975).
CanarTi 20. 3.
safexurebad ganlageba
konstruqtebi elementebi
maswavleblebi
A B C D E F G H
mamakacuri 2 1 5 4 3 6 8 7
seriozuli 6 2 1 3 8 4 5 7
kargi maswavlebeli
avtoritaruli
seqsualuri
moxuci
ewyoba sxvebs
martosuli
Cemnairi xasiaTis
rogoric, imedi maqvs, rom gavxdebi
ranJirebis matrica repertuaris badisTvis, sadac elementia „maswavleblebi.“
maswavleblis elementidan Svidi an rva konstruqtis moZiebis Semdeg, SegiZliaT

moZieba SewyvitoT, da „safexurebad ganalagoT“ ori an sami maTgani. ganlagebis es
procesi, faqtobrivad, sakuTari TavisTvis (an sxvisTvis) erTi konceptualuri
donidan meoreze abstrahirebis moTxovnaa. SegiZliaT kaci_qalidan daiwyoT, magram
438
ufro advili iqneba seriozuli_araseriozuli dawyeba. dafiqrdiT da TqviT, ra

ufro gendomebodaT _ seriozuli yofiliyaviT Tu araseriozuli. Tqveni pasuxi
SeiZleboda yofiliyo qarafSuta. Aaxla, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: „ratom?“ ratom
girCevniT, iyoT qarafSuta da ara _ seriozuli adamiani? pasuxis pirobiTi
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare albaT imitom, rom araseriozuli adamianebi ukeT ewyobian
sxvebs, vidre seriozulebi. isev hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: „ratom?“ ratom gindaT, iseTi
adamiani iyoT, romelic ukeT ewyoba sxvebs? iqneb ggoniaT, rom adamianebi, romlebic
kargad ar ewyobian sxvebs, martosulebi arian. ase ufro bevr konstruqts miiRebT,
magram iseTebs, romlebic manamde miRebul konstruqtebzea agebuli. badeSi nebismieri
moZiebuli konstruqtis Caweraa SesaZlebeli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Fransella 1975
piramidis agebisas respondentebs moeTxovebaT yuradReba gaamaxvilon

konkretul „elementze“ _ pirovnebaze da mxolod Semdeg daakonkreton am
pirovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. amis Semdeg respondents moeTxoveba
iseTi pirovnebis gaxseneba da dasaxeleba , romelsac sapirispiro
maxasiaTebeli aqvs. ase iqmneba konstruqtis ori polusi. bolos, TiToeul
sapirispiro poluss daRmavali mimarTulebiT safexurebad ganalageben da ase
ageben konstruqtebs Soris mimarTebebis piramidas (Alban-Metcalf 1997: 317). am
procesis ufro detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix. Butt (1995).
badis administrireba da analizi

badis administrirebis da analizis qvemoT mocemul magaliTSi konstruqtebSi
elementebis gadanawilebisTvis Suaze gaxleCvis meTodi da benisteris (1970)
mier SemuSavebuli „Ruzebis analizis“ formaa gamoyenebuli. Cveni varaudiT,
aRniSnul magaliTSi 20.1 CanarTSi warmodgenili teqnikis 16 elementi da 15
konstruqtia moZiebuli da gamoyenebuli.
439
badis administrirebis procedurebi
davxazoT CanarTSi 20. 1 warmodgenili badis msgavsi 16 (elementi)15

(konstruqti) zomis bade , zemoT davaweroT elementebis dasaxelebebi da
davamatoT erTi elementi saxelmwodebiT „me“. striqonebis gaswvriv
CamovweroT konstruqtebis polusebi.
axla gvaqvs bade, romelSic TiToeuli ujra konkretuli svetiTa (elementiT)
da konkretuli striqoniTaa (konstruqtiT) gansazRvruli. badis
administrireba yoveli elementis TiToeul konstruqtSi ganTavsebas
gulisxmobs. Tu, magaliTad, Tqveni pirveli konstruqtia „gulisxmieri_uxeSi“,
moaTavseT yoveli elementi aseT ganzomilebaSi: Tu pirovneba (elementi)
gulisxmieria, saTanado ujraSi CawereT „“, xolo Tu TvliT, rom is uxeSia,
maSin ujra carieli datoveT. darwmundiT, rom elementebis naxevari
„gulisxmieris“ niSniT iyos aRniSnuli, meore naxevari ki _ „uxeSis niSniT“.
igive gaimeoreT TiToeuli konstruqtisTvis da yovelTvis CawereT „“, Tu
elementi konstruqtis marcxena polusze Tavsdeba, xolo Tu is konstruqtis
marjvena polusze xvdeba _ ujra carieli datoveT. amgvarad unda
gadanawildes yvela elementi da maTi naxevari yovelTvis marcxena polusze
unda xvdebodes.
badis analizis procedurebi

bade SegviZlia konceptualur struqturad miviCnioT, romelSic konstruqtebi
imiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, rom erTsa da imave adamianebs (elementebs)
miewereba. es kavSiri konstruqtebis striqonebis urTierTTanxvedris procesiT
izomeba.
CanarTSi 20. 4, magaliTad, 1 da 2 konstruqtebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad,
daTvaleT TiToeul striqonSi Sesabamisi ujrebis Tanxvedrebis raodenoba.
Tanxvedrad iTvleba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive elementi
erTnairadaa aRniSnuli orive striqonSi, anu, orive SemTxvevaSi moniSnulia
„“ simboloTi an carieli adgilia datovebuli. ase magaliTad, CanarTSi 20.4 1
da 2 konstruqtebis eqvsi Tanxvedra SegviZlia davTvaloT. albaTobis
440
mixedviT savaraudod, rva (16-dan) Tanxvedraa mosalodneli da, albaTobidan

misi gansxvavebis Sesafaseblad, es raodenoba dakvirvebul sixSires SegviZlia
gamovakloT.
konstruqtebi Tanxvedra gansxvavebis qula
1 _ 2 6 6 _ 8 = _2
CanarTi 20. 4
elementebi
konstruqt me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 konstruqti
i         uxeSi
gulisxmie daurwmunebe
ri         li
darwmunebu
li
pirveli konstruqtis yvela sxva danarCen konstruqtTan (3... 15) Sedarebis

Sedegad yoveli SedarebisTvis TiTo qulas miviRebT. Semdeg gadavdivarT
meore konstruqtze da vadarebT mas yvela sxva danarCen (3, .. 15) konstruqts
da a. S., badeSi warmodgenili yoveli konstruqti saTiTaod Sedardeba
danarCenebs da Sedegad, gansxvavebuli qulebi miiReba. miRebuli Sedegebi
iwereba matricaSi da ivseba sarkiseburad areklili mxare. (ix. CanarTi 20. 5 _
gansxvavebis qula 1_2 konstruqtebisTvis). gansxvavebis qulis niSani („+“ an
„_“) SenarCunebulia, romelic kavSiris mimarTulebaze miuTiTebs. niSani „+“
konstruqtebis pozitiur kavSiris, xolo niSani „_“, maT Soris negatiuri
kavSiris maCvenebelia.
441
CanarTi 20. 5
gansxvavebis qula konstruqtebisTvis
konstruqti
1 2 15
_2
1
konstruqti
2 _2
15 ΣD
axla matricis TiToeuli svetisTvis (konstruqtisTvis) davajamoT

(ugulebelvyoT niSnebi) gansxvavebis qulebi. ganxvavebis udidesi qulis mqone
konstruqti statistikurad xsnis yvelaze did dispersias badeSi. es
davimaxsovroT. axla SevxedoT matricas da movZebnoT axlaxans aRniSnul
konstruqtTan udidesi magram umniSvnelo kavSiris mqone konstruqti (16-
elementiani badis SemTxvevaSi, ix. CanarTi 20. 4, gansxvavebis qula 3 an masze
naklebi iqneba). meore konstruqti SegviZlia pirvelis marTobul
ganzomilebad miviCnioT. mocemuli ori konstruqti erToblivad qmnis
organzomilebian sistemas, romelzec pirovnebis fsiqologiuri sivrcis
gamosaxva SegviZlia.
Tu davuSvebT, rom „gulisxmieri_uxeSi“ umaRlesi gansxvavebis qulis mqone
konstruqtia da yvelaze umniSvnelod dakavSirebuli konstruqti _
„darwmunebuli_daurwmunebeli“, maSin badeSi mocemuli yoveli sxva
konstruqti sibrtyeze am ori RerZis gaswvriv SegviZlia ganvaTavsoT.
amisaTvis koordinatebad gansxvavebis qulebi gamogvadgeba, romlebic
TiToeuli konstruqtisa da RerZebad gamoyenebuli konstruqtebis Tanxvedras
Seesatyviseba. am gziT „pirovnuli konstruqtebis sivrcis“ piqtoruli
gamosaxulebis miReba SegviZlia da daskvnebi sibrtyeze datanil konstruqtebs
Soris sivrculi mimarTebis safuZvelze gakeTdeba (ix. CanarTi 20. 6).
442
CanarTi 20. 6.
badis matrica
+8 gulisxmieri
darwmunebuloba daurwmunebloba
_8 0 +8
_8 uxeSi
sawyisi badis 90 gradusiT mobrunebiTa da svetebis mimarT (figurebi)

Tanxvedris igive proceduris gameorebiT, msgavsi rukis miReba badeSi
CarTuli adamianebisTvisac (figurebisTvisac) SegviZlia. badisebr matricebze
sxvadasxva sirTulis analizi SegviZlia CavataroT. CanarTSi 20. 1
konstruqtebis urTierTmimarTebis gamoTvlis umartivesi gza warmogidgineT.
statistikaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxvelisTvis, arsebobs mTeli rigi
programebi, romelic badis analizisTvisaa gankuTvnili
(http://www.brint.com/PCT.htm). metruli faqtoruli analizi safuZvlianad aris
ganxiluli franselas da banisteris, Fransella and Bannister (1977: 73 – 81) da poupisa
da kinis Pope and Keen (1981: 77 – 91) mier
badis analizis arametruli meTodebSi cladebsa da faqtorebs Soris wrfivi
kavSiris arseboba daSvebuli ar aris. metic, rodesac mkvlevars upiratesad,
elementebs Soris mimarTebebi ainteresebs, maSin mravalganzomilebiani
skalireba monacemebisadmi ufro marTebuli midgoma iyos, vidre _ ZiriTadi
komponentebis analizi.
ama Tu im meTodis SerCeva, statistikur sizustes da fsiqologiur
sasurvelobas unda efuZnebodes. rogorc fransela da benisteri (1977)
aRniSnaven, daxvewili kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba ricxvebSi
gaxlarTvis saSiSroebas qmnis. am ukanasknelTa rekomendaciiT, vinc badis
analizisTvis kompiuterul programebs iyenebs, kompiuteris mier warmoebuli
operaciebis Sesaxeb Tundac intuiciuri warmodgena unda hqondes.
443
repertuaris badis teqnikis Zlieri mxareebi

socialur mecnierebaSi interpretacias, romelSic mkvlevari monawileTa mier
mimdinare movlenebisTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelobebis gagebas cdilobs,
repertuaris badis teqnika udides SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs. mas SeuZlia
mkvlevari uxvi da mdidari sainterpretacio masaliTuzrunvelyos. fosterisa
(Foster 1992) da neimeieris (Neimeyer 1992) kvlevis mixedviT, repertuaris bade
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia individis pirovnuli konstruqtebis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaswavlad. 16 wlis mozardi vaJis karieruli
miznebisTvis Sesatyvisi konstruqtebis gamonaTqvamebis konkretizaciis mizniT,
fosterma (1992) e.w. badis mimoxilvisa da organizebis samuSao rveuli (Grid
Review and Organazing Workbook – GROW) anu, pirovnuli konstruqtebis Teoriaze
dafuZnebuli struqturirebuli procedura gamoiyena. neimeierma (1992) 19 wlis
studenti gogonas karieruli konsultirebisas profesiuli repertuaris
tests (Vocational Reptest) iyenebda. aRniSnuli testis Sesabamisad, studenti
erTmaneTs upirispirebda da adarebda sxvadasxva profesiul elements
(saqmianobebs), xolo konstruqtebis ierarqiis dasadgenad, safexurebrivi
ganlagebis teqnika iqna gamoyenebuli. repertuaris badis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia individSi garkveuli saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebiT
gamowveuli cvlilebebis dasadgenadac. burkem da misma kolegebma (Burke et al
1992)1 am meTodiT teqnikuri sagnebis maswavleblebis jgufSi im cvlilebebis
identicifireba SeZles, romelic orwliani sakvalifikacio swavlis periodSi
maTi konstruqtebis sistemaSi moxda.
repertuaris badis modificirebul formati („diada“ da „ormagi diada“)
ganixilavs urTierTobebs elementebs Soris da ara urTierTobebs adamianebs
Soris. aRniSnul formatSi naCvenebia aseTi tipis badis momatebuli
sensitiuroba iseT sferoebSiadaptaciis problemebis gamovlenisas, rogoricaa
ojaxuri konsultacia (Alexander and Neimeyer 1989) da sportis fsiqologia (Feixas
et al. 1989).
da bolos, rogorc salmonis (Salmon 1969), eiplibisa (Applebee 1976) da eptingis
(Epting 1988) kvlevebma aCvena, repertuaris badis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia
444
bavSvebSi konstruqtebis urTierTmimarTebebis modelebisa da am mimarTebebis

damyarebis cvalebadi bunebis Seswavlac.
repertuaris badis teqnikis gamoyenebis sirTuleebi

fransela da benisteri (1977) badis teqnikis Seqmnasa da gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebul mTel rig siZneleebze miuTiTeben, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesi,
albaT, badis formisa da analizis teqnikur winsvlasa da maT Teoriul
safuZvels Soris mzardi ufskrulia. rogorc Cans, es teqnika swrafad
viTardeba da ixveweba (magaliTad, ixileT http://www.brint.com/PTC.htm).
meore sirTule im formis badeebis bipolarulobas ukavSirdeba, romlebSic,
Cveulebriv, konstruqtis mxolod erTi polusi gamoiyeneba. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba aramarTebulad daaskvnan konstruqtebis sapirispiro polusebis
Sesaxeb. „moRunuli“ konstruqtebis miRebis SesaZleblobis ilustracia,
romelic iorkes (Yorke 1978) ekuTvnis, moZiebuli konstruqtebis bipolarobis
uzrunvelsayofad urTierTsapirispiro cnebaTa meTodis efeqturobaze
miuTiTebs.
mesame siZnele konstruqtebis moZiebasa da safexurebriv ganlagebas
ukavSirdeba. fransela da benisteri (1977) aRniSnaven, rom safexurebad
ganlageba xelovnebaa da ara _ mecniereba. cdis pirisTvis konstruqtebis
Tavze moxveva sruliad dauSvebelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT didi sifrTxile
gvmarTebs. yvelaferTan erTad, mkvlevars cdis pirebis mosmena unda SeeZlos.
iorke (1978) reitingis badeebTan dakavSirebul ramdenime problemas asaxelebs:
 pirovnulad naklebad mniSvnelovani elementebis aRqmis cvalebadoba;

 badis administrirebis procesSi im konteqstis cvalebadoba,
romelSic elementebi aRiqmeba;
 cdis piris mier matricis Sevsebis danaxvis SemTxvevaSi, reitingebze
Saravandedis efeqtis moqmedeba;
 reitingis skalis SemTxveviTi Sebruneba (gonebrivi gadarTva „5 =
maRali“ donidan „1 = maRal“ done, savaraudod, umaRlesi xarisxis
maCveneblad orive gamoiyeneba _ „5 qulac“ da „1 qulac“ ). es SeiZleba
445
moxdes rogorc konstruqtis SigniT, aseve, konstruqtebs Sorisac.

gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia maSin, rodesac triadebSi uaryofiTi an
navaraudevi uaryofiTi Tviseba miewereba wyvils;
 reitingis proceduris wesebis Seusrulebloba. magaliTad, sadac
wyvili 5-quliani skalis zeda boloSi unda ganTavsebuliyo, erT
badeSi vxedavT Semdegnairad Sefasebul triadebs: 5, 4, 4; 1, 1, 2; 1, 2, 4,
romelic kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs konstruqtebsa da maT
damokidebulebas elementebTan.
Tumca, repertuaris badis yvelaze fundamenturi kritikis mixedviT, es

ukanaskneli nomoTetur pozitivizms avlens, romelic swored im Teorias
ewinaaRmdegeba, romelsac is efuZneba. iorke svams kiTxvas: arsebobs Tu ara
daSveba, romlis mixeviTac konstruqti stabiluri iqneba ranJirebaSi
monawile yvela elementisaTvis? am SemTxvevaSi, konstruqtebSi elementebis
gadasanawileblad igi nebismieri meTodis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, iqneba es
reitingi, ranJireba Tu diqotomiuri ganawileba. fizikaSi arsebuli gazomvis
skalebis msgavsad, elementebi mniSvnelobis fiqsirebuli skalis poziciebze
Tavsdeba ise, TiTqos mkvlevars sigrZesTan an wonasTan hqondes saqme. magram
mniSvneloba, gvaxsenebs iorke (1978), „mudmivad cvladebad semantikazea
mibmuli“. zemoaRniSnuli kargad aris naCvenebi hipoTeturi problemis
saSualebiT, rodesac konstruqtis „guluxvi_Zunwi“ mixedviT oTxi adamianis
ranJireba unda moxdes. iorke aRniSnavs, rom es procedura uzarmazari
proporciebis mqone daxvewil bades saWiroebs, raTa arCeul konstruqtTan
dakavSirebiT gamovlenili Sinaarsobrivi niuansebi samarTlianad Sefasdes,
magram amavdroulad, imis ugulvelyofac ar SeiZleba, rom konstruqtebSi
elementebis ranJireba da Semdgomi statistikuri analizi pozitivistur
birTvs inarCunebs, rac sinamdvileSi, arapozitivistur meTodologias unda
moiazrebdes.
da bolos, repertuaris badis formebis kompiuterizebuli analizis
TandaTanobiT daxvewas mizanmimarTulad mivyavarT mTeli rigi iseTi cnebebis
446
formirebamde, romlebic matricebis kompleqsurobis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba.

fransela da benisteri (1977) aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad sasacilo iqneba, Tu
repertuaris badis teqnikas fsiqologiuri testirebis tradiciebi STanTqamen
da mas testirebis safuZvladmdebare daSvebebs gamoiyeneben. isini
gvafrTxileben, rom gazomvidan niSnebamde mxolod erTi nabijia.
ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi repertuaris badis gamoyenebis

zogierTi magaliTi
ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi pirovnuli konstruqtebis gamoyenebis aq
warmodgenili sami magaliTi kursis Sefasebas Seexeba. pirvel kvlevaSi kelis
(1955) mier SemoTavazebuli triaduli sortirebis procedura gamoiyeneba.
meore magaliTSi pirovnuli konstruqtebis moZiebisa da analizisTvis
daxvewili interaqciuli programis gamoyenebaa naCvenebi, xolo mesame
magaliTi skolis direqtorebis rolebis monacvleobas Seexeba.
kremer-heionis (Kremer-Hayon 1991) kvleva or kiTxvaze cdilobs pasuxis gacemas:
pirveli _ „romeli pirovnuli konstruqtebiT amyarebs direqtori
TanamSromlebTan urTierTobebs?“ da meore _ „ramdenad ‚profesionali„
SeiZleba gaxdes es konstruqtebi?“ mis kvlevaSi 30 axalgazrda direqtori
monawileobda, romlebic samsaxurisgan mouwyvetlad skolis organizaciisa da
menejmentis, ganaTlebis marTvisa da saswavlo programebis ganviTarebis
sauniversiteto programaSi monawileobdnen. kursis zogadi mizani monawileTa
profesiuli funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba iyo. direqtorebis pirovnuli
konstruqtebi triaduli daxarisxebis proceduriT iqna miRebuli:
1. monawileebs miewodebodaT 1-dan 10-mde gadanomrili aTi baraTi. yovel

baraTze isini skolaSi momuSave TanamSromlis saxels werdnen.
2. amis Semdeg cdis pirebs baraTebis sam-samad dalageba moeTxovebodaT,
mkvlevaris mier spontanurad dasaxelebuli normebis mixedviT.
3. bolo etapze maT unda daesaxelebinaT maxasiaTebeli, romliTac
maswavlebelTa erTi triadis sami wevridan ori maTgani hgavda erTmaneTs
da maxasiaTebeli, romliTac es ori gansxvavdeboda mesamisgan.
447
orwliani programis ganmavlobaSi triaduli sortirebis procedura samjer

Catarda: I faza _ pirveli wlis dasawyisSi, II faza _ meore wlis dasawyisSi
da III faza _ meore wlis dawyebidan ori Tvis Tavze, praqtikuli mecadineobis
dasrulebis Semdeg, romelic I da II fazebze moZiebuli pirovnuli
konstruqtebis analizis Sedegad, maTi Tvalsawieris gamdidrebasa da
gafarTovebas isaxavda miznad
pirovnuli konstruqtebis monacemebis analiziT Seiqmna kategoriebi, romlebic
uSualod skolis direqtorebis mier daxarisxebuli masalidan momdinareobda.
kategoriebi daTvlil iqna TiToeuli direqtorisTvis calke da yvelasTvis
erTad. amgvarad, pirovnuli da jgufuri profilebi miiRes. analizis es
nawili orma damoukidebelma Semfasebelma Caatara, romlebsac kvlevis
dawyebamde eqvivalentur monacemebze 85 procentiani SeTanxmeba hqondaT
miRweuli. „profesionalad“ miCneuli kategoriebis klasificirebisas kremer-
haioni (1991) samecniero literaturas eyrdnoboda, sadac
profesionalizmisaTvis damaxasiTebeli Semdegi Tvisebebi iyo aRwerili:
„codnisa da gamocdilebis specifikuri erToblioba, swavlebis unari, Teoria
da kvleva, pasuxismgebloba, movaleobebi, eTikis kodeqsi, solidaroba da
avtonomia“. Semdeg maxasiTeblebi daiyo „kogniturad“ da „afeqturad“.
profesionalizmis zemoT CamoTvlili pirveli sami atributi (codnisa da
gamocdilebis specifikuri erToblioba, swavlebis unari, Teoria da kvleva)
kognitur aspeqts asaxaven, Semdegi oTxi ki _ emociurs. amgvarad, monacemebi
Semdeg kategoriebSi gaerTianda:
 profesionaluri maxasiaTeblebi (kognituri da afeqturi);

 zogadi maxasiaTeblebi (kognituri da afeqturi);
 fonuri monacemebi (profesiuli da araprofesiuli);
 sxvadasxva.
kremer-heioni (1991) aRniSnavs, rom programis dasawyisSi direqtorTa jgufs
maswavleblebTan zogadi da afeqturi maxasiTeblebis saSualebiT hqondaT
urTierToba da ara _ profesiuli da kognituriT, xolo mTliani jgufuri
profili I fazaze araprofesionalulad da afeqturad gamoiyureboda. Tumca,
448
viTareba Seicvala meore wlis dasawyisisTvis, rodesac profesionaluri

maxasiTeblebis gamoyenebam imata. praqtikuli mecadineobebis dasrulebis
Semdeg (III faza) profesionalizmis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani cvlileba
SeiniSneboda.
kremer-heioni (1991) azriT, profesionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
raodenobis mateba profesiuli TanamSromlebis ganviTarebis mauwyebelia.
fiSerisa da misi kolegebis (1991) mier aRwerili kvleva skolis Semdgomi,
kolejis orwliani diplomirebuli kursisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
Sefasebazea agebuli. mkvlevrebma repertuaris bade SearCies, rogorc swavlis
procesSi studentebis mier sakuTari interesebis gaazrebisa da maTi
pirovnuli da profesiuli zrdis gamovlenis yvelaze adekvaturi saSualeba.
amasTanave, fiqrobdnen, rom repertuaris bade mniSvnelovan ukukavSirs
miscemda instruqtorebsa da kursis xelmZRvanelebs swavlebis, gamocdebis
Cabarebis da zogadad, kursis menejmentis mimarTulebiT.
kompiuteruli interaqciuli programa „fleqsigridi“ (“Flexigrid”) imis
dasaZlevad gamoiyenes, rasac fiSeri da misi kolegebi (1991) badis Seqmnisa da
warmoqmnili sakiTxebis Semdgomi Seswavlis ZiriTad problemad miiCnevdnen _
es aris drois faqtori. sadiplomo kursis programiT gaTvaliswinebuli
mecadineobebisa da badeebis moZiebisTvis daTmobili Sexvedrebis garda,
damatebiT dainiSna xuTi samsaaTiani sesia. studentebs daurigdaT bukletebi,
romlebSic am programiT muSaobis detaluri instruqciebi iyo mocemuli.
maT mosTxoves im eqvsi elementis dasaxeleba, romelsac TavianT saswavlo
kursTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovnlad CaTvlidnen. aRniSnuli eqvsi
elementi, kompiuteris mier Sedgenili triadebidan miRebul konstruqtebTan
erTad, kompiuterSi Seitanes. studentebi damoukideblad muSaobdnen am
programiT da Semdeg erTmaneTs wyvilebSi uziarebdnen sakuTar Sedegebs. maT
aswavles kompiuteris mier mowodebuli „rukebis“ wakiTxva. Semdeg rogorc
individualuri, aseve, wyvilis interpretaciebi studentebis bukletebSi
SehqondaT. amasTanave, keTdeboda wyvilebSi mimdinare ganxilvebis
audioCanawerebi. kvlevis angariSSi mocemuli monacemebis analizi kompiuteris
449
mier mowodebul Sedegebs, studentebis detalur komentarebs, mklevrebis

savele Canawerebs da diskusiebis audioCanawerebs eyrdnoba.
yvela studentis badisa da komentarebis guldasmiT ganxilvis Semdeg, fiSerma
da misma kolegebma (1991) studentebis saswavlo programaze swavlebisadmi
cvalebadi reaqciebis Sesaxeb Semdegi saxis daskvnebi gaakeTes:
 studentebis SfoTvisa da stresis ZiriTadi mizezi davalebebis

SesrulebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da metic, aseTi SfoTva uSualod
ukavSirdeboda Semfasebelis rols.
 garegani faqtorebi dominirebdnen Sinaganze, anu, kursis dasruleba ufro
mniSvnelovani gaxda, vidre misi TviTRirebuleba.
 instruqtorebis mxardaWera exmareboda studentebs moWarbebuli stresisa
da CaWris SiSis daZlevaSi. gamoikveTa, rom instruqtorebs gansakuTrebiT
gauWirdaT eqsternaluri Sefasebis problemis moxsna.
kursis Sefasebis instrumentad „fleqsigridis“ gamoyeneba mkvlevarebma
mizanSewonilad miiCnies. gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno aRmoCnda maRali Sinagani
validoba, ramac fokusirebuli badeebis da studentebis komentarebis kontent
analizis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis kongruentuloba aCvena.
mesame magaliTSi, direqtorebis mosazrebebis gasarkvevad sxvadasxva droSi
TavianTi rolebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis Sesaxeb, jonsma (Jones, 1999)
repertuaris bade interviuebTan da monawilis dakvirvebasTan erTad gamoiyena.
kvlevaSi maTi, rogorc xelmZRvanelis saqmianobis gaaqtiureba gamovlinda,
(erTi konstruqti), aRmoCnda, rom rolebis cvlilebas maTi profesionalizmis
daqveiTeba ar gamouwvevia. monawileTa ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi, ganaTlebis
(meore konstruqti) maTeul xedvidan da misTvis miniWebuli Rirebulebebidan
iRebda saTaves. direqtorebis konstruqtebidan mTavari iyo bavSvze
orientirebuli da menejmentis konstruqtebi. menejmentis sistema bavSvze
orientirebul Rirebulebebsa da xedvas emsaxureboda. miRebul konstruqtTa
Soris Sedioda bavSvze centrirebuli problemebis gadawyveta, politikis
gatareba, Sefaseba, sxva saagentoebis CarTva, problemebis gadaWra da
sakancelario samuSao.
450
repertuaris badis damatebiTi magaliTebi Semdeg kvlevebSia mocemuli: haresa

da roseris (Harré and Rosser 1975) eTogenuri kvlevis angariSi, romelic saSualo
skolidan garicxuli moswavleebis daudevari qcevis maregulirebeli wesebis
Seswavlas exeboda. aRniSnuli kvleva srulad Seesabameba revenetis (Ravenette
1977) mier aRweril repertuaris badis ganvrcobil variants, praqtikanti
maswavleblebis mier saswavlo situaciebis aRqmis kvleva (Osborne 1977), sadac
elementebis (mniSvnelovani rolis mqone) mosaZieblad 1313 matricaa
gamoyenebuli da repertuaris badeebSi smiTisa da liCis (Smith and Leach 1972)
ierarqiuli struqturebis gamoyenebis magaliTia moyvanili;
kursdamTavrebulTa karieris ganviTarebis modelebis furnierisiseul (Fournier
1997) axsna da makloulinis (McLoughlin 2002) kvleva, romelic studentebis
mecnierul _ SemecnebiT struqturebs Seexeba.
badis teqnika da gakveTilis audio/video Canaweris gamoyeneba

parsonsi da misi kolegebi (1983) gviCveneben, Tu rogor SeiZleba badis
teqnikisa da maswavleblebis klasSi muSaobis audio-video Canawerebis
gamoyeneba imis gasagebad, Tu ra „implicituri modelebi“ aqvT maswavleblebs
bavSvebis swavlis Sesaxeb.
14 moswale SemTxveviTi principiT SearCies; bavSvebis swavlis stilSi
arsebuli msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb maswavleblebis mosazrebis
gasagebad, individualuri fotoebi gamoiyenes da triaduli Sedarebebi
ganaxorcieles. garda amisa, maswavleblebs bunebriv garemoSi, gakveTilebis
msvlelobis procesSi akvirdebodnen da mTeli procesis audio-video Canawers
akeTebdnen, romelsac SemdgomSi maswavlebeli da mkvlevrebi erTad
uyurebdnen da ganixilavdnen. parsonsi da misi kolegebi (1983) xazgasmiT
aRniSnaven, rom mTeli kvleva urTierTdainteresebis suliskveTebiT warimarTa,
mkvlevrebi da maswavleblebi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT aanalizebdnen
repertuaris bades, romlis mixedviTac unda momxdariyo bavSvis swavlis
strategiis Sesaxeb implicituri mosazrebis dasabuTeba an misi uaryofa,
romelsac TandaTanobiT avlenda maswavlebeli.
451
maleve, damxmare analizis safuZvelze, gamoikveTa q-n C-is (am SemTxvevaSi,

maswavleblis) mier warmatebul da warumatebeli moswavleebTan gamoyenebuli
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli midgomebi. rogorc video Canawerze Cans, klasSi
moswavleebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, gamoavlinda, rom warmatebuli da
warumatebeli moswavleebi ara marto cal-calke jgufebad isxdnen, aramed maT
maswavleblic sruliad gansxvavebulad epyroboda. warmatebul bavSvebTan
maswavlebeli xSirad iyenebda „erToblivi muSaobis“ midgomas, anu, bavSvebis
daxmarebiT maT mier Sesrulebuli davalebis verbalizacias axdenda maSin,
rodesac warumatebeli moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi, igive maswavlebels xSirad
ainteresebda Tu „ratom“ miudgnen moswavleebi mocemul problemas swored
ase, da ara sxvagvarad da moswavleebisgan elodeboda ganmartebas (Parsons et al.
1983).
fokusirebuli badeebi, araverbaluri badeebi, urTierTgacvlis

badeebi da socialuri badeebi
repertuaris badis kvlevaSi kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda. qvemoT am sferoSi arsebuli zogierTi miRweva
mokledaa ganxiluli:
 badeze fokusireba badis nedli monacemebis interpretacias uwyobs xels.

yoveli elementi saTiTaod Sedardeba danarCen elementebs da badeSi maTi
ganlageba ise icvleba, rom msgavsi elementebi erTmaneTis gverdiT
aRmoCndnen. analogiuri procedura tardeba TiToeul konstruqtTan
mimarTebaSi..
 elementebad fizikuri sagnebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba da badis Seqmna xSirad
araverbalurad mimdinareobs. Tomasi (1978) amtkicebs, rom aseTi midgoma
sensoruli da perceptuli gamocdilebis kvlevas uwyobs xels.
 urTierTgacvlis badeebi is procedurebia, romlebic verbaluri
komunikaciis xarisxis gaumjobesebas uwyobs xels. Tavdapirvelad,
erTi pirovnebis interpretacia carieli badis formas iZleva,
romelic Sesavsebad, meore pirovnebas miewodeba. carieli bade
452
pirveli pirovnebis verbaluri aRwerebisgan Sedgeba, romlidanac

amoSlilia mis mier miniWebuli reitingebi. amgvarad, meore pirovnebam
unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad gaigo pirveli pirovnebis mosazreba; igi
miwodebul bades im rwmeniT avsebs, rom mosaubrem ukve Seavso is.
urTierTgacvlis badeebis urTierTmolaparakebis procesis analizis
gamartiveba mTeli rigi kompiuteruli programebiTaa („Pairs“, „Cores“ da
„Difference“) SesaZlebeli.
 „wyvilis-analizisas („Pairs“ Analysis) erTi badis TiToeul konstruqts meore
badis konstruqtebTan adareben da interpretaciebis damTxvevis zomas
adgenen. `wyvilis~-analizs „sociogridisken“ („Sociogrid“) mivyavarT,
romelSic erTi jgufis badeebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenaa SesaZlebeli,
„sociogridi“ xSirad mTliani jgufis erTian an ramdenime tipis bades
iZleva, rac qvejgufebis gamovlenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. amave programiT
SesaZlebelia „socionetebis“ („Socionets“) miReba, romlebic saerTo, saziaro
interpretaciebis modelebze miuTiTeben.
 kompiuteruli programa „fokusi“ (FOCUS) rigis klasteruli analizis,
dendrogramebis, konstruqtebisa da elementebis gamoyenebis saSualebas
iZleva.
 cnebebis rukebis agebisas repertuaris badeebis gamoyenebisTvis
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofis (magaliTad, CMap) Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis
aRweras makloulini (2002) gvTavazobs.
 ZiriTadi komponentebis analizis, klasteruli analizisa da dendruli
analizis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia kompiuteruli programiT „enquaieri“
(„Enquire“) da, aseve, iseTi ufro cnobili da farTod gamoyenebadi
programiT, rogoricaa SPSS. „vebgridi“ (WebGrid) monacemebis analizis
gasacnobad ix. http://ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/articles/WWW4WG/WG/G.html,
http://repgrid.com/pcp/, http://tiger.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/ da http://repgrid.com/reports. informacia
damatebiTi programuli uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ix. http://www.psyctc.org/grids/
da http://www.brint.com/PTC.htm=tools.; OMNIGRID-is Sesaxeb informacia ix.
http://www.psyctc.org/grids/omnigrid/htm.
453
ganxiluli mokle magaliTebi warmodgenas SegiqmniT, Tu risi gakeTeba

SeiZleba ganaTlebis sferoSi2 repertuaris badeebis sxvadasxva formis
gamoyenebiT. programuli uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi analizi mocemulia veb
gverdze: http://www.brint.com/PCT.htm. am sferoSi Sesavals SegiZliaT gaecnoT
misamarTze: http://www.enquirewithin.co.nz/theoryof.htm. pirovnuli konstruqtebis
fsiqologiis Sesaxeb literaturis monacemTa baza SegiZliaT naxoT bmulze
http://www.psyc.uow.edy.ay.pcp/citedb/. damatebiTi masalebis moZieba SesaZlebelia
vebgverdze: http://www.pcp-net.de/info, eleqtronuli naSromebi SegiZliaT naxoT
misamarTze: http://www.pcp-net.de/info/online.html. pirovnuli konstruqtebis evropuli
asociaciis Sesaxeb informacia SegiZliaT moiZioT veb gverdze: http://www.pcp-
net.org/epca. eleqtronuli Jurnali Personal Construct Theory and Practice SegiZliaT
ixiloT misamarTze: http://www.pcp-net.org/journal.
454

Kvlevis Metodebi 2 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kvlevis Metodebi 2 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის მეთოდები 2 საკითხავი მასალა 1

ფსიქოლოგიის კვლევის მეთოდები 2

თემა 1. შემთხვევის შესწავლა, ინტერვიუ

თავი VI. შემთხვევის შესწავლა და ინტერვიუ

SemTxvevis Seswavlis meTodi medicinis sferoSi gaCnda, es iyo avadmyofis

3. SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi kombinirebulia obieqturi da subieqturi

Camoyalibebulia. struqturirebuli intervius yvelaze ukidures formaSi

SeecadeT Tavi aaridoT:

SeecadeT uzrunvelyoT, rom:

upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros intervius mizani, vTqvaT, romeli

 aRweriTi kiTxvebi – movlenis an procesis aRwerazea mimarTuli, mag:

kiTxvebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg isini Tanmimdevrulad unda daalagoT.

garemo, romelSic interviu tardeba – xSirad interviuers ar SeuZlia

TviTon respondentma SeiZleba Tavi uxerxulad da arakomfortulad igrZnos.

SemTxvevis Seswavlis angariSi

nebismieri fsiqologiuri kvlevis angariSis formatSi unda daiweros, Tumca

magram intervius Catarebamde gansazRvreT informaciis ZiriTadi

1) SemTxvevis Seswavlis miznidan gamomdinare mopovebuli monacemebis

Zalian mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gamijnoT interviueris

2) masalis Sefaseba da ganxilva safuZvlad mdebare Teoriis terminebSi.

3) monacemTa Segrovebis procesis Sefaseba.

 ramdenad warmatebiT gamoiyeneT intervius meTodi?

6. damateba – intervius gegma da Canaweri. sasurvelia angariSs Tan

sasurvelia angariSi respondents waakiTxoT da Semdeg misi komentarebi

თავი 11 SemTxvevis Seswavla

ra aris SemTxvevis Seswavla?

SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi SesaZlebelia mizezisa da Sedegis dadgena.

 dainteresebulia SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis mravalferovani

 angariSis werisas SemTxvevis mravalferovnebis, simdidris gadmocemas

SemTxvevis Seswavla xorciledeba droiT, geografiul, organizaciul,

SemTxvevis Seswavla cdilobs aRweros, „rogoria“ konkretul mocemul

intensiuri interpretacia da Sefaseba. am TvalsazrisiT, SemTxvevis Seswavla

SemTxvevis Seswavlaze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia Teoriuli mosazrebebis

 erTi konkretuli magaliTidan im SemTxvevebis klasze, romelsac es

saimoni (1996) amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlisas eqvsi paradoqsi unda

 uari Tqvas diqotomiaze subieqturi-obieqturi da yvela monawile

SemTxvevis Seswavlis ramdenime tipi arsebobs. ini (Yin 1984) Sedegebis

Seswavla TavisTavad aris kvlevis mniSvnelovani da legitimuri meTodi

ganasxvavebs kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlasa da eqstremaluri an unikaluri

roca Tqveni Teoriuli gagebiT arsebobs naTeli, erTmniSvnelovanad

kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlas SegviZlia davamatoT, rom sakvlev sakiTxs

CanarTi 11. 1. SemTxvevis Seswavlis SesaZlo upiratesobebi

 paradoqsulia, magram SemTxvevis Seswavlis monacemebi „Zlieria

formebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom am Rirsebas mas moculoba aniWebs.

CanarTi 11. 2. SemTxvevis Seswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebi

 SeiZleba ver moxerxdes Sedegebis ganzogadeba im SemTxvevebis garda,

wyaro: Nisnet and Watt 1984

Sagnesis da misi kolegebis (Shaughness et al. 2003: 290 – 9) mosazrebiT,

zemoT ganxorcielebuli analizidan cxadia, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla

 zustad ra aris SemTxveva?

 ra viTarebaSia gamarTlebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevis (an kritikuli

SemTxvevis SeswavliT kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxi informaciis SerCevaa.

mniSvnelovnebaa da ara _ sixSire SemTxvevis Seswavlis ZiriTadi

SemTxvevis Seswavlis saxeebis magaliTebi

dakvirvebas efuZneba, romelic xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

dakvirvebis gamoyenebiT kvlevis tipologia

struqturirebulobis struqturirebulobis xarisxi dakvirvebis garemoSi

2Boulton (1992) 4Blease and Hohen 6Houghton (1991) „b-

dakvirvebis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs _ monawilis da aramonawilis

SeniRbva ar aris monawilis dakvirvebis aucilebeli winapiroba. skolis

(Willis 1977) muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli vaJebis mcire jgufis intensiur

ratom monawilis dakvirveba?

Suci ambobs (Schutz 1962), rom naturalisti mecnieri swavlobs vels,