RCC Hindi KT

Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
UNIT-1
"COLUMN"
"In a building structure a compressive member whose effective length are
exceed three times of its least lateral dimension is called Column."
Column are classified mainly two types-

1. Short Column 2. Long Column
1. Short Column :- A Column is said to be short column if slenderness ratio are

less than 12.
effective length
Slenderness ratio :- 12
least lateral dimension
2. Long Column :- A Column is said to be long column if slenderness ratio are

greater than or equal to 12.
effective length
Slenderness ratio :- 12
Column classified according to "Ties":-

1. Lateral ties Column 2. Helical ties Column
# LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF LATERAL & HELICAL TIES COLUMN:
TYPES OF COLUMN
(I) Lateral ties column-

(i) Short column-
Pu = 0.40 c Ac + 0.67 y Asc
(ii) Long column-
Pu = Cr (0.40 c Ac + 0.67 y Asc )
le le
C = Reducation Factor= 1.25 OR 1.25
48b 160 I min
le = effective length
(II) Helical ties column-
(i) Short column
Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in 1 Contact No.: 9610446964
Pu = 1.05(0.40 c Ac + 0.67 y Asc )
(ii) Long column
Pu = 1.05 Cr (0.40 c Ac + 0.67 y Asc )
Where,
c = grade of conc.
Ac = Area of conc.
Fy OR y = grade of steel
Asc = Area of steel in column
Ac = Area of Column- Area of steel
In case of square or Rectangular column minimum nos. of Longitudnal bar

should not less than 4.
In case of circular column the minimum nos. of Longitudnal bar should not
less than 6.
In case of Helical reinforcement column the minimum nos. of longitudnal bar
should not less than 6.
The spacing of longitudnal bar measured along the Periphery of the coloumn
shall not exceed 300 mm.
The minimum Area of longitudnal reinforcement in a column should not less
than 0.8% of the crossection area of column.
= .8% of Acol.
.8
= A = 0.008 Acol .
100 col .
The Maximum Area of longitudnal reinforcement in a column should not ex-

ceed 6% of the crossection area of column.
= 6% of Acol .
6
= A = 0.06 Acol .
100 col .
Range of Steel in a Column = .8% to 6%
Note- In case of lapped column (overlapping) column the maximum are of reinforce-
ment should not exceed 4% of the column Area.

MINIMUM NOMINAL COVER IN A COLUMN
Should not less than longer dia of Bar -

(i) dia of bar if equal bar are used
(ii) larger dia of bar if unequal bar are used
(iii) Should not less than 40 mm.
Whichever is greater.
Note:- column size 200 mm minimum Nominal cover 40 mm.

25 mm
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF LONGITUDAL BAR
Minimum diameter of lognitudal bar in a column should not less than 12 mm.
Note:- Column size 200 mm maximum diameter of longitudal bar 12

mm
LATERIAL TIES -
QL
Minimum ties dia QT QL=longer dia of longitudal bar
4
6mm
Q L = Longer dia of longitudinal bar
Whichever is greater
Availble dia in Market:-

6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 28mm, 32 mm, 36 mm .....
MAXIMUM PITCH
16 L . ( L = Smaller dia of bar if unequal bar are used)
48 T ( T = dia of ties)
300 mm
Whichever is less
Q. Find out the maximum pitch of column 200 x 400 mm with 2-16Q + 4-20Q
Longitudnal bar and 8 mm dia lateral ties are used.
Sol. least lateral dimension = 200

16 Q L = 16 x 16 = 256
48 QT = 48 x 8 = 384
300 mm
Maximum pitch of column is 200 mm coz it is less.
HELICAL REINFORCEMENT
L
Ties dia T
4
6 mm
Where L =larger dia of bar if unequall bar are used.
# PITCH :-
Minimum pitch in Helical reinforcement

Not less than 25 mm
Not less than 3 x dia of helix bar
Maximum pitch in Helical reinforcement=

(i) Not more than 75 mm
1
(ii) Not more than x core dia of column
6
Whichever is less
# MINIMUM ECENTRICITY
Column min. ecentricity design Column ECENTRICITY
Calculate

Un supported length lateral dime nsion
Min. Ecentricity = + 20 mm
500 30
L D
Min. Ecent. = + 20mm
500 30
MAXIMUM LIMIT OF ECENTRICITY

Max. limit of ecentricity = 0.50 least lateral dimension
MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIO LIMIT FOR COLUMN

Case: I
The unsupported length between end restrained of a column shall not exceed
60 times of least lateral dimension.
Case: II
If one end of column is unrestrained than unsupported length shall not
100 2
exceed b
d
END CONDITION OF COLUMN & EFFECTIVE LENGTH

S.No. End Condition Figure Effective Lenght
1. If a column effectively held in position Leff.= 0.65 L
and restrained against rotation at both
ends.
2. If a column effectively held in position Leff. 0.80 L
at both ends but restrained against
rotation at one end.
at both ends but not restrained against

rototion at any ends
4. If a columan effectively held in position and Leff.= 1.20 L
restrained against rotation at one end at
other end restrained against
rotation but not held in position
and restrained against rotation at one end,
and at other end partially restrained
against rotation but not held in position
6. If a column effectively held in position at Leff.=2.0 L
and restrained against rotation one end
at other not held in position nor restrained
against rotation.
7. If a column effectivley held in position Leff. =2.0 L
at one end but not restrained against
rotation, and at the other end restrained
against rotation but not held in position
Note- In case of padestal minimum area of the minimum area of longitudnal bar
shall not less than .15% of column area.

UNIT-2
"SLAB"
SLAB are classified in two types-

(i) One way slab
(ii) Two way slab
ly = Longer span, lx=Shorter span
(i) One way slab:
ly longer span
If =
lx Shorter span > 2.0
ly
= > 20
lx
ly
ratio greater than 2
lx
(ii) Two way slab

ly longer span
if = 2.0
lx Shorter span
ly
2.0
lx
ly
ratio less than equal 2.0
lx
One way slab main reinforcement shorter direction provide

Two way slab main reinforcement directions provide

Minimum Area of Reinforcement in Slab
For mild steel ( Fy -250, Plain bar):- Not less than 0.15% of the gross area of the
slab. (gross cross-section Area of the slab)
:- .15% bD
.15
:- bD = 0.0015bD
100
For HYSD bar (HYSD-415, HYSD-500) :- 0.12% of the gross cross-section are of
the slab
(High yeild deform bar)

=.12% bD
.12
= bD = 0.0012bD
100
Maximum Area of Reinforcement
For Fy -250, Fy -415, Fy -500 :- 4% of the gross cross-section area of the slab
= 4% bD
4
= bD = 0.04bD
100
In a slab the center to center maximum horizontonal spacing between main

reinforcement should not more than 3d OR 300mm
Whichever is lesser
Where, d = effective depth of slab.

Maximum spacing between distribution bar should not exceed 5d OR 450mm
Whichever is lesser
Where d = effective depth of slab
Minimum Nominal cover in slab

(i) Dia of bar if equal bar bar used, not less than
(ii) longer dia of bar if unequal bar are used
(iii) 15mm
Maximum Deflection limit in slab or Beam
Case: I
The vertical deflection included the effect of temperature, creep and shrinkage
should not exceed.
span
or 20mm
350
Whichever is lesser
Case: II
The Final deflection due to all loads including the effect of temperature, creep
and shrinkage should not exceed.
span
250
To controlling the vertical deflection in a one way slab or beam span upto 10m.
For controlling vertical deflection span to effective depth ratio is adopted. and
its taken always shorter span.
L
For cantilever Beam or slab 7
d
L
For simply supported 20
d
L
For continuous 26
d
Note:- If the SPAN are exceed 10 mtr.(more than) then constant value of Ratio
10
are multiplied by excluding the cantilever Beam.
span
To controlling the vertical deflection limit in two way slab

span
Two way slab ratio consider.
D
For mild steel ( Fy -250, Plain bar) :-

L
For simply supported bar 35
D
L
For continous slab 40
D
Note:- In case of HYSD bar the ratio value are multiplied by 0.8
For HYSD bar :-

L
For simply supported slab 35 .8 28
D
L
For continous slab 40 .8 32
D
Q. What is the minimum depth required to controlling the vertical defletion

limit in case of cantilever beam with a span of 4.9 m.
L
Sol. For cantilever = 7
d
L = 4.9 m = 4900 mm
4900
=7
d
4900
d= = 700 mm
7
Q. If a simply supported beam with 300 mm depth what is maximum suitable

span to controlling the vertical deflection.
L
Sol. For simply supported = 20
d
L = ? d = 300 mm
L = 300 x 20
L = 6000 mm
L = 6m
ONE : TWO WAY SLAB

1
Max diameter of bar In slab = x over all thickness of slab
8
Example :- For same loading & Moment condition

Total steel provided

No. of Bar =
cross sec tional of one bar
1000
10 mm = 12.75 13 bar
78.5
1000
12 mm = 8.84 9 bar
113
cross section Area of old bar cross sec tion Area new bar
*
c / c spacing c / c spacing
( / 4 d2 ) ( / 4 d2 )
=
c / c spacing c / c spacing
c/c spacing of new Bar =
d 2 New Bar
** c / c spacing of old bar
d 2 old Bar
Example
Q. 276 Gupta & Gupta
(12)2
x100 = 1.44 x 100 = 144 mm c/c
(10)2
= 14.4 cm c/c
* One Way Slab:
wlx
Bending Moment = ; w= Total load lx=shorter span
8
* TWO - WAY SLAB :-

ly
if 2
lx
Moment in x - direction M x = x wl x2
Moment in y - direction M y = y wlx2
Where,
W = Total Load
l x = shorter span
x , y = bending moment coefficent
* Bending Moment Coeffecient For two-way slab :-
ly
Ratio of 1.0 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.75 2.00
lx
x 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

y
ly
Bending moment coeffecient in x-direction is directly proportional to ratio.
lx
ly
x direction
lx
ly
Bending moment coeffecient in y-direction is inversly proportional to ratio.
lx
1
y direction ly
lx
Q. If a slab 3 x6 m in size. What is the minimum suitable limit to controlling
the vertical deflection for s.s beam
L ly 6
Sol. For s.s beam = 35 2
D lx 3
L = 3000 mm D = ? it is two -way slab
3000
D= = 85.71 mm
35
Q. What is the suitable minimum depth required for a continous slab which
size 5 x 12.
ly 12
Type = = 2.4 (one way slab)
lx 5
L
= 26, L = 5000 mm d=?
d
5000
d= = 192.30 mm
26

UNIT-3
"BEAM"
Where,
b = over all width of beam
D = over all depth of beam
d = effective depth of beam
d' = effective cover
d'' = Nominal cover
Effective Depth - The depth of beam from outermost comperssion fibre to

center of tension reinforcement is called effective depth.
Effective cover - The depth of beam from outermost fibreof tension zone to
center of tension reinforcement is called effective cover.
Nominal cover - Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete to all steel
reinforcement including the link.
Neutral Axix - Beam Zone tension genrate zone

compression devlop Beam axix Tension develop
compression develop N.A.
In simply supported Beam tension reinforcement provided below the neutral

Axix.
In cantilever Beam the tension reinforcement provided above the neutral
Axix.

The Thermal co-efficent of concerete or steel are approximately same.
MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS
.87 y
.002
Es
Max. depth of neutral Axis -
xm d xm
0.0035 .87 y
.002
Es
.87 y
xm .002 = .0035(d- x )
Es m
.87 y
xm .002xm = 0.0035 d - .0035 x m
Es
.87 y
= xm .002xm 0.0035xm
Es
.87 y
xm .0055 = 0.0035 d
Es
.0035 d
xm
.87 y
.0055
Es
Where, Es = 200 G Pa = 200 x 103N/mm2

.0035 d
xm
0.87 y
.0055
200 x 103
.0035 d
xm
.87 y 1100
2 10 5
.0035 d 2 105
xm
0.87 y 1100
700 d
xm =
0.87 σy +1100
Note:-Maximum depth of Neutral Axis is depends only on grade of steel, it not
depends on grade of concrete.
For Fy - 250 (mild steel, plain bar)
700 d
xm
0.87 250 1100
xm
xm 0.53 d or 0.53
d
For Fy - 415 (HYSD - 415)
700 d
xm
0.87 x 415 1100 = 0.479 d .48 d
xm
x m = 0.48 d or = 0.48
d
For Fy - 500 (HYSD - 500)
700 d
xm
0.87 x 500 1100 = 0.456 d 0.46 d
xm
x m = 0.46 or = 0.46
d
The strain distribution is assumed Linear.

The Maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the section at Failure shall
not be less than
y .87 y
0.002 or 0.002
1.15 E s Es
Maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression Fiber is taken

.0035 under bending (Flexible member)
Stress distribution in concrete For design propose is assumed rectangular &
parabola.
(0 to .0020 is parabola & .0020 to .0035 is rectangular)
Partially factor of safety For stress -
limit state method In steel - 1.15
In concerete - 1.50
Where steel factor of safety is low compare to conc.
Ultimate stress Yeild stress

Q. Design strees f d Factor of safety =
Factor of safety
Yeild stress
For steel f d =
Factor of safety
y
= 0.87 y
1.15
Ultimate stress
For conc. f d
Factor of safety
0.67 ck
=
1.50
= 0.446 ck 0.45 k
ACTUAL DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS
Force of compression = Force of Tension

0.36 ck bx 0.87 y Ast
0.87 y Ast
x
0.36 b k
Case: I If x< x m or x m >x Under Reinforcement section

Case :II If x = x m Balanced section
Case:III If x> x m over Reinforcement section
Where,
x = Actual depth of Neutral Axis
x m = xu = Critical depth of Neutral Axis,
Maximum depth of Neutral Axis for Balanced section.
1. Under Reinforced:- If the actual depth of neutral Axis of a section is less

than the critical depth of Neutral axis is called under Reinforced section.
OR
If the critical depth of neutral axis is more than actual depth of neutral axis
is called under Reinforced section.
OR

If the stress level are reached within permissible limit in steel at the time of
Failure. Or stress level are not reached within permissible limit in concrete
at the time of failure is called under Reinforced section.
2. Over Reinforced section:- If the actual depth of neutral Axis exceed the
critical depth of neutral axis is called over reinforced section.
OR
If the critical depth of neutral axis is less than actual depth of neutral axis is
called over reinforced section.
OR
If the stress level are reached with in permissible limit in concrete at the
time of failure or if the stress level are not reached within permissible limit
in steel at the time of failure is called over reinforced section.
3. Balanced section:- If the actual depth of neutral axis is equal to critical

depth of neutral axis is called balanced section.
OR
If the stress level are reached simultaneously in concerete and steel within
permissible limit at the time of failure is called Balanced section.
Lever Arm Z = d - 0.416x d - 0.42x
** Centroid of compression Zone = .416x .42x from the outer fiber of com-
press Zone.
Moment Resistance capacity of concerete of a Balanced section -

M = C x Z Force in compression x lever zone
M = T x Z Force in tension x lever zone

M=CxZ
M = 0.36 ck bx X (d-0.42x)
If Fy - 250 x m = 0.53 d
M = 0.36 ck b x 0.53d (d - 0.42x0.53d)
M = 0.148 ck bd2
For Fy - 415 x m = 0.48 d

M = 0.36 ck bx0.48d (d - 0.42 x 0.48d)
M = 0.138 ck bd2
For Fy - 500 x m = 0.46 d

M = 0.36 ck b 0.46d (d - 0.42 0.46d)
M = 0.133 ck bd
2
Fy - 250 M lim. = 0.148 ck bd

2
Fy - 415 M lim. = 0.138 ck bd

2
Fy - 500 M lim. = 0.133 ck bd

2
wl 2
Ultimate moment M u =
8
* If M lim. > M u This Beam is designed as a singly reinforced beam.
* If M lim. < M u ( M u > M lim. ) This type Beam is designed as double reinforced
beam.
## MINIMUM NOMIAL COVER IN A BEAM-

* Dia of bar if equal bar are used
* Larger dia of bar if unequal bar used
* 25mm
Minimum clear Horizontal spacing between bar in a Beam

(i) Nominal dia of bar if equal bar are used
(ii) Larger dia of bar if unequal bar are used
(iii) 5 mm greater than the Nominal size of Aggregate.

Example:
Size of Agg. 20mm

5 - 28
Minimum Horizontal spacing = ?
Size of Agg. = 5 m greater than Nominal size of Agg.
= 5 + 20 = 25 mm
larger dia of bar is 28
so,
Minimum Horizontal spacing = 28
(bcoz dia of bar is greater)
Example
Nominal size of Agg = 25 mm

4 - 20 + 28
Minimum Horizontal spacing = ?

size of Agg. = 5mm Nominal size of Agg.
= 5mm + 25mm = 30mm
larger dia of bar is = 28

so,
Minimum Horizontal spacing = 30 mm
(bcoz size of Agg. is greater)
MINIMUM CLEAR VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN

REINFORCEMENT IN A BEAM -
2
(i) Not less then Nominal size of Agg.
3
(ii) 15mm
Effective span in case of Beam or Slab -
Case: I
For simply supported Beam or slab
Effective span :- Clear span + effective depth of member

OR
Center to center distance between support
Whichever is lesser
Case: II
For cantilever Beam or slab -
Effective span :- length of cantilever beam or slab from free end to inner face
of support + half of the effective depth

d
L
2
Case: III
For frame -
Effective span :- center to center distance
Case: IV
Continues Beam & slab-

Case A.
If the width of support is less than 1/12 of the clear span.
Effective span shall be taken as per simply supported beam conditions.
Effective span :- clear span + effective depth of member
Or
Center to center distance b/w support
Whichever is lesser
Case B.
If the width of support are wider 1/12 of the clear span.
(i) For end span with one end Fix and other end continues or for intermidiate
span.
Effective span :- equal to the clear span
(ii) For end span which one end free and other end continues
Effective span :- Clear span + half of the effective depth
or
Clear span + half of the width of continuous support
Whichever is lesser
d
Effective span =L+
2

CONDITION FOR DESIGING OF DOUBLY BEAM -
(i) If size are limited or Restricated
(ii) For the purpose of Architectural Appreance
(iii) For reducing dead weight (self weight) of structure.
Moment carrying capacity of double beam
M = C1 x Z 1 + C2 x Z 2
M u = (0.36 Fcr b x m ) (d-0.42 x m )+( sc - cc ) Asc (d-d')
M u = (0.36 Fcr b x m ) (d-0.42 x m )+( sc Asc - cc Asc )(d-d')

M u = M lim + ( sc Asc - cc Asc )(d-d')
In a doubly beam at the level of compression reinforcement the value of

compressive strain should be:
xu xu d '
=
.0035 esc

xu d'
e sc = 0.0035
xu
d'
** e sc = .0035 1
xu
d' = effective cover
xu = max. depth of Neutral axis
e sc = strain at the level of compression steel
Generally doubly beam are un-economical because compressive steel are

under compressed mean not compressed within permissible limit.
(Normally doubly beam un-economical category compression

zone reinforcement permissible limit compress
MAX. SLENDERNESS LIMIT FOR BEAM TO ENSURE LATERAL STABILITY
Case-I
For simply supported or continues Beam the clear distance between the lat-
eral restrained support should not exceed
250 b 2
60 b or
d
Case-II
For cantilever beam the clear distance from the free end of the cantilever to
the lateral restraind support shall not exceed
100 b 2
25 b or
d

UNIT-4
"T-BEAM"
D- over all depth of T-beam

d- effective depth of T-beam
d' - effective cover in T-beam
bw- width of web
bf - width of Flange
dw - depth of web
Df - depth of Flange
SIDE FACE REINFORCEMENT
Providing condition :-
If T-beam are under axial moment the side face reinforcement are provided
when the depth of web are exceed 750 mm (75cm).
In case of beam are under torsion (twisting moment) the side face reinforce-
ment are provided when the depth of web are exceed 450 mm.

MINIMUM AREA OF SIDE FACE REINFORCEMENT
Not less than 0.1% of the web Area
MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT

Not greater than 300mm
Not greater than width of web
Which is lesser
EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE FOR T-BEAM OR L-BEAM

T-BEAM OR L-BEAM are classified two types-
1. Monolathic T- Beam & L- Beam
2. Isolated T- Beam & L- Beam
For monolathic Beams effective width of flange

lo
T- BEAM = + bw + 6 D f
6
lo
L- BEAM = + bw + 3 D f
12
For Isolated Beams effective width of flange
lo
bw
T-Beam = lo
4
b
0.50 lo
bw
L-Beam = lo 4
b

Where,
l o = distance between point of zero moment in Beam (point of controflexure in
Beam)
b = Actual width of flange
Case-I
Assume Neutral Axis lies in the Flange
Force of compression = Force of Tension
0.36 ck
b f x = 0.87 y Ast
0.87 y Ast
x
0.36 ck bf
If x D f it means lies in flange

M = 0.36 ck
b f x (d - 0.42x)
M = 0.87 y Ast (d - 0.42x)
** T-Beam N.A. Flange beam rectanle beam design
MINIMUM AREA OF REINFORCEMENT IN A BEAMS

AO Amin.
A0 0.85
bd y
0.85 bd
Ao
y
Where,
Ao minimum area of reinforcement
b width of beam
d effective depth of beam
y grade of steel
For Fy -250
0.85 bd
Ao
250
Ao .0034 bd
Ao = 0.34% bd Ao 0.34%bd
For Fy -415
0.85 bd
Ao
415
Ao 0.0020 bd
A o = 0.20% bd Ao 0.20% bd
For Fy -500
0.85 bd
Ao
500
Ao 0.0017 bd
A o = 0.17% bd Ao 0.17% bd
MAXIMUM AREA OF REINFORCEMENT IN A BEAMS
Tension Zone :- Not more than 4% of the gross cross-section Area of beam
=4% of bD
4
= bD = 0.04 bD
100
Compression Zone :- Not more than 4% of the gross cross-section Area of

beam
= 4% bD
4
= bD =0.04 bD
100
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
In a beam shear reinforcement are provided in three forms.

(i) Verticals strips
(ii) Inclined strips
(iii) Bent up bars
MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN VERTICAL SHEAR (stirr-ups) REIN.

Not greater than 0.75 d

Whichever is lesser
MAXIMUM SPACING B/W INCLINED STIRRUPS

Not greater than d (d = effective depth of member)
Not greater than 300 mm
Whichever is lesser
MAXIMUM SPACING B/W SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Not greater than 0.75 d (vertical)

Not greater than d (inclined)
Whichever is lesser
Note : Vertical Inclined condition max. spacing of shear reinforce-
ment 300 mm
* Limit state of Collapse - shear :-

Percentile shear stress
Or
Permissible capacity of a member
Or
Without shear reinforcement
100 Ast
=
c
bd
where,
Ast Area of through out tension reinforcement
b width of beam
d effective depth of beam
(Page no.-73 IS:456:2000)
Nominal shear stress (developed on a section)
Vu
For uniform section :- v
bd
Vu = ultimate shear force

Mu
Vu tan
For varying section :- d
v
bd
Where,
Angle b/w top & bottom edge
Note :- varying section direction bending moment increase

direction Beam depth increase sign(-ve)
direction bending momen increase direction depth
increase sign(+ve)
Mu
Vu tan
d
v
bd
Mu
Vu tan
d
v
bd
Case :I
If c v or ( v c ) :- Minimum shear forcement should be provided
Asv 0.40
b Sv 0.87 y
0.40 b.Sv
or Asv
0.87 y
Where,
b width of beam
y grade of steel
Asv Area of shear stirrups

Sv spacing between stirrups
Case-II.
If v > c :- shear reinfocrcement design is required
Design shear stress = v - c
Design shear reinforcement in form of -

(i) Vertical stirrups
(ii) Inclined stirrups
(iii) Bent up bars
For vertical stirrups

0.87 y Asv .d
Vus
Sv
Where design shear force. Vus = Vu - c .bd
y grade of steel
Asv cross-section area of the legged stirrups
Two legged Asv = 2x xd2

4
Four legged Asv = 4x xd2

4
d effective depth of member
Sv spacing b/w stirrups along length
0.87 y Asv .d
Sv
Vus
For Inclined strips a series of bar bent-up at different cross-section.

0.87 y Asv d
Vvs (sin cos )
Sv
[Where is not less than 45]
When bent up bar are bent at same cross-section

Vus 0.87 . y .Asv .sin
Note:- strips maximum grade of steel Fe-415

If Dia constant :-
Spacing between shear reinforcement END (support) to toward the center :-

increase
Spacing between shear reinforcement & center to toward END (support) :-
decrease
Beam
If spacing constant :-
Dia of shear reinforcement END To CENTER :- Decrease
Dia of shear reinforcement CENTER To END :- Increase

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS OF DIFFERENT GRADE OF CONCRETE
Grade of Concrete max N/mm2

M-15 2.50
M-20 2.80
M-25 3.10
M-30 3.50
M-35 3.70
M-40 or More 4.0
DESIGN BOND STRESS IN LIMIT STATE METHOD

FOR PLAIN BAR IN TENSION ZONE
( Fy -250, Mild steel)
Grade of concrete Design bond stress ( bd N/mm2)

M-15 -
M-20 1.20
M-25 1.40
M-30 1.50
M-35 1.70
M-40 or More 1.90
* If HYSD bar (High Yield strength deform bar) are used then design bond stress
are exceed 60% compare to plain bar in tension.
Grade of Concrete. Design bond stress ( bd N/mm)

M-15 -
M-20 1.92
M-25 2.24
M-30 2.40
M-35 2.72
M-40 or More 3.04
* If bar in compression zone then design bond stress are increased by 25% com-
pare to bar in tension zone.
Mild stel (Fy-250, plain bar) In compressioin zone

M-15 -
M-20 1.20 1.25= 1.50
M-25 1.4 1.25 = 1.75
M-30 1.5 1.25 = 1.875
M-35 1.7 1.25 = 2.125
M-40 or More 1.9 1.25 = 2.375
Fy -415, Fy - 500 (deform) bar in compression zone

M-15 -
M-20 1.92 1.25= 2.4
M-25 2.24 1.25 = 2.8
M-30 2.4 1.25 = 3
M-35 2.72 1.25 = 3.4
M-40 or More 3.04 1.25 = 3.8
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Ld ' s
4 bd
Ld = development length
= dia of provided bar
s = stress of steel
bd = design bond stress
Fy - 415, 500 or
Ld' s
=
s
4 1.6 d
b 6.4 b d
b d = bond stress in plain bar.
BAR Bunddle in contact

The development length are increase compare to bar in bundle in contact:-
Nos. of bar in bundle Increasing development length
compare to individual bar
2- bar in bundle 10% increase
ANCHORING (ANCHORAGE) BAR IN TENSION
1. Deform bar may be use without anchorage value in development length.

Bend or Hooks (anchorage length) provided for plain bar ( Fy -250, Mild steel) in
tension.
Bends :- The anchorage value for bend shall be taken four times the diameter of
bar for each 450 bend and subjected to maximum sixteen times of the diameter
of the bar.
Bend :- 4 x dia of bar for every 450 angle of bend
or
16 times of the dia of bar
Whichever is lesser
HOOKS :- The anchorage value of standared U-type hook shall be equal to

sixteen times dia of bar (16d).

LAP LENGTH
1. The lap length of compression shall be equal to the development length in com-
pression.
Lap length = development length Ld s
4 b d
2. Minimum lap length should not less than 24 in compression.
3. Minimum lap length should not less than 30 in tension.
DEEP BEAM
Deep beam are design only for moment.

For simply supported beam
Leff
< 2.0
D
For contineous beam
Leff
< 2.5
D
S UPPO RT BENDING MOMENT OR SHEAR F ORCE COEF FICIENT OF
CONTINOUS BEAM
Bending Moment co-efficent
Note: Deep beam effective span to overall depth ratio

Types of Span Moment Support Moment

Load Near middle of Inter midate At support next At other
End span Span to the end intermidiate
support support
1 1 1 1 wl
Dead load+ wl wl wl
12 16 10 12 12
Imposed load
1 1 1 1
Imposed load wl wl wl wl
10 12 9 9
Shear Force Co-efficient
Types of At End At support next to the End suport Intermidiate
Load Support Outer Side Inner side Support
Dead Load+
Imposed load 0.40 0.60 0.55 0.50
Dead Load 0.45 0.60 0.60 0.60
Expention Joint In R:C:C Structure

45meter
45 meter should not exceed, it can be (10,20,30,35,40 m)
Note : Expention joint C/C spacing 45 mtr

UNIT-5
"WALL"
R.C.C WALL :-
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF R: C: C WALL :-
Should not less than 10 cm. (100mm)

H eff
RATIO OF EFFECTIVE HEIGHT TO THICKNESS :-
T
Shall not exceed 30
MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING BETWEEN BAR :-
Should not exceed 3x wall thickness (3d)

OR
450 mm
Whichever is lesser
MAXIMUM VERTICAL SPACING BETWEEN BAR IN WALL
Should not exceed 3x wall thichkness (3d)

OR
450 mm
Which ever is lesser
THE REINFORCEMENT FOR WALL :- Shall be provided as below-

A. The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concerete area shall
be
(i) .0012 for HYSD deform bar not larger than 16 mm & grade of steel greater than
415 or more.
(ii) 0.0015 for other types of steel
(iii) 0.0012 for welded wire febric not larger than 16 mm dia.
B. The minimum ratio for horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete are shall
be :
(i) 0.0020 for HYSD deform bar not larger than 16 mm dia and grade of steel
greater than 415 or more.
(ii) 0.0025 for other types of steel.
(iii) 0.0020 for welded wire febric not larger than 16 mm dia.

UNIT-6
"FOOTING"
Footing or slab R.C.C structure member shear reinforcement provide
slab or Footing are fail in shear depth shear safe
MINIMUM DEPTH OF FOOLTING
To govern the depth of footing member check in given below-

(i) Check for one way shear
(ii) Check for two way shear (punching shear)
(iii) Check for bending moment
Whichever is greater depth
MINIMUM EDGE THICKNESS OF FOOTING :-

1. If footing on P.C.C. then minimum thichkness shall not less than 150 mm
2. If footing on pile then minimum thickness shall not less than 300 mm
** Self weight of footing is assumed 10 to 15% of the axial load.
CRITICAL SECTION FOR BENDING MOMENT

Case :I
If footing are supported a concrete column, concrete padestal, concrete wall
(any concerete memember) than critical section is develop for bending moment.
At the face of the member (face of the column, face of pedastal, face of wall).
Case :II
If footing are under masonary wall. then critical section is develop
Half way between the center line & the edge of wall
Case :III
If a footing are under Gusset base then critical section is developed.
Half way between the face of column (face of pedastal) (face of wall) and gusset
base.
CRITICAL SECTION FOR SHEAR
Critical section for one-way shear is develop d distance away from the face of
member
Where, d is the effective depth of footing.
d
Criticl section for two-way shear is developed at distance away from the face
2
of member
TENSION REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTING

Case :I
In one way reinforcement footing-
The reinforcement is extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly
across full width of the footing.
not less than 50 mm.

If footing directly contact to soil (exposed to weather) than minimum nominal
cover should not less than 75 mm.
GRADE OF CONCRETE
According to IS : 456 : 2000 Grade of concrete are classified in three catego-
ries:-
(i) Ordinary concrete

(ii) Standard concrete
(iii) High strength concrete
Concrete Grade
N/mm 2 Kg/cm 2
M-10 M-100
M-15 M-150 Ordinary Conc.
M-20 M-200
N/mm 2 Kg/cm 2
M-25 M-250
M-30 M-300
M-35 M-350
M-40 M-400 Standard Conc.
M-45 M-450
M-50 M-500
M-55 M-550
M-60 M-600
M-65 M-650
M-70 M-700 High Strength Conc.
M-75 M-750
M-80 M-800
Nominal Mix
M-5 1 : 5 : 10
M - 7.5 1:4:8
M - 10 1:3:6
M - 15 1:2:4
M - 20 1 : 1 12 : 3
M - 25 1:1:2
Where,
M is mix or constant value is represent the compressive strength of concrete
with standard cube 15 cm in size. (15x15x15) after 28 days.
The strength of concrete after 28 days is called charecteristic strength of
concerete.
According to IS-456-2000 minimum Grade of concrete for R.C.C or C.C work
should not less than M-20
FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

FCr = 0.70 Fck = 0.70 ck
FCr Flexural tensile strength

Fck charecteristic strength of conc. (grade of con.)
YOUNG MODULUS OF STEEL (modulus of elasticity)

Es 200 G pa
or
Es 200 x 103 N / mm2 = 2 x 105 N / mm 2
or
Es 200 KN / mm 2
or
kg /10
Es 200 x 103 x 2
cm /10
Es 200 x 10 4 kg / cm 2 = 2 x 106 kg/cm2

Es of steel 190 - 210 Gpa
YOUNG MODULUS OF CONCRETE
For short term modulas of elasticity (without effect of creep)

Es 5000 Fck IS-456-2000
Es 5700 FCK IS-456-1978
For longterm modulas of elasticity (with effect of creep)
5000 Fck
Ec IS-456-2000
1
5700 Fck
Ec IS-456-1978
1
= creep cofficent
CREEP COFFICENT
Creep cofficent is the ratio of ultimate creep Strain to elastic strain.

ultimate creep strain
Creep cofficent =
elastic strain
Creep coefficient at the different Age of concrete :-

Ago of Loading Creep cofficent
7 days 2.20
28 days 1.60
1 year 1.10
with increasing the age of loading creep cofficent are decrease.
IMPORTANTS CODES USE IN RCC WORKS

IS-269: Specification for ordinary portland cement for 33 grade.
IS-383: Specification for course & fine aggregate
IS-432(part-I): Specification for mild steel.
IS-455: Specification for portland slag cement.
IS-516: Method for testing of concrete strength.
IS-875: Calculation the design load on the structure other than earth-
quake load. (sesmic load)
IS-875 (part-I): Calculation of Dead load.
(part-II): Calculation of Live load.
(part-III): Calculation of Wind load.
(part-IV): Calculation of Snow load.
(part-V): Special load & combinations of load.
IS-1199: Specification for method of sampleing of concrete.
IS-1343: Specification for pre stress concrete.
IS-1489: Specification for portland pozzolana portland cement
IS-1566: Specification for hard drawn steel febric wire use in concrete
reinforcement.
IS-1641: Specification for fire safety for a building
IS-1791: Specification for batch type concrete mixture.
IS-1893: Specification for earthquake resistance building.
IS-1904: Specification for design & construction of foundation of soll.
IS-2062: Specification for steel use in general strcture.
IS-2386: Method for testing of Aggregates.
IS-2505: Specification for vibrators
IS-3025: Specification for method of sampling & physical or chemical
test on water.

IS-3414: Specification for joint in buildings
IS-3812: Specification for fly ash use in P.P.C cement
IS-4926: Specification for Ready mix concrete
IS-4925: Specification for concrete batching & mixing plant
IS-5816: Specification for method of testing of spilt tensile strength of
concrete
IS-6452: Specification for high Alumina cement
IS-6909: Specification for super sulphate cement
IS-8041: Specification for rapid Hardning portland cement.
IS-8043: Specification for Hydrofobic cement
IS-8112: Specification for 43 grade portland cement
IS-10262: Specification for design mix concrete
IS-12269: Specification for 53 grade ordinary portland cement
IS-12330: Specification for sulphate resisting portland cement
IS-12600: Specification for low heat portland cement
IS-14687: Specification for false work in concrete structure.
ATMOSPHERE EXPOSURE CONDITION OF CONCRETE

It describe in 5 types-
1. Mild Exposer conditions
2. Moderate Exposer conditions
3. Severe Exposer conditions
4. Very severe Exposer condition
5. Extreme condition
S. Atomosphere Minimum grade Minimum cement Maximum

N. Exposive of concrete contain in 1/m3 water Cement
Condition of Ratio
concrete
P.C.C. R.C.C. P.C.C. R.C.C. P.C.C R.C.C.
1 Mild Exposive - M-20 220kg\m3 300kg\m3 0.60 0.55
condition
2. Moderate M- 15 M-25 240kg\m3 300kg\m3 0.60 0.50
condition
3. Severe M- 20 M-30 250kg\m3 320kg\m3 0.50 0.45
Exposure
condition
4. Very Severe M- 20 M-35 260kg\m3 340kg\m3 0.45 0.45
Expousre
5. Extreme M- 25 M-40 280kg\m3 360kg\m3 0.40 0.40
Exposure
Condition

1. Mild Exposure condition:- If the concrete surface protected against weather &
aggresive condition. (
2. Moderate Exposure condition:- If the concrete surface sheltered from severe
3. Severe Exposure condition: If the concrete surface exposed to severe rain al-
ternate wetting & drying and occasional freezing while wet.(
4. Very severe Exposure condition:- If concrete surface exposed to sea water

sprey, severe freezing while wet. (
5. Extreme Exposure condition: If concrete surface in Tidal zone and concrete
FREEZING( AND THAWING(
Air entring agent
Air entring agent

Workability) Air entring agent
1. Increase workability of concrete

2. Better resistance against freezing & thawing
3. Reduce the strength of concrete
Quantity of Entring Agent Lower then M-50 concrete
Nominal sized of aggregate Percentage of Air entering ag.

20 mm 5 1
40 mm 4 1
CONCRETE WITH SEA WATER
IS 456 : 2000 Portland slag ce-

ment Portland pozzlona cement
R.C.C M-30
P.C.C M-20
Sea water case mm extra cover
TEST RESULTS OF SAMPLE

In cub test of concrete 3 specimens are taken for sample.
The strength of concrete is the average strength of 3 specimens.
Individual variation of cube should not more than 15% of the average
strength.
TESTING OF CONCRETE
To determine the strength of concrete two methods are use
1. Cube test For fresh concrete
2. Core test For age (old) concrete
For same concrete cube results are obtained Higher than compair to core
result.
For fresh concrete > For old concrete
Higher Result
The core results average strenght should be equal to or more than 85% of the
result of cube strength
Avg. strength of core 85% Avg. strength of cube

Individual core strenght should not less than 75% of the average strength of
cube.
Sample Frequency
Qt y. of Con cre te N os. of S ample

1-5 m 3 1 S ampl e
6-15 m 3 2 S ampl e
16- 30 m 3 3 S ampl e
31- 50 m 3 4 S ampl e
51 or m ore 4+ on e extra for
each 50 m 3 co nc.
Types of Mix-
1. Nominal Mix- Based on volume (Qty. are mixed by its volume)
2. Design Mix - Based on weight (Qty. are mixed by its weight)
Nominal Mix (M5-M-25) Code Recomended Nominal Mix upto M-20.

Kg/Cm2 Nominal Mixing Total Qty. of Dry Water required

Mix Only Agg. (Cor e1 Finner) for 50 kg beg
N/mm2 for per 50 kg (per of cement
bag) cement
M-50 M-5 1:5:10 800 Kg 60Kg
M-75 M-7.5 1:4:8 625 Kg 45 Kg
M-100 M-10 1:3:6 480 Kg 34 Kg
M-150 M-15 1:2:4 330 Kg 32 Kg
M-200 M-20 1:1½:3 250 Kg 30 Kg
M-25 1:1:2
Coarse (Agg.) : Finner(Agg.) 2 : 1
upper limit (Coarse : Finner) 11

2 : 1
Lower limit (Coarse : Finner) 21
2 : 1
To make (To prepration) of concrete
Batching (Qty. Obtained)
Mixing
[Hand mixing (If obtained equal strength compare to machine 10% Etra
cement require)
[Machine Mixing (Minimum mixing period not less then 2 minutes or 20 Nos.
of revolution] Which ever is greater
Max. Mixing of conc. - Not exceed 4 minutes
Transportation
Placing
Free fall height should not exced 1.5 mtr.

Final Finishing
Curing
O.P.C. cement minimum curing period 7days not less than that.
concrete Admixture add Hot weather minimum curing period
not less than 10 days.
Size of Aggeregate
Different size of Agg. are used in concrete work but most of concrete work
20mm nominal size of Aggeregate are use.
If closely spaced reinforcement provided in structure then maximum 10 mm
size of Agg. are used.
If No restriction to flow of concrete than 40 mm or more size of Agg. are used.
Water observation of Agg. should not more than 10% of the weight of Agg.
Sulphate containt in Agg. not more than 0.5% of the weight of Agg.
WATER :-
The water which is used in concrete work the pH value should not less than
6.
Permisible limits of solid in water use for concrete.
S.No. Solids Permissible

Limit
1 Organic Matter 200 PPM
2. Sulphates 400 PPM
3. Chloride Content 500 PPM
(i) If steel are embedded
(RCC work)
(ii) If steel are not embedded 2000 PPM
(P.C.C., C.C.)
4. Suspended Matter 2000 PPM
5. Inorganic Matter 3000 PPM

Form Work Minimum removing period of form work
S.No. Types of Form Work Minimum

removing
period
1. Vertical from work to 16-24 hrs
column, wall, side, beam
side, (side of wall, beam)
2. Soffit form work remove to 3 days
slab & propped re-fixed
immediately after removal of
from work
3. Propped removing period to
slab
(i) Span up to 4.5 mtr. 7 days
(ii) Span over 4.5 mtr. 14 days
4. Soffit form work remove to 7 days
beam & propped re-fixed
immediately after removal off
from work
5. Propped removed period to
beam
(i) Span up to 6.0 mtr. 14 days
(ii) Span over 6.0 mtr. 21 days
Limit State Method:

Limit State Method
Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Servicibility
Max. deflection limit Max. cracking limit
In limit state Method the structure shall be design to with stand safely all
Loads liable to act on it throughout the life, it shall also satisfied the servicibility
requirement such as maximum deflection & maximum cracking limits.
Limit state of Collapse - If the structure or part of structure could be as-

sessed from Rupture(failing) of one or more than one critical section and from
buckling due to elastic and plastic instability over turning.

Limit state of servicibility
(i) Maximum deflection limit-
(a) The deflection in a structure due to the effect of temperature, creep and
shrinkage should not exceed :-
Span
or 20mm
350
Whichever is lesser
(b) The final deflection due to all loads including the effect of temperature, creep
Span
& shrinkage should not exceed:-
250
(ii) Maximum cracking limit-

(a) Crack width not exceed 0.3 mm if not harmful for structure.
(b) Crack width not exceed 0.2 mm if crack in tension zone & structure direct
contact with water
(c) Crack width not exceed 0.1 mm if sever exposure condition for concrete.
CHARECTERISTIC STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

material strength 5% test result fail charecteristic
strength of material
[The term charecteristic strength means the value of strength of the mate-
rial below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.]
CHARECTERISTIC LOAD
structure charecterstic load load 95% possibility

load structure life 5%
possibility structure load
[The term charecterstic load mean the value of load which has a 95% prob-
ability of not being exceed during the life of structure.]
PARTIALLY FACTOR OF SAFTEY

L.L. = I.L. Finally
Live Load = Imposed Load 1.0 (D.L. +I.L.), 1.0 (D.L.+W.L.), D.L.+0.80(W.L.+I.L.)
Limit state of servicibility
Finally 1.50 (D.L+L.L), 1.50 (D.L+W.L), 1.20 (D.L+W.L.+L.L)=Limit stateof collapse
Assumption for limit state of collapse :- Flexural

1. Plain section normal to the Axis remain plain after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete outermost compression fiber is taken 0.0035

under bending. (Flexural Member)
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignore.

4. The field charecteristic strength of concrete shall be assume 0.67 ck
5. The maximum strain in tension reinforcement in section at failure shall not
y 0.87
be less than 0.002 or 0.002
1.15 Es Es
Assumption in limit state of collapse : compression

1. Plain section normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete outermost compression fiber is taken 0.0035
under bending.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignore.
4. The field charecteristic strength of concrete shall be assume 0.67 ck
5. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in Axial compression is taken

0.0020
FLAT SLAB
A slab which is directly supported by column without beam or with or without
drops or with or without. Flared column is called flat slab and Monolathically
casted with column.
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF FLAT SLAB

Minimum thickness of flat slab should not less than 125 mm
MAXIMUM SPACING
Maximum spacing between reinforcement in flat slab should not exceed 2x thick-
ness of flat slab.
Main functions of Drop in flat slab is to resist shear
d
Critical section for shear in flat slab distance away from the periphery of
2
column.
Where 'd' is the effective depth of flat slab.
Permissible shear stress capacity in flat slab:-
'c Ks x c
Where,
c = 0.25 Fck in limit method
c = 0.16 Fck in working stress method

K s = 0.5 + c (where K s 1.0)
shorter side of column

c
longer side of column
Shear design in flat slab is required if nominal shear stress is exceed the
permissible shear but less than exceeding value is 1.5 c ( c > 'c )
If stress are exceed 1.5 c slab should be Re-design.

"RIBBED SLAB"
Minimum width of Rib should not less than 65 mm

Center to Center spacing between two Rib should not exceed 1.5 meter.
The depth of Ribbed slab shall not more than 4 times the width of rib excluding
topping of ribbed slab.
SHRINKAGE IN CONCRETE:-
Following factor are effected total shrinkage in concrete -
1. Atmosphere Humidity
2. Temperature
3. Size of member
4. Exposer condition of Atmosphere
5. Constituent of concrete
6. Totalamount of water present in concrete at the time of casting of cencrete.
Note:- The most of influence total shrinkage of conrete by the amount of water
present in concrete at the time of mixing/batching.
structure member design shrinkage strain calculate data

Available approximately design shrinkage strain 0.0003
[In Absence of test data Approximate value of total shrinkage strain for design
may be taken .0003]
WORKING STRESS METHOD

Assumption of working stress method:-
1. At any cross-section plain before bending remains plain after bending.
2. The stress strain relationship of steel and concrete under working load shall be
taken straight line or linear.
280
3. The Moduluar ratio M has the value
3 cbc
BOND STRESS FOR DEFORM BAR:-
In working strees method Bond stress are increase 60%
DIRECT TENSILE STRESS FOR DIFFERENT GRADE OF CONCRETE IN WORKING
STRESS METHOD:-
Grade of Conc. M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45
Tensile Stress 1.20 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
N/mm 2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS OF CONCRETE:-

Grade of Conc. M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-30 M-40 or
more
1.60 1.80 1.90 2.20 2.30 2.50
max N/mm2
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT :- same as per limit state method.

PARTIALLY FACTOR OF SAFTEY FOR STRESS:-
For steel 1.78
250
Fy - 250 = 140.44 N/mm2 140 N/mm2
st
1.78
415
Fy - 415 = 233.14 N/mm2 230 N/mm2
st
1.78
500
Fy - 500 = 280.89 N/mm2 280 N/mm2
st
1.78
Permissible stress of conc.
Grade of Conc. under bending( cbc ) Direct( cc )

M-15 5.0 4.0
M-20 7.0 5.0
M-25 8.50 6.0
M-30 10.00 8.0
M-35 11.50 9.0
M-40 13.00 10.0
M-45 14.50 11.0
M-50 16.00 12.0

Modular Ratio
Grade of Con. Without effect of Creep With effect of creeb M=280/ 3 cbc
ES
ES M
EC Es
1 Q
M= E M= 1 Q Ec
C
200 103 280

M-15 M= 10.32 M 10.32 2.10 21.67 M 18.66
5000 15 3 5
200 103 280

M-20 8.94 M 8.94 2.10 18.77 M 13.33
5000 20 3 7
200 103 280

M-25 8.0 M 8.0 2.10 16.80 M 10.98
5000 25 3 8.5
200 103 280

M-30 7.30 M 7.30 2.10 15.33 M 9.33
5000 30 3 10
200 103 280

M-35 6.76 M 6.76 2.10 14.196 M 8.11
5000 35 3 11.5
200 103 280

M-40 6.32 M 6.32 2.10 13.27 M 7.17
5000 40 3 13
200 103 280

M-45 5.96 M 5.96 2.10 12.52 M 6.43
5000 45 3 14.5
200 103 280

M-50 5.65 M 5.65 2.10 11.86 M 5.83
5000 50 3 16
280
M creep effect's partially consider
3 cbc
DESIGN BOND STREES FOR DIFFERENT GRADE OF CONCRETE:-

Plain bar in tension by Fy-250
Grade of Conc. M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-30 M-40 M-45 M-50
0.60 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
bd N/mm2
NOTE:-
With increasing the grade of concrete (with increasing Reacher mixer) Modular
Ratio M is decrease.
PERMISSIBLE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF COLUMN :-
For short column

P cc Ac sc Asc
cc Direct permissible compressive stress

Ac Area of conc.
sc Permissible stress in steel

Asc Area of steel in column
Load carrying capacity of long column:

P Cr ( cc Ac sc Asc )
le le
Cr Reducation factor 1.25 1.25
48 b or 160 I min.
I min. = min. radius of gyration
If wind or earthquake (sesmic), temperature or shrinkage effect are consider
1
than permissible stress are increase 3 3 (33.33%)
3
Note:- Wind or earthquake (sesmic) forces need not consider simultaneously
DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS IN WORKING STRESS METHOD:-

x K d .d
mc
Kd
mc t
280
where, m
3 cbc
c= cbc
t= st
280
x cbc
3 cbc
kd
280
x cbc st
3 cbc
93.33
kd
93.33 st
x k d .d
93.33
x d
93.33 st

Note:- Balance section depth of Neutral axis working stress method
grade of steel
For Fy - 250
st = 140 N/mm2
93.33
x d
93.33 140
For Fy - 250 = 0.399 d 0.40 d
For Fy - 415
st = 230 N/mm2
93.33
x d
93.33 230
x = 0.288 d .29 d
For Fy - 500
st = 280
93.33
x d
93.33 280
x = 0.249 d .25 d
Summary
st 140 x m .40 d
st 230 x m .29 d
st 280 x m .25 d
MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF A BALANCED SECTION :-

Moment = Force x lever Arm
Force = stress x Area
1
stress = x( cbc 0) = cbc
2 2
Area = b X x
x
Lever Arm = d x = kd x d
3
x
xbXxx d
cbc
Moment =
2 3

kd .d
x b x kd x d x d
cbc
Moment =
2 3
1 kd kd !
Moment = kd bd 2 1 "1 J leverArm cons tan t #
2 cbc
3 $ 3 %
1
Moment = kd J bd 2
2 cbc
1
kd J =
2 cbc
M= bd2
M
** d=
b
if M in kg-mm b = 1000 mm
M
d=
1000
if M in kg-cm b = 1000 cm
M
d=
1000
if M in kg-m b = 1m
M
d=


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RCC Hindi KT

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Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Column are classified mainly two types-

1. Short Column :- A Column is said to be short column if slenderness ratio are

2. Long Column :- A Column is said to be long column if slenderness ratio are

Column classified according to "Ties":-

# LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF LATERAL & HELICAL TIES COLUMN:

(I) Lateral ties column-

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

In case of square or Rectangular column minimum nos. of Longitudnal bar

The Maximum Area of longitudnal reinforcement in a column should not ex-

Range of Steel in a Column = .8% to 6%

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Should not less than longer dia of Bar -

Note:- column size 200 mm minimum Nominal cover 40 mm.

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF LONGITUDAL BAR

Note:- Column size 200 mm maximum diameter of longitudal bar 12

Availble dia in Market:-

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Minimum pitch in Helical reinforcement

Maximum pitch in Helical reinforcement=

Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in 4 Contact No.: 9610446964

MAXIMUM LIMIT OF ECENTRICITY

MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIO LIMIT FOR COLUMN

60 times of least lateral dimension.

If one end of column is unrestrained than unsupported length shall not

END CONDITION OF COLUMN & EFFECTIVE LENGTH

1. If a column effectively held in position Leff.= 0.65 L

and restrained against rotation at both

2. If a column effectively held in position Leff. 0.80 L

at both ends but restrained against

rotation at one end.

3. If a column effectively held in position Leff.= 1.0 L

at both ends but not restrained against

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

4. If a columan effectively held in position and Leff.= 1.20 L

restrained against rotation at one end at

other end restrained against

rotation but not held in position

5. If a column effectively held in position Leff.= 1.50 L

and restrained against rotation at one end,

and at other end partially restrained

against rotation but not held in position

6. If a column effectively held in position at Leff.=2.0 L

and restrained against rotation one end

at other not held in position nor restrained

7. If a column effectivley held in position Leff. =2.0 L

at one end but not restrained against

rotation, and at the other end restrained

against rotation but not held in position

shall not less than .15% of column area.

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

SLAB are classified in two types-

ly = Longer span, lx=Shorter span

(i) One way slab:

(ii) Two way slab

One way slab main reinforcement shorter direction provide

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

(High yeild deform bar)

Maximum Area of Reinforcement

In a slab the center to center maximum horizontonal spacing between main

Where, d = effective depth of slab.

Minimum Nominal cover in slab

Maximum Deflection limit in slab or Beam