f)

By Extracting steam it’ll provide the required energy needed to heat the chemical process in it’s ideal
conditions that is considered to be energy that is effective. Since The energy will be withdrawn from
the process and would be used elsewhere, this will result to a decrease in Rankine cycle efficiency
and it therefore the classical efficiency would be unwanted. Therefore, Overall efficiency will
increase as Energy will be use somewhere else away from the process. This is implemented by
extracting exhaust steam through a turbine. Some of the steam can go through the steam turbine,
and some of it goes to the actual process. Steam exhaust in the turbine can be used as steam utility
which typically low to medium pressure. Steam pressure cannot be too low because otherwise it’ll
lower the overall efficiency.

A2

a)

 Red line- Hot composite curve

 Blue line- Cold composite curve
d)
B5.

There are 2 ways in order to optimise the reactor cost and they are, Derivative and graphical
method. The objective method is the cost which has been set for every reactor. x≥-2.1 is the only
constraint. 2 sets of graphs can be set to determine the minimum cost of the reactor.

Reactor 1

reactor 1
90
80
70
60
Cost of reactor

50
40
30
20
10
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x

The minimum Cost can be found where x=0.49 and this gives a minimum cost of 2.625

Reactor 2

reactor 2
4
3.5
3
cost of reactor

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x

The minimum cost is found at the saddle point (not maximum minimum cost), which can be found
x=0 and at this point the cost of reactor 2 is 2. In the derivative method function of cost is the
objective function of the problem of optimisation. In the reactor 1 plot it illustrates that convexity is
present whereas reactor plot doesn’t show this. Therefore, Reactor 1 is the better reactor to use as
we csn calculate a minimum cost using differentiation.

C- cost of reactor

dC
= 14.4x3+9.5x2-4=0
dx
Therefore, x=0.49

If we use derivative method in reactor 2 we:

dC
= 0.6x2=0
dx
Therefore, x =0

Sub into reactor 2 function you will get a minimum cost of 2. However, reactor 2 graph doesn’t
show convexity. Based on reactor 2 graph minimum cost can be obtained at x=-2.1 which 0.148.

C4

A certain level of understanding is required when it comes to estimating U as you will be in a

different situation as another since other people will be looking at different tubes.

First 6 entries in the table is related to heating and when phase isn’t in occur in both fluid
substances. The other 2 is for when one of the sides of the heat exchanger is being condensed and
no phase change is happening in the other side of the exchanger.

Based on this table above we can conclude that as U increases then Pressure also increase meaning
U is dependent on Pressure and Temperature for example Gases at 1 atm outside has a lower U than
Gases inside the tube, This is because Gases is in a more confined space so gases molecules are
susceptible to collisions as they are In a confined space, whereas gases outside the tube has a lower
U because it’s exposed to more space and temperature is cooler compared to a tube and since
outside the tube has more space gas molecules are less likely to bump into each other. Determine
the 2 desired fluids in the exchanger, where water (Aqueous) are different types of liquids even the
table shows that they are the same. Based on how the fluids are different from the table change
towards the lower or highest side of the range. For example, if you have a heavier and viscous fluid
than the one on the table then it is ideal that the lesser geometric average is chosen since Re is likely
to be lower. Gases with high pressure tend to have high densities which also means that the Overall
heat transfer coefficient (U) will also be high, meaning it’ll be more likely that it goes to the high end
of the range for low pressure gas.