Test 6 Notes

jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;l
fhty;Jiw
&
mg;gy;Nyh gapw;rp ikak;> nrd;id ,ize;J elj;Jk;
fhtyh; Njh;T 2020 - ,ytr gapw;rp
Njh;T – 6 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; & cstpay;
mbg;gil ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; 1. tbtpay;
i. ,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; 2. ,aw;fzpjk;

3. gFKiw tbtpay;
ii. jpyfh;> Nfhghy fpU~;z
NfhfNy> nesNuh[p> fhe;jp> 4. Gs;spapay;
NeU kw;Wk; gy jiyth;fspd;
gq;fspg;G 5. klf;if
6. Kf;Nfhztpay;
iii. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy;
jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;fspg;G
15.11.2020 iv. ghujpahh;> t.c.rp.> Rg;gpukzpa
rpth> uh[h[p kw;Wk; gy
jiyth;fspd; gq;fspg;G
✓ 8> 10> 12Mk; tFg;G r%f

mwptpay; Gjpa gs;sp
ghlGj;jfq;fs;
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,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk; 1885
• 1885 Mk; Mz;L Xa;T ngw;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhpahd Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+k;
vd;gthpd; MNyhrid Nghpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; $l;lk; Kk;igapy; eilngw;wJ. mf;$l;lj;jpw;F lgps; A.rp. ghdh;[p

(W.C. Banerjee) jiyik tfpj;jhh;.
• ,e;jpah KOtjpYkpUe;J 72 gpujpepjpfs; ,k;khehl;by; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. jhjhgha;

nesNuh[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah> vk;.[p.uhdNl> NfhghyfpU~;z
NfhfNy> ngNuh~hNkj;jh> [p. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; Nghd;w jhuhs vz;zk; nfhz;l gy
jiyth;fs; ,k;khehl;by; gpujpepjpfshf fye;Jnfhz;ldh;.
• fhq;fpurpd; jiyth;fshf RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> ngNuh~h Nkj;jh>

NfhghyfpU~;z NfhfNy> vk;.[p.uhdNl Nghd;Nwhh; tpsq;fpdhh;.
• kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;iffs; murpay; gpr;ir Nghy; cs;sJ vdf; fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;j

,isa jiyKiwapdh; th;zpj;jdh;.
jPtputhjpfs;
• fhq;fpurpy; xU gphptpdh; kpjthjpfspd; mZFKiwapy; ek;gpf;if ,oe;jdh;. mth;fspy;

Kf;fpakhdth;fs; ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; (ghy;)> yhyhy[gjpuha; (yhy;)> gpgpd; re;jpughy;
(ghy;)> mutpe;j Nfh~; MfpNahh; Mth;.
• mth;fsJ jPtpuf; nfhs;ifapdhy; mth;fs; jPtputhjpfs; vd miof;fg;gl;;ldh;.
• Nyhfkhd;a jpyfh;> kuhj;jpapy; Nfrhp vd;w gj;jphpf;if %yk; gphpl;b~hhpd;

nfhs;iffisr; rhbdhh;.
• ‘Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik> mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;’ vd;W Koq;fpdhh;. mth;

fzgjp kw;Wk; rpth[p gz;biffs; %yk; Njrpa czh;itj; J}z;bdhh;.
tq;fg;gphptpid fp.gp. 1905
• 1905-k; Mz;L fh;rd; gpuG tq;fhsg; gphptpidia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
• ,r;nray; ,e;Jf;fisAk;> K];yPk;fisAk; gphpg;gjw;fhf nra;ag;gl;l #O;r;rp vd;W

fUjpdh;. ,ijj; jPtputhjpfSk;> kpjthjpfSk; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;ifapd; mwpKfk;
vd;W fUjpdh;
• jPtpu td;KiwapdhYk;> vjph;g;gpdhYk; 1911-k; Mz;L tq;fhsk; kPz;Lk; xd;whf

,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
• RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; nrhe;j ehL vd;gjhFk;.
• gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lh;[p vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘te;Njkhjuk;’ vd;Dk; jha;ehl;L

gw;Wkpf;f Kof;fj;ij fhq;fpurhh; vOg;gpdh;.

K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk; - 1906
• 1906 Mk; Mz;L lhf;fh efiur; Nrh;e;j ethg; rypKy;yhfhd; vd;gtuJ jiyikapy;
K];yPk;yPf; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
#uj; gpsT 1907
• 1907 Mk; Mz;L ele;j #uj; khehl;by; kpjthjpfSf;Fk;> jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa

fhq;fpu]; jiytiuj; Njh;e;njLg;gjpy; Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ.
• ,jdhy; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J jPtputhjpfs; ntspNawpdhh;. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;

jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhfTk;> NfhghyfpU~;z NfhfNy kpjthjpfspd; jiytuhfTk;
jpfo;e;jhh;.
kpz;Nlh – khh;ypr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1909
• K];yPk;fis jpUg;jpgLj;j> 1909 Mk; Mz;L kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; 1914 – 1918
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916
• ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1916-k; Mz;L jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij Kk;igapy; epWtpdhh;.

mah;yhe;ijr; Nrh;e;j md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; nrd;idapy; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpd;
fpisapidj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
• ,jdhy; md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; elj;jpa epA+ ,e;jpah gj;jphpf;ifia Mq;fpy muR

jil nra;jJ. Nkhjpyhy; NeU kw;Wk; rp.Mh;. jh]; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpw;F jq;fs;
KO Mjuit je;jdh;.
yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916
• kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; xd;Wgl;ldh;.
• fhq;fpuRk;> K];yPk; yPf;Fk; Ra Ml;rp ngWtjpy; xUtUf;nfhUth; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpl

xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy; ifnaOj;jpl;ldh;. me;j khehl;by; jhd; [t`h;yhy; NeU> fhe;jpia
Kjd; Kjyhfr; re;jpj;jhh;.
Mf];l; mwpf;if fp.gp. 1917
• 1917 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l Mf];l; mwpf;if ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy murpay;

rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpAk; ,e;jpahtpy; gbg;gbahf jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
vd;Wk; cWjpaspj;jJ. ,jdhy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; gbg;gbahf KbTf;F te;jJ.
khz;NlF – nrk];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1919
• Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ ,e;jpah;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F KO MjuT nfhLj;jdh;.

,jdhy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.
• ,jw;F khwhf> 1919k; Mz;L Mq;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wk;> khz;NlF nrk];Nghh;L

rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.

• ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fs; tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• NkYk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs;> rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; fpwpj;Jth;fs;

MfpNahh;fSf;F jdpj;jdp njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
• vdpDk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,r;rl;lj;ij epuhfhpj;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;ij ntspapl;lJ

Mq;fpNyahpd; ngUe;jd;ikaw;w nray; vdTk; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,e;jpaUf;F
kjpg;GilajhfhJ vdTk; md;dpngrd;l; tpthpj;jhh;.
nusyl; rl;lk; 1919
• Mq;fpy muR ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij jPtpukhf vjph;nfhs;s 1919 Mk; Mz;L
nusyl; rl;lj;ij nfhz;Lte;jJ.
• ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> cj;jutpd;wp vtiuAk; ifJ nra;aTk; tprhuizapd;wp rpiwapy;

milf;fTk; Mq;fpy muRf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
• fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy; nusyl; rl;lj;ij fLikahf vjph;j;jdh;.
• ,jd; tpisthf 1919 Vg;uy; 6-k; ehs; ehL KOtJk; filailg;G kw;Wk; kwpay;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; (Hartals) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy 1919
• 1919 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13k; ehs; gQ;rhgpd; Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fshd lhf;lh; rj;jpaghy;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh; rha;g;GjPd; fpr;Y MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. ,jid vjph;j;J Rkhh;
gj;jhapuk; kf;fs; mkph;jru]py; cs;s [hypad; thyhghf; G+q;fhtpy; mikjpahff;
$bapUe;jdh;.
• mg;G+q;fh ehw;GwKk; cah;e;j Rth;fshy; #og;gl;L xU rpwpa EioTthapy; kl;LNK

nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
• ,uhZtj; jsgjpahd n[duy; lah; jk; gil tPuh;fSld; mq;Fr; nrd; W thapiy
milj;jgb> vt;tpj Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp mg;ghtp kf;fs; kPJ Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;j
cj;jutpl;lhh;.
• mf;$l;lj;jpy; gy ngz;fSk;> Foe;ijfSk; $bapUe;jdh;. ,r;rk;gtj;jpy;

E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. Mapuf; fzf;fhNdhh; gLfhaKw;wdh;.
• ,f;nfh^u gLnfhiy> ,e;jpah;fis fLe;Jauj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. ,g;gLnfhiyf;F

vjph;g;G njhptpj;J ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; jdJ iel;Tl; (Knight Hood) gl;lj;ij
Jwe;jhh;.
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; 1920
• Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpahtpy; KfkJ myp> rTfj; myp vd;w myp rNfhjuh;fs;
fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
• K];yPk; yPf; fl;rpAk;> fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; neUq;fp tu ey;y re;jh;g;gk; vd vz;zp

fhe;jp KO kdJld; ,t;tpaf;fj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.

,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; - ,uz;lhk; epiy fhe;jpa rfhg;jk; fp.gp. 1920 – fp.gp. 1947
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs;
 tof;fwpQh; njhopy; Ghpa njd; Mg;gphpf;fh nrd;wpUe;j fhe;jpabfs; fp.gp. 1915 ,y;
jhafk; jpUk;gpdhh;.
 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; fhe;jpabfs; jiyikNaw;wTld; Gj;Jzh;r;rp ngw;wJ.

fhe;jpabfs; fp.gp. 1920 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;.
 mjd; Nehf;fk; mikjp kw;Wk; mfpk;ir topapy; Rauh[;ak; miltij MFk;.
 fp.gp. 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 15 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngw;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; gpujkuhd [t`h;yhy; NeU nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ,e;jpa Njrpaf;nfhbia
Vw;wpdhh;.
 ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1920-k; Mz;L kiwe;jijj; njhlh;e;J fhe;jpabfs; fhq;fpurpd;

jiytuhdhh;.
 Njrj;je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l fhe;jpabfs; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rj;jpafpufk;

vd;w Gjpa Af;jpiaf; ifahz;lhh;.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; fp.gp. 1920 – fp.gp. 1922
• fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ

vd fhe;jpabfs; mwptpj;jhh;.
• ,jd;gb fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 1920 Mk; Mz;L xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpaJ.
• ,t;tpaf;fk; %d;W epiyfspy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjw;fl;lkhf Mq;fpy murplkpUe;J

ngw;w gjtpiaAk;> gl;lq;fisAk;> tpUJfisAk; Jwe;jdh;.
• ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhf NtiyepWj;jk; cl;gl ngUk; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpdh;.

midj;J muR mYtyfq;fs;> gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpf;s kw;Wk; rl;l kd;w eltbf;iffs;
midj;Jk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
• thpnfhlh ,af;fk; 1921 Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;

muR jq;fsJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tiu kf;fs; muRf;F thpnrYj;jf; $lhJ
vd;w jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; 1922
• 1922 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 5 Mk; ehs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; nrshp nrsuh (Nfhuf;G+h;)
vd;Dkplj;jpy; Mapuk; tptrhapfs; gq;Nfw;w Nguzp eilngw;wJ.
• ,g;Nguzpapd; NghJ fhtyh;fs; tptrhapfspd; kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr; #L elj;jpdh;. ,jdhy;

Nfhgkile;j tptrhapfs; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;bw;F vjpuhf fhty; epiyaj;ij jhf;fp
jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpdh;.
• ,jidf; fz;L tUj;jkile;j fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij cldbahf

iftpl;lhh;.

Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp 1923 – 1925
• 1923-Mk; Mz;L Njrpa ,af;fj;ij top elj;j Njrj; jiyth;fshd rp.Mh;.jh];

kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU xd;W Nrh;e;J Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpiaf; Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.
• ,f;fl;rp epWtdh; rp.Mh;. jh]; kuzkile;jjhy; 1925 Mk; Mz;L Rauh[;[pafl;rpAk;

fiyf;fg;gl;lJ
irkd;J}Jf;FO 1927 – 1928
• 1919-k; Mz;L rl;lk; ve;j mstpw;F gad;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjid MuhaTk;> ,e;jpa

eph;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j NkYk; gy MNyhridfis toq;fTk;> rh; [hd; irkd;
jiyikapy; 7 Ngh; nfhz;l xU FOit 1927 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpy muR epakpj;jJ.
• ,jw;F irkd; FO vd;W ngah;. ,f;FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jth;fs; midtUk;

Mq;fpNyah;fs;. xU ,e;jpah;$l ,jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy
• vdNt ,f;FO 1928 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah te;jNghJ fLk; vjph;g;G njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOtpw;F nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; fUg;Gf;nfhb Nghuhl;lKk;> vjph;g;Gk; njhptpf;fg;gl;ld.
• irkNd jpUk;gpg;Ngh vd;W ehL KOtJk; FunyOg;gg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy muR

vjph;g;ghsh;fis fLikahfj; jhf;fpaJ.
• gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l yhyh y[gjpuha;> irkd; FOtpw;F vjph;g;G

njhptpj;jjhy;> fhtyh;fs; elj;jpa jbabahy; jhf;fg;gl;L caph; Jwe;jhh;.
• gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; Vuhskhd fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
yh$H; khehL 1929
• 1929-k; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; khehL yh$hpy; [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
• ,k;khehl;by; G+uz Rje;jpuk; ngWtNj ,e;jpahtpd; Nehf;fk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• brk;gh; 31> 1930-k; Mz;L es;sputpy; ‘te;Nj khjuk;’ vd;w ghlYf;fpilNa uhtp
ejpf;fiuapy; ,e;jpa %th;zf;nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.
• ,jidj; njhlh;e;J> [dthp 26>1930 Mk; Mz;L ehL KOtJk; tpLjiy ehshf
nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
• ,Nj ehspy; 1950 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
• vdNt [dthp 26-k; ehs; ,d;Wk; FbauR jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; (m) cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk; 1930
• KO Rje;jpuk; ngWtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L fhe;jpabfs; 1930-k; Mz;L rl;l kWg;G

,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
• gy yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; gad;gLj;jptUk; cg;G kPJ Mq;fpy muR thp tpjpj;jJ.

,J Vio> vspa kf;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ.

• vdNt ,jid vjph;j;J fhe;jpabfs; khh;r; 12> 1930-k; Mz;L rl;lkWg;G Nghuhl;lj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
• RNuh[pdp ehAL cl;gl 78 njhz;lh;fSld; fhe;jpabfs; mfkjhghj;jpYs;s rgh;kjp

Mrpukj;jpypUe;J ghjahj;jpiu njhlq;fp> Rkhh; 400 fp.kP gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L F[uhj;
flw;fiu gFjpapYs;s jz;b te;jile;jhh;.
• ,J jz;b ahj;jpiu my;yJ cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
• jz;bapy; fly; ePhpypUe;J cg;G fha;r;rp Vg;uy; 6-k; ehs; cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis kPwpdhh;.
fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
• jkpo;ehl;by; rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rrhhpahh; jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapypUe;J njhz;lh;fs;

ghjahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;L jQ;rhT+h; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;Gr;
rl;lq;fis kPwp> cg;G fha;r;rpdh;.
tl;l Nkir khehLfs; 1930 – 1932 Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL 1930
• 1930-k; Mz;L yz;ld; efhpy; Kjy; tl;lNkir khehl;ilf; $l;baJ. rl;l kWg;G
,af;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;> fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,k;khehl;by;
fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,k;khehL Njhy;tpahy; Kbe;jJ.
fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; 1931
• 1931 Mk; Mz;L fhe;jp-,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ. ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd;gb
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij iftpLtJ vd;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;tJ vd;Wk; fhq;fpu]; xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
• ,jw;F ifkhwhf> Mq;fpy muR Nguhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l midtiuAk; tpLjiy

nra;tnjd;Wk;> cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis jpUk;g ngWtJ vd;Wk; xg;Gf;nfhz; lJ.
,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL 1931
• ,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL ,yz;ldpy; 1931-y; eilngw;wJ. fhe;jp - ,h;tpd;

xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> fhe;jpabfs; ,k;khehl;by; fye;Jnfhz;lhh;.
• KO Rje;jpuk;> tFg;G gpur;rpid Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ve;j jPh;Tk; ,e;j khehl;by;

vl;lg;gltpy;iy. vdNt fhe;jpabfs; ngUj;j Vkh;wwj;Jld; ehL jpUk;gpdhh;.
• fhe;jp[p ehL jpUk;gpaTld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. fhq;fpu]; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,jdhy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
tFg;Gthj mwpf;ifAk;> G+dh xg;ge;jKk; 1932
• 1932 ,y; fhe;jp[p rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghJ> ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; ,uhk;Nr-

nkf;nlhdhy;L tFg;Gthj mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
• ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;Fk;> jho;;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; jdp ,l xJf;fL

P
toq;fg;gLk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• mj;jpl;lj;ij jho;j;jg;gl;l ,d kf;fspd; jiytuhd lhf;lh; gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh;

tuNtw;whh;.

• fhe;jp ,jid Vw;f kWj;J rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. 1932 Mk;
Mz;L mk;Ngj;fhUld; Vw;gl;l G+dh cld;gbf;iff;Fg;gpd; jdJ cz;zhtpujj;ij
iftpl;lhh;.
• ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd jdpj; njhFjp xJf;fPL

iftplg;gl;lJ.
• rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh;fSf;F mjpf msT vz;zpf;ifapy; ,lq;fs;

toq;f xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
• ,jd; %yk; ,e;Jf;fsplkpUe;J jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fis jdpahf gphpf;Fk; Mq;fpNyahpd;

#o;r;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
%d;whk; tl;lNkir khehL 1932
• 1932-k; Mz;L %d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ. fhq;fpu];

jiyth;fs; ,jpy; gq;F ngwtpy;iy. vdNt ,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;
• ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; irkd; FOtpd;
mwpf;if kw;Wk; %d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KbTfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
• khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• khfhzq;fspy; nray;gl;L te;j ,ul;il Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
• kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
• khepyq;fSf;fpilNa murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
• khepyq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fis jPh;j;J itf;f $l;lhl;rp ePjp kd;wk;

epWtg;gl;lJ.
• $l;lhl;rp hprh;t; tq;fp epWtg;gLjy; MfpadthFk;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; 1939 – 1945
• 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;jpd; gb> 1937 Mk; Mz;L khepyq;fspy;
nghJj; Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
• ,j;Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 8 khepyq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W> ke;jphp rig mikj;jJ.
• 1939-y; fhq;fpu]; 8 khepyq;fspy; mikr;ruitfis uh[pdhkh nra;jd. fhq;fpu];

fl;rp uh[pdhkh nra;jij> K];yPk; yPf; fl;rpj; jiytuhd KfkJ myp [pd;dh
tuNtw;W> cw;rhfkhff; nfhz;lhbdhh;.
• mth; me;ehis> 1939 nrg;lk;gh;> 22 Mk; ehis tpLjiy ehshff; nfhz;lhbdhh;.

ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if 1940
• KfkJ myp [pd;dh 1940 Mk; Mz;L yh$hpy; eilngw;w K];yPk; yPf; khehl;by;
jdJ jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
Mf];L ed;nfhil 1940
• Mq;fpy murg; gpujpepjp ypd;ypj;Nfh ,e;jpah;fis ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy;

<LgLj;jpdhh;. ,jid fhq;fpu]; vjph;j;jJ.
• fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp nra;Ak; khepyq;fspypUe;Jk; gjtp tpyfpaJ. ,jdhy; fhq;fpuir

jpUg;jp nra;a rpy cWjp nkhopfis ypd;ypj;Nfh toq;fpdhh;.
• ,jd; %yk; Nghh; Kbe;jJk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F eph;zarig mikf;f xU FO

epakpf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk;> murg; gpujpepjpapd; eph;thff; FOtpy; ,e;jpaUf;F ,lk;
mspf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; cWjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Mf];L ed;nfhil vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO 1942
• ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpy; [g;ghd; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F vjpuhf <Lgl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Nghhpy;

ntw;wp ngw> ,e;jpahtpd; MjuT Njitg;gl;lJ.
• vdNt fhq;fpurpd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngwTk;> ,e;jpa murpay; gpur;ridfSf;F jPH;T

fhzTk;> 1942 Mk; Mz;L rh;. ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; jiyikapy; xU J}Jf;FOit
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gpaJ.
• ,f;FO fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F cjtpfukha; ,e;jpah ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpj;jJ.
• NghUf;Fg;gpd;> ,e;jpah;fSf;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;fg;gLk; vdTk;> ,e; jpa

murpay; mikg;gpid tiutjw;F Gjpa jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gLk; vdTk; mwptpj;jJ.
• Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpw;F KO Rje;jpuk; toq;FtJ gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

vdNt fhe;jpabfs; fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO cWjp nkhopfis jpthyhfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
tq;fpapd; gpd; Njjpapl;l fhNrhiy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO
Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; 1942
• 1942-k; Mz;L Mf];L 8-k; ehs; fhq;fpu]pd; nraw;FO> Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahit

tpl;L cldbahf ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU jPh;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
• Kk;igapy; ele;j nra;wFO $l;lj;jpy;> fhe;jpabfs; Mw;wpa kwf;f Kbahj

nrhw;nghopitj; njhlh;e;J mj;jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpaJ.
• KOr;Rje;jpuk; jtpu NtW vjdhYk; ehd; jpUg;jp milakhl;Nld;. ehk; mjw;fhf

tho;Nthk; my;yJ tPo;Nthk;.
• ,e;jpahit tpLjiy ngwr; nra;Nthk; my;yJ mjw;fhf nrj;J kbNthk; vd;whh;.

cz;ikapy; mtuJ Ngr;R kpfg;nghpa mstpyhd MAjkw;w Gul;rpf;F vOr;rp Fuyhf
mike;jJ.

• mjw;F mLj;jehNs fhe;jp[p> NeU[p> mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa fhq;fpu];
jiyth;fs; midtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
• rhpahd topfhl;Ljy; ,y;yhikahy;> ehnlq;Fk; td;Kiwf; fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1945-k; Mz;L Kbtile;jJ.
• NghUf;Fg; gpd; ,;qf

; pyhe;jpy; njhopw;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W fpskz;l; ml;yp jiyikapy;
Ml;rp mikj;jJ.
• njhopw;fl;rpapd; jiyth; ml;yp ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F MjuT mspj;jhh;.

mth; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhdhh;.
• mth; fhq;fpurpd; kPJ Mq;fpy muR tpjpj;jpUe;j jil cj;juTfisAk; tpyf;fpdhh;.
• ml;yp ,e;jpahtpd; gpur;ridfis jPh;ff ; xU FOit mikj;jhh;. mf;FO

,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; - ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; (I.vd;.V) 1942
• Nejh[p (jiyth;) vd miof;fg;gLk; Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; Gfo;ngw;w Njrj;jiyth;fspy;

xUtuhthh;. mth; 1927 Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;jhh;.
• 1938-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. 1939-y; mth;

Kw;Nghf;F fl;rpia njhlq;fpdhh;.
• gy ehLfSf;Fr; Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L> ,e;jpah kPJ me;ehLfspd; mDjhgj;ijg;

ngw;whh;.
• mth; rpwpJ fhyk; tPlL ; r; rpiwapy; itf;fg;gl;lhh;. mth; Mg;fhdpah; Nghy

khWNtlkpl;L> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J jg;gp n[h;kdpia mile;J> `pl;yiur; re;jjpj;J
cjtp Nfhhpdhh;.
• gpd;dh; 1942 Mk; Mz;L gh;khtpw;F nrd;whh;. [g;ghdpah;fshy; gh;kh

Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. mr;rkaj;jpy; gphpl;b~hhpd; gpbapypUe;j Vuhskhd ,e;jpaf;
ifjpfis [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
• [g;ghdpa murhq;fj;Jld; $l;Lr;Nrh;e;J Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; ,e;jpah;fSf;fh ,e;jpa

Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij mikj;jhh;.
• 1943-y; rpq;fg;G+h; nrd;whh;. mq;F ,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;ig

,uh~;gpfhhp Ngh];> Rgh~;re;jpu Nghrplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.
• Mrhj; `pe;j; /gT[; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahf

Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
• ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; ‘Nejh[p’ vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. Nejh[p vd;why;

jiyth; vd;W ngah;.
• ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gphpT jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j y~;kp vd;w

ngz;zpd; jiyikapy; [hd;rp uhzp ngahpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

• n[a;`pe;j; vd;w Rgh~; re;jpuNghrpd; Kof;fk; Gfo; ngw;w Kof;fkhf khwp> ,e;jpah
KOf;f vjpnuhypj;jJ.
• nly;ypia Nehf;fpr; nry;’ vd;w kw;nwhU Gfo;ngw;w Kof;fKk; NghrpDilajhFk;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy;> 1945-k Mz;L [g;ghd; ruzile;jJ.
• ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tPuh;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. Nejh[p ghq;fhf;fpypUe;J

Nlhf;fpNahtpw;F jg;gpr; nrd;whh;.
• mt;thW nry;Yk; topapy; mth; tpkhd tpgj;jpy; caph; ,oe;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO 1946
• 1946 Mk; Mz;L ngjpf; yhud;];> V.tp. mnyf;rhz;lh; kw;Wk; rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;];
Mfpa %th; mlq;fpa FO ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ.
• mth;fs; %tUNk gphpl;b~; mikr;ruitapy; cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. vdNt>

,f;FO fhgpndl; my;yJ mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,f;FO ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fsplk; Ml;rp khw;wk; Fwpj;J Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;jpaJ.

,f;Fo $l;lhl;rp muR mika ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
• murpay; eph;za rig Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

vOjg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> mr;rl;lk; jahuhFk; tiu midj;Jf;fl;rp gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l ,ilf;fhy muR xd;W kj;jpapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ghpe;Jiu
nra;jJ.
,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; 1946
• [t`h;yhy; NeUitg; gpujkuhff; nfhz;l ,ilf;fhy muR 1946-y; epWtg;gl;lJ.

,t;tuir Vw;gLj;j NeU [pd;dhtpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.
• Mdhy; [pd;dh kWj;Jtpl;lhh;. jdJ ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;ifapy; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jhh;.

vdNt> ,e;jpag; gphptpid jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whapw;W.
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; 1947
• 1947-Mk; Mz;L kTz;l;Ngl;ld; Mq;fpy muRg; gpujpepjpahf gjtpNaw;whh;. ,tNu

Mq;fpy murpd; filrpj;jiyik MSeh; Mthh;.
• ,th; ,e;jpa murpay; gpur;ridfSf;F jPHT fhz Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. vdNt> 1947
[_d; 3-y; kTz;l;Ngl;ld; xU Kf;fpa mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhh;. mJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
jpl;lk; my;yJ [_d; 3-k; ehs; jpl;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
,;e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947
• kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ,q;fpyhe;J muR 1947k; Mz;L [_iy khjk;

,;e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lj;jpid epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ,e;jpag; gphptpid 1947-
k; Mz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ,e;jpah 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 15-k; ehs; tpLjiy ngw;wJ. nly;ypapy; cs;s
tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;ngw;w nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Mq;fpyf;nfhb (A+dpad; - [hf;) ,wf;fg;gl;L>
,e;jpa %th;zf; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.
• kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik MSeuhfTk;> gz;bj
[t`h;yhy; NeU Kjy; gpujkuhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;wdh;.
• gpd;dh; rp. ,uhrNfhghyhr;rhhpahh; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik

MSeuhfg; gjtp Vw;whh;.
• 1948 k; Mz;L [dthp 30k; ehs; fhe;jp[p Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg; gl;lhh;. ,jid [t`h;yhy;
NeU ek; tho;tpy; xsp kiwe;J vq;Fk; ,Us; #o;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;whh;.
RNjrp rk];jhdq;fspd; ,izg;G
• ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;j NghJ ehl;by; Vwj;jho 565 RNjrp muRfs; ,Ue;jd.
mtw;iw ethg;Gfs;> murh;fs; kw;Wk; ep[hk;fs; Ml;rpnra;J te;jdh;. ,e;j muRfis
,e;jpahTld; ,izf;Fk; nghWg;G rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nlyplk; tplg;gl;lJ.
• gl;Nly; jdJ murpay; jpwikapdhYk;> fLikahd eltbf;iffshYk;> me;jg;

gFjpfis ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; ,ize;jhh;.
• ,jdhy; ‘,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;’ vd;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G kdpjh; vd;Wk;

Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
o fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehL - gk;gha;> brk;gh; 28> 1885.

o RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[papd; ve;j mikg;G fhq;fpuN]hL ,ize;jJ - ,e;jpaf; fofk;.
o “fhq;fpu];” vd ngah; itj;jth; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
o Kjy; jiyth; - lgps;A+.rp. ghdh;[p (1885).
o ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; ve;j khehl;bw;F fhe;jp jiyiktfpj;jhh; - ngy;fhk;
khehL (1924).
o kpjthjpfspd; kpfg;nghpa rhjidahf fUjg;gLtJ –1892 fTd;rpy; rl;lk;.
o jhjhgha; nesNuh[p vj;jid Kiw fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh; - %d;W Kiw
- 1886> 1893> 1906.
o 1885 Kjy; 1905 tiu cs;s Njrpa ,af;f fhyk; - kpjthjpfs; fhyk;.
o ,e;jpahtpd; KJg;ngUk; kdpjh; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
o Njrpa tUkhdj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; fzf;fpl;lth; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
o Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; tWik - E}y; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
o Jkpo;ehl;by; ele;j Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehL -1887> nrd;id> gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p.
o Myd; Mf;Nlhtpad; `_A+k;: fhq;fpurpd; je;ij> fhq;fpuir Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
o jhjhgha; nesNuh[p: fhq;fpurpd; jhj;jh>“fhq;fpu];” vd ngah; itj;jth;>
,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;> Njrpa tUkhdj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; fzf;fpl;lth;>
Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; tWik> %d;W Kiw fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhh;(1886> 1893> 1906).
o lgps;A+.rp.ghdh;[p: Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F jiyik tfpj;jth;> Kjy; jiyth;
o RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p : ,thpd; ,e;jpaf; fofk; fhq;fpuN]hL ,ize;jJ>
,e;jpahtpd; gh;f;
o [p.Rg;ukzpa Iah;: ,e;J> RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jphpf;iffis epWtpath;.
o gf;&jPd; jpahg;[p: Kjy; K];yPk; jiyth; (1887)> jkpo;ehl;by; ele;j Kjy;
fhq;fpu]; khehL
o [hh;[A; +Ny: Kjy; ntspehl;L jiyth; (1888)
o md;dpngrz;l; : Kjy; ngz; jiyth; (1917)
o rNuh[pdp ehAL : Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz; jiyth; (1925)
o Mr;rhh;a fpUghsdp : Rje;jpuj;jpd; NghJ jiyth; (1947)
o yhyh y[gjpuha; : fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J ‘jLf;fpjo; Nfhl;ghL’
ntspapl;lth;
o ,e;jpa NjrpaA+dpad; : fhq;fpu]pd; gioa ngah;
o Nfhghy fpU~;zNfhfNy : ,e;jpa Copah; rq;fk;
o ngNuh]; ~h Nkj;jh : gk;gha; f;Nuhdpf;fy; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia elj;jpath;
o lg;hpd; gpuG: fhq;fpu]; cUthFk; NghJ ,Ue;j Mq;fpNya it];uha;
rpy Kf;fpa jiyth;fspd; gl;lq;fs;
jiyth;fspd; ngah; gl;lqfs;

fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd; vy;iy fhe;jp> gj;~h fhd;
ghyfq;fhju jpyf; Nyhf;khd;ah
rp.v/g;.Mz;bhpA+t; jpdge;J
rp.Mh;.jh]; Nj~ge;J
rp.,uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpahh; uh[h[p
Nfj;hpd; Nkhp n`ypNkd; kPuh Ng`d;
jhjh gha; nesNuh[p fpuhz;;l; Xy;L Nkd;
Nfhghy; `hp Nj~;Kf; Nyhfpj;tjp
[.gp.fpUghsdp Mr;rhh;ah
[l;bd; Kfh;[p g`h [l;bd;
yhyh y[gjpuha; ~h;-,-gQ;rhg;
yhyh Kd;~p uhk; Rthkp ~huj;jhde;j
hpg;gd; gpuG gpugy hpg;gd;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp kfhj;kh (utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ)> ghG
khh;fn; ul; Nehgy; rp];lh; epNtjpj;jh
eNue;jpuehj; jhj; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; FUj;Nah
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd;uha; Kjy; etPd kdpjh;
rNuh[pdp ehAL ghuj; Nfhfpyh
Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh~; Nejh[p
ty;ygha; gNly; rh;jhh;> ,Uk;G kdpjh;
jiyth;fs;
Nfhghy; fpU~;z NfhfNy
➢ kfhj;kh fhe;jpahy; ‘vdJ murpay; jiyth; kw;Wk; topfhl;b> FU’ vd;W

Gfog;gl;lth;.
gf;&jPd; jpahg;[p (1844-1906)
➢ nkl;uh]; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jiyth;> Kjy; K];yPk; jiyth; (1887)
➢ gk;ghapd; Kjy; tof;fwpQh;
➢ 1902y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;lhtJ cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf gjtp tfpj;jhh;.
➢ gk;gha; rl;lf; fTd;rpypy; epWtd cWg;gpdh;.
gf;fpk; re;jpuh;
➢ Mde;j klk;> tp~ tpUl;rk;> Mfpa ehty;fs; Gfo; ngw;wit. NkYk; gy ehty;fis
,th; vOjpapUf;fpwhh;.
➢ fp.gp.1882y; tq;fnkhopapy; ntspte;j Mde;j; kj; vDk; ehtypd; jkpo; nkhop
ngah;g;ghd Mde;j klk; vDk; ehtypd; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghly; jhd; te;Nj khjuk;.
ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
➢ ,th; ‘Nyhf;khd;ah’ vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;

➢ ‘Rauh[;[pak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd; vd Koq;fpath;.
➢ kuhj;jh (Mq;fpyk;)> Nfrhp(kuhj;jp) vd;w ,U gj;jphpf;iffis elj;jpdhh;;
➢ 1893y; kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;f;f ‘fzgjptpoh’ elj;jpdhh;. 1895y; ,th;
elj;jpa ‘rpth[p tpoh’ kf;fspilNa xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jpaijf; fz;L Mq;fpy
murhq;fk; fyf;fk; nfhz;lJ.
➢ 1907 y; fhq;fpu]; jPtputhjpfs;> kpjthjpfs; vd gphpe;j NghJ jPtputhjpfspd;
jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;.
➢ 1916 ,y; G+Ndapy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; njhlq;fpdhh;.
md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh;
➢ md;dpngrd;l; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;j mah;yhe;J ngz;kzp

➢ 1893Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah te;jhh;> nrd;id milahwpy; gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;jpd;
jiytuhdhh;.
➢ 1913,y; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Mjuthf ‘fhkd; tPy;’ vd;w thug;gj;jphpf;ifia
njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ 1914-y; epA+ ,e;jpah vd;w jpdrhp gj;jphpf;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ 1916-y; N`hk; &y; yPf; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ 1917y; brk;ghpy; ele;j fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fu]pd; Kjy;
ngz; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ ‘ehd; xU ,e;jpad;> jg;gl;il mbj;J> cwq;Fgth;fis tpopj;njor; nra;J> jha;
ehl;bw;F gzpahw;WkhW tpopg;Gzh;T nfhs;Sk;gb nra;Ntd; ’ vd;gd ,thpd; rpwe;j
thrfq;fs; MFk;.
yhyh y[gjpuha; (1865-1928)
➢ gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.

➢ irkd; fkp~d; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ fhty; Jiwapduhy; fLikahf jhf;fg;gl;L caph;
,oe;jhh;.
jhjhgha; nesnuh[p
➢ gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpah; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

Mthh;.
➢ ,th; ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
➢ jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 1886> 1893> 1906 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; %d;W Kiw ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ “Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India” vd;w E}y; njhFg;ig ntspapl;lh;.

lhf;lh; gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fh; (1891-1956)
➢ jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdhpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; rpwe;j tof;fwpQh;

➢ jho;j;jg;gl;l r%fj;jpw;fhd epWtdk; (1924)> rkh[; rkjh rq;fk; (1927) epWtpdhh;.
➢ %d;W tl;lNkir khehl;bYk; fye;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
➢ 1932y; fhe;jpAld; G+Nd xg;ge;jk; nra;jhh;
➢ 1942-46 tiu fth;dh; n[duy; eph;thff; FOtpy; ,Ue;jhh;
➢ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuTf; FOtpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
➢ Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;l mikr;rh; ,e;J FwpaPL kNrhjhit mwpKfk; nra;jhh;
➢ 1956y; FbauR fl;rpia njhlq;fpdhh;
➢ ,tUila filrpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;j kjj;ij jOtpdhh;.
fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh; fhd;
➢ ,th; vy;iy fhe;jp> ghj;]h fhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

➢ ,thpd; Fjha; fpj;kl;fh; vd;w rq;fNk rptg;G rl;l ,af;fkhf khwpaJ.
[t`h;yhy; NeU (1889-1964)
➢ vOjpa Gfo; ngw;w E}y;fs;: The Discovery of India: Glimpses of World History,
Bunch of Old Letters. The Unity of India, Independence and After, India and the
World, etc.
fhyf;NfhLfs; (1487 – 1950)
 1487 - ghh;j;jNyhkpNah la]; ed;dk;gpf;if Kidia mile;jhh;.

 1498 - Nk 20y; th];Nfhlfhkh Ngh;r;Rf;fypypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;.
 1505 - gpuhd;rp];Nfh-b-my;nka;lh Indo-Porch thzpgj;jpd; Kjy; MSeh;
 1505 - ePyePh; nfhs;if (Blue water policy)
 1510 - gP[;g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J Nfhthit 2tJ MSeh; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. Nfhth
jiyefuk;
 1565 - jiyf;Nfhl;il Nghh;> tp[aefuk; tPo;r;rp
 1580 - Nghh;r;RfP]; ];ngapd; fl;Lg;ghL
 1602 - `hye;J kf;fs; lr;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpiaj; njhlq;fpdh;
 1610 - Gypfhl; (goNtw;fhl;by;) lr;rpd; jiyik ,lk;
 1623 - mk;gha;dh gLnfhiy
 1600 - ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp epWt vyprngj; cj;juT.
 1608 - Mq;fpy kd;dd; Kjyhk; N[k;]; mspj;j mDkjp fbjj;ij tpy;ypak;
`hf;fpd;]; [`hq;fPh; mitapy; toq;fpdhh; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
 1615 - rh;. jhk]; Nuh vd;gth; mjid [`hq;fPh; muritapy; toq;fpdhh; ntw;wp.
 1639 - gpuhd;]p];Nl nkluhir epWtpdhh;.
 1640 - Gdpj [hh;[;Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 1699 - tpy;ypak;Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 1858tiu - Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1620 - juq;fk;ghb
 1676 - rPuhk;G+h; thzpg ikak; Mq;fpNyah; tpw;Wr; nrd;wdh;.
 1664 - gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp epWtg;gl;lJ.
 1668 - #uj;
 1669 - k#ypg;gl;bdk;
 1674 - ghz;br;Nrhp epWtg;gl;lJ
 1690 - re;jpu eh$h;
 1725 - kh`p
 1739 - fhiuf;fhy;
 1742 - bA+g;Ns gpnuQ;R fth;dh;
 1746-1748
- Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
 1748 - ma;yh ~hNgy; cld;gbf;if
 1748-1754- ,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
 1755 - ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;if
 1756-1763- %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
 1763 - ghhp]; rkjhd cld;gbf;if
 1767-1769
- Kjy; Mq;fpy ik#h; Nghh;
 1769 - kjuh]; mikjp cld;gbf;if
 1767 - rq;fkh Nghh;
 1780-1784- ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy ik#h; Nghh;
 1784 - kq;f@h; cld;gbf;if
 1757 - gpshrpg; Nghh; [_d; 23
 1764 - gf;]hh; Nghh;
 1765 - myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
- tq;fhs fth;dh; uhgh;l; fpist;
- tq;fhsj;jpd; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw ,uhgh;l; fpist;
 1772 - ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw uj;J
- tq;fhsj; jiyik MSeh; thud; N`];bq;];
 1773 - xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk;
 1774 - fy;fj;jh cr;rePjp kd;wk; rh;. vyp[h ,d;Ng Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp
 1784 - gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; gphpl;b]; gpujkh; ,isa gpl; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
xopg;G kw;Wk; thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG
 1781 - fy;fj;jhtpy; nkl;uh]; fy;tp epWtdk;
 1744 - Nuh`py;yh Nghh;
 1775 - kuhj;jpah; Nghh; (I)
 1782 - rhy;ig cld;gbf;if
 1803 - kuhj;jpah; Nghh; (II) g];ypd; cld;gbf;if
 1786-1793 - ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh; fhud;thyp];
 1793 - epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lk;
 1791 - ,e;jpahtpy; epiyahd fhty;Jiw fy;fj;jhtpy;
 1793 - fhud;thyp]; rl;lj;njhFg;G rh;. [hh;[; ghh;Nyh
 1787 - tUtha; jpUj;jk;
 1790-1792 - %d;whk; Mq;fpy ik#h; Nghh;
 1799 - rPuq;fg;gl;bd mikjp xg;ge;jk; cld;gbf;if
- ehd;fhk; Mq;fpy ik#h; Nghh;
- jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; ,wg;G Nk4y; (jpg;GRy;jhd; ik#h; Gyp)
 1796-1805 - ,e;jpahtpd; MSeh; nty;ny];yp gpuG Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; nty;nt];yp gpuG Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Kjypy; Vw;wth;
i`jh;ghl; eprhk;

 1813 - gl;lar; rl;lk; Mq;fpy muR
 1814-1816- $h;ff; h;fSld; Nghh;
 1816 - rpnfsyp mikjp Nghh;
 1816-1818
- gpz;lhhpfSld; Nghh; gpz;lhhpfis mlf;fpath; `h];bq;];
 1817-1818- ehd;fhk; Mq;fpy kuhj;jpa Nghh;
 1822 - tq;fhs Fj;jifr; rl;lk;
 1817 - fy;fj;jhtpy; fy;Y}hp epWtpdhh; (English) rkr;rhh; gj;jphpf;if nra;jpj;jhs;
ntsptu fhuzk; nrd;idapy; ,uhaj;Jthhp Kiw mwpKfk;
 1828-1835 - tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG
 1826 - ahz;l G+ cld;gbf;if
 1829 - rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; ngz;bq; gpuGthy; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uhA cjtpAld;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ngz; rpR nfhiy xopg;G (fj;jpathh; & uh[];jhd;)
- jf;fh;fis mlf;fpath; ngz;bq;
 1833 - gl;lar;rl;lk;
 1848-1855 - ly;n`srp gpuG MSeh; etPd ,e;jpahit cUthf;fpath;
 1848-1849 - ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpy rPf;fpag; Nghh;
 1848 - Nghh; rPf;fpaUf;Fk; MSeUf;Fk; ,ilNa
 1849 - gQ;rhg; gphpl;b~; cld; ,izg;G
 1856 - mNahj;jp jQ;rhT+h; gphpl;b~{ld; ,izg;G
 1853 - Kk;ig Kjy; jhNd (uapy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij 34 fp.kP)
 1854 - n`suh Kjy; uhzpfQ;r; tiu
 1856 - nrd;id Kjy; muf;Nfhzk;
 1856 - tpjitfs; kWkzk; ly;n`srpahy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1854 - rh;. rhh;y]; cl;]; jiyik fy;tpf;FO
 1857 - ,uhZt tPuh;fSf;fSf;fpilNa Gul;rp
 1857 - Nk 10 tPuh;fs; Gul;rp
 1857 - nrg;lk;gh; nly;yp gphpl;b~; kPz;Lk; ntw;wp
 1862 - gfJ}h;~h ,wg;G filrp Kfyhag; Nguurh;
 1857 - [_iy 17 fhd;G+h; Gul;rp
 1857 - Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp KbT
 1858 - etk;gh; 1 tpf;Nlhhpah uhzpapd; Nguwpf;if
 1880 - gphpl;ldpd; epUthfk;
 1884 - hpg;gdpd; epUthfk;
 1885 - ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpuR Njhd;Wjy;
 1905 - kpjthjpfs; fhyk;
 1907 - #uj; gpsT. jptputhjpfspd; fhyk;
 1919 - [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
 1920 - xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
 1927 - irkd; FO tUif
 1930 - rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
 1939 - ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;
 1942 - nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
 1945 - cyfg; Nghh; Kbtiljy;
 1947 - ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngWjy;> NeU gpujkhuhapUe;j fhyk;

1857 Gul;rp tpLjiy ,af;fk;
kpjpthjpfs; fyfk;
 1885 ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wk;
 1890
 1892
 1995 ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wr; rl;lk;
 1990
 1905 tq;fhsg;gphptpid RNjrp ,af;fk;
 1906 K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;
 1907 #uj; gpsT
jPtputhjpfs; fyfk;
 1909 kpd;Nlh khh;yp rl;lk;
 1914 Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; Vw;gLjy;
 1916 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if
 1919 [hyped; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
fhe;jp rfhg;jk;
 1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
 1922 Rauh[;af; fl;rp
 1927 irkd; FO tUif
 1929 yh$h; fhq;fpuR G+uz Rauh[;[pak;
 1930 cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk; my;yJ rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
 1931
 1932 tl;lNkir khehLfs;
 1935 ,e;jpa muRf;fl;lk;
 1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Vw;gLjy;
 1940 jdp egh; rj;jpahfpufk;
 1942 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
 1946 mikr;ruitj; J}Jf; FO tUif
 1947 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; ngWjy;
 1950 ,e;jpah Fbaurhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;F

G+ypj;Njtu;:
• ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpia> jkpofj;jpypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth;

Gypj;Njtd; Mthh;. ,th; jpUney;Ntypf;F mUfpYs;s new;fl;Lk; nrt;ty; vd;w
ghisaj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuhthh;.
• midj;J ghisaq;fisAk; xd;WNru;j;J Mq;fpNyNaUf;F vjpuhf thpnfhlh

,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;.
• Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;> Mw;fhL ehtg;gpw;Fk; fg;gk; fl;l kWj;j Gypj;Njtd; mth;fis

vjph;ff
; Tk; nra;jhh;. ,jdhy; Mq;fpNyah; kw;Wk; ethg;gpd; gilfs; Gypj;Njtid
jhf;fpd.

• ,Uthpd; gilfisAk; Gypj;Njtd; jpUney;Ntyp vd;w ,lj;jpy; ntd;whh;. ,e;j
ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd; Gypj;Njtd; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; midtiuAk; xd;W jpul;l Kad;whh;.
Mdhy; rptfphp> vl;laGuk;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Mfpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Gypj;NjtDf;F
MjuT mspf;ftpy;iy.
• 1759- Mk; Mz;L A+rg;fhd; vd;fpw fhd;rhfpg; jiyikapyhd Mw;fhL ethg;gpd;

gilfs; new;fl;Lk; nrt;tiyj; jhf;fpd. mjpy; me;jhey;Y}h; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
eilngw;w Nghhpy; Gypj;Njtd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
• 1767-Mk; Mz;L Nfg;ld; Nfk;ngy; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l Gypj;Njtdpd;

filrpapy; mtiug; gw;wpa jty;fis njspthf mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
• ,th; nts;isaNd ntspNaW vd Kjd;Kjypy; Kof;fkpl;lth; Mthh;

NtYehr;rpahh;
• Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf thNse;jp Nguhba Kjd; ngz;kzp
fl;lnghk;kd;:
• tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; 1761-Mk; Mz;L ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; 1790-Mk;

Mz;L ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;jpd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whh;.
• ,thpd; rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiu.
• Mw;fhl;L ethg;ghd Xk;jj; cy; xkhuh jkpofj;jpy; thp t#ypf;Fk; chpikia

Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;.
• fp.gp. 1781 y; jpUney;Ntypapy; thpt#ypf;Fk; chpik Mq;fpNyaUf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
• Mq;fpNyahpd; thpt#y; nfhs;ifapy;> Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; fl;lnghk;kDf;FkpilNa

tpNuhjk; vw;glf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
• ,e;epiyapy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaf;fhudhd fl;lnghk;kd; 1797 y; fg;gk; fl;l

kWj;jhd;.
• ,uhkehjGu Ml;rpah; [hf;rd; jk;ik Nehpy; re;jpj;J thp ghf;fpia fl;LkhW

fl;lnghk;kDf;F Mizapl;lhh;.
• 1798-Mk; Mz;L Njjp fl;lnghk;kDk; mtuJ mikr;rh; rptRg;gpukzpag; gps;isAk;

,uhkehjGuj;jpYs;s ,uhkypq;ftpyh]; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Ml;rpaiu re;jpj;jdh;.
• mq;F fl;lngk;kDf;Fk;> [hf;rDf;Fk; ,ilNa ve;j xU KbTf;Fk; tutpy;iy> mjd;

tpisthf fl;lnghk;kd; kPJ Mq;fpy muR Nghh; njhLf;f KbT nra;jd.
• 1799-Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk;> nty;ny];yp gpuG fl;lnghk;kDf;F vjpuhf Nk[h;

Ngdh;Nkd; jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg; gil xd;iw mDg;gpdhh;.
• ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;iliag; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,uhkypq;f Kjypahh; Ngdh;NkDf;F

toq;fpdhh;. ,j;jfty;fisf; nfhz;Ljhd; Nk[h; Ngdh;Nkd; Nghh; tpA+fk; tFj;jhh;.

• fhshh;gl;b vd;w ,lj;jpy; ele;j Nkhjypy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
mikr;rh; rptRg;gpukzpak; gps;is rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhh;. fl;lnghk;kd; jiykiwthdhh;.
• fsg;G+h; fhl;by; xspe;jpUe;j fl;lnghk;kid> GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dh; tp[auFehj

njhz;ilkhd; cjtpNahL rpiwgpbj;J Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp rpiw gpbj;jJ.
xg;gilj;jhh;. gpwF Ngdh;kd; rpiwf; ifjpfis rfg;ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Kd;dpiyapy;
tprhuiz nra;J jz;lid toq;fpdhh;.
• 1799-Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 16-Mk; ehs; jpUney;Ntypf;F mUfpYs;s faj;jhW

Nfhl;ilapy; kw;w ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
,jd; %yk; ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; fpsh;r;rp mlf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mopf;fg;gltpy;iy.
njd;dpe;jpag; Gul;rp (fp.gp. 1800 – fp.gp. 1801)
Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
• njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp kf;fspilNa ,Ue;j Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf

ntWg;gpd; ntspg;ghlhf mike;jJ. fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lJk;> mthpd;
cwtpdh;fs; rpj;jputijf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lJk; njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rpia jtph;f;f
Kbahjnjhd;whf;fpaJ.
kUJ rNfhjuu;fs;:
• fp.gp. 1780 Kjy; fp.gp. 1801 tiu rptfq;ifr; rPikapy; fhisahu; Nfhapypd;
ghisaf;fhuu;fsha; Mz;L te;jtu;fs; nghpakUJ> rpd;dkUJ.
• 19-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; fyfk;

nra;jdh;. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; %f;ifah godpag;gd; kw;Wk; nghd;dhj;jhs; jk;gjpahpd;
kfd;fshth;.
• %j;jth; nghpa kUJ vd;Wk;> ,isath; rpd;d kUJ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

rpd;dkUJ ‘kUJ ghz;bad;’ vd;Wk; ‘rptfq;ifr; rpq;fk;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,tNu njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rpapd; fjhehafd; Mthh;. rpd;d kUJ rptfq;ifia Mz;l
Kj;J tLfehj Njthplk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
• 1772-Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifia Mw;fhL ethg; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. vdpDk; rpy

khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF rptfq;if kUJ rNfhjuh;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L> nghpa kUJ
mjd; kd;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
• fl;lnghk;kd; ,we;jgpd; mtuJ rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiu kUJghz;bah;fsplk;

MjuitAk; ghJfhg;igAk; ngw;whh;. ,jdhy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l Mq;fpNyah; rptfq;if
kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jdh;.
• Mq;fpyj; jsgjp “Mf;dpA+” jiyikapy; ngUk;gil kUJghz;baUf;F vjpuhf

mDg;gg;gl;lJ. epiyikapd; cf;fpuj;ij czh;e;j kUJghz;bah; xU gpufldj;ij
ntspapl;L ,e;jpah;fis Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf xd;wpizf;f Kad;whh;. rhjp> rka
NtWghLfis kwe;J midj;J kf;fSk; xd;W Nrh;e;J> Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf
Nghuhl kf;fSf;F miog;GtpLj;jhh;. 1801-Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjk;> rpd;d kUJ
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf gpufldk; xd;iw ntspapl;lhh;. ,JNt jpUr;rp gpufldk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,e;j gpufldj;jpd; gpujpfs; jpUr;rpapYs;s ethg;gpd; muz;kidr; RthpYk;> =uq;fk;
tp];tehj Myar; RthpYk; xl;lg;gl;ld. ,e;j 1801 gpufldk;> mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
midj;J ,e;jpah;fis xUq;fpizj;j Kjy; gpufldkhFk;. ,g;gpufldj;jpd;
tpisthf jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j gy ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl
mzp jpuz;ldh;. Mdhy; Mq;fpNyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;if ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;
gilia gphpj;jJ
• fp.gp. 1801-Mk; Mz;L Nk – 29-Mk; ehs; Gul;rpahsh;fSf;Fk; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk;

Nghh; %z;lJ. Gul;rpahsh;fs; jpz;Lf;fy;> ,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; kJiu Mfpa
,lq;fspy; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;. fhisah; Nfhtpy; mUNf ele;j
rz;ilapy; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;. mg;NghJ kUJghz;bah; rpq;fg;Gdhp
fhl;by; kiwe;J nfhz;ldh;. Jujp~;ltrkhf kUJghz;bah;> GJf;Nfhl;il kd;duhy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Mq;fpNyahplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ldh;.
• ,Wjpapy; 1801-Mk; Mz;L Mf;Nlhgh; 24-k; Njjp uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s

jpUg;gj;J}h; Nfhl;ilapy; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
NtY}h; fyfk; 1806
➢ 1806> [{iy 10
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehL
• 1887 – nrd;id> gj;Ujpd; jpahg;[p jiyikNaw;whh;

• ,th; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; K];ypk; jiytuhthh;
,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;fspg;G

nrd;id RNjrp rq;fk; (1852)
• nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; kf;fs; chpikfis epiyehl;l Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjy; mikg;G
nrd;id RNjrp rq;fk;.
• ,jid 1852-Mk; Mz;L `hh;yp> ny~;kp euRr; nrl;b kw;Wk; rPdpthrg; gps;is
MfpNahh; epWtpdh;. ,r;rq;fk; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; nfhs;iffis
tpkh;rdk; nra;jJ.
nrd;id kfh[d rig (1884)
• 1884-Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khfh[d rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. v];. ,uhkrhkpKjypahh;>
gp. mde;jhrhUY> kw;Wk; ,uq;ifah ehAL MfpNahh; ,jid Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
• nrd;id kfh[d rigapd; Kjy; jiytuhf gp. ,uq;ifah ehAL Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
• 1896 mf;Nlhgh; 24-k; ehs; Njrj;je;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp nrd;id kfh[d rigapy;
ciuahw;wpdhh;. ,r;rigapd; nghd;tpoh nfhz;lhl;lj;jpy; [t`h;yhy;NeU fye;J
nfhz;lhh;.
• nrd;id kfh[d rig Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpaJ.
• 1885 Mk; Mz;L KjyhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; KjyhtJ jPh;khdj;ij nfhz;L te;j
[P Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; nrd;id kfh[d rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; Nghpy; jk; tpjit kfSf;F
kWkzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

• ,e;jpa kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfSf;fhf Fuy; vOg;gpaJ. 1930-Mk; Mz;L cg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ij nrd;idapy; [hh;[;lTd;> ahidf;fTdp> cah;ePjpkd;wk;
kw;Wk; flw;fiug;gFjpapy; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpaJ.
• mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ cWg;gpdh;fs; fLikahfj; jhf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid tprhhpf;f

ePjpgjp b.Mh;. ,uhkr;re;jpu ma;ah; jiyikapy; %d;W Ngh; nfhz;l FO
mikf;fg;gl;L murplk; mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
jkpo;ehl;L kpjthjpfs;
• NfhghyfpU~;z NfhfNyiag; gpd;gw;wpath;fs; fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
• Nryk; tp[ uhfthr;rhhpiaj; jkpo;ehl;L kpjthjj;jpd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

mtuJ ghriwapy; gapw;rp ngw;wth; jhd; rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp.
• tp.v];.rPdpthrrh];j;jphp> gp.v];.rp. rptfhkpIa;ah;> tp. fpU~;zrhkp Ia;ah;> b.Mh;

ntq;fluhkrh];jphp> [p.V.eNlrd;> jpU.tp.f. lhf;lh;. gp.tujuh[_YehAL> <.nt.uhkrhkp
ehaf;fh;> v];.rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhh; MfpNahh; jkpo;ehl;bd; kpjthjpfshth;.
jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs;
• ghyfq;fhju jpyfiug; gpd;gw;wpath;fs; jPtputhjpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
• b.vk;.ehah;> v];.f];J}Hpuq;fIaq;fhh;> V.uhkrhkpIa;aq;fhh;> b.uq;fhr;rhhp> t.c.rp.

rpjk;guk;gps;is> mutpe;jNfh~;> Rg;gpukzpa rpth> rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujp>
t.Nt.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;ah;> ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp> thQ;rpehjd;> RNjrpgj;kehgIa;ah;
MfpNahh; jkpo;ehl;bd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhq;fpu]; jPtputhjpfshth;.
• t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is jkpo;ehl;L jpyfh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
• t.c.rpAk;> Rg;gpukzparpthTk;, jpyfhpd; jsgjpfshf fUjg;gl;ldh;.
jkpo;ehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fk;
• 1905-,y; tq;fhsj;jpy; Njhd;wpa RNjrp ,af;fk; jkpof kf;fspilNa murpay;

tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ. “te;Nj khjuk;” vd;w Kof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; xypf;fj;
Jtq;fpaJ.
• njd;dhl;L jpyfh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l t.c.rpjk;gudhh; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s

fpuhkq;fspy; RNjrpf; fUj;Jf;fis gug;gp te;jhh;. 1906-,y; RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNf~d;
fk;ngdpia epWtpdhh;.
• jkpo;ehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fj;Jld; gaq;futhjKk; xusT jiy J}f;f njhlq;fpaJ.
• jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l Ml;rpauhd M~; vd;gtiu thQ;rpehjd; June 17 1911

kzpahr;rp ,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. ,e;j tof;if tprhhpj;j ePjpgjpfspy;
xUtuhd rq;fud; ehah;> ,e;jf; nfhiy “Njrpa tpopg;gpd; vjpnuhyp” vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
• RNjrp ,af;fj; jiyth;fshd t.c.rpjk;gudhh;> ghujpahh;> rpth Nghd;wth;fsJ Ngr;Rk;>

vOj;Jk; kf;fis vOr;rpAwr; nra;jd.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; (1916)
• 1916-Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 3-Mk; Njjp nrd;idapy;; jd;dhl;rp fofk; (Home Rule
league) md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
• jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpd; jiytuhf md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahUk;> [p.v];. mUz;Nly;

mikg;Gr; nrayhsuhfTk;> rp.gp. uhkrhkp Ia;ah; nghJr; nrayhsuhfTk;> gp.gp. thbah
ngUshsuhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;wdh;.
• gphpl;b~; NguuRf;Fs; ,e;jpah Rahl;rp ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpd;

Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;L Klq;fpf; fple;j fhyj;jpy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;

Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;ij jPuj;Jld; top elj;jpaJ.
• 1917> Mf];l; 20-,y; ntspahd khz;NlF gpufldk; md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahhpd;

Rahl;rp rq;fj;Jf;F fpilj;j ghpR vdyhk;.
• md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahhpd; rhjidfisg; ghuhl;b mtiug; ngUikg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L

1917-brk;ghpy; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; jiytuhf mth;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
nusyl; rj;ahf;fpufk;
• 1919, khh;r; 17-md;W fhe;jp[p jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tUif je;jhh; mq;Fjhd; nusyl; rl;l
vjph;g;Gj; jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf rj;jp;ahf;fpuf rig
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
• fhe;jp mr;rigapd; jiytuhfTk;> rp.tp[auhfthr;rhhp> b. gpufhrk; mfpNahh; Jizj;

jiyth;fshfTk;> rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp> vk;.rp. eQ;Rz;luht;> v.f];J}hpuq;f Iaq;fhh;>
[p. mhpGuNthj;jk; uht;> Nryk; b. Mjpehuhaz nrl;bahh; MfpNahh; nrayhsh;fshfTk;
nghWg;Ngw;wdh;.
• 1919-Vg;uy; 6-Mk; Njjp jkpo;ehl;by; nusyl; rl;l vjph;g;G ehs; Jf;fj;jpdkhf

mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ. gy gFjpfspy; fz;ld Ch;tyq;fs; eilngw;wd. mg;NghJ
gj;jphpf;if gjpTr; rl;lj;ij kPwp nrd;id efhpy; “rj;ahfpufp” vd;w gj;jphpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
• murhq;fj;jhy; jilnra;ag;gl;l E}y;fshd fhe;jpapd; “rh;Nthjak;”> “,e;jpa

Rahuh[;ak;” Mfpatw;iwAk; tPu rthh;ff ; hpd; “vhpkiy” vd;w E}iyAk; jkpo;ehl;Lr;
rj;jpahf;fpufpfs; tpw;gid nra;jdh;.
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
• fhe;jpapd; xj;Jiog;NghL ,e;jpa K];yPk;fs; Jtf;fpa fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpy; jkpo;ehL
Mh;tj;NjhL fye;J nfhz;lJ.
• 1919 Mf];by; $ba nrd;id khepy fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp, myp

rNfhjuh;fis tpLjiy nra;af;NfhUk; jPh;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. NkYk;
mf;Nlhgh; 17 md;W mDrhpf;fg;gl;l fpyhgj; jpdj;Jf;F jkpo;ehl;L ,e;Jf;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;Wj; je;jhh;.

• 1920-Nk khjj;jpy; uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpapd; MjuNthL ah$g; `hrd; nrd;id khepy
fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jhh;.
• 1920 Vg;uy; 20-Mk; Njjp nrd;id efhpy; nksyhd rTfj; mypapd; jiyikapy;
fpyhgj; khehL eilngw;wJ. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp> f];J}Hp uq;f Iaq;fhh;> gpufhrk;
MfpNahh; mk;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L Ngrpdh;.
• 1920 Mf;];by; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tUifje;j fhe;jp fpyhgj ,af;fj;ij Mjhpj;J

gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;.
• tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s thzpak;ghb fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; caph;ehbahfj;

jpfo;e;jJ.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
• 1919-,y; fhe;jp xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;
• jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhpapd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
• xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahfj; njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;

<Lgl;ldh;. nrd;id njhopyhsh; A+dpad; rhh;ghf gf;fpq;fhk; njhopw;rhiy
njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;jdh;.
• jkpo;ehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdh; nfhz;L te;j rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;G ntw;wp

ngwtpy;iy.
• mjw;F fhuzk; ePjpf;fl;rp Njrpa ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfp murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg;

ngw;W> xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xJf;fptpl;L kf;fspd; nry;thf;ifg; gad; gLj;jp
Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ jhd;.
• jkpo;ehl;L fhq;fpu];fhuh;fs; 1921 [dthp 10-Mk; Njjp nrd;idf;F tUifje;j

fhdhl; Nfhkidg; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
• f];J}hpuq;f Iaq;fhh;> rPdpthr Iaq;fhh;> rj;jpa%h;j;jp> t.c.rpjk;gudhh;> rpq;fhuNtY

nrl;bahh;> lhf;lh; tujuh[_Y ehAL Nghd;w jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; ngUk; gad; mspj;jJ.
• NkYk; ,e;J> RNjrpkpj;jpud;> Njrgf;jd; Nghd;w gj;jphpf;iffSk; ,e;j ,af;fk; tsu

cjtpd.
• xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ kyghhpy; epfo;e;j khg;gps;isfs; fpsh;r;rp

jkpo;ehl;by; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; fpyhgj;>
xj;Jioahik ,af;fq;fs; tYtpoe;J Nghapd
• nrshp nrsuh td;Kiw epfo;r;rpahy; fhe;jpNa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij tpyf;fpf;

nfhz;lhh;.
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp
• ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; Njf;f epiyapypUe;j NghJ Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdh;

rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Jtf;Ftnjd KbT nra;jdh;.

• jkpo;ehl;by; f];J}hp uq;fIaq;fhh;> rPdpthrIaq;fhh;> tujuh[_Y ehAL>
tp[auhfthr;rhhp> V.uq;frhkp Ia;aq;fhh; MfpNahh; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;J
rl;lkd;w Eioit Mjhpj;jdh;.
• 1892 etk;gh; 13 md;W eilngw;w kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj; Njh;jypy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdUs; V. uq;frhkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Mh;.Nf. rz;Kfk;
nrl;bahh;> vd;. rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhh; MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.
• Rauh[;af;fl;rp 41 ,lq;fisg; ngw;whYk; $l mikr;ruitia mikf;f kWj;J

tpl;lJ. mjdhy; lhf;lh; gp.Rg;guhad; jiyikapy; RNal;ir mikr;ruit
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
• jkpo;ehl;by; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapduhy; ,ul;il Ml;rpapd; jPikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l

Kbe;jNjnahopa mij nraypof;fr; nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
ePy; rpiy rj;jpahf;fpufk;
• nrd;id ,uhZtg; gphptpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j fh;dy; ePy; 1857 ngUq;fpsh;r;rpia

xLf;Ftjpy; jPtpukhf nray;gl;lhh;. mtUila Nritiag; ghuhl;b gphpl;b~; murhq;fk;
nrd;idapd; gpujhdg; gFjpapy; ePypd; rpiyia itj;jJ.
• tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ me;jr; rpiyia mfw;Wtjw;fhf ney;iy

Nrhkah[_Ytpd; jiyikapy; rj;jpahf;fpuff;FO Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1927-Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 11-Mk; ehs; Jtq;fpa ePy; rpiy mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F
Rg;GuhaY ehALTk;> KfkJ rhypah uhTj;jUk; jiyik jhq;f> ePypd; rpiyia
cilj;J Nrjg;gLj;jpdh;.
• Mf];l; khjk; Jtf;fg;gl;l ePy; rpiy rj;jpahf;fpufk; brk;gh; tiu njhlh;e;J

eilngw;wJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; gy khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk; njhz;lh;fs; nrd;idf;F te;J
mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
• gpd;dh; 1937-Mk; Mz;L ,uh[h[p Kjy;thud gpd;dh; mr;rpiy mfw;wg;gl;L

mUq;fhl;rpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
irkd; FO Gwf;fzpg;G
• 1930-Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp 3-Mk; Njjp irkd; FO gk;ghapy; te;jpwq;fpaNghJ> mij

vjph;j;J ,e;jpah KOtJk; Mh;g;ghl;lk; eilngw;wJ.
• irkd; FO nrd;idf;F te;j NghJ “irkNd jpUk;gpg; Ngh” (GO BACK

SIMON)vd;w KOf;fk; vOe;jJ.
• mf;FOTf;F vjpuhf fUg;Gf; nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ. fz;ld Ch;tyKk;flw;fiuf;

$l;lKk; eilngw;wd.
• irkd; FOtpw;F mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;f tuNtw;gpy; lhf;lh; gp. Rg;guhad; fye;J

nfhz;lijf; fz;bj;J mtuJ mikr;ruitapypUe;J uq;fehj KjypahUk;>
MNuhf;fparhkp KjypahUk; gjtp tpyfpdh;.

G+uz Rje;jpuk;
• 1927- Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;jhd; Kjd;Kiwahf

G+uz Rje;jpuNk ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1930> [dthp 26-Mk; ehs; Njrnkq;Fk; G+uz Rje;jpu ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; Ch;NjhWk; me;ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp gj;jphpf;iffspy; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhh;.
• nrd;idapy; Njrpaf;nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ. khiyapy; jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; nghJf;$l;lk;

eilngw;wJ mjpy; gq;Nfw;w midtUk;; G+uz Rje;jpu rgjk; vLj;J nfhz;ldh;.
jkpo;ehl;by; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
• jkpo;ehl;by; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; ,uh[h[p jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. Ch;tyq;fs;>

nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> kwpay;fs; eilngw;wd. ,jd; cr;r fl;lkhf cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;
eilngw;wJ.
• 1930 Vg;uy; 30-Mk; ehs; Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;G fha;r;Rtjw;fhf ,uh[h[p jiyikapy;

E}W njhz;lh;fs; jpUr;rpapypUe;J Gwg;gl;ldh;.
• topneLfpYk; rj;ahfpufpfs; ghujpahhpd; “mr;rkpy;iy” ghliy ghbr; nrd;wdh;.
• NkYk; ,e;j ahj;jpiuf;nfd;W ehkf;fy; ftpQh; uhkypq;fk; gps;is “fj;jpapd;wp

uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkd;W tUFJ” vd;w ghliy topeilg; ghlyhfg; Gide;jhh;.
• jQ;ir khtl;l fnyf;l;uhd v.N[.jhh;d; vd;gth; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij eRf;f gy topfspy;

Kad;whh;. MdhYk; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fSf;F jpUitahW> jQ;rhT+h;> Fk;gNfhzk; Nghd;w
efuq;fspy; cw;rhf tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
• Ntjhuz;aj;ij mile;J jilia kPwp cg;G fha;r;rpa uh[h[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;L

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. mtiuj; njhlh;e;J Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is> lhf;lh; uh[d;>
jpUkjp. yl;Rkpgjp Nghd;w jiyth;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlh;e;J elj;jpdh;.
• uh[h[p jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapypUe;J cg;G rj;jpahfpufpfs; Gwg;gl;l md;Nw me; jpu

Nfrhp gpufhrk; jiyikapy; nrd;id efhpy; cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghuhl;l njhz;lh;fs; midtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
• 1930> Nk 5-Mk; Njjp fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,jdhy; ehL KOtJk; Mh;ghl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
• nrd;id khepy rl;lkd;w epakd cWg;gpduhd jpUkjp. Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b> fhe;jp

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lijf; fz;bj;J jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;.
• fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljpypUe;J njhlh;e;J MWkhj fhyj;jpw;F jkpo;ehl;by;

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ.
• 1932 [dthp 26- Mk; Njjp nrd;idapy; jilia kPwp Njrpa Rauh[;[pa jpdk;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

• 1932 [dthp 11-y; jpUg;G+h; Fkud; jbabapy; ,we;jhh;. ,th; nfhbfhj;j Fkud; vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
• ,Wjpahf 1934-,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,af;fk;

jkpo;ehl;by; gbj;jth;fsplKk;> ghku kf;fsplKk; murpay; tpopg;Gzh;it vw;gLj;jp
Njrpa ,af;fk; tsh;r;rpaila cjtpaJ.
jdpegh; rj;jpahf;fpufk;
• 1940 mf;Nlhgh; 13-,y; thh;jhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO $l;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs;

jdpegh; rj;jpahf;fpuf jpl;lj;ij ntspapl;lhh;.
• mjd;gb lhf;lh;. b.v];.v];. uh[d; vd;gth;jhd; jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; jdpegh;

rj;jpahf;fpufpahfr; rpiw nrd;whh;. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J uh[h[p> rj;jpa%h;j;jp> b.
gpufhrk;> k.ngh.rptQhdk; cs;spl;l gy jiyth;fs; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; NghJ
rpiwr; nrd;wdh;.
1. gf;fpq;fhk;> fh;ehlf> gQ;rhiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;> nrd;id JiwKfj; njhopyhsh;fs;
Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
2. NkYk; tlMw;fhL> njd; Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; fyfq;fs; ntbj;jd.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
• 1942- Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 7> 8 Njjpfspy; gk;ghapy; $ba fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
• 1942-Mf];L 9-Mk; Njjp fhe;jpabfs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij

njhlq;fpdhh;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J fhe;jp cl;gl gy Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
• nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij jkpo;ehl;by; gug;gpath; fhkuh[h; Mthh;.
• fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;l nra;jp vl;baTld; nrd;idapy; Mh;g;ghl;lk; eilngw;wJ.

filfs; milf;fg;gl;ld. njhopw;rhiyfs; %lg;gl;ld. fy;tpf; $lq;fs; fhypahf
,Ue;jd.
• jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; fyff;fhuh;fs; gy FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J fpsh;r;rpapy;

<Lgl;ldh;.
• Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; gQ;rhiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; jilia kPwp

Ch;tyk; nrd;wdh;.
• kJiu khtl;lk; KOtJk; filailg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1. jPaply;> je;jpf; fk;gq;fis mWj;jy;> ghyq;fis ngah;j;jy; Nghd;w td;Kiwr;
nray;fs; jkpofk; KOtJk; gutyhf epfo;e;jd.
2. td;Kiw mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;l ,e;j Mz;L Nghuhl;lk;> murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;F
Kiw eltbf;iffshy; %d;W khjNk ePbj;jJ.

,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miljy;
• fphpg;]; & fhgpndl; FOf;fs; (1946-y;) ,e;jpahtpw;F tUifGhpe;jJ.
• 1946-y; NeU jiyikapy; ,ilf;fhy muR milf;fg;ngw;wJ.
• ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fd;rh;Ntbt; fl;rp Njhw;W njhopw;fl;rp

ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; Ml;rpf;F te;j ml;yp gpuGtpd; Mizg;gb 1947 Mf];l; 15
md;W ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ.
• ePz;l Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F gpd;dh; 1947-Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 15-Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah tpLjiy
mile;jJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; A+dpad; [hf; nfhb ,wf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpahtpd; %th;zf;nfhb
gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ.
• ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jNghJ Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkp nul;bahh; jkpof Kjyikr;ruhf

,Ue;jhh;. ehl;L kf;fspilNa kpfpo;;r;rp nghq;fpaJ. tpLjiy ehis kf;fs; tpohthff;
nfhz;lhbdh;.
jkpo;ehl;L jiyth;fs;
t.Nt.R. Iah;
➢ ghhp];lh; gbg;Gf;fhf ,yz;ld; nrd;w t.Nt.R.Iah; gaq;futhjpahdhh;.

➢ th.Nt.R.Iah; tPurthh;ff ; hpd; ‘1857 KjyhtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;’ vd;w E}iy
nkhopngah;j;J murhq;fj; jiliakPwp> cyfpd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk; mDg;gpdhh;.
➢ “jpahfg;gypf;F Maj;jkhFq;fs;> ghuj khjh miof;fpd;whs;. 1857 jpUk;GfpwJ” vd;w
Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fSld; Gj;jfq;fs; jhq;fpa ngl;b xd;iwg; ghz;br;Nrhpf;F mDg;gpdhh;.
➢ Iah; u~;ahTf;Fr; nrd;W ntbFz;L jahhpf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fw;Wf;nfhz;L GJitf;F
te;jhh; (1910).
➢ GJitapy; jQ;rk; GFe;j Iah; ‘jh;khyak;’ vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp gaq;futhjg;
Gul;rpahsh;fSf;Ff; Fj;Jr;rz;il> ky;Aj;jk;> fj;jpr;rz;il> Jg;ghf;fpr; Rly;
Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rp mspj;J te;jhh;.
➢ GJitapy; Gfyplk; ngw;wpUe;j kw;nwhU jkpo;ehl;Lg; gaq;futhjpahd ePyfz;l
gpuk;kr;rhhpiag; ghh;ff; r; nrd;w ,isQh; thQ;rpehjDf;Fg; ‘gpnusdpq;’
ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; RLtjw;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jhh; t.Nt.R. Iah;.
t.c.rpjk;guk;gps;is
➢ nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; vd;Wk;> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;l

rpjk;guk;gps;is nrg;lk;gh; 5> 1972y; xl;lg;gplhuj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
➢ jpUney;Ntypapy; tof;FiuQuhf jkJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ t.c.rp. tpahghu rq;fk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fs; mikg;gpid Cf;Ftpj;jhh;.
➢ RNjrp jh;k rq;f nerthspfs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; RNjrp $l;LwT mq;fhbfis
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
➢ 1906 mf;Nlhgh; 16k;Njjp ‘RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
➢ ‘fhypah’> ‘yhNth’ vd;w ngaUila ,uz;L fg;gy;fSk;> ruf;F %l;ilfis
Vw;Wtjw;F trjpahf ,uz;L ,ae;jpug; glFfSk; thq;fg;gl;ld.
➢ fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; jUkyq;f nerTr; rhiy> Njrpa gz;lf
rhiy Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
➢ nrd;id efhpy; nrd;id tptrha-ifj;njhopy; rq;fk; ypkpnll; xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
➢ jdJ RNjrpg; gzpf;F kf;fspilNa Mjuitj; jpul;l tp.rh;f;fiur; nrl;bahh;
jiyikapy; nrd;id efhpy; RNjrp gpur;rhu rigiaAk; mikj;jhh;.
➢ t.c.rp. NfhaKj;J}h; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ RNjrp fg;gy; epWtdj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;J> J}j;Jf;Fb-nfhOk;G ,ilNa fg;gy;
Nghf;Ftuj;ijj; Jtq;fpdhh;.
➢ 1905 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tq;fhsg; gphptpid ,tiu murpaypy; <Lglr;
nra;jJ.
➢ J}j;Jf;Fb mUfpy; gts Miy Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
➢ Ntiy Neuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L> Cjpak; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. 1907k; Mz;L #uj;jpy;
eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;Jnfhz;lhh;.
➢ ,k;khehl;by; kpjthjpfs;> jPtputhjpfs; vd fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ.
➢ t.c.rp. ghyfq;fhju jpyfiug; gpd;gw;wp jPtputhjj;ij jPtpukhf gug;gpdhh;.
➢ ,th; kPJ Njrj; JNuhff; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;L. 40 Mz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ ,tiu tyJfhy; rq;fpypahy; Nfhh;ff ; g;gl;L khLNghy; fz;zD}h; rpiwapy;
nrf;fpOj;jhh;. ,th; KiwaPL nra;jjhy; ,e;j jz;lid gpd;dh; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp
➢ ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp M~; nfhiy tof;fpy; Fw;wthspahff; fUjg;gl;L Vohz;L fhy

rpiwj; jz;lid ngw;whh;.
➢ ,th; GJitapy; jQ;rk; GFe;jpUe;jNghJ 1910 Vg;uy; 10k; Njjp ‘ghuj khjh rq;fk;’
vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
➢ ,r;rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs; fhsp rpiyf;F Kd;epd;W nfhz;L jiythpd; Mizf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;L vijAk; jpahfk; nra;aj; jahuhapUg;gjhf Ms;fhl;btpuiy mWj;j
,uj;jj;jpy; Njha;j;Jf; ifnahg;gkpl;ldh;.
➢ GJitapy; ‘#hpNahjak;’ vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia elj;jp te;jhh;.
➢ ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp fk;A+dp];lhf khwpdhh;! th;ff
; g; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L 1922y;
gj;jhz;L fhy rpiwjz;lid ngw;whh;.
➢ t.Nt.R.Iah; Nrud;khNjtpapy;’ ‘guj;Jth[ Mrpukk;’ xd;iw epWtpaijg; Nghd;W
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhpAk; fh;ehlfj;jpYs;s ee;jpkiyapy; Mrpukk; xd;iw mikj;J
mikjpahf tho;e;J jdJ 88 tJ tajpy; caph; ePj;jhh;.
Rg;gpukzpa rpth
➢ t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; jkpo;ehl;L RNjrpaf;fj;jpd; ,ul;ilah;fshfj; jpfo;e;jhh;fs;.

➢ ‘Rje;jpuhde;jh’ vd;w Gidg;ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lth; rpth.
➢ rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahd rpth jUkGhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ghg;ghug;gl;bapy; ‘ghujp
Mrpukk;’ vd;w ngauhy; Njr gf;jh;fspd; ghriw xd;iw epWtp> ,sk;
NjrhgpkhdpfSf;F ehl;L tpLjiyg; NghUf;fhd gapw;rp mspj;jhh;.
➢ Rg;gpukzpa rpth> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy; tj;jyf;Fz;L fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th;
xU rpwe;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuuhfTk;> rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;.
➢ Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;ljhy; 1908-1922 ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
gyKiw ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
➢ rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ njhO Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jdhy; Nryk; rpiwf;F
khw;wg;gl;lhh;. ,tuhy; elf;f Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
➢ ,jw;fpilapy; Mq;fpy muR ,tUf;fhfNt njhO Nehaspfs; ,uapypy; gazk;
nra;af; $lhJ vd;W rl;lk; xd;iw nfhz;Lte;jJ.
➢ ,jd; tpisthf Rg;gpukzpa rpth cly; KOtJk; njhONeha; Gz;fSld; jkpofk;
KOtJk; ePz;l eil gazkhfNt Rw;wpte;jhh;.
➢ gpd;dh; jdJ Nehapd; fhuzkhf [_iy 23> 1925y; fhykhdhh;.
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;

➢ Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s vl;lahGuj;jpy; brk;gh; 11> 1882y;
gpwe;jhh;.
➢ kJiuapy; jkpohrphpauhf rpwpJ fhyk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jphpf;ifapd;
cjtp Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
➢ 1907 k; Mz;L #uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
➢ ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; kw;Wk; mutpe;jNfh~{ld; Nrh;e;J Rauh[;[paj;jpw;F Mjuthfr;
nray;gl;lhh;.
➢ 1907 Mk; Mz;L jkpo; thug; gj;jphpf;ifahd ,e;jpah> gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpauhdhh;.
mNj rkaj;jpy; ghyghujk; vd;w Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
➢ 1908 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; khngUk; $l;lj;ij elj;jp> Rauh[;[pa ehis
nfhz;lhbdhh;.
➢ mtuJ ghly;fshd te;Nj khjuk;> mr;rkpy;iy-mr;rkpy;iy> ve;ijAk; jhAk;>
n[aghujk; Nghd;wit mr;rplg;gl;L jkpo; kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ 1908y; t.c.rpf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpy muR njhlh;e;j tof;fpy; t.c.rpf;F Mjuthf rhl;rp
toq;fpdhh;.
➢ ,jdhy; Mq;fpy muR ,tiu ifJ nra;a Miz gpwg;gpj;jJ. vdNt ghujpahh;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J GJitf;F jg;gp Xbdhh;.
➢ mq;fpUe;J jpdrhp> thu,jo; kw;Wk; khj ,jo;fspy; jdJ gilg;gpidj; njhlh;e;J
ntspapl;lhh;.
➢ Mdhy; Mq;fpy muR 1909k; Mz;L ghujpapd; gilg;GfSf;F jil tpjpj;jJ.
➢ Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpwF etk;gh; 1918 k; Mz;L> ghujpahh; flY}Uf;F te;jhh;.
mr;rkaj;jpy; mth; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. Mdhy; %d;W thu fhtYf;Fg; gpwF
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ gy;NtW ,d;dy;fs; kw;Wk; tWikf;Fg; gpwF ghujp nrd;idapypUe;J RNjrkpj;jpud;
gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpauhf kPz;Lk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
➢ nrg;lk;gh; 11. 1921y; fhykhdhh;.
lhf;lh; rz;gfuhkd;
➢ ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j lhf;lh; rz;gfuhkd; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Rw;Wg;gazk;

nra;jhh;.
➢ ‘GNuh ,e;jpah’ vd;w ngahpy; gj;jphpif elj;jpdhh;.
➢ nghpypd; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;jth;fspy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wth;.
➢ nydpid re;jpj;J mtuJ Mjuit ngw;wth;.
➢ ‘vk;ld;’ vd;w ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy; %yk; nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wf; fl;blj;ijf; Fwpitj;J
Fz;L tPrpath; (1914).
➢ ,e;jpag; Gul;rpahsh;fs; Mg;fhdp];jhd; jiyefuhd fhG+ypy; jw;fhypf; ,e;jpaf;
FbauR’ xd;iw epWtpaNghJ mjd; mikr;ruitapy; may;ehl;L mikr;ruhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
thQ;rpehjd;
➢ nrq;Nfhl;il ,uFgjp Iahpd; kfdhd thQ;rpehjd; jpUtpjhq;$hpYs;s GdY}hpy;

murhq;ff; fhl;byhfhtpy; gzpGhpe;J te;jhh;.
➢ GJitapypUe;J ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhpia re;jpj;jhh;. t.Nt.R.Iahplk; Jg;ghf;fp gapw;rp
ngw;whh;.
➢ thQ;rp ehjd; jpUtpjhq;$h; rk];jhdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. jPtputhjpfspd;
nray;ghLfs; gphpl;b~; murhq;fj;ij mr;RWj;jpaJ.
➢ jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;j M~; vd;gth; ehd;F Ngiu
jpUney;Ntypapy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;.
➢ ,f;nfhLQ;nraYf;Fg; gopjPh;f;f vz;zpa thQ;rpehjd;> ,ufrpakhf kzpahr;rp
Giftz;b epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W 1911> [Pd; 17Mk; ehs; khtl;l Ml;rpah; M~;
mth;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;W tpl;L> jhKk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
➢ thQ;rpehjd; ,we;jgpd; mth; rl;ilg;igapy; xU fbjk; ,Ue;jJ.
➢ ,f;fbjj;jpy;> Ml;rpah; M~pd; nfhiy nrd;id tUk; murh; Ie;jhk; [hh;i[ nfhiy
nra;tjw;fhd xj;jpifNa MFk; vd;W vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
jpUg;G+h; Fkud;
➢ <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; nrd;dpkiyapy;> jpUg;G+h; Fkud; 1904 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;. ,th;
khngUk; fpsh;r;rpahsh;.
➢ ,th; Njrpaf; nfhbj; jilf;nfjpuhd fpsh;r;rpapy; <Lgl;L fhty; Jiwapdhpd;
jhf;Fjyhy; caph; Jwe;jhh;.
➢ rhFk; jUthapy; Njrpaf; nfhbiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpagb ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,th; jkpof
tuyhw;wpy; nfhbfhj;j Fkud; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
➢ jkpof muR jpUg;G+h; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s G+q;fhtpy; ,tuJ rpiyia
epWtpAs;sJ.
v];. rj;jpa%h;j;jp
➢ fhkuhrhpd; murpay; FUthd rj;jpa%h;j;jp xU rpwe;j murapy;thjp kw;Wk;

ehl;Lg;gw;whsh;.
➢ 1930 Mk; Mz;L ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhpahh; jdf;Fg;gpd; rj;jpa %h;j;jpia mfpy ,e;jpaf;
fhq;fpu]; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gphptpd; jiyth; Mf;fpdhh;.
➢ 1939 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id Nkauhf ,Ue;j NghJ nghJf; fy;tp> jukhd FbePh;
toq;fy; kw;Wk; tskhd tho;T Nghd;witfis kf;fSf;F toq;f ghLgl;lhh;.
➢ rj;jpa%h;j;jp 1887 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 19Mk; ehs; nrd;id khfhzj;jpYs;s
jpUkak; vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.
➢ Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F Kd; tof;fwpQuhfj; jd; tho;f;ifiaj;
njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ rpW tajpNyNa murpaypy; <Lgl;L ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fspy;
xUtuhf cah;e;jhh;.
➢ 1919Mk; Mz;L khz;NlF-nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; nusyl; rl;lj;ij
vjph;g;gjw;fhf mikg;gl;bUe;j $l;Lf; FOtpy; xU cWg;gpduhf fhq;fpu]hy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ 1939 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id Nkauhf ,Ue;j NghJ> nrd;idapy; kpf Nkhrkhd FbePh;
gQ;rk; epytpaJ.
➢ kf;fspd; FbePh; gw;whf;Fiwiag; Nghf;Ftjw;fhf nrd;idf;F Nkw;Nf 50 fp.kP
J}uj;jpYs;s G+z;b vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU FbePh;j;Njf;fk; fl;Ltjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;
nrha;jhh;.
➢ ,f;FbePh; Njf;fk; gpd;dh; fhkuhrh; mth;fshy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
rj;jpa%h;j;jpia epidT $Wk; tifapy; rj;jpa %h;j;jp rhfh; vd;W ,jw;F
ngahplg;gl;lJ.
➢ RNjrp ,af;fk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fspy; gq;Nfw;W>
gyKiw rpiw nrd;Ws;shh;.
➢ rj;jpa%h;j;jp murpay;thjpfSs; xU rpwe;j kdpjh;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfTk;>
rKjha ePjpf;fhfTk;> kf;fs; eyDf;fhfTk; jd; tho;itNa mh;g;gzpj;j rj;jpa%h;j;jp
mth;fs; 1943 Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; 28k; ehs; fhykhdh;.
rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp
➢ ,uh[h[p vd;W Gfo;g; ngw;w ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp> brk;gh;-10> 1878k; Mz;L njhug;gs;sp

vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
➢ rl;lk; gapd;W tof;fwpQuhf Nryj;jpy; jd; tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
➢ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpduhdhh;. 1906y; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
➢ 1907k; Mz;L #uj; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. fhe;jpapd; jPtpu Mjuthsh; Mdhh;.
➢ 1930 Mk; Mz;L Ntjhuz;ak; rj;jpahfpufj;ijj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdhh;.
➢ jkJ jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapy; ,Ue;J 100 njhz;lh;fSld; Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F gazk;
Nkw;nfhz;L> cg;G fha;r;rp cg;Gr;rl;lq;fis kPwpdhh;.
➢ 1937 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w khepyj; Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L nrd;id khfhz
Kjyikr;ruhdhh;. jdJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; kJtpyf;if mKy; gLj;jpdhh;.
➢ ,jw;F fLk; vjph;g;G Njhd;wpaJ. nghpahh; jiyikapy; ,e;jp vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
jPtukile;jJ.
➢ ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ Mq;fpy muR ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fisf;
fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; ,e;jpahitg; Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpaijf; fz;bj;J> 1939k; Mz;l
jdJ Kjyikr;rh; gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;.
➢ Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duyhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
➢ kPz;Lk; jkpof Kjyikr;ruhf 1952 Mk; Mz;L kPz;Lk; gjtpVw;whh;.
➢ Fyf;fy;tp jpl;lj;ij jkpofj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.Mdhy; ,jw;F fhkuh[h; kw;Wk;
nghpahh; fLk; vjph;g;G njhptpj;jdh;.
➢ vdNt ,uh[h[p jdJ Kjyikr;rh; gjtpia 1954k; Mz;L ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;.
fhq;fpurpypUe;J ntspNawpdhh;. 1959 Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J ,sk; ,e;jpah
vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia elj;jpdhh;.
➢ rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd; (uhkhazk;)> tpahrh; tpUe;J (kfhghujk;) Nghd;wit ,th;
vOjpa ciueil E}y;fshFk;. kw;Wk; ,th;> fPij kw;Wk; cgepljq;fSf;F ciu
vOjpAs;shh;.
➢ 1955k; Mz;L ,tUf;F ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ ,th; brk;gh; 25> 1972 Mk; Mz;L fhykhdhh;. ,tUila je;jpukhd murpay;
nray;fshy; rhzf;fpah; vd mwpag;gLfpwhh;.
fhkuh[h;
➢ fh;ktPuh; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;l fhkuh[h;> tpUJefUf;F mUfpy; cs;s tpUJg;gl;b

fpuhkj;jpy; [_iy 15> 1903y; gpwe;jhh;.
➢ jkpof tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fspy; rpwe;jtuhf Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
➢ 1924k; Mz;L itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ljpd; %yk; Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
➢ 1929k; Mz;L Kjy;> fhq;fpu];> fl;rpapd; KONeu cWg;gpduhdhh;.
➢ 1930 Mk; Mz;L fhe;jpabfs; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpaNghJ> jkpofj;jpy;
,uh[h[pAld; Nrh;e;J Ntjhuz;a cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
➢ mjdhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ,uz;lhz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L mypg;G+h;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ ,Ug;gpDk; fhe;jp-,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ 1940k; Mz;L jdJ rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;l jpl;lq;fSf;F fhe;jpaplk; mDkjp ngw
thh;jh gazkhdhh;.
➢ nry;Yk; topapy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> NtY}h; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ 1942 Mk; Mz;L nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L> kPz;Lk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L> %d;W Mz;Lfs; mkuhtjp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ 1947y; ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jNghJ rj;jpa%h;j;jpapd; tPl;by; ,e;jpa Njrpaf;
nfhbia Vw;wpdhh;.
➢ fhkuh[h; jkpof Kjyikr;ruhf 9 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;. gy;NtW
eyj;jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;jpdhh;.
➢ kjpa czTj;jpl;lk;> Gjpa gs;spfisj; jpwe;J> ,ytr fy;tp toq;Fjy;>
Ntshz;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> fhy;tha;fis ntl;Ljy;> mizfisf; fl;Ljy; kw;Wk;
Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
➢ Njrpa murpaypy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jhh;. ,jdhy; muriu cUthf;Fgth; vdg;
Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphpia 1964 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpag; gpujkhuhfTk;>

mtuJ kiwtpw;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpuh fhe;jpia 1966k; Mz;by; ,e;jpag; gpujkhuhfTk;
cUthf;fpajpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jhh;.
➢ fhkuh[h; jpl;lk; (Nf jpl;lk;) vd;w jpl;lj;jpd; gb fl;rpg; gzpf;fhf jdJ gjtpia
,uh[pdhkh nra;jhh; mf;Nlhgh; 2> 1975 Mk; Mz;by; fhykhdhh;.
➢ ,tiu kf;fs; md;NghL ngUe;jiyth; vd;Wk; fh;k tPuh; vd;Wk; mioj;jdhh;.
lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b
• Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jth;

• Njtjhrp Kiw xopg;G
• milahW Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkid
• mt;it ,y;yk;
• 1927Mk; Mz;L jkpof Nkyitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz; cWg;gpdh;
flY}h; mQ;riyak;khs;
❖ fhe;jpabfs; mQ;riyak;khisj; "njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp" vd;wioj;jhh;.

mk;G[j;jk;khs;
❖ "fhe;jpabfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs;" vd;W nrhy;ykhf miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
❖ je;ijapd; ngaNuhL fhe;jpabfspd; ngaiuAk; ,izj;J "rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak;"

vd;Dk; njhz;L epWtdj;ij mikj;jhh;.
❖ jd; vOgJ Mz;Lfs; epidthf "ehd; fz;l ghujk;" vd;Dk; mhpa E}iy
vOjpAs;shh;.
Uf;kzp ,yl;Rkpgjp
❖ 1930k; Mz;L cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; mwg;Nghhpy; <Lgl;Lf; ifJnra;ag;gl;L Xuhz;L

rpiwj;jz;lid mile;jhh;.
❖ me;j mwg;Nghhpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l KjyhtJ ngz; Uf;kzpNa Mthh;.
❖ nrd;id khfhz rl;lkd;wj; Njh;jy; 1937 Yk; ntw;wp ngw;W [Piy 15> 1937 y;
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; (rl;lNkyit) Jiz rghehafuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
❖ Nk 1> 1946 Kjy; khh;r; 23> 1947 tiu nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; (Kjyikr;rh; j.
gpufhrj;jpd; mikr;ruitapy;) nghJRfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;ruhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhh;.
❖ nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; mikr;rh; gjtp tfpj;j ngz; ,th; kl;Lk;jhd;.

lhf;lh; rh. jUkhk;ghs;
• ",oT thuk;' vd;w Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;. ,jd; tpisthf fy;tp mikr;ruhf

,Ue;j jpU. mtpehrpypq;fk; nrl;bahh; gpw Mrphpah;fSf;F ,izahd Cjpaj;ijj;
jkpo; Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; toq;f cj;jutpl;lhh;.
• mth; v.Nf. jpahfuh[ ghftjUf;F "Vopir kd;dh;" vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fpdhh; .

%tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;
❖ mwpQh; mz;zhthy; "jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l;" vdg; Gfog;gl;lhh;.

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik
❖ njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; epytpa ,dntwpf;F vjpuhf fhe;jpabfs; mwg;Nghuhl;lk;

elj;jpaNghJ mtUld; ,ize;J Nghuhbdhh;
❖ r%f rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

❖
rPh;jpUj;jthjp ,af;fk; rPh;jpUj;jk;
,uh[uhk; Nkhfd; Mj;kpa rgh (1815) r%fr; rpf;fy;fs;> rjp xopg;G>

uha; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp> xNu flTs;> flTs;
xj;j fpof;F Nkw;F ,izg;G> rhjp
xopg;G> gh;jh vjph;G gyjuhkzk;
vjph;g;G> Foe;ij kzk; vjph;g;G
NjNte;jpuehj; jj;JtNghjpdp rgh gpuk; krkh[k;> Ntjq;fis tpdTjy;
jh$h; Mjp gpuk;krkh[k; ifk;ngz; kzk; ngz;fs; rlq;F
vjph;g;G Gdpjg; gaz vjph;g;G
Nfrtre;jpu nrd; rfj;rgh gpuk;krkh[f; Nfhl;ghL
ghujpa gpuk;krgh gz;ilg; gz;ghL Nghw;Wjy;
lhf;lh; Mj;khuhk; gpuhh;j;jid rgh r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jk;> Njrpa tpopg;G>
ghz;Luq;fd; ,uTg;gs;sp ngz; fy;tp> Mjutw;Nwhh;>
XLf;fg;gl;Nlhh; ,af;fk;
jahde;j ruRtjp Mhparkh[k; (1875) rkak;> rka> fy;tp Rj;jp ,af;fk;
Rthkp ,uhkfpUl;bz ,uhkfpUl;bz guk`k;rhpd;

tpNtfhde;jh; ,af;fk; (1887) Nfhl;ghLfs;> Ntjhe;j jj;Jtk;>
mwepiyaq;fs;> kdpjj; njhz;L.
Nklk; gpsht;l;];fp jpahrgpfy; ,af;fk; gz;ila ,e;Jr; rkak;> jd;dhl;rp
fh;dy; My;fhl; (1875) Gj;Japh;g;G rlq;FfSf;Fg; gFj;jwpT
tpsf;fk;
rh; ira;aJ mypfhh; ,af;fk; rkak;> fy;tp> ,ilf;fhyr; rpe;jid
mfkJ fhd; (1861) ePff; k; r%f ,opTfSf;F vjph;g;G
rPf;fpar; rpq;rgh rPf;fpa rkaj;jpy; gioa jPtpuj;ij
rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; cUthf;Fjy;> J}a;ikia
cUthf;Fjy;
ts;syhh; rkur Rj;j rhjp vjph;g;G> rpW nja;t topghL
,uhkypq;fh; rd;khh;f;f rq;fk; vjph;g;G> %lek;gpf;if vjph;gG
; > caph;
(1865)> rj;a jh;k gyp vjph;g;G> [PtfhUz;ak;> N[hjp
rhiy> rkur Rj;j topghL
rd;khh;f;f rj;jpa
rig (1875)
gz;bj ,ukhgha; kdpsh Mh;a Kf;jp rjd; ngz;bh; kWtho;T
rkh[k;
N[hjpgh Nfhtpe;j rj;a Nrhfj; ngz; fy;tp gs;spfs;
G+Ny kz;lyk;
<];tu re;jpu tpjit kWkz gyjhu kzk; vjph;g;G> Foe;ij kzk;
tpj;ajrhfh; ,af;fk; (1855) vjph;g;G> ngz;fy;tp> tpjit kWkzk;
rl;l tbtk;
tPNurypq;fk; `pl;lhfhPk; r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jk;> tpjit kzk;
ge;JY mwf;fl;lis

ehuhaz FU =ehuhazFU Nfus <oth;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu
jh;kghp ghydNahfk; gz;ghl;L Kd;Ndw;wk;
nghpahh; <.Nt. jd;kjpg;G ,af;fk; gFj;jwpT> r%f ePjp> XLf;fg;gl;Nlhh;
,uhkrhkp (Rakhpahij gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; eyd; ngz;fs; rk
,af;fk;) chpik jpuhtpl ,d vOr;rp.
uhk;rpq; ehk;jhp ,af;fk;
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ehLgpbf;Fk; Miria vjph;j;J epd;w Kjy; ghisaf;fhuh; ahh;?
a. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; b. G+ypj;Njth;
c. NtYehr;rpahh; d. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
2. fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;jNghJ Vw;gl;l nrytpdq;fSf;fhf fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpaplkpUe;J fldhfg; gzj;ij thq;fpath; ahh;?
a. NtYehr;rpahh; b. G+ypj;Njth;
c. Mw;fhl;L ethg; d. jpUtpjhq;$h; kd;dh;
3. re;jh rhfpg;gpd; %d;W Kfth;fNshL neUq;fpa el;gpid Vw;gj;jpf; nfhz;lth; ahh;?

a. NtYehr;rpahh; b. fl;lnghk;kd; c. G+ypj; Njth; d. Cikj;Jiw
4. rptRg;ukzpadhh; vq;F J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;?

a. faj;jhW b. ehfyhGuk; c. tpUg;ghl;rp d. ghQ;rhyf;Fwpr;rp
5. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lth; ahh;?

a. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; b. G+ypj;Njth;
c. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; d. Nfhghy ehaf;fh;
6. NtY}h; Gul;rp vg;NghJ ntbj;jJ?

a. 1805 Nk 24 b. 1805 [Piy 10
c. 1806 [_iy 10 d. 1806 nrg;lk;gh; 10
7. NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapy; Gjpa ,uhZt tpjpKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jf; fhuzkhapUe;j jiyik

jsgjp ahh;?
a. fh;dy; Ngd;Nfhh;l; b. Nk[h; Mh;k];lu; hq;
c. rh; [hd; fpulhf; d. fh;dy; mf;dA
P +
8. NtY}h; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; kfd;fs; vq;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;fs;?

a. fy;fj;jh b. Kk;ig c. nly;yp d. ik#h;
9. nghUj;Jf:
A. jPh;j;jfphp - 1. NtY}h; Gul;rp
B. Nfhghy ehaf;fh; - 2. ,uhkypq;fdhh;
C. ghndh;nkd; - 3. jpz;Lf;fy;
D. RNgjhh; N~f; Mjk; - 4. NtY}h; Nfhl;il
E. fh;dy; Ngd;Nfhh;l; - 5. Xlhepiy
Ans: A – 5; B – 3; C – 2; D – 1; E - 4
10. 1818 Mk; Mz;L fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; `h[p ~hpaj;Jy;yh fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vjidj;
njhlq;fpdhh;?
a. t`hgp fpsh;rr
; p b. /guhrp ,af;fk;
c. goq;Fbapdh; vOr;rp d. Nfhy; fpsh;r;rp

11. 'epyk; flTSf;Fr; nrhe;jk;' vd;W mwptpj;jJld; epyj;jpd; kPJ thptpjpg;gNjh thlif
t#ypg;gNjh ,iwr; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W $wpath; ahh;?
a. bL kPh; b. rpj;J c. LL kpahd; d. ~hpaj;Jy;yh
12. epue;juf; FbapUg;gpd; fPo; [kPdf; is cUthf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpd;gb jq;fs; nrhe;j epyj;ij tpl;L
tpul;lg;gl;lth;fs; ahh;?
a. rhe;jyh;fs; b. bL kPh; c. Kz;lh d. Nfhy;
13. fPo;f;fhz;Nghhpy; jPtpu Njrpathjp ahh;?

a. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p b. ePjpgjp Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl
c. gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; d. nuhNk~; re;jpuh
14. tq;fsg;gphptpid ve;j ehspy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ?

a. 1905 [Pd; 19 b. 1906 [_iy 18
c. 1907 Mf];l; 19 d. 1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16
15. Nrhl;lh ehf;G+h; Fj;jifr; rl;lk; ve;jg; gpd;dzpapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?

a. Nfhy; fpsh;r;rp b. ,z;bNfh fpsh;r;rp
c. Kz;lh fpsh;r;rp d. jf;fhz fytuq;fs;
16. 1916Mk; Mz;L Vg;uypy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij Kjypy; njhlq;fpath; ahh;?

a. md;dp ngrd;l; mk;ikahh; b. gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;
c. yhyh y[gjp uha; d. jpyfh;
17. ePy; jh;g;gd; ehlfk; %ykhf ,z;bNfh gaphpLk; tptrhapfspd; ,d;dy;fs; Fwpj;J
Mq;fpNyahpd; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L nrd;wth; ahh;?
a. jPd ge;J kPj;uh b. nuhNk~; re;jpu jj;
c. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p d. gph;rh K;zlh
18. nghUj;Jf:
A. t`hgp fpsh;rr ; p - 1. yf;Ndh
B. Kz;lh fpsh;rr ; p - 2. Ng~;th ,uz;lhk; gh[p uht;
C. Ngfk; `];uj; kfhy; - 3. bL kPh;
D. fd;th; rpq; - 4. uhQ;rp
E. ehdhrhfpg; - 5. gPfhh;
Ans: A – 3; B – 4; C – 1; D – 5; E - 2
19. mkph;jru]py; nusyl; rl;l vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; NghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;lth; ahh;?
a. Nkhjpyhy; NeU b. ir/GjPd; fpr;Y
c. Kfk;kJ myp d. uh[; Fkhh; Rf;yh
20. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; ve;j mkh;tpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ?
a. gk;gha; b. kjuh]; c. yf;Ndh d. ehf;G+h;
21. tpLjiy ehshf fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; ve;j ehs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ?
a. 1930 [dthp 26 b. 1929 brk;gh; 26
c. 1946 [_d; 16 d. 1947 [dthp 15
22. KjyhtJ tdq;fs; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?
a. 1858 b. 1911 c. 1865 d. 1936
23. 1933 [dthp 8 ve;j ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ?

a. Nfhtpy; EioT ehs; b. kPl;G ehs; (nlyptud;]; Nl)
c. Neub eltbf;if ehs; d. Rje;jpug; ngUehs;
24. khfhz jd;dhl;rpia mwpKfk; nra;j rl;lk; vJ?
a. 1858 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; b. ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1909
c. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;> 1919 d. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935
25. fhe;jpapd; Ntl;ghsuhd gl;lhgp rPjhuhka;ahit tPo;j;jp 1939 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf
gjtpf;F te;jth; ahh;?
a. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; b. [tfh;yhy; NeU
c. Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; d. nkfyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;
26. 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 15 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;j NghJ fhe;jpabfs;
vq;fpUe;jhh;?
a. GJjpy;yp b. mfkjghj; c. thu;jh d. etfhsp
27. nghUj;Jf:
A. nusyl; rl;lk; 1. gl;lq;fisj; jpUk;g xg;gilj;jy;
B. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 2. ,ul;il Ml;rp
C. 1919 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 3. M.N. uha;
D. ,e;jpa nghJTilik fl;rp 4. Neub eltbf;if ehs;
E. 16 Mf];l; 1946 5. fUg;Gr; rl;lk;
Ans: A – 5; B – 1; C – 2; D – 3; E – 4
28. nrd;id kfh[d rigapd; Kjy; jiyth; ahh;?

a. T.M. ehah; b. P. uq;ifah
c. G. Rg;gpukzpak; d. G.A. eNlrd;
29. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ khehL / mkh;T vq;Nf eilngw;wJ?

a. nkhpdh b. ikyhg;G+h;
c. Gjpa [hh;[; Nfhl;il d. Mapuk; tpsf;F
30. "mjpetPd trjpfSld; $ba uapypy; mbikfshf ,Ug;gijtpl Rje;jpuj;Jld; $ba khl;L
tz;bNa rpwe;jjJ" vdf; $wpath; ahh;?
a. md;dpngrd;l; b. M. tPuuhfthr;rhhp
c. B.P thbah d. G.S. mUz;Nly;
31. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;wpy; njd;dpe;jpa eyThpikr; rq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuG+h;tkhd Mq;fpyr; nra;jpj;jhs;

vJ?
a. jpuhtpld; b. Me;jpug; gpufhrpfh c. [];b]; d. epA+ ,e;jpah
32. fPo;f;fhz;gth;fSs; Rauh[;[pathjp ahh;?

a. S. rj;jpa%h;j;jp b. f];J}Hpuq;fh;
c. P. Rg;guhad; d. nghpahh; <.nt.uh
33. nrd;idf;fUNfAs;s cjatdj;jpy; rj;ahfpuf Kfhik mikj;jth; ahh;?

a. K. fhkuh[; b. C. uh[h[p c. K. re;jhdk; d. T. gpufhrk;
34. ,e;jp vjph;g;G khehL vq;Nf elj;jg;ngw;wJ?

a. <NuhL b. nrd;id c. Nryk; d. kJiu
35. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ uhZtj;Jldhd fhq;fpu]; njhz;lh;fspd;

Nkhjy; eilngw;w ,lk; vJ?
a. <NuhL b. nrd;id c. Nryk; d. kJiu

36. nghUj;Jf:
A. nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; - 1. ,e;jp vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
B. <.nt.uh - 2. ePy; rpiyia mfw;Wjy;
C. S.N. Nrhikah[{Y - 3. cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;
D. Ntjhuz;ak; - 4. rpj;jputij Mizak;
E. jhsKj;J - 5. itf;fk; tPuh;
Ans: A – 4; B – 5; C – 2; D – 3; E – 1
37. ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j r%f rPh;jpUj;jthrpfspd; Kd;Ndhb ________ Mthh;.

a. rp.it. jhNkhjudhh; b. nghpahh;
c. uh[h uhk;Nkhfd;uha; d. kiwkiy mbfs;
38. 1709-,y; juq;fg;ghbapy; _________ xU KOikahd mr;rfj;ij epWtpdhh;.

a. fhy;Lnty; b. F.W. vy;yp]; c. rPfd;ghy;F d. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
39. ________ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; mjpfhuG+h;tr; nra;jpj;jhs; MFk;.

a. FbauR b. Gul;rp c. tpLjiy d. gFj;jwpT
40. rkak; mfw;wg;gl;L mt;tplj;jpy; _______ itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd nghpahh; tpUk;gpdhh;.

a. Njrpathjk; b. cUt topghL kWg;G
c. gFj;jwpTthjk; d. Md;kPfk;
41. 1893 ,y; Mjp jpuhtpl kfh[d rigia __________ epWtpdhh;.

a. ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd; b. B.R. mk;Ngj;fhh;
c. uh[h[p d. vk;.rp. uh[h
42. ,e;jpahtpd; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l njhopw;rq;fk; _______ ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

a. 1918 b. 1917 c. 1916 d. 1914
43. muR mjpfhupfisj; Njh;T nra;a _______ ePjpf; fl;rpahy; epWtg; ngw;wJ.
a. gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpak; b. nghJg; gzp Mizak;
c. khepyg; gzpahsh; MnsLg;G thhpak; d. gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;
44. nrd;id khfhzj;jpy;> xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpypUe;J Kjd; Kiwahfr; rl;lNkyitf;F

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;.
a. vk;.rp. uh[h b. ,ul;il kiy rPdpthrd; c. b.vk;. ehah; d. gp. tujuh[{Y
45. nghUj;Jf:
A. jpuhtplh; ,y;yk; - 1. kiwkiyabfs;
B. njhopyhsd; - 2. ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd;
C. jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk; - 3. rpq;fhu Ntyh;
D. [Ptpa rhpj RUf;fk; - 4. eNlrdhh;
Ans: A – 4; B – 3; C – 1; D – 2
46. G+kpjhd ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpath;

a. uhk; kNdhfh; Nyhfpah b. n[ag;gpufh~; ehuhazd;
c. tpNdhgh ghNt d. Re;jh; yhy; gFFzh
47. fhe;jpabfs; njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J ve;j Mz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;?

a. 1915 b. 1916 c. 1917 d. 1918

48. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ve;j Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
a. 1825 b. 1835 c. 1845 d. 1855
49. khWgl;l xd;iwj; Njh;T nra;f.

a. tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; b. rhh;y]; tpy;fpd;];
c. khf;]; Ky;yh; d.mutpe;j; Nfh~;
50. “Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik> mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;” – vdf; $wpath;

a.ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; b. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
c. Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; d. ghujpahh;
51. gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f.

A. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1. ,e;jpahtpd; Fuy;
B. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 2. nkl;uh]; ilk;];
C. nkf;fhNy 3. Nfrhp
D. tpy;ypak; bf;ig 4. ,e;jpaf; fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;
a. 2, 4, 1, 3 b. 3, 1, 4, 2 c. 1, 3, 2, 4 d. 4, 2, 3, 1
52. gpd;tUk; vJ xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ?

a. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpr; rl;lk; - 1843
b. mbikKiw xopg;G - 1859
c. nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; - 1852
d.,e;jpar; rq;fk; - 1835
53. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpui] epWtpath;

a. Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; b. fhe;jpabfs;
c. A.O. `pa+k; d. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
54. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth;

a. RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p b. gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p
c. A.O. `pa+k; d. W.C. ghdh;[p
55. “,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;” vd miof;fg;gLgth;

a. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; b. M.K. fhe;jp
c. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p d.Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh];
56. “tWikAk; gphpl;lDf;nfht;thj ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk;” (‘Poverty and Un- British Rule in
India’) vd;w E}iy vOjpath;
a. ghy fq;fhjhu jpyfh; b. Nfhghy fpU~;z NfhfNy
c. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p d.vk;.[p.uhdNl
57. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ?

a. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p - Mde;j klk;
b. Rg;ukzpak; - tpbnts;spf; fofk;
c. kpz;Nlh gpuG - gy;fiyf;fofr; rl;lk;> 1904
d. jPtpu Njrpathj ikak; - nrd;id

58. fy;fj;jhtpy; mDrpyd; rkpjpia epWtpath;
a. Gypd; gp`hhp jh];
b. N`kr;re;jpu fhDq;Nfh
c. [jpe;juehj; ghdh;[p kw;Wk; ghpe;jh; Fkhh; Nfh~;
d. Fjpuk; Ngh~; kw;Wk; gpu/Gy;yh rhf;fp
59. $w;W: 1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 Jf;fehshf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhuzk;: Nkw;gb ehspy; tq;fhsk; Kiwg;gb ,uz;L khfhzq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
a. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
b. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
c. $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW.
d. $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp.
60. $w;W : t.c.rpjk;guk; RNjrp fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

fhuzk;;: ,e;jpaf; flw;fiufspy; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Kw;Whpikapid mth; vjph;j;jhh;.
a. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
b. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
c. $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW.
d. $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp.
61. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; ahuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

a. jpyfh; b. md;dpngrz;l; c. gp.gp.thbah d. vr;.v];. My;fhl;
62. gdhu]; ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ?

a. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfs; b. kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah
c. jpyfh; d. gp.gp. thbah
63. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfs; cjtpAld; nghUj;Jf.

A.fjhh; fl;rp 1. 1916
B. epa+ ,e;jpah 2. 1913
C. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 3. 1909
D. kpz;Nlh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; 4. 1915
A B C D
a. 2 4 1 3
b. 4 1 2 3
c. 1 4 3 2
d. 2 3 4 1
64. “Indian Unrest” vd;w Gj;jfj;jpd; Mrphpah;

a. yhyh y[gjpuha; b. Ntyz;ild; rpNuhyp
c. jpyfh; d. md;dpngrz;l;
65. fjhh; fl;rp ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ?

a. yhyh y[gjpuha; b.V.rp. k[{k;jhh;
c. yhyh `h;jahs; d. rq;fh;yhy; ghq;fh;
66. mfpy ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;f fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth; ahh;?

a. gp.gp. thbah b. [t`h;yhy; NeU
c. yhyh y[gjpuha; d. rp.Mh;.jh];
67. fhe;jpabfspd; murpay; FU ahh;?

a. jpyfh; b. NfhfNy c. W.C.ghdh;[p d. M.G. uhdNl
68. njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J jpUk;gpa fhe;jpabfs; jdJ ntw;wpfukhd KjyhtJ rj;jpahfpufg;
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpa ,lk;
a. Nfjh b. jz;b c. rk;guhd; d. gh;Njhyp
69. ,e;jpahtpd; %th;zf; nfhb vg;NghJ Vw;wg;gl;lJ?

a. brk;gh; 31> 1929 b. khh;r; 12> 1930
c. [dthp 26> 1930 d.[dthp 26> 1931
70. 1923 ,y; Nkhjpyhy; NeU kw;Wk; rp.Mh;.jh]; - My; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpapd; ngah; vd;d?
a. Rauh[;a fl;rp b. fjhh; fl;rp c. Rje;jpuh fl;rp d. fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp
71. gpd;tUk; ve;j xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jtpy;iy?

a. gQ;rhg; Jiz MSeh; - nu[pdhy;L ilah;
b. jypj; - gF[d; ,af;fk; - lhf;lh;. mk;Ngj;fh;
c. Rakhpahij ,af;fk; - <.nt.uh.nghpahh;
d.rj;jpahfpuf rig - nusyl; rl;lk;
72. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfisr; rhpahd fhy thpirg;gb mikj;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfspypUe;J

rhpahdijj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
1. Nfjh rj;jpahfpufk; 2. rk;guhd; ,af;fk;
3. gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; ,af;fk; 4. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;
a. 2, 3, 1, 4 b. 3, 2, 1, 4 c. 2, 1, 4, 3 d. 2, 1, 3, 4
73. fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jiyth;fspy; Rauh[;a fl;rpAld; njhlh;gpy;yhj jiyth; ahh;?

a. ,uh[h[p b. rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; c. Nkhjpyhy; NeU d. rj;a%h;j;jp
74. fhe;jpabfspd; jz;b ahj;jpiu gazk; nrd;wile;j Mz;L

a. Vg;uy; 6> 1930 b.khh;r; 6> 1930
c. Vg;uy; 4> 1939 d.khh;r; 4> 1930
75. vg;NghJ K];ypk; yPf; Neub eltbf;if ehis mDrhpj;jJ?

a. 25 brk;gh;, 1942 b. 16 Mf];l;, 1946
c. 21 khh;r,; 1937 d. 22 brk;gh;, 1939
76. Ntty; gpuGtpw;Fg; gpd;dh; gjtpNaw;wth;

a. ypd;ypj;Nfh b. ngjpf; yhud;];
c. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; d. nrk;];/Nghh;L
77. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; vg;NghJ njhlq;fpaJ?

a. khh;r; 23, 1940 b. Mf];l; 8, 1940
c. mf;Nlhgh; 17, 1940 d. Mf];l; 9, 1942
78. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO ahUila Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jJ?

a. Ntty; gpuG b. ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
c. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG d. ,th;fspy; ahUkpy;iy
79. Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpu]pypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lhh;?

a. 1938 b. 1939 c. 1940 d. 1942
80. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; “nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb” vd ve;j epfo;tpd;NghJ miog;G tpLj;jhh;?
a. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; b. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
c. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; d. ,it midj;Jk;

81. 1942 ,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; murgpujpepjp
ahh;?
a. Ntty; gpuG b. ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
c. Nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG d. tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy;
82. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphptpd; ngah; ______ MFk;.

a. Rgh~; gilg;gphpT b. f];J}h;gh gilg;gphpT
c. Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp gilg;gphpT d. [hd;]p uhzp gilg;gphpT
83. 1945 ,y; rpk;yh khehl;ilf; $l;ba murgpujpepjp

a.Ntty; gpuG b. ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
c.nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG d.fpskz;l; ml;yp
84. 1946 ,y; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ahUila jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ?

a. [t`h;yhy; NeU b. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;
c. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; d.ty;ygha; gNly;
85. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspd; rhpahd thpiriaj; Njh;T nra;f.

i. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; kPjhd tprhuiz
ii. Neub eltbf;if ehs;
iii. Mf];l; nfhil
iv. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;
a. i, ii, iii, iv b. iii, i, ii, iv c. iii, iv, i, ii d. i, iii, iv, ii
86. ,e;jpah; iffSf;F mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gLk; vd mwptpj;j gphpl;b~; gpujkh; ahh;?

a.tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy; b. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
c.fpskz;l; ml;yp d. F.D. &];nty;l;
87. gphpl;b~hh; ve;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw KbT nra;jdh;?

a. Mf];l; 15> 1947 b. [dthp 26> 1950
c. [{d;> 1948 d. brk;gh;> 1949

cstpay;
tbtpay; kw;Wk; gFKiw tbtpay;
• gFKiw tbtpaypd; je;ij – nuNdhnl];fhh;Nl];
#j;jpuq;fs;:
,U Gs;spfs; (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) vd;f.
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 )
2
1. ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT =
 x +x y + y 
2. eLg;Gs;sp =  1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2 
 x +x + x y + y + y3 
3. eLf;Nfhl;Likak;  1 2 3 , 1 2 
 3 3 
4. 1. (x1, y1) kw;Wk; (x2, y2) Mfpa Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Neh;Nfhl;L Jz;bid cl;Gwkhf
vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; gphpf;Fk; Gs;sp
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 

 , 
 m+n m+n 
 ( mx2 − nx1 )  my2 − ny1  
2. ntspg;Gwkhf gphpf;FK; Gs;sp (m:n) vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;  , 
 m−n  m − n 
Neh;f;NfhLfs; : (ax + by + c = 0 vd;gJ Neh;NfhL)
1. x mr;rpd; rkd;ghL y = 0
2. y mr;rpd; rkd;ghL x = 0
3. x mr;rpw;F ,izahd rkd;ghL y = k
4. ymr;rpw;F ,izahd rkd;ghL x = k
5. ax + by + c = 0 f;F ,iz vdpy; ax + by + k = 0 vd;gJ Neh;f;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL vd;gJ

MFk;. (khwpyp cWg;G kl;Lk; khWk;)
6. ax + by + c = 0 f;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhd Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL bx – ay + k = 0 MFk;.
7. Mjp topahfr; nry;Yk; Neh;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y = mx
8. m = rha;T> c = y ntl;Lj;Jz;il cila Neh;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y = mx + c.
9. rha;T 'm' cilaJ xU Gs;sptopahf (x1, y1) nry;Yk; Neh;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y – y1 =

m(x-x1)
y − y1 x − x1
10. ,UGs;spfs; (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) topahfr; nry;Yk; Neh;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL =
y2 − y1 x2 − x1

11. x ntl;Lj;Jz;L a, y ntl;Lj;Jz;L 'b' cila Neh;fN
; fhl;bd; rkd;ghL
x + y =1
a b
rpy Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. %d;W Gs;spfSk; xNu Neh;fN
; fhl;by; mika epge;jid
i. Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;G = 0
ii. %d;W rha;TfSk; rkk;
Kf;Nfhz gug;G 1 x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y2 − y1 )
2
2. ehd;F Kidfis cila mjhtJ A, B, C, D vd;w Gs;spfis cila xU
,izfuj;jpd; (AC apd; eLg;Gs;sp = BD apd; eLg;Gs;sp) AC apd; eLg;Gs;spAk;> BD apd;
eLg;Gs;spAk; rkk;.
3. ; fhLfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,iz vdpy; m1 = m2 (,U rha;TfSk; rkk;)

,U Neh;fN
4. nrq;Fj;J vdpy; m1 × m2 = 1 (ngUf;fy; gyd; -1 MFk;)
y2 − y1
5. (x1, y1) (x2, y2) vd;w Gs;spfis cila rha;T m =
x2 − x1
− xd; nfO −a
6. ; fhl;bd; rha;T m =
ax + by + c = 0 vd;w Neh;fN =
yd; nfO b
7. Nfhzk; 'θ' vdpy; rha;T m = tan θ
eLf;Nfhl;L ikak;:
xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ikaf;NfhLfs; (my;yJ) eLf;NfhLfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp eLf;Nfhl;L ikak;.
eLf;Nfhl;Likak; MdJ eLf;Nfhl;il 2 : 1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; gphpf;Fk;.
nrq;Nfhl;Likak;:
xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; Fj;Jf; NfhLfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp nrq;Nfhl;L ikak;.
Rw;Wtl;likak;:
xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ikaf; Fj;Jf;NfhLfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp Rw;Wtl;l ikak; MFk;.
cs;tl;likak;:
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; Nfhz ,U rkntl;bfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp mk;Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; cs;tl;likak; MFk;.
Ma;yh; NfhL
Kf;Nfhzk; ABC y; Rw;Wtl;likak; (O) eLf;Nfhl;L ikak; (G), nrq;Nfhl;L ikak; (H) Mfpad
Neh;Nfhl;by; mikAk; mf;NfhL 'Ma;yh; NfhL' vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; Rw;Wtl;l ikak;> eLf;Nfhl;L ikak;> nrq;Nfhl;L ikak;> cs;stl;likak;

Mfpad xNu Gs;spapy; mikAk;.

1. x + y = 5, x – 4 = 1 vd;w rkd;ghLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp
a. (0, 5) b. (5,0) c. (4,1) d. (1, 4)

tpsf;fk;: x + y = 5 → 1; x–4=1→ 2
rkd;ghL 2 y; ,Ue;J x = 5;
x = 5 vd 1 y; gpujpapl 5 + y = 5
y=0
ntl;Lk; Gs;sp (x, y) = (5, 0)
2. x mr;rpd; rha;T Nfhzk;

a. 60° b. 90° c. 0° d. 45°
3. 0, 4 vd;w Gs;sp vq;F mikAk;

a. (1, 1) b. (0, 0) c. y mr;rpd; Nky; d. x mr;rpy; Nky;
tpsf;fk;:
x = 0 , y = 4 ,q;F x f;F kjpg;G ,y;iy vdNt ,g;Gs;sp y mr;rpd; Nky; mikAk;
4. (7, 5) vd;w Gs;spapy; y mr;rpd; njhiyT

a. 7 b. 5 c. -7 d. (-5)
(x, y) = (7,5) = y = 5 MFk;.
5. (-2, 7) vd;w Gs;sp mikAk; fhy;gFjp

a. I b. II c. III d. IV
,uz;lhk; fhy; gFjp
,aw;fzpjk;
• ,aw;fzpjj;ij cUthf;fpath; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - my;f; thhp];kp
• ,aw;fzpjj;jpd; A+f;spl; - gPfhf; (Peacock)
,aw;fzpj Kw;nwhUikfs;:
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2. (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
3. (a+b)2 + (a + b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)
4. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
5. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

6. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
7. (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc - 2ac
8. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
9. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
10. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
11. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
12. ao = 1 (Ex : 5o = 1)
1
13. a-n = (Ex: 5-1 = 1 )
n 5
1 −1 1  1 2
14. = a kw;Wk; − n = a n  −2 = 5 
a a 5 
15. am × an = am+n Ex : 22 × 24  24+2 = 26
16. am ÷ an = am-n Ex: 32  31  32-1 = 31
(a ) m n
Ex: ( 52 ) = 56
3
17. = a mn
18. (a × b)m = am × bm Ex: (2 × 3)3 = 23 × 33 = 216
( b) am
( 7)
m 3 3
19. a = Ex: 2 =2
bm 73
20. a = a Ex : 5 = 5
b b 3 3
1
21. x =x 2
1
22. 3
x =x 3
1
23. n
x =x n
24. eo = 1

P (x) = ax2 + bx + c d; nfOf;fSf;Fk; G+[;[paq;fSf;Fk; (jPh;TfSf;Fk;) ,ilNa Md njhlh;G
−b − x d; nfO
G+[;[paq;fspd; $Ljy;  +  = = 2
a x d; nfO
c khwpyp cWg; G
G+[;[paq;fspd; ngUf;fy; gyd;    = =
a x 2d; nfO
• xU gy;YWg;G Nfhit p (x) f;F p (a) = 0 vdpy; kl;LNk x = a vd;gJ mjd; jPh;thFk;.
• (x – a) MdJ p (x) f;F xU fhuzp vdpy; p (a) = 0
• p(x) d; khwpypiaAk; Nrh;j;J vy;yh cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; G+[;[pak; vdpy; p(x)
f;F x – 1 xU fhuzp MFk;.
• p(x) d; khwpypiaAk; Nrh;j;J ,ul;ilg; gil mLf;Ffspy; cs;s cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd;

$LjyhdJ xw;iwg;gil mLf;Ffspy; cs;s cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;
vdpy; kl;LNk> (x + 1) MdJ p(x) f;F xU fhuzp MFk;.
,Ugb rkd;ghl;bw;F jPh;T fhz cjTk; #j;jpuk;

ax2 + by2 + c = 0 vd;gJ ,Ugbrkd;ghL
−b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
%yq;fspd; jd;ik
 = b2 − 4ac ;
∆ > 0 %yq;fs; nka;naz;fs;> rkkpy;iy
∆ = 0 %yq;fs; nka;naz;fs;> rkk;
∆ < 0 %yq;fs; fw;gid vz;fs;
0.324
6. - kjpg;G vd;d?
0.00121
18 10 18 10 1.8 1.0 18 10

a. b. c. d.
11 1.1 11 121
tpsf;fk;:
0.324 10000 32400 182 102
 = =
0.00121 10000 121 112
18  10
=
11
7. a = 1 ; b = 1 kw;Wk; a = 2 vdpy; C d; kjpg;G vd;d?

b 4 c 8
a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 64
tpsf;fk;:
a = 1 a = 2 MfNt>
b 4
a = 1 2 a
= =2 a=2;b=8
b 4 2 b 8
b = 8 MfNt>
b = 1 8 = 8
c 8 8 64
b =8 b=8 c = 64
c 64
C d; kjpg;G = 64
5x + 20
8. d; RUq;fpa tbtk;
7 x + 28

7 5 25
a. b. c. d. 5
5 7 7
tpsf;fk;:
5 x + 20 5

( x+4)=5
7 x + 28 7 ( x+4) 7
9. (2x – 1)2 = 9 d; jPhT

;
a. -1 b. 2 c. -1, 2 d. ,tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
tpsf;fk;:
(2x – 1)2 = 32
2x – 1 = 3
2x = 4
x=2
5x
10. =1 vdpy; x d; kjpg;G
125
a. 0 b. 5 c. 2 d. ,tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
tpsf;fk;:
5x
=1 (/53 = 125)
53
5 x = 53 (mbkhdk;rkk;> MfNt mLf;F rkk;)
x=3
Gs;spapay;
#j;jpuk;:
1. tPr;R = L – S (kPg;ngU kjpg;G – kPr;rpW kjpg;G)
L − S kg
P ; ngUkjpg; G - krP ; rpWkjpg; G
2. tPr;Rf;nfO = =
L + S kPg; ngUkjpg; G + kPr; rpWkjpg; G
3. jpl;ltpyf;fk;
x  x  d
2 2 2
= −  or  =
n  n  n
d=x- x
tpyf;f th;f;f ruhrhp =  2
x + x + x + .... + xn
x = $l;Lr;ruhrhp = 1 2 3
n
n2 − 1
4. Kjy; 'n' ,ay; vz;fspd; jpl;l tpyf;fk; =
12
5. khWghl;Lf; nfO

(C.V) = 100
x
 → jpl;ltpyf;fk;
x → $l;Lr;ruhrhp
6. KfL
KfL vd;gJ mjpfk; Kiw fhzg;gLk; xNu cWg;G
,ilepiy:
VW my;yJ ,wq;F thpirapy; mLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gfis ,U rkghfq;fSld; gphpf;Fk;
ika kjpg;Ng ,ilepiy.
 N +1 
,ilepiy =   (N vd;gJ xw;iw vz;)
 2 
,ilepiy =
(( ) (
n tJcWg; G + N + 1 tJcWg; G
2 2 ) )
2
N- vd;gJ ,ul;ilgil vz;zhf ,Ue;jhy; N = cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if
KfL = 3 (,ilepiy) – 2 ruhrhp
ngUf;F ruhrhp = ab

1. xt;nthU kjpg;GlDk; xNu vz;iz $l;Lk; NghNjh my;yJ fopf;Fk; NghNjh Gs;sp
tptuq;fspd; jpl;l tpyf;fk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. khwhf xt;nthU kjpg;GlDk; a vd;w vz;iz ngUf;Fk; NghNjh my;yJ a vd;w

vz;zhy; tFf;Fk; NghNjh jpl;l tpyf;fk; a My; ngUf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; jpl;ltpyf;fk; a
My; tFf;fg;gLk;.
3. $l;Lr; ruhrhp MdJ Gs;sptptuj;jpd; xt;nthU kjpg;GlDk; K vd;w vz;iz $l;Lk;

NghJk;> fopf;Fk; NghJk; ruhrhp MdJ $Lk; my;yJ FiwAk;.
4. ,NjNghd;Nw ngUf;fg;gl;lNyh my;yJ tFf;fg;gl;lhNyh $l;Lr;ruhrhpAk; ngUf;fg;gLk;

my;yJ tFf;fg;gLk;.
11. 7 juTfspd; ruhrhp 30 vd;f.

xt;nthh; vz;Zk; 4 My; tFf;f fpilf;Fk; Gjpa ruhrhp vd;d?
a. 10 b. 28 c. 7.5 d. ,tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
tpsf;fk;:
30
xt;nthU vz;Zk; 4 My; tFgLk; NghJ $l;Lr;ruhrhpAk; 4 my; tFgLk; MfNt = 7.5
4

klf;if
Kf;fpa #j;jpuq;fs;:
ax = b vdpy; mLf;F x MdJ mbkhdk; a I nghWj;j b apd; klf;if MFk;. ,jid x =

logab vd vOjyhk;.
v.fh:
24 = 16; (mLf;F Fwp mikg;G)
log216 = 4 (klf;if mikg;G)
1. ngUf;fy; tpjp : loga (M × N) = loga M + logaN
2. tFj;jy; tpjp : loga (M/N) = logaM – logaN
3. mLf;F tpjp : log a (M)n = n logaM
4. mbkhdkhw;wy; tpjp logaM = (logbM) × (logab)
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ltw;Ws; a, M, b, N vd;gd kpif vz;fshFk;. a ≠ 1 , b ≠ 1
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
1. a xU kpif vz; kw;Wk; a ≠ 1 vdpy; kw;Wk; a log aa =1 xU kpif vz; a ≠ 1 vdpy; log1a =1
1
2. a kw;Wk; b kpif vz;fs; a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1 vdpy;; ( log a b )  ( logb a ) =1 kw;Wk; log a b =
log b a
3. a kw;Wk; b kpif vz;fs; kw;Wk; b ≠ 1 vdpy; blogab = a
4. a > 0 vdpy; logoa = tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy
5. b, x, y kpif vz;fs; b ≠ 1 kw;Wk; logbx = logby
vdpy; x = y MFk;
12. log5125 = ?
a. 3 b. 5 c. 15 d. 25
tpsf;fk;
3
log5125 = log 55 = 3 log55
3 (1) = 3
13. Log8128 – log816 d; kjpg;G

a. 0 b. 1 c. d. ,tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
tpsf;fk;:
(
= log8 128
16 ) (ngUf;fy; tpjp)
= log88 = 1 (logaa = 1)
14. 9781 vd;gjd; mwptpay; FwpaPL

a. 9.781 × 102 b. 9.781 × 103 c. 9.781 × 10-2 d. 9.781 × 10-3
tpsf;fk;: (/103 = 1000)
9.781 × 103 = 9781

15. log 86.76 ,jd; Neh;f;$W?
a. -1 b. 1 c. 0 d. ,tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
tpsf;fk;:
86.76 = 8.676 × 101 101 = 1 vd;gJ Neh;f$
; W
Neh;f$; W =1
Kf;Nfhztpay;
#j;jpuq;fs;:
vjph; gf; fk; AB

1. sin θ = =
fh; zk; AC
mLj; Js; s gf; fk; BC

2. cos θ = =
fh; zk; AC
vjph; gf; fk; AB sin 

3. tan θ = = =
mLj; Js; s gf; fk; BC cos
fh; zk; AC 1
4. cosec θ = = =
fh; zk; AC 1
5. sec θ = = =
mLj; Js; s gf; fk; BC cos 
mLj; Js; s gf; fk; BC cos

6. cot θ = = =
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
1
sin θ = cos θ = 1 tan θ = 1
cosec sec cot 
1
cosec θ = sec θ = 1 cot θ = 1
sin  cos  ta n 
sin 
tan θ = cot θ = cos
cos sin 
sin (90° – θ) = cos θ cos (90° - θ ) = sinθ
tan (90° - θ) = cot θ cot (90° - θ ) = tan θ
cosec (90° - θ ) = sec θ sec (90° - θ ) = cosec θ

Kf;Nfhztpay; Kw;nwhUikfs;
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

cos2θ = 1-sin2θ sec2θ - 1 = tan2θ cot2θ = cosec2θ - 1
sin2θ = 1- cos2θ Sec2θ – tan2θ = 1 cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Sin θ 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos θ 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan θ 0 1 1 3 
3
cosec θ  2 2 2 1
3
sec θ 1 2 2 2 
3
cot θ  3 1 1 0
3
16. cos θ d; jiyfPop vd;d?

a. tan θ b. cos θ c. sec θ d. cot θ
17. 9 tan2θ – 9 sec2θ

a. 1 b. 0 c. 9 d. -9
tpsf;fk;:
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
fzf;fpd; gb>
tan2 θ – sec2 θ = 1
9 (tan2 θ – sec2 θ) = 9 (-1) = - 9
18. Sin2 45° + tan245° + cos245°

a. 2 b. 2 c. 1 d. 1
2 2
tpsf;fk;:
sin 45° = 1 ; tan 45° =1; cos 45° = 1
2 2
fzf;fpd; gb>
2 2
  + (1) 2 +  1 
= 1   
 2  2
= 1 +1+ 1 =2
2 2

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• 1905-k; Mz;L fh;rd; gpuG tq;fhsg; gphptpidia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

• ,r;nray; ,e;Jf;fisAk;> K];yPk;fisAk; gphpg;gjw;fhf nra;ag;gl;l #O;r;rp vd;W

• jPtpu td;KiwapdhYk;> vjph;g;gpdhYk; 1911-k; Mz;L tq;fhsk; kPz;Lk; xd;whf

• RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; nrhe;j ehL vd;gjhFk;.

• gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lh;[p vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘te;Njkhjuk;’ vd;Dk; jha;ehl;L

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#uj; gpsT 1907

• 1907 Mk; Mz;L ele;j #uj; khehl;by; kpjthjpfSf;Fk;> jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa

• ,jdhy; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J jPtputhjpfs; ntspNawpdhh;. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;

kpz;Nlh – khh;ypr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1909

• K];yPk;fis jpUg;jpgLj;j> 1909 Mk; Mz;L kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; nfhz;L

Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; 1914 – 1918

jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916

• ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1916-k; Mz;L jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij Kk;igapy; epWtpdhh;.

• ,jdhy; md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; elj;jpa epA+ ,e;jpah gj;jphpf;ifia Mq;fpy muR

yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916

• kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; xd;Wgl;ldh;.

• fhq;fpuRk;> K];yPk; yPf;Fk; Ra Ml;rp ngWtjpy; xUtUf;nfhUth; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpl

Mf];l; mwpf;if fp.gp. 1917

• 1917 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l Mf];l; mwpf;if ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy murpay;

khz;NlF – nrk];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1919

• Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ ,e;jpah;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F KO MjuT nfhLj;jdh;.

• ,jw;F khwhf> 1919k; Mz;L Mq;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wk;> khz;NlF nrk];Nghh;L

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• NkYk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs;> rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; fpwpj;Jth;fs;

• vdpDk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,r;rl;lj;ij epuhfhpj;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;ij ntspapl;lJ

nusyl; rl;lk; 1919

• ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> cj;jutpd;wp vtiuAk; ifJ nra;aTk; tprhuizapd;wp rpiwapy;

• fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy; nusyl; rl;lj;ij fLikahf vjph;j;jdh;.

• mg;G+q;fh ehw;GwKk; cah;e;j Rth;fshy; #og;gl;L xU rpwpa EioTthapy; kl;LNK

• mf;$l;lj;jpy; gy ngz;fSk;> Foe;ijfSk; $bapUe;jdh;. ,r;rk;gtj;jpy;

• ,f;nfh^u gLnfhiy> ,e;jpah;fis fLe;Jauj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. ,g;gLnfhiyf;F

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; 1920

• K];yPk; yPf; fl;rpAk;> fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; neUq;fp tu ey;y re;jh;g;gk; vd vz;zp

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 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; fhe;jpabfs; jiyikNaw;wTld; Gj;Jzh;r;rp ngw;wJ.

 mjd; Nehf;fk; mikjp kw;Wk; mfpk;ir topapy; Rauh[;ak; miltij MFk;.

 ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1920-k; Mz;L kiwe;jijj; njhlh;e;J fhe;jpabfs; fhq;fpurpd;

 Njrj;je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l fhe;jpabfs; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rj;jpafpufk;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; fp.gp. 1920 – fp.gp. 1922

• fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ

• ,jd;gb fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 1920 Mk; Mz;L xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpaJ.

• ,t;tpaf;fk; %d;W epiyfspy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjw;fl;lkhf Mq;fpy murplkpUe;J

• ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhf NtiyepWj;jk; cl;gl ngUk; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpdh;.

• thpnfhlh ,af;fk; 1921 Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;

nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; 1922

• ,g;Nguzpapd; NghJ fhtyh;fs; tptrhapfspd; kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr; #L elj;jpdh;. ,jdhy;

• ,jidf; fz;L tUj;jkile;j fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij cldbahf

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• 1923-Mk; Mz;L Njrpa ,af;fj;ij top elj;j Njrj; jiyth;fshd rp.Mh;.jh];

• ,f;fl;rp epWtdh; rp.Mh;. jh]; kuzkile;jjhy; 1925 Mk; Mz;L Rauh[;[pafl;rpAk;