Chapter # 19

University of Management and technology, Sialkot campus

Department of Mechanical engineering
▪ Water pumps are devices designed to convert mechanical
energy to hydraulic energy.

▪ They are used to move water from lower points to higher points
with a required discharge and pressure head.

▪ This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic concepts of

water pumps.
▪ Dynamic pumps
▪ dynamic pressure is developed to lift the liquid.
▪ According to the general direction of flow of liquid:
1. Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
2. Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
3. Half axial or screw (mixed-flow pumps)

▪ Positive-displacement pumps
▪ Push or extract the liquid by changing the volume using force.
1. Rotary pumps
2. Reciprocating pumps
▪ In radial-flow pump the water leaves the
impeller in radial direction,

▪ while in the axial-flow pump the water

leaves the propeller in the axial
direction.

▪ In the mixed-flow pump the water leaves

the impeller in an inclined direction
having both radial and axial
components.
▪ Rotodynamic type of pumps in which a dynamic pressure is
developed which enables the lifting of liquids from a lower to a
higher level .

▪ Flow is in radial outward direction.

▪ When a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external
force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a
centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to rise to a
higher level.

▪ The lifting of the liquid is due to centrifugal action, these pumps

are called ‘centrifugal pumps
Following are the main parts of a centrifugal compressor :

1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe
4. Foot valve and strainer
5. Delivery pipe
1. Impeller:
▪ The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the
centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
▪ It consists of a series of backwards curved vanes (blades).
▪ The impeller is driven by a shaft which is connected to the
shaft of an electric motor.

2. Shaft:
▪ Its purpose is to transmit the torques encountered when
starting and during operation.
▪ Supports the impeller & other rotating parts.
▪ Major stationary component of the pump.
▪ An air-tight passage surrounding the impeller.

▪
▪ Convert velocity head into pressure head
▪ Guidance of flow to the discharge connection
▪ Pressure boundary for the pumped fluid
▪ Casings are generally of three types:

1. Volute/ Spiral casing:

▪ Used for higher head, eddy currentsformed

2. Vortex casing:
▪ Eddy currents are reduced.

3. Diffuser casing/ casing with guide blades:

▪ Used for lower head.
▪ A volute is a curved funnel increasing in
area to the discharge port.
▪ As the area of the cross-section increases,
the volute reduces the speed of the liquid
and increases the pressure of the liquid.
▪ Suitable for single stage pumps.

▪ Disadvantage :
▪ due to the shape of the casing there is
formation of eddies.
▪A circular chamber is
introduced between casing and
impeller.

▪ Efficiency of pump is increased.

▪ have stationary diffusion vanes
surrounding the impeller periphery
that convert velocity energy to
pressure energy.

▪ Conventionally, the diffusers are

applied to multi-stage pumps.

▪ The circular shape of the casing helps

to minimize the radial load on bearing
which is more in volute casing because
of spiral shape.
▪ Pipe whose one end is connected to the
inlet of the pump and other end dips into
water in the sump is known as suction pipe.

▪ Foot valve: non return valve is fitted at the

lower at of the suction pipe. It opens only in
the upward direction.

▪ Strainer: A strainer is also fitted at the

lower end of the suction pipe to filter water
from dust and other particles
▪ Pipe whose one end is connected
to the outlet of the pump and other
end delivers the water at a
required height is known as
delivery pipe.
▪ The driving motor: responsible for rotating the shaft. It can be
mounted directly on the pump, above it, or adjacent toit.

▪ Impeller back plate: Impeller is mounted on the backplate to

make a close liquid receiver.

▪ Mechanical seal set: to nullify the leakage a mechanical seal

set is used installed on a shaft sleeve.

▪ Shaft sleeve: a hollow tube is placed over the shaft to protect it

from corrosion and wear.
▪ Bearings: provided on the shaft to take thrust and axial load.
▪ Bearing housings: cylinder over the shaft inside which the shaft is
mounted with bearings.
▪ Oil Seal: to prevent oil leakage from the bearing housing.
▪ Lock nut: avoid unnecessary loosening of the bearing due to
vibration and torque produced.
▪ Lock washers: thin circular plate that prevents the unnecessary
rotation of the lock nut.

▪ Coupling: mounted on the motor shaft and pump shaft to

transmit power from electric motor to pump impeller.
1. Liquid force into the impeller

2. Vanes pass kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves

Impeller

3. Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy

1. According to working head
2. According to casing
3. According to number of entrances to the impeller
4. According to types of impeller
5. According to number of stages
6. According to shape of the vanes
7. According to disposition of shaft
8. Driver mounting method
▪ Low head centrifugal pump
▪ working head developed by these pumps is up to 15m.

▪ Medium head centrifugal pump

▪ working head developed these system is 15m to 45m.

▪ High head centrifugal pump

▪ working head developed by these pumps is more than 45m.
Casings are generally of three types:

1. Volute/ Spiral: Used for higher head,eddy currents formed

2. Vortex : Eddy currents are reduced.

3. Diffuser/ casing with guide blades: Used for lowerhead.

▪ Single suction pump
▪ Liquid enters from a
suction pipe to
impeller only from one
side.

▪ Double suction pump

▪ Liquid enters to both
the sides of impeller.
1. Open, with no shrouds.
2. Semi-open or semi-closed.
3. Closed, with shrouds or sidewalls enclosing the waterways.

Open with partial Semi-open type. Enclosed type.

shrouds for strength.
▪ Open impeller
▪ the vanes of the impeller are
without covered plate.
▪ These are generally made of
forged steel.
▪ It has less life, as they have to
perform very rough task.
▪ used for small pumps handling
abrasive liquids.
▪ The disadvantage of this type is
it s structural weakness.
▪ it is capable of handling
suspended matter (solids) with
minimum clogging.
▪ Semi open impeller
▪ the vanes of the impeller are
covered with plate on one side.

▪ It has less number of vanes, but

it’s height is more than that of
closed impeller.

▪ used for a varied number of

applications and the vanes at the
back of the shroud prevent
foreign matter from collecting at
the backside.
▪ Closed impeller
▪ If the vanes of the impeller are
covered with plates on both
sides, it is called a closed
impeller.
▪ It is made of cast iron, stainless
steel, cast steel, gunmetal.
▪ This is the most common type of
impeller.
▪ It is used for handling clear
liquids.
▪ Single stage ▪ Multi stage
only one impeller is used on more than one impeller is
the shaft. used on the same shaft and
enclosed in the same casing.
▪ Horizontal Pump ▪ Vertical pump
In this type of pump, the In this type of pump, the
impeller shaft is used impeller shaft is used
horizontal. vertical.
▪ Two methods are common to transmit the rotational power from
driver to pump ;

1. Frame mounted C Frame

2. Closely coupled
▪ Curved forward vanes
▪ The outlet tip of the vane is
curved forward in the
direction of rotation of the
impeller.

▪ The impeller having such

vanes is called slow speed
impeller.

▪ This type of the impeller has

low efficiency about 75%.
▪ Radial vanes
▪ These vanes have outlet tips
in radial direction.

▪ The impeller having such

vanes is called medium
speed impeller.

▪ This type of the impeller has

low efficiency about 80 to
85%.
▪ Curved backward vanes
▪ The outlet tip of the vane is
curved backward in the
direction of rotation of the
impeller.

▪ The impeller having such

vanes is called fast speed
impeller.

▪ This type of the impeller

gives highest efficiency
about 85% to 90%.
▪ Impeller construction
▪ Bearing configuration
▪ Orientation
▪ Driver Mounting Method
▪ Number of stages
What is priming?
Why priming is important?
What happens during this?
▪ It is the process of filling suction pipe, casing and delivery pipe
upto delivery valve with water.

▪ Used to remove air from these parts.

Note: Vacuum created by pushing the air outside the pump

casing isn’t sufficient to pull the fresh water.

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑚3

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑤2=𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡.

𝑈2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡.

𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡.

𝑈1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡.

▪ 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

1
𝑊= 𝑉𝑤1𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑤2𝑢2
𝑔

𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 sec.

𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 ∶

𝐺𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 900

𝑉𝑤1 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑊 = 𝑉𝑤2𝑢2
Suction head( ℎ𝑠 ): vertical distance
between the suction liquid level in the
sump and the centerline of the pump
impeller. Usually, it is kept 7 to 8 m to
avoid cavitation.

Delivery head( ℎ𝑑 ): Vertical distance

between center line of the pump and the
water surface in the tank to which water is
delivered.

Static head(𝐻𝑠): Sum of suction head and

delivery head. [𝐻𝑠 = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ 𝑑 ]

Manometric head( ℎ 𝑚 ): The available

head against which a centrifugal pump
has to work.
▪ Energy losses in centrifugal pumps may be classified as
follows:
1. Hydraulic Losses: There are two types of hydraulic losses which
may occur in a pump.
▪ Pipeline Losses: Major (due to friction) and minor (due to pipe bend)
losses in pipes.
▪ Pump Losses: Eddy or shock losses, frictional losses in impeller, guide
vane/diffuser,casing.

1. Mechanical losses: Losses due to mechanical friction of main

bearings etc.

3. Leakage Losses: slipping back of part of liquid through the

clearance between the impeller and casing due to pressure
difference b/w inlet and outlet.
 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝜂 𝑚𝑎𝑛 =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐻𝑚 𝑔. 𝐻𝑚
= 𝑉 𝑢 =
𝑤2 2 𝑉𝑤2𝑢2
𝑔
 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑚 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

𝑊 𝑉𝑤2𝑢2
𝑔 1000
𝜂𝑚 =
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Power input to pump= power supplied by motor
= S.P of the pump

𝜂𝑜 = 𝜂 𝑚 ∗ 𝜂 𝑚𝑎𝑛
▪ Small in size & space saving.
▪ Output is very steady and consistent.
▪ Easy for maintenance.
▪ No danger creates if discharge valve is closed while starting.
▪ Deal with large volume.

▪ Able to work on medium to low head.

▪ Able to work on medium to low viscous fluid.
▪ Almost no noise
▪ Extra priming process requires.

▪ Cannot be able to work on high speeds.

▪ Cannot deal with highly viscous liquid.

▪ Agriculture and irrigation purpose.

▪ Pumping of water in buildings.

▪ Transfer raw material.

Feel free to contact: