Philippine Revolts Against Spain

During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, 1521–1898, there were several
revolts against the Spanish colonial government by indigenous Moro, Lumad, Indians,
Chinese (Sangleys) and Insulares (Filipinos of Full or near full Spanish descent), often with the
goal of re-establishing the rights and powers that had traditionally belonged to Lumad
Timueys, Maginoo Rajah and Moro Datus. Some revolts stemmed from land problem and this
was largely the cause of the insurrections that transpired in the agricultural provinces of
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna.[1] Natives also rebelled over unjust taxation and
forced labor.

Most of these revolts failed because the majority of the local population sided up with
the well-armed colonial government, and to fight with Spanish as foot soldiers to put down
the revolts.

In Mindanao and Sulu, a continuous fight for sovereignty was sustained by the Moro
people and their allies for the whole duration of Spanish conquest and rule.

16th century

Dagami Revolt (1565–1567)

The Dagami Revolt was a revolt led by the Dagami family who came from the island
of Leyte in 1567.[2] This involved a group of 16 led by Dagami, who was the chieftain of Gabi
(part of the present-day town of Palo).[3] The insurrection was short-lived and mainly involved
the assassinations of Spanish soldiers. The first incident took place on May 23, 1565 in Cebu
where the group ambushed Pedro de Arana, who was an aide to Miguel López de Legazpi,
the Spanish Governor of the Philippines. Dagami led a series of attacks, which baffled
authorities for a time. By December 1566, Legazpi finally summoned the local datus and
forced them to identify who the culprits were after two more Spaniards died of poisoning.
Dagami was captured.

Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574)

The Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt, was an
uprising in 1574 by Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo, Manila. The revolt occurred in
the same year as the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked the palisaded yet poorly defended
enclosure of Intramuros. Sulayman and Lakandula revolted because Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi reneged on his side of the deal. In exchange for accepting Spanish sovereignty,
Legazpi promised that Soliman and Lakandula (and their subjects) would retain some of their
local authority, be exempted from paying tribute, and be treated fairly. Legazpi did not fulfill
his promises.

When Guido de Lavezaris replaced Legaspi as Governor General of the Philippines,

he revoked their exemptions from paying tribute and confiscated their lands. Father Martin
convinced Lakandula and Sulayman to abort the revolt and promised to grant their
privileges. Soliman refused and continued his revolt. Soliman's revolt was finally and brutally
crushed in 1574.

Pampanga Revolt (1585)

The Pampanga Revolt was an uprising in 1585 by some native Kapampangan leaders
who resented the Spanish landowners, or encomenderos who had deprived them of their
historical land inheritances as tribal chiefs or Datus. The revolt included a plot to storm
Intramuros, but the conspiracy was foiled before it could begin after a Filipino woman married
to a Spanish soldier reported the plot to the Spanish authorities. Spanish and Filipino colonial
troops were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera, and the leaders of the revolt were
arrested and summarily executed by Christian Cruz-Herrera.

Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587–1588)

The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, or the Tondo Conspiracy, of 1587–1588, was a plot
by the kin-related noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga.
It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan.
The datus swore to revolt. The uprising failed when they were denounced to the Spanish
authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes, in Palawan.

Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)

The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute occurred on Luzon in the
present-day provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in 1589. Ilocanos, Ibanags and other
Filipinos revolted against alleged abuses by the tax collectors, including the collection of high
taxes. It began when six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives.
Governor-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify the
rebels. The rebels were eventually pardoned and the Philippine tax system reformed.
Magalat Revolt (1596)

The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in 1596, led by Magalat, a rebel from Cagayan.
He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish. He was later
released after some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to Cagayan. Together
with his brother, he urged the entire country to revolt. He was said to have committed
atrocities against his fellow natives for refusing to rise up against the Spaniards. He soon
controlled the countryside, and the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged. The
Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila
with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels, and
captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated
within his fortified headquarters by his own men.

17th century

Igorot Revolt (1601)

By order of the Governor-General

Francisco de Tello de Guzmán an expedition was
sent to the Cordillera region for religious
conversion purposes with the aid of Padre
Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that
time, tried initially to convince the Igorots to
convert peacefully to Catholicism. Marin
allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary
in the Igorot language to advance this cause. The
Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-
General sent Captain Aranda with Spanish and
Lumad foot soldiers. The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of extreme measures and
executed them quickly to dispel the revolt in the Cordillera region.

The Chinese Revolt of 1603

In 1603, at least 30,000 Chinese merchants were slaughtered and in Luzon Chinese
officials and civilians were killed without authority by what The Ming Shi-lu describes as the
barbarian Spanish chieftain of Luzon during that time. The surviving Chinese fled to Wawa, or
what is now known as Guagua, this atrocity is known in Chinese history as the Luzon Tragedy.
The Chinese inhabitants of Manila set fire to Legarda and Binondo and for a time threatened
to capture the Moro stronghold in Intramuros.

Caquenga's Revolt (1607)

In 1607, with the coming of the Dominicans into the Cagayan Valley, a priest began
proselyting to the Malaueg people of Nalfotan, now Rizal, Cagayan. An animist priestess
named Caquenga rebelled against the coming of the Catholic Church. She gathered
people from her village and fled to the mountains to unite with another village and prepared
for war. A Dominican friar and loyal Malaueg men successfully quelled the forthcoming
rebellion, and Caquenga was given over to the other village as a slave. However, many of
her followers rebelled, burned down a Catholic Church, and started other rebellions
throughout the Cagayan Valley. One rebel, who desecrated an image of the Virgin Mary,
was executed for his offense.

Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622)

The Tamblot Revolt or the Tamblot Uprising, was a religious uprising in the island of
Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually governed
the island and converted the Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native
priest, urged his fellow Boholanos to return to the old belief of their forefathers. The revolt
began on the day when the Jesuits were in Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St. Francis
Xavier. It was finally crushed on New Year's Day, in 1622. Tamblot was executed and his head
was set on a pike and displayed to serve as a warning to the populace.

Bankaw (Bancao) Revolt (1621–1622)

The Bankaw Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao,
the datu of Carigara, in the present-day Carigara in Leyte. Bankaw had warmly received
Miguel López de Legazpi as his guest, when he first arrived in the Philippines in 1565. Although
baptized as a Catholic in his youth, he abandoned this faith in later years. With a babaylan,
or religious leader named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local goddess, and pressed
six towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used magic to attract
followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by hurling bits of earth at
them.

Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan
de Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops, to suppress the rebellion. Bankaw's
severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed to the public as a stern
warning. One of his sons was also beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the
stake. Three other followers were executed by firing squad, the Spanish already possessed
firearms at that time. Other historical sources/accounts report The Bankaw Revolt as the first
recorded uprising against foreign colonization. The (1621–1622) dates may be inaccurate.
Carigara was known only a decade after Magellan landed in "Mazaua" (believed to be
Limasawa) in 1521. The uprising may well have taken place towards the end of the 16th
century.

Itneg Revolt (1625–1627)

The Itneg Revolt, or the Mandaya Revolt, was a religious uprising led by Miguel Lanab
and Alababan. The two were previously baptized as Catholics against their will and were
from the Itneg or Mandaya tribe of Capinatan, in northwestern Cagayan, in the Philippines.
The region is now part of the landlocked province of Apayao. Miguel Lanab and Alababan
killed, beheaded and mutilated two Dominican missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and
Brother Onofre Palao, who were sent by the Spanish colonial government to convert the Itneg
people to Christianity. After cutting Father Garcia's body into pieces, they fed his flesh to a
herd of pigs. Afterwards, they compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate Catholic
images, set fire to the local churches, and escape with them to the mountains.

In 1626, Governor-General Fernándo de Silva sent Spanish and foot soldier colonial
troops to suppress the rebellion. They destroyed farms and other sources of food to starve the
Itnegs, and forced them to surrender in 1627.

Ladia Revolt (1643)

Pedro Ladia was a Moro Bornean and a self-claimed descendant of Lakandula who
came to Malolos in 1643. At that time, his land was confiscated by the Spanish and he thought
that it was about time that they stage an uprising and put himself as King of the Tagalogs. This
was despite the fact that a parish priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon
his capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed.

Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50)

In the town of Palapag today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some
of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo y servicio or forced labor system
being undertaken in Samar. This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin
Sumuroy.

The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to be
sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their forced labor. However, under orders
of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, The Waray were being sent to the shipyards of Cavite
to do their polo y servicio, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was
murdered and the revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of the Visayas,
especially in places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines and
parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A rebel government was successfully
established in the mountains of Samar.

The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big setback
to the revolt. His trusted co-conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for freedom with
greater vigor but in one of a fierce battle several years later, he was wounded, captured and
later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards together with his seven key
lieutenants.

Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660–1661)

The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s named after its
leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the
Spanish religious orders because of its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more
tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months under
unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their
patience was put to the limit and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their
campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting against
the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans. The Maniago revolt was the
start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man
named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards.
After hearing news of a Kapampangan chief siding with the Spaniards, Maniago and his
forces arranged for a meeting with Governor-General Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in which
they gave their conditions to end their rebellion. Appeased and satisfied with the conditions
of the agreement, the Governor-General accepted the demands after which Maniago and
his forces gave up the rebellion.

Malong Revolt (1660–1661)

Andres Malong was the maestro de campo of Binalatongan - now San Carlos City - in
Pangasinan in the 1660s. He assisted many Spaniards in governing different towns in
Pangasinan, and as such, had learned and was trained to use force and cruelty. He hoped
of being the King of the province, however, set this plan aside when a war, led by Francisco
Maniago, broke out in Pampanga.

Malong started his campaign in a small barangay called Malunguey, but failed.
Having the same condition as in Pampanga, he led the people in Pangasinan to take up
arms against the Spaniards. It spread like wild fire in Pangasinan. Because of his success, he
proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan.

Almazan Revolt (January 1661)

A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro
Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent
by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his
area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the
natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was
later captured and executed. He also had a son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their prince.

Chinese Revolt of 1662

Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the famous pirate Koxinga, the garrisons around
Manila were reinforced. An increasing anti-Chinese sentiment grew within much of the
population. In the end, the invasion did not materialize, but many locals massacred hundreds
of Chinese in the Manila.

Panay Revolt (1663)

The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the
island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town of Oton. He attracted
some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his
men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and their
corpses were impaled on stakes.

Zambal Revolt (1681–1683)

A group of chieftains from Zambales had refused to accept the authority of the Crown
over their realm and staged a revolt. The Spanish were very swift to respond and sent a
colonial force of 6,000 feet soldiers to suppress the uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the
Spanish had pacified the entire area of Zambales and all of the chieftains who participated
in the revolt were executed.
 18th century

Agrarian Revolt of 1745

The Agrarian Revolt was a revolt undertaken between the years 1745 and 1746 in
much of the present-day Calabarzon (specifically in Batangas, Laguna and Cavite) and in
Bulacan, with its first sparks in the towns of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas. Indigenous
landowners rose in arms over the land grabbing of Spanish friars or Catholic religious orders,
with native landowners demanding that Spanish priests return their lands on the basis of
ancestral domain.

The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much rioting, resulting in massive looting of
convents and arson of churches and ranches. The case was eventually investigated by
Spanish officials and was even heard in the court of Ferdinand VI in which he ordered the
priests to return the lands they seized. The priests were successfully able to appeal the return
of lands back to the natives, which resulted in no land being returned to native landowners.

Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1825)

In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy
Revolt was undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and his followers. This revolt is unique since it is
the only revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot
Uprising before it, which was not a complete religious rebellion.

After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died, the local parish priest refused to give his
brother a proper Catholic burial, since dueling is a mortal sin. The refusal of the priest
eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine history: 85 years. It also led to the
establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty governors-general, from Juan
Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself
sent a force of 2,200-foot soldiers to Bohol, which was defeated by Dagohoy's followers.
Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well. Dagohoy died two years
before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in 1829. Some 19,000
survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano villages:
namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian and Sevilla
(Cabulao).

Silang Revolt (1762–1763)

Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine

history is the Silang Revolt from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple
Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this
revolt took place during the British invasion of Manila. On
December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared the
independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos"
and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this newly independent
state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even
asked the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish.
 However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763 by Miguel Vicos, a friend of Silang. The
Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the arms of his wife, Gabriela.
She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of
her many victories in battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are a prime example of the use of
divide et impera, since Spanish troops largely used Kapampangan soldiers to fight the
Ilocanos.

Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was
executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.

Palaris Revolt (1762–1764)

During the British Invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War, the Spanish
colonial government, including Villacorta, had relocated to Bacolor in the province of
Pampanga, which was then adjacent to Pangasinan. It was at this time that the principalia
of Binalatongan protested the abuses committed by the provincial governor. The town
leaders demanded that the governor be removed and that the colonial government stop
collecting taxes since the islands were already under the British at that time. But Governor-
General Simon de Anda dismissed the demands and the revolt broke out in November 1762.
The name of de la Cruz, who began to be known as Palaris, emerged as one of the leaders
of the revolt, along with his brother Colet, Andrés López, and Juan de Vera Oncantin.

By December, all Spanish officials, except the Dominican friars who were in charge of
the Catholic mission, had left Pangasinan. The Spanish colonial government had to deal with
the British invaders and the simultaneous Silang Revolt, led by Diego Silang, in the neighboring
province of Ilocos in the north. (The present-day province of La Union was still part of
Pangasinan and Ilocos.) At the battle of Agno, he faced on March 1, 1763 the Spanish forces
under the command of Alfonso de Arayat, who led a composite troop of Spanish soldiers
and Indios loyal to Spain. Arayat withdrew after losing much of his Indio loyalists.
Pangasinenses took over all official functions and controlled the province up to the Agno
River, the natural boundary between Pangasinan and neighboring Pampanga in the south.
(The present-day province of Tarlac was still part of Pampanga.) At the height of the uprising,
Palaris commanded 10,000 men. He was also in communication with Silang, with whom he
was coordinating a bigger offensive against the Spanish.

However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763 with the signing of the
Treaty of Paris. Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763 by an Indio under the employ
of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on the uprising and mustered forces to
surround Palaris. The Spanish friars, who were allowed to stay in the province, also started a
campaign to persuade Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt.

By March 1764, most of the province had already fallen, leaving Palaris no escape
route except through Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea in the west. He chose to stay in
Pangasinan and hid among his supporters. But his presence terrified his protectors and his
own sister Simeona, who was apparently threatened by the Spanish clergy, betrayed him to
Agustín Matias, the gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the razed Binalatongan. Palaris was arrested
on January 16, 1765 and brought to the provincial capital of Lingayen for trial. While in
detention, he confessed being the principal leader of the revolt. He was convicted and
hanged on February 26, 1765.

19th century

Basi Revolt (1807)

The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt undertaken from
September 16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo (though some
sources refer to a single person named Pedro Ambaristo), with its events occurring in the
present-day town of Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the
Ilocanos' love for basi, or sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government
expropriated the manufacture and sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of
the wine, which was done before expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from
government stores. However, wine-loving Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on September 16,
1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby towns and with fighting lasting for weeks. Spanish-
led troops eventually quelled the revolt on September 28, 1807, albeit with much force and
loss of life on the losing side. A series of 14 paintings on the Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay
Villanueva currently hangs at the Ilocos Sur National Museum in Vigan City. The event is
immortalized and commemorated in the Basi Revolt Monument located along the highway
of Piddig.

Novales Revolt (1823)

Andrés Novales later grew discontented with the way Spanish authorities treated the
Criollo people. His discontentment climaxed when peninsulares were shipped to the
Philippines to replace Criollo officers. He found the sympathy of many Criollos, including Luis
Rodriguez Varela, the Conde Filipino. As punishment to the rising sense of discontentment,
many military officers and public officials were exiled. One of them was Novales, who was
exiled to Mindanao to fight the Moro. However, Novales was not stopped to secretly return
to Manila. On the night of June 1, 1823, Novales along with a certain sub-lieutenant Ruiz and
other subordinates in the King's Regiment, went out to start a revolt. Along with 800 Indigenous
natives in which his sergeants recruited, they seized the royal palace (palacio del
gobernador), the Manila Cathedral, the city's cabildo (city hall) and other important
government buildings in Intramuros. Failing to find governor general Juan Antonio Martínez,
they killed the lieutenant governor and former governor general, Mariano Fernandez de
Folgueras. Folgueras was the one that suggested Spain to replace Creole officers with
peninsulars. The soldiers shouted, "Long live the Emperor Novales!" (Viva el Emperador
Novales). Surprisingly, the townsfolk followed Novales and his troops as they marched into
Manila. They eventually failed to seize Fort Santiago because Andrés' brother Mariano, who
commanded the citadel, refused to open its gates. Authorities rushed soldiers to the fort upon
learning that it was still holding out against the rebels. Novales himself was caught hiding
under the Puerta Real by Spanish soldiers. At 5:00 pm of June 2, Novales, Ruiz, and 21
sergeants were executed by firing squad in a garden near Puerta del Postigo. In his last
minutes, Novales declared that he and his comrades shall set an example of fighting for
freedom. Mariano was initially to be executed as well for being Andrés' brother, but the crowd
pleaded for his freedom with the argument that he had saved the government from being
overthrown. Mariano received a monthly pension of ₱14, but went mad after the execution.

Palmero Conspiracy (1828)

The Palmero Conspiracy in 1828 was a failed plot to overthrow the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines. The Spanish government suppressed further information on this
conspiracy. In 1823, an order was from Spain declared that military officers commissioned in
the Peninsula (Spain) should have precedence of all those appointed in the Colonies. This
was the reaction of Madrid to the series of wars against Spanish rule that was known as the
Spanish American wars of independence; Many Criollo military officers were outranked by
their Peninsular counterparts.

In 1828, matters became worse when public officials, mainly provincial governors,
were also being replaced by Peninsulares. In the same year, two Palmero brothers, members
of a prominent clan in the Philippines, along with other people from both the military and the
civil service, planned to seize the government. Such was the prominence of the Palmeros,
one of whose most famous descendants was Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, that when the
Spanish government discovered the plan, they thought it would be wise not to report it to the
public. The plot itself would embarrass the government since the conspirators were Spaniards
themselves and it would seem that Spaniards themselves would want to overthrow the power
of Spain in the country. The main conspirators were exiled.

Pule Revolt (1840–1841)

One of the most famous religious revolts is

the Pule Revolt, more formally known as the
Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule. Undertaken
between June 1840 and November 1841, this revolt
was led by Apolinario de la Cruz, otherwise known
as "Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started his own
religious order, the Confraternity of Saint Joseph
(Spanish: Confradia de San José) in Lucban,
located in the present-day province of Quezon
(then called Tayabas), in June 1840. However,
there were two types of priests in the Philippines
then: secular priests, or parish priests, which were
usually Indio, and religious priests, or convent priests, which were usually Spanish. Due to the
concentration of Spanish religious power and authority in the already-established religious
orders (the Augustinians, Jesuits and Franciscans to name a few) and the concept that
Filipino priests should only stay in the church and not the convent and vice versa (although
this was not always followed), the Spanish government banned the new order, especially due
to its deviation from original Catholic rituals and teachings, such as prayers and rituals suited
for Filipinos. However, thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and even Manila
already joined.

Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to forcibly break up the order,
forcing De la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed revolt in self-defense. Many bloody battles
were fought with the order's last stand in Mount San Cristobal, near Mount Banahaw, in
October 1841. The Spaniards eventually won, and Apolinario de la Cruz was executed on
November 4, 1841 in the then-provincial capital, Tayabas.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of

military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish
arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief
that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny
was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed
many of the participants including the three Filipino
Priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora by Garrote and began to crack down on a
burgeoning nationalist movement.