Compound Events

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Find the probability of the complement of an event.

Illustrate a compound event, mutually exclusive events and intersection of events.

Illustrate the probability of a union of two events.

Find the probability of the union of two events

Inculcate openness to possibilities.

2 Timothy 2:15 “Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a
worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly handling the word of truth.”
Activity: Spin Twice to Get a Prize
A supermarket promo requires a shopper to spin Php 1 000 Php 500
wheel twice. The spinner is divided into 5 equal parts. Gift Cheque Cash
If the wheel stops on the same prize in both spins,
the shopper wins the prize. What is the probability
that the wheel stops on the same prize in both spins? Php 2 000
Free Gift
In other words, what is the probability that a shopper Groceries
Pack
will win a prize?
20% rebate
Using a Table of Possible Outcomes
1 2 3 4 5

1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)

2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)

3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)

4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)

5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)

Using a Table of Possible Outcomes
1 2 3 4 5

1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)

2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)

3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)

4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)

5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)

Let say, n(S) = 25 and n(A) = 5, where n(S) is the total of possible outcomes
and n(A) is the event that the spinner stops on the same sector in both spins.

Hence, the probability that the spinner stops on the same sector twice is

𝑛 𝐴 5 1
= = .
𝑛 𝑆 25 5

A shopper has 20% chance of taking home a prize.

Study the table. If the spinner does not stop at the same sectors in
both spins, where does it stop?

1 2 3 4 5
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)
Study the table. If the spinner does not stop at the same sectors in
both spins, where does it stop?

1 2 3 4 5
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)
Clearly, if B is the event that the spinner does not stop on the same sector, then its
elements are the outcomes that are not in A. Hence, B is the complement of an event.

Thus, 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 1

1 4
Since 𝑃 𝐴 = , then 𝑃 𝐵 = 𝑜𝑟 80%
5 5

1 4
𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 = + = 1
5 5
Complement of an Event
are all outcomes that are NOT in the event
 Complement of an Event
are all outcomes that are NOT in the event

Example
a. When the event is Heads, the complement is Tails.
b. When the event is {Monday, Wednesday} the complement is {Tuesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
 Complement of an Event
are all outcomes that are NOT in the event

Example
a. When the event is Heads, the complement is Tails.
b. When the event is {Monday, Wednesday} the complement is {Tuesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

So the complement of an event is all the other outcomes (not the ones we want)
Probability of the complement of an event:
𝑃 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐸 = 1 − 𝑃 𝐸 , where E is the event.
Example 2
Each spinner is divided into four equal sectors. The pointer in each
spinner when spun, is equally likely to rest in any one of the four sectors.
The pointer in each spinner is spun once. Find the probability that the
sum of both scores is as follows:

a. odd c. at least 5
b. even d. less than 5
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

+ 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

a. Let A be the event that the sum is odd. + 1 2 3 4

𝑛 𝐴 8 𝟏 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃 𝐴 = = =
𝑛 𝑆 16 𝟐 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

a. Let A be the event that the sum is odd. + 1 2 3 4

𝑛 𝐴 8 𝟏 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃 𝐴 = = =
𝑛 𝑆 16 𝟐 2 3 4 5 6
b. Let B be the event that the sum is even. Even number 3 4 5 6 7
is the complement of the problem in a. Thus, 4 5 6 7 8
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 1. So,
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

b. Let B be the event that the sum is even. Even number + 1 2 3 4

is the complement of the problem in a. Thus,
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 1. So,
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
You may check your
answer by counting the
sums that are even in
the possibility diagram.
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

c. Let C be the event that the sum is at least 5. + 1 2 3 4

𝑛 𝐶 10 𝟓 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃 𝐶 = = =
𝑛 𝑆 16 𝟖 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
Solution
An efficient way of showing all outcomes is through a possibility diagram.
The diagram on the right shows a total of 16 outcomes, n(S) = 16.

d. Let D be the event that the sum is less than 5. Now, + 1 2 3 4

if the sum is not at least 5, then it must be less than
5. Thus,
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
𝟓 𝟑
𝑷 𝑫 =𝟏−𝑷 𝑪 =𝟏− = 3 4 5 6 7
𝟖 𝟖
Again, refer to the possibility diagram to verify 4 5 6 7 8
your answer.
 Math in Motion
A part of the 2013 Philippine demographic profile is shown below. (The
figures are rounded off to the nearest thousands.)

Population 105 721 000

Female Population 52 776 000
Female Population (Ages 15 - 24) 9 896 000
Male Population (Ages 15-24) 10 259 000

Based on the given information, answer the following

1. If a Filipino is randomly selected, what is the probability that the person is

a. female?
b. a female who is 15 – 24 years old?
c. a male who is 15 – 24 years old?
 Math in Motion
A part of the 2013 Philippine demographic profile is shown below. (The
figures are rounded off to the nearest thousands.)

Population 105 721 000

Female Population 52 776 000
Female Population (Ages 15 - 24) 9 896 000
Male Population (Ages 15-24) 10 259 000

Based on the given information, answer the following

2. Explain how to find the probability that a randomly selected Filipino is
15- 24 years old?
3. What is the probability that a randomly selected Filipino is female or is
15- 24 years old?
 Compound Event
It consists of two or more simple events that
are connected by the words and or or.
 Compound Event
It consists of two or more simple events that
are connected by the words and or or.

The following are examples of compound events

based on the activity in Math in Motion.

a. selecting a female or a male Filipino

b. selecting a female or a 15 to 24 year – old Filipino
c. selecting a male or a 15 to 24 year – old Filipino
Venn diagrams can be used to illustrate and visualize compound events. The
diagrams below illustrate two types of compound events: (a) union of two events and
(b) intersection of two events. The rectangular region represents the sample space,
whereas the circular regions represent the events
The union of two events A and B, written as 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, refers to the occurrence of event
A or event B or both. For example, selecting a female or a 15 to 24 year – old
Filipino illustrates the union of two events.

The intersection of two events A and B, written as 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, suggests the occurrence

of both events A and B. An example is the event of selecting a female and the event
of selecting a 15 to 24 year – old Filipino
The union of events A and B, denoted by A or B or 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, means that event A
occurs or event B occurs or both. If events A and B cannot occur at the same
time, then they are called mutually exclusive events. The intersection of
mutually exclusive events is an empty set, i.e., 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅, or 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0
The union of events A and B, denoted by A or B or 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, means that event A
occurs or event B occurs or both. If events A and B cannot occur at the same
time, then they are called mutually exclusive events. The intersection of
mutually exclusive events is an empty set, i.e., 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅, or 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0

Example of mutually exclusive events

a. the event of selecting a female and selecting a male
b. turning left and turning right (you can’t do both at the same time)
Example 1
Determine whether the given compound events are mutually exclusive or not.
a. selecting a girl and selecting a curly – haired person in class
b. getting an even number and getting a number less than 3 from a single roll of a die
c. selecting a required course and selecting an elective course
Solution
Determine whether the given compound events are mutually exclusive or not.
a. selecting a girl and selecting a curly – haired person in class
not mutually exclusive; a girl can be curly – haired or vice versa
b. getting an even number and getting a number less than 3 from a single roll of a die
not mutually exclusive; the number 2 is less than 3 and an even number at the same time

c. selecting a required course and selecting an elective course

mutually exclusive; the required courses and elective courses have no common subjects
Activity
Activity 2
a. Determine whether the following events are mutually exclusive or
not when a single die is rolled.

i. getting an even number and getting an odd number

ii. getting a number less than 2 and getting a number greater than 2
iii. getting an even number and getting a number greater than 2
iv. getting a 4 and getting an even number
Assignment 3
Assignment 3
a. There are 𝑥 pink straws, 10 yellow straws, and 𝑥 + 2 green straws in a bag. A
straw is selected at random and the probability of selecting a green straw is
𝟐
. Find the value of 𝑥. The selected straw is then put back into the bag and
𝟓
another straw is selected. Find the probability that the selected straw will be
green.

b. Two dice are rolled. Construct a possibility diagram for the sum of all outcomes.
Find the probability that the sum of both numbers is an even number

(5 points, __ correct solutions (2 points), __ correct answers (2 points), __ effort)

Thanks!
CREDITS: This presentation template was created
by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik.