6.

4 (a)
Q(x) = W Cox (VGS − V (x) − VT H )
= W Cox (VGS − VT H ) − W Cox V (x)

Q(x)
W Cox (VGS − VT H )

Increasing VDS

L x
The curve that intersects the axis at x = L (i.e., the curve for which the channel begins to pinch
off) corresponds to VDS = VGS − VT H .
(b)
1
RLocal (x) ∝
µQ(x)
RLocal (x)

Increasing VDS

L x
Note that RLocal diverges at x = L when VDS = VGS − VT H .
6.15

ID

Increasing VDS

VT H VGS

Initially, when VGS is small, the transistor is in cutoff and no current flows. Once VGS increases
beyond VT H , the curves start following the square-law characteristic as the transistor enters saturation.
However, once VGS increases past VDS + VT H (i.e., when VDS < VGS − VT H ), the transistor goes into
triode and the curves become linear. As we increase VDS , the transistor stays in saturation up to larger
values of VGS , as expected.
6.17
1 W
ID = µn Cox (VGS − VT H )α , α < 2
2 L
∂ID
gm ,
∂VGS
α W α−1
= µn Cox (VGS − VT H )
2 L
αID
=
VGS − VT H
6.21 Since they’re being used as current sources, assume M1 and M2 are in saturation for this problem.
To find the maximum allowable value of λ, we should evaluate λ when 0.99ID2 = ID1 and 1.01ID2 =
ID1 , i.e., at the limits of the allowable values for the currents. However, note that for any valid λ
(remember, λ should be non-negative), we know that ID2 > ID1 (since VDS2 > VDS1 ), so the case
where 1.01ID2 = ID1 (which implies ID2 < ID1 ) will produce an invalid value for λ (you can check this
yourself). Thus, we need only consider the case when 0.99ID2 = ID1 .

1 W 2
0.99ID2 = 0.99 µn Cox (VB − VT H ) (1 + λVDS2 )
2 L
= ID1
1 W 2
= µn Cox (VB − VT H ) (1 + λVDS1 )
2 L
0.99 (1 + λVDS2 ) = 1 + λVDS1
λ = 0.02 V−1
5.27
s
2ID
VDD − ID RD = VGS = VT H +
µn Cox W
L
2ID 2
W
= (VDD − VT H − ID RD )
µn Cox L
1 W h 2 2 2
i
ID = µn Cox (VDD − VT H ) − 2ID RD (VDD − VT H ) + ID RD
2 L
We can rearrange this to the standard quadratic form as follows:
   
1 W 2 2 W 1 W 2
µn Cox RD ID − µn Cox RD (VDD − VT H ) + 1 ID + µn Cox (VDD − VT H ) = 0
2 L L 2 L

Applying the quadratic formula, we have:

q
2
2
µn Cox W R
L D (VDD − VTH ) + 1 ± µn Cox W
L RD (VDD − VT H ) + 1 − 4 21 µn Cox W
L RD (VDD − VT H )
ID =
2 21 µn Cox W 2


L RD
q
2
2
W
µn Cox L RD (VDD − VT H ) + 1 ± µn Cox W
L RD (VDD − VT H ) + 1 − µn Cox W L RD (VDD − VT H )
=
µn Cox WL RD
2

q
µn Cox W
L RD (VDD − VT H ) + 1 ± 1 + 2µn Cox WL RD (VDD − VT H )
=
µn Cox W
L RD
2

Note that mathematically, there are two possible solutions for ID . However, since M1 is diode-
connected, we know it will either be in saturation or cutoff. Thus, we must reject the value of ID
that does not match these conditions (for example, a negative value of ID would not match cutoff or
saturation, so it would be rejected in favor of a positive value).
6.33 (a) Assume M1 is operating in saturation.

VGS = 1 V
1 W 2
VDS = VDD − ID RD = VDD − µn Cox (VGS − VT H ) (1 + λVDS ) RD
2 L
VDS = 1.35 V > VGS − VT H , which verifies our assumption
ID = 4.54 mA
W
gm = µn Cox (VGS − VT H ) = 13.333 mS
L
1
ro = = 2.203 kΩ
λID

+
vgs gm vgs ro RD
−

(b) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

1 W 2
VGS = VDS = VDD − ID RD = VDD − µn Cox (VGS − VT H ) (1 + λVGS ) RD
2 L
VGS = VDS = 0.546 V
ID = 251 µA
W
gm = µn Cox (VGS − VT H ) = 3.251 mS
L
1
ro = = 39.881 kΩ
λID

+
vgs gm vgs ro RD
−

(c) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

ID = 1 mA
r
W
gm = 2µn Cox ID = 6.667 mS
L
1
ro = = 10 kΩ
λID
 +
vgs gm vgs ro
−

(d) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

VGS = VDS
1 W
VDD − VGS = ID (2 kΩ) = µn Cox (VGS − VT H )2 (1 + λVGS ) (2 kΩ)
2 L
VGS = VDS = 0.623 V
ID = 588 µA
W
gm = µn Cox (VGS − VT H ) = 4.961 mS
L
1
ro = = 16.996 kΩ
λID

+
vgs gm vgs ro 2 kΩ
−

(e) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

ID = 0.5 mA
r
W
gm = 2µn Cox ID = 4.714 mS
L
1
ro = = 20 kΩ
λID

+
vgs gm vgs ro
−
6.38 (a)
vout
+
vgs2 gm2 vgs2 ro2 RD
−

vin
+
vgs1 gm1 vgs1 ro1
−

(b)
vin vout
+
vgs1 gm1 vgs1 ro1 RD
−

+
gm2 vgs2 ro2 vgs2
−

(c)
vin vout
+
vgs1 gm1 vgs1 ro1 RD
−

+
vgs2 gm2 vgs2 ro2
−

(d)
 vin
+
vgs1 gm1 vgs1 ro1
−

vout

+
vgs2 gm2 vgs2 ro2
−

(e)
vout
+
vgs1 gm1 vgs1 ro1 RD
−

vin

+
gm2 vgs2 ro2 vgs2
−
6.43 (a) Assume M1 is operating in triode (since |VGS | = 1.8 V is large).

|VGS | = 1.8 V
1 W h 2
i
VDD − |VDS | = |ID | (500 Ω) = µp Cox 2 (|VGS | − |VT H |) |VDS | − |VDS | (500 Ω)
2 L
|VDS | = 0.418 V < |VGS | − |VT H | , which verifies our assumption
|ID | = 2.764 mA

(b) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

|VGS | = |VDS |
1 W 2
VDD − |VGS | = |ID |(1 kΩ) = µp Cox (|VGS | − |VT H |) (1 kΩ)
2 L
|VGS | = |VDS | = 0.952 V
|ID | = 848 µA

(c) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

|VGS | = |VDS |
1 W 2
|VGS | = VDD − |ID |(1 kΩ) = VDD − |ID |(1 kΩ) = µp Cox (|VGS | − |VT H |) (1 kΩ)
2 L
|VGS | = |VGS | = 0.952 V
|ID | = 848 µA
6.44 (a)
IX Saturation Cutoff

VDD − VT H VDD VX
M1 goes from saturation to cutoff when VX = VDD − VT H = 1.4 V.
(b)
IX
1 + VT H VDD VX

Saturation Triode
M1 goes from saturation to triode when VX = 1 + VT H = 1.4 V.
(c)
 IX
VDD − VT H VDD VX

Saturation Cutoff
M1 goes from saturation to cutoff when VX = VDD − VT H = 1.4 V.
(d)
IX Cutoff Saturation

VT H VDD VX
M1 goes from cutoff to saturation when VX = VT H = 0.4 V.