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Utilization of Plastic waste in Bitumen Mixes for Flexible Pavement

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 ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785
World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019, Mumbai, 26-30 May 2019

Utilization of on
World Conference Plastic
Transportwaste
Researchin–Bitumen
WCTR 2019,Mixes Mumbai,for Flexible
26-30 May 2019
Pavement
Utilization of Plastic waste in Bitumen Mixes for Flexible
Dr. S. L. Hake , Dr. R. M. Damgir , , P. R. Awsarmal
1 1* 2
Pavement
1
Associate Professor, DVVP College of Engineering, Ahmednagar (MS), India.
STA PMGSY, Aurangabad (Maharashtra), Professor,
Dr. S. L. Hake1, Dr. R.HOD, Government
1* College of Engineering,
, , P. R. Awsarmal2 Aurangabad (MS), India.
1*
2 M. Damgir
Research Scholar, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad (MS), India.
1
Associate Professor, DVVP College of Engineering, Ahmednagar (MS), India.
1*
STA PMGSY, Aurangabad (Maharashtra), Professor, HOD, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad (MS), India.
2
Research Scholar, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad (MS), India.
Abstract

The situation of present way of life an entire restriction on the utilization of waste plastic can't be put, in spite of the
fact that the waste plastic taking the substance of a demon for the present and the future age. In this way transfer of waste plastic
Abstract
is a difficult issue all inclusive due to their non-biodegradability and unaesthetic view. Since these are not arranged logically and
probabilityThe to make ground
situation and water
of present waycontamination.
of life an entireThis waste plastic
restriction on the in utilization
part supplanted the regular
of waste material
plastic can't to enhance
be put, in spitewanted
of the
mechanical
fact that thequalities for specific
waste plastic taking street blend. of a demon for the present and the future age. In this way transfer of waste plastic
the substance
In issue
is a difficult the present research
all inclusive duework created
to their procedures to utilize
non-biodegradability plastic waste
and unaesthetic for development
view. Since these aremotivation behind
not arranged adaptable
logically and
asphalts willtobe
probability survey.
make In regular
ground Street
and water making process
contamination. Thisbitumen is utilized
waste plastic as folio.
in part Such bitumen
supplanted canmaterial
the regular be adjusted with squander
to enhance wanted
plastic pieces
mechanical and bitumen
qualities blend street
for specific is made which can be utilized as a best layer of adaptable asphalt. The plastics from PET jugs to
blend.
be utilized Inin the
blends for examine
present researchwork.
work The measurements
created proceduresof toplastic
utilize of 5 %, 7.5%,
plastic 10 %,
waste for 12.5% and motivation
development 15 % utilized as substitution
behind adaptable
of bitumen.
asphalts willThe advanceInplastics
be survey. regularcontent is 10% process
Street making with 5.25 % of bitumen
bitumen content.
is utilized In this
as folio. Suchpaper concentrated
bitumen on Marshall
can be adjusted Test and
with squander
extremepieces
plastic execution of hot blend
and bitumen blendblack-top. In thiscan
is made which examination
be utilized work it islayer
as a best explored that the general
of adaptable asphalt. cost
The of plasticfrom
plastics blends
PETbitumen
jugs to
spared
be 5.18in%blends
utilized cost as
forcontrast
examinewith customary
work. bitumen. Subsequently
The measurements of plastic of 5it %,
is efficient
7.5%, 10and earth advantageous
%, 12.5% for development
and 15 % utilized of
as substitution
plastic
of blendThe
bitumen. bituminous
advance street.
plastics content is 10% with 5.25 % of bitumen content. In this paper concentrated on Marshall Test and
extreme execution of hot blend black-top. In this examination work it is explored that the general cost of plastic blends bitumen
spared 5.18 Key%words: Bitumen
cost as Mixes,
contrast withPlastic Wastage,
customary FlexibleSubsequently
bitumen. Pavement. it is efficient and earth advantageous for development of
plastic blend bituminous street.
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Plastic
Elsevier B.V.
© 2020 TheKeyAuthors. Published
words: Bitumen by Elsevier
Mixes, B.V. Flexible Pavement.
Wastage,
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility of the
the CC BY-NC-ND
scientific license
committee (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019
© 2020 The
Keywords: Authors.
Type Published
your keywords here,byseparated
ElsevierbyB.V.
semicolons ;
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019
Keywords: Type your keywords here, separated by semicolons ;

2352-1465 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019
2352-1465 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019

2352-1465 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Conference on Transport Research – WCTR 2019
10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.041
3780 S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785
2 S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction
Plastics, a versatile material and a friend to common man become a problem to the environment after its
use. Disposal of a variety of plastic & rubber wastes in an eco-friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research.
Looking forward the scenario of present life style a complete ban on the use of waste plastic cannot be put, although
the waste plastic taking the face of a devil for the present and the future generation. But the use of waste plastics in
road construction is gaining importance these days because plastic roads perform better than ordinary ones and the
plastic waste considered to be a pollution menace, can find its use.
Plastic road would be a boon for India. In hot and extremely humid climate durable and eco-friendly plastic
roads are of greatest advantages. This will also help in reliving the earth from all type of plastic waste. In recent
decades, the results of the increasing amounts of plastic waste derived from the bottles form a major part of the
world's solid waste management problem. Several attempts were made on the use of plastic wastes in asphaltic
cement mix to provide safely solutions to dispose of this waste through the use as an additive or as a partial
substitution for the materials used in conventional asphalt concrete mixes.
The plastics waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen at the temperature range between 150 oC-
165 C. The resulted mix of temperature range 130 oC-140oC is used for road Construction. The road laying
o

temperature is between 110oC-120oC. Using the roller of 8 ton (min.) capacity. Coating is easy and the temperature
needed is the same as the road laying temperature. Bitumen is bonded with the aggregate by means of plastic which
acts as a binder.

2. Research Review
They have mentioned that, Use of plastic in road construction is gaining importance these days because plastic roads
perform better than ordinary roads and the plastic waste, otherwise considered to be a pollution menace can find its
use. This paper deals with the investigations of the use of waste plastic for coating of aggregates in the bituminous
mix. Optimum bituminous mixes are designed using ordinary aggregate and plastic coated aggregate. The
comparative study of the mixes is also presented. According to the study it is observed that, the properties of
aggregates which mainly cause rutting action are improved using plastic coated aggregates, Considerable increase in
Marshall Stability value, the optimum bitumen content is reduced. Above all the waste plastic which is a pollution
menace can find its use in road construction and thereby solving the problem of pollution to a certain extent [6]. The
author investigated that, the plastic roads include transition mats to ease the passage of tyres up to and down from
the crossing. Both options help protect wetland haul roads from rutting by distributing the load across the surface.
Recent studies in this direction have shown some hope in terms of using plastic-waste in road construction i.e.,
Plastic roads. The director of the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) said that bitumen mixed with plastic or
rubber improves the quality and life of roads. The deputy director of the CRRI said that polymers mixed with
bitumen increased the construction cost up to six per cent, but increased the longevity of roads manifold. [7]
The research methodology for present study has adopted various tests to investigate the results on
aggregate, bitumen and plastic and aggregate-bitumen-plastic mix. The tests conducted were Water Absorption,
Aggregate Impact, Loss Angeles and Aggregate Crushing Test [IS: 2386 (part 4)-1963] for aggregates and Softening
Point, Penetration Test and Ductility Test [IS: 1203-1978] for bitumen. For mixing the ingredients of road mix, dry
process was adopted. In this process, waste plastic is mixed with aggregates and blends of polymer modified
aggregate are prepared by mixing bitumen in it. These blends are later tested in laboratory and required optimum
results are obtained. The increase of waste plastic in bitumen increases the properties of aggregate and bitumen. Use
of waste plastic in flexible pavements shows good result when compared with conventional flexible pavements. The
optimum use of plastic can be done up to 10%, based on Marshal Stability test. This has added more value in
minimizing the disposal of plastic waste as an eco-friendly technique. Coating of polymer on the surface of the
aggregate has resulted in many advantages, which ultimately helps to improve the quality of flexible pavement [8].
They studied Use of waste plastic in construction of bituminous road and stated that The increase in percentage of
polymer decreased the penetration value. This shows that the addition of polymer increases the hardness of the
bitumen. This may be due to better binding property of the polymer bitumen blend. The softening point increased by
the addition of plastic waste to the bitumen. Higher the percentage of plastic waste added, higher is the softening
point. The influence over the softening point may be due to the chemical nature of polymers added. The conclusion
of study is, the addition of waste plastic modifies the properties of bitumen. The modified bitumen shows good
result when compared to standard results. The optimum content of waste plastic to be used is between the range of
 S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785 3781
S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

5% to 10% [10]. They has studied the plastic wastes were shredded into small size, i.e. 2 mm to 4 mm, molten and
thereafter coated over hot aggregate at 160 ºc. Several roads have been built in this manner using polymer-coated–
bitumen aggregate. Aggregate of 20mm, 10 mm. Stone Dust and Lime as Filler, 60/70, 80/100 grade bitumen.
Waste plastic in the shredded form. The durability of the roads laid out with the shredded plastic waste is much
more compared with roads with asphalt with the ordinary mix. Roads laid with plastic waste mix are found to be
better than the conventional ones. The binding property of plastic makes the road last longer besides giving added
strength to withstand more loads. While a normal 'highway quality' road lasts four to five years, it is claimed that
plastic-bitumen roads can last up to 10 years. The cost of plastic road construction may be slightly higher compared
to the conventional method. However, this should not deter the adoption of the technology as the benefits are much
higher than the cost. It is hoped that in near future we will have strong, durable and eco-friendly roads which will
relieve the earth from all types of plastic-waste [11].

3. Methodology
Most of the Indian highways are of covered surface by bitumen. A bituminous concrete as well as dense
bitumen macadam are commonly used asphalt courses. Mix designs for DBM and BC are based on guideline given
by MORTH. In mix design method improvements should finally aim to achieve long last perpetual pavements.
Mix design objectives are to provide sufficient workability to permit easy placement without segregation,
sufficient flexibility to avoid premature cracking due to repeated bending by traffic, sufficient air voids in the
compacted bitumen to allow for additional compaction by traffic, sufficient strength to resist shear deformation
under traffic at higher temperature, sufficient bitumen to ensure a durable pavement and sufficient flexibility at low
temperature to prevent shrinkage cracks. Basic intention is to efficiently utilize the waste plastic in constructive way
so that it can be beneficial to society however main objectives of research work are to reduce bituminous content by
the replacement of plastic waste and the properties of bituminous mix specimen due to coating of waste plastic
materials.
The Marshall tests were conducted for the semi dense bituminous concrete mixes. The tests were
conducted on the samples prepared with both neat and plastic modified bituminous mixes. The Marshall Stability
test was conducted on compacted cylindrical specimen of bituminous mix of diameter 101.6 mm and thickness of
63.5 mm. The load was applied perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical specimen through a testing head
consisting of a pair of cylindrical segment, at constant rate of deformation of 51 mm per min at the standard test
temp of 60oC. The Marshall Stability of the bituminous mix specimen was defined as the maximum load carried at a
standard test temp of 60oC. When the load was applied under specified test conditions. The flow value is the total
deformation of Marshall Test specimen at the maximum load, expressed in mm unit. The Marshall Stability value of
a compacted test specimen of bituminous mix indicates its resistance to deformation under applied incremental load
and the flow value indicates the extent of deformation it under goes due to loading or its flexibility. The test
specimen is prepared with varying bitumen content 2.5 % increments over a range that gives a well-defined
maximum value for specimen density and stability. To the incremental bitumen content plastic content of 7.5, 10,
12.5, 15 % is added to check the effect of plastic replacement on the Marshall properties of the mix. The Marshall
Test results for test specimen prepared with neat semi dense bituminous concrete.
3782 S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785
4 S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig1 Mixing of Shredded Plastic Waste into Aggregates and Arrangements of Samples in Marshall Test set up

4. Experimental Programme
Marshall Stability of a test specimen is the maximum load required to produce failure when the specimen is
preheated to a prescribed temperature placed in a special test head and the load is applied at a constant strain (5 cm
per minute). While the stability test is in progress dial gauge is used to measure the vertical deformation of the
specimen. The deformation at the failure point expressed in units of 0.25 mm is called the Marshall Flow value of
the specimen. The plastic content of 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 % is added to check the effect of plastic replacement on
the Marshall properties of the mix of bitumen. The bitumen percentage variation with air voids, Marshall Stability,
VMA, density and flow value shows the behavior of plastic percentage on bitumen. As evaluation shows that, the
Marshall Stability test shows the as plastic percentage increases up to 10 % plastic replacement then it will go down.
The graph 1, 2,3,4,5 shows the waste plastic percentage replacement of bitumen to shows behaviors and respective
effect on bitumen concrete mixes. These graphs shows results for plastic replacement is as follows.

0% plastic 7.5% plastic 10% plastic 12% plastic 15% plastic

8.00
7.00
6.00
Air Voids( %)

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75

Bitumen %
Figure 2: Bitumen Percentage v/s Air Voids
 S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5
S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785 3783

1020.00

1000.00

980.00
Marshall Stability (Kg)

960.00

940.00 0% plastic
7.5% plastic
920.00
10% plastic
900.00 12.5% plastic

880.00 15% plastic

860.00

840.00
4.5 4.750 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75
Bitumen %

Fig. 3: Bitumen Percentage v/s Marshall Stability

12.00
10.00
8.00
Flow Value (mm)

0% plastic
6.00 7.5% plastic
4.00 10% plastic

2.00 12.5% plastic

15% plastic
0.00
4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750
Bitumen %

Fig. 4: Bitumen Percentage v/s Flow Value

 3784 S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785
6 S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

2.32
2.31
2.31
Density (gm/cc)

2.30
0% plastic
2.30
7.5% plastic
2.29
10% plastic
2.29 12.5% plastic
2.28 15% plastic
4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750

Bitumen %

Fig. 5: Bitumen Percentage v/s Density

0% 7.50% 10% 12.50% 15%

18.00
17.50
17.00
VMA %

16.50
16.00
15.50
15.00
14.50
4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75
Bitumen %

Fig.6: Bitumen Percentage v/s Voids in Mineral Aggregate

5. CONCLUSION
1. The optimum bitumen content of the neat semi dense bituminous concrete mixes showed 10% higher when
compared with modified semi dense bituminous concrete mixes with waste plastic.
2. The Marshall Stability of neat semi dense bituminous concrete mixes at optimum bitumen content showed 1.6%
lower when compared with modified semi dense bituminous concrete mixes with waste plastic.
3. The bulk density of neat semi dense bituminous concrete mixes at optimum bitumen content showed 0.43% higher
when compared with modified semi dense bituminous concrete mixes with waste plastic.
4. The volume of Air Voids of neat semi dense bituminous concrete mixes at optimum bitumen content showed 8.1%
lower when compared with modified semi dense bituminous concrete mixes with waste plastic.
5. Voids filled with bitumen for neat and plastic modified semi dense bituminous mixes were within the limits
specified by MORTH and Voids in mineral aggregates for both neat and modified mixes were within the limits.
 S.L. Hake et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020) 3779–3785 3785
S. L. Hake et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

6. The semi dense bituminous concrete mixes with 10% waste plastic exhibited better results for Marshall, Hence use
of waste plastic may be recommended. However this has to support by further lab investigations and based on field
performance investigations.
7. Bitumen is bonded with the aggregate by means of plastic which acts as a binder.
8. With the increase of waste plastic in bitumen increases the properties of aggregate and bitumen.
9. Use of waste plastic in flexible pavements shows good result when compared with conventional flexible pavements.
10. It is observed that, using plastic waste in bituminous mixes, the life of the road is increased and hence the
maintenance expenditure is reduced.
11. From cost analysis of project it is observed that, percentage cost reduction for one cum material mix is 5.18%.

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