GENERAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE

Properties of Liquids and Solids

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the definition of the normal boiling point? Why is it necessary to specify
the atmospheric pressure over a liquid when measuring a boiling point?

-The temperature at which a liquid melt at 1 atmosphere of pressure is the

usual boiling point. It is distinct from the basic boiling point description in that the
strain is defined. When comparing multiple liquids, the usual boiling point is a
more useful value, since boiling is influenced by altitude and pressure. 100°C or
212°F is the normal boiling point of water. The gas pressure above a liquid affects
the point of boiling. It is called air pressure in an open environment. The higher
the pressure, the more energy is needed to boil liquids, and the higher the boiling
point.

2. Methanol, CH3OH, has a normal boiling point of 64.7 °C and a vapor pressure of
100 mm Hg at 21.2 °C. Formaldehyde, H2C=O, has a normal boiling point of
-19.5 °C and a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg at - 57.3 °C. Explain why these two
compounds have different boiling points and require different temperatures to
achieve the same vapor pressure.

-If the temperature increases, the motions of atoms, and groups of atoms
within molecules, often increase the vigor of translational and rotation
movements of all molecules. Experience shows that certain materials usually
occur as liquids and solids at a relatively low temperature and high pressure.
Even low-density gases, such as hydrogen and helium, can be liquefied. The
attractive intermolecular forces differ. Also, the compound's boiling point is an
indicator of the strength of these forces. Moreover, it is significant to raise the
kinetic energy by increasing the sample temperature to its characteristic boiling
point of the compound to break the intermolecular attractions that hold the
molecules of a compound in the condensed liquid state. Finally, as the
temperature rises, vapor pressure decreases.
3. On the basis of the description given, classify each of these solids as molecular,
metallic, ionic, network or amorphous.
a) A soft, slippery solid that has no definite melting point but decomposes at
temperatures above 250 °C; the solid does not conduct electricity
Answer: Amorphous
b) Violet crystals that melt at 114 °C and whose vapor irritates the nose; neither
the solid nor the liquid conducts electricity
Answer: Molecular
c) Hard, colorless crystals that melt at 2800 °C; the liquid conducts electricity,
but the solid does not
Answer: Ionic
d) A hard solid that melts at 3410 °C; both the solid and the liquid conduct
electricity.
Answer: Metallic
e) A hard, colorless, crystalline solid that melts at 1713 °C; neither its solid nor
its liquid conducts electricity
Answer: Network

4. Classify each of the following substances, in the solid state, as molecular, ionic,
covalent (network), or metallic solids:

CeCl3 - Ionic Solid

Ti - Metallic Solid
TiCl4 - Covalent Network Solid
NO3F - Molecular Solid
B - Covalent Network Solid