mechanics

velocity acceleration equations of motion newton's 2nd law weight

Δs Δv v = v0 + at ∑F = ma W = mg
v̅ =  a̅  =  2
Δt Δt s = s0 + v0t + ½at dp
2 2 ∑F = 
ds dv v  = v0  + 2a(s − s0) dt
v =  a = 
dt dt v̅ = ½(v + v0)

dry friction centripetal accel. momentum impulse impulse-momentum

J = F̅Δt F̅Δt = mΔv
2
fs ≤ μsN v p = mv
ac = 
fk = μkN r J = ⌠F dt ⌠F dt = Δp
⌡ ⌡
ac = − ω2r

work work-energy kinetic energy general p.e. gravitational p.e.

W = F̅Δs cos θ F̅Δs cos θ = ΔE K = ½mv
2 ⌠ ΔUg = mgΔh
ΔU = −  F · ds
⌡
W = ⌠F · ds ⌠F · ds = ΔE 2
p F = − ∇U
⌡ ⌡ K = 
2m

efficiency power power-velocity angular velocity angular acceleration

Wout ΔW P = Fv cos θ Δθ Δω
η =  P ̅ =  ω̅ =  α̅ = 
Ein Δt P = F · v Δt Δt
dW dθ dω
P =  ω =  α = 
dt dt dt
2
v = ω × r a = α × r − ω r

equations of rotation torque 2nd law for rotation moment of inertia rotational work
2
ω = ω0 + αt τ = rF sin θ ∑τ = Iα I = ∑mr W = τ̅Δθ
θ = θ0 + ω0t + ½αt 2
τ = r × F dL ⌠ 2 ⌠
I = ⌡ r dm W = ⌡ τ · dθ
2 2 ∑τ = 
ω  = ω0  + 2α(θ − θ0) dt
ω̅ = ½(ω + ω0)

rotational power rotational k.e. angular momentum angular impulse angular i.m.
2
P = τω cos θ K = ½Iω L = mrv sin θ H = τ̅Δt τ̅Δt = mΔω
P = τ · ω L = r × p H = ⌠
⌡τ dt
⌠τ dt = ΔL
⌡
L = Iω

universal gravitation gravitational field gravitational p.e. gravitational potential

Gm1m2 Gm Gm1m2 Gm
Fg = −  2
r̂ g = −  2
r̂ Ug = −  Vg = − 
r r r r

orbital speed escape speed hooke's law spring p.e. s.h.o.

2
Gm 2Gm F = − kΔx Us = ½kΔx m
v = √ v = √ T = 2π √
r r k
 simple pendulum frequency angular frequency density pressure
ℓ 1 ω = 2πf m F
T = 2π √ f =  ρ =  P = 
g T V A

pressure in a fluid buoyancy mass flow rate volume flow rate mass continuity
P = P0 + ρgh B = ρgVdisplaced ∆m ∆V ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
q̅ m =  q̅ V = 
∆t ∆t
dm dV
qm =  qV = 
dt dt

volume continuity bernoulli's equation dynamic viscosity kinematic viscosity

2 2
A1v1 = A2v2 P1 + ρgy1 + ½ρv1  = P2 + ρgy2 + ½ρv2 F̅ Δvx η
 = η  ν = 
A Δz ρ
F dvx
 = η 
A dz

drag mach number reynolds number froude number young's modulus

2
R = ½ρCAv v ρvD v F Δℓ
Ma =  Re =  Fr =   = E
c η √gℓ A ℓ0
σ = Eε

shear modulus bulk modulus surface tension

F Δx F ΔV F
 = G  = K γ = 
A y A V0 ℓ
τ = Gγ P = Κθ

thermal physics

solid expansion liquid expansion sensible heat latent heat ideal gas law
Δℓ = αℓ0ΔT ΔV = βV0ΔT Q = mcΔT Q = mL PV = nRT
ΔA = 2αA0ΔT
ΔV = 3αV0ΔT

molecular constants maxwell-boltzmann molecular k.e.

2 3 mv2
nR =Nk 4v ⎛ m ⎞2 − 
2kT
⟨K⟩ =  3 kT
2
p(v) =  e
√π ⎝2kT⎠

molecular speeds heat flow rate thermal conduction stefan-boltzmann law

4 4
2kT 8kT 3kT ΔQ kAΔT P = εσA(T  − T0 )
vp = √ ⟨v⟩ = √ vrms = √ P ̅ =  P = 
m πm m Δt ℓ
dQ
P = 
dt

wien displacement law internal energy thermodynamic work 1st law of thermo.
b ΔU =  3 nRΔT ⌠ ΔU = Q + W
2
W = −⌡P dV
λmax = 
T ΔU =  3 NkΔT
2
 entropy efficiency c.o.p.
ΔQ QC QC
ΔS =  ηreal = 1 −  COPreal = 
T QH QH − QC
S = k log w TC TC
ηideal = 1 −  COPideal = 
TH TH − TC

waves & optics

periodic waves frequency beat frequency intensity

v = fλ 1 fbeat = fhigh − flow ⟨P⟩
f =  I = 
x T A
∆s(x,t) = ∆s sin⎡2π⎛ft −  ⎞⎤
⎣ ⎝ λ⎠⎦

intensity level pressure level doppler effect mach angle cerenkov angle

⎛I⎞ ⎛ ∆P ⎞ fo λs c ± vo c c
LI = 10 log⎝ ⎠ LP = 20 log⎝  =   =  sin µ =  cos θ = 
I0 ∆P0⎠ fs λo c ∓ vs v nv
Δf Δλ ∆v
 ≈   ≈ 
f λ c

interference fringes index of refraction snell's law critical angle image location

nλ = d sin θ c n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 n2 1 1 1
n =  sin θc =   =   + 
nλ x v n1 f do di
 ≈ 
d L

image size spherical mirrors

hi di r
M =   =  f ≈ 
ho do 2

electricity & magnetism

coulomb's law electric field, def. electric potential, def. field & potential electric field
q1q2 FE ΔUE ∆V q
F = k 2
E =  ΔV =  E̅ =  E = k ∑ 2
r̂
r q q d r
1 q1q2 E = −∇V dq
F =  r̂ ⌠ E = k ⌠ 2 r̂
4πε0 r 2
−⌡E · dr = ∆V ⌡r

electric potential capacitance plate capacitor cylindrical capacitor spherical capacitor

q Q κε0A 2πκε0ℓ 4πκε0
V = k ∑ C =  C =  C =  C = 
r V d ln(b/a) (1/a) − (1/b)
dq
V = k ⌠
⌡ r
 capacitive p.e. electric current charge density current density
2
1 1Q 1 Δq Q I
U =  CV2 =   =  QV ̅
I =  ρ =  J = 
2 2 C 2 Δt V A
dq J = ρv
I = 
dt

ohm's law resitivity-conductivity electric resistance electric power resistors in series

2
V = IR 1 ρℓ V Rs = ∑Ri
ρ =  R =  P = VI = I2R = 
E = ρJ σ A R
J = σE

resistors in parallel capacitors in series capacitors in parallelmagnetic force, charge 

1 1 1 1 Cp = ∑Ci FB = qvB sin θ
 = ∑  = ∑
Rp Ri Cs Ci FB = qv × B

magnetic force, current biot-savart law solenoid straight wire

FB = IℓB sin θ μ0I⌠ds × r̂ B = µ0nI μ0I
B =  B = 
dFB = I dℓ × B 4π ⌡ r2 2πr

parallel wires electric flux magnetic flux motional emf induced emf
FB μ0 I1I2 ΦE = EA cos θ ΦB = BA cos θ ℰ = Bℓv ΔΦB
 =  ℰ̅ = − 
ℓ 2π r ΦE = ⌠E · dA ΦB = ⌠B · dA Δt
⌡ ⌡
dΦB
ℰ = − 
dt

gauss's law no one's law faraday's law ampere's law

Q ∂ΦB ∂ΦE
∯E · dA =  ∯B · dA = 0 ∮E · ds = −  ∮B · ds = μ0ε0  + μ0I
ε0 ∂t ∂t
ρ ∂B ∂E
∇ · E =  ∇ · B = 0 ∇ × E = −  ∇ × B = μ0ε0  + μ0 J
ε0 ∂t ∂t

electromagnetic plane wave em wave energy density poynting vector

2
x η = ε0E 1
E (x,t) = E0 sin [2π(ft −   + φ)] ĵ S =  E × B
λ 1 2 μ0
η =  B
x μ0
B (x,t) = B0 sin [2π(ft −   + φ)] k̂
λ

em radiation pressure
P = ½η

modern physics

lorentz factor time dilation length contraction relative velocity relativistic energy
2 2 2
1 t0 ℓ = ℓ0√(1 − v /c ) u + v mc
γ =  2 2
t =  2 2
u' =  2
E =  2 2
√(1 − v /c ) √(1 − v /c ) ℓ0 1 + uv/c √(1 − v /c )
ℓ = 
t = γt0 γ E = γmc2
 relativistic momentum energy-momentum mass-energy relativistic k.e.
2 2 2 2 4 2
mv E  = p c  + m c E = mc 1
p =  2 2
K = ⎛ ⎞
⎝√(1 − v2/c2) − 1⎠mc
2

√(1 − v /c )
p = γmv K = (γ − 1)mc2

relativistic doppler effect photon energy photon momentum photoelectric effect

λ f0 ⎛1 + v/c⎞ E = hf h Kmax = E − ϕ
 =   = √⎝ p = 
λ0 f 1 − v/c⎠ E = pc λ Kmax = h(f − f0)
E
p = 
c

schroedinger's equation uncertainty principle rydberg equation half life

2
∂ ℏ ℏ  1 1 1 N = N02−t/T½
iℏ  Ψ(r,t) = −   ∇2Ψ(r,t) + V(r)Ψ(r,t) ΔpxΔx ≥   = −R∞ ⎛ 2 −  2⎞
∂t 2m 2 λ ⎝ n n ⎠ 0
2
ℏ 2
ℏ 
Eψ(r) = −   ∇ ψ(r) + V(r)ψ(r) ΔEΔt ≥ 
2m 2

absorbed dose effective dose

E H = QD
D = 
m