Process Information: Intelligent Flow Control

Feel the Flow
Process Information
and valve selection guide Pulp and Paper
Intelligent Flow Control

Intelligent Flow Control
Process Information
Pulp and paper

Introduction
24 hours per day, day after day, week after week, From the beginning we understood the
month after month. Continuously working with difficulties and have consequently developed our
corrosive and erosive fluids under high pressure products to fulfil the demands from this industry.
and at high temperatures. Splashing of pulp and
alkalines, vibrations created by refiners and However, to be able to give long trouble-free
pumps, pressure shocks, crystallisation and operation and high reliability, valves must be
scaling, impurities such as sand and metal wires. selected according to the conditions in the
application in which they will be installed. This
It is under these conditions valves installed in pamphlet gives you some guidance in this
the pulp and paper industry have to work and to difficult task. The final selection will of course
work properly as a failure will cause tremendous depend on the many variables present in the
costs. actual service conditions and it is obvious that
not all applications can be listed.
The pulp and paper industry is one of NAF’s
strongest areas. The very first NAF valves in the Contact nearest NAF representative or NAF, Lin-
beginning of the 1900’s were developed in close köping, Sweden, if assistance is needed.
co-operation with customers from this industry.
1
Process Information
Chemical pulping
Introduction (see encl. Fig. 1)
Chemical pulping is dominated by two proces- The spent cooking liquor containing chemicals
ses - the sulphate process and the sulphite pro- and dissolved wood substance is called black
cess. Each process is designed to produce pulp liquor. If it is diluted with wash water, it is known
with specific characteristics. as thin liquor.
In sulphate pulping the cooking liquor is alkaline The steam released in the blow tank is recovered
- it has a high pH. The active chemicals are in a blow condensor where it is condensed. The
sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide. The pro- condensate is cooled in a heat-exchanger,
cess is named after sodium sulphate, which is whereby a large volume of hot water is produced.
used to replace losses of sodium and sulphate. This can be used for washing the pulp in the
bleaching plant.
The sulphite process is named after the active
chemical of the cooking liquor, the hydrosulphite In the continuous digester steamed chips and
ion, also called the bisulphite ion. The base can liquor are filled in an even continuous flow into
be calcium, sodium or nowadays mostly mag- the pressurised digester. The contents is heated
nesium. In sulphite pulping, the cooking liquor up by various circulation systems as it moves
is usually acid - it has a low pH. Originally, downwards. The cooked and partly washed pulp
sulphite pulp was produced with cooking liquor is fed out of the bottom in a uniform flow.
or calcium bisulphite. The calcium base, The spent cooking liquor (black liquor) is
however, caused precipitates in the system. The separated by screens around the digester. The
chemicals in the spent liquor could not be liquor is directed to the flash tanks where the
reclaimed and the organic solids in the liquor pressure is decreased below the vapour
could not be economically burnt. The spent pressure. The generated steam is used for
liquor was therefore discharged directly out into steaming of the chips and the black liquor goes
the recipient. When the pressure from to the evaporation.
environmental protection grew stronger and the The cooking process for both types of digesters
size of the mills began to reach present levels, is basically the same. Each type has its adv-
many sulphite mills were closed down and the antages, but most new cooking plants world
remaining ones were converted to magnesium wide are built with continuous digesters.
or sodium base.
The batch cooking system has been developed

Cooking (see encl. Fig. 2-3) during the last years, Superbatch (Sunds) and
The cooking processes for sulphate and sulphite RDH (Beloit).
are basically the same. In both cases the chips
are impregnated with cooking liquor, heated un- These systems work in cycles and use energy
der pressure to 130-170 °C and held at that from one digester to the next. The advantages
temperature for some time. Then the pressure are lower energy and liquor consumption. The
and consequently the temperature are lowered disadvantages are a more complicated control
and the pulp are blown or washed out of the system and larger wear on the equipment.
digester.
There are two main types of process equipment The relief gas from sulphate digesters contains
for cooking - the batch digester and the turpentine. The gas can be condensed and the
continuous digester. In the batch digester chips turpentine decanted. Turpentine is used as a raw
and cooking liquor are filled and the contents are product in the chemical industry.
heated under pressure according to a specified
temperature-time programme. By the end of the
programme the digester is emptied - blown - to
the blow tank.
2
Process Information
Washing Screening
The washing process aims at separating the Screening systems takes away knots - whether
black liquor from the fibres as efficient as knots or just poorly impregnated chips - and
possible with a minimum of dilution of the liquor. shives - poorly disintegrated fibre aggregates -
The equipment used can be continuous diffus- and fibre bundles.
ers, drum filters, belt washers, wash presses, etc.
Washing also takes place in the high heat One of the most commonly used pressure
washing zone of the continuous digester. screens with a wide field of applications is the
UNI-screen. It has a rotating cage which is kept
The continuous diffuser may be connected clean by five stationary foils inside the cage. The
directly to the blow line from the continuous dig- pulp is fed in at the top and passes first a waste
ester. The fibre suspension is introduced into the remover, then moves down into the screen cage.
bottom of the diffuser and moves upwards There, acceptable fibres pass through the screen
between a number of double sided screen rings holes. The rejects accumulate and move down
inside each other. The wash liquor is added to the rejects outlet, where they are diluted to
through rotating nozzles. The liquor is extracted help them leave the screen. Pressure screens
through the screens. The displaced liquor is normally work with a pulp consistency of 1-3%.
pumped to the continuous digester and used as
wash liquor. After washing in the digester and Centricleaners are used to remove bark, short
the continuous diffuser, only one more washing shives, sand etc. A centricleaner is a hollow cone
stage is generally required. of metal or plastic with a tangential inlet at the
top. The liquid entering the cone rotates at high
There are many types of drum filters and all of speed and builds an air column in the centre.
them work on the same principle. They have rota- Heavy particles are thrown by centrifugal force
ting perforated steel drum covered by a filter against the wall and down to the reject outlet.
cloth or wire. The drum is partly submerged in a Acceptable fibres are drawn towards the centre,
trough containing unwashed fibre suspension. where they enter the upwards flow towards the
The pressure inside the drum is lower than accepts outlet. The centricleaners are mounted
outside. When the drum rotates, liquor is sucked in batteries where reject is re-introduced in
through the drum and deposit a layer of pulp on several stages to minimise the fibre loss.
the wire. Wash liquor and, in the last stage, hot Centricleaners normally work with a pulp
water is sprayed onto the drum. Filter washers consistency of 0.6-0.8%.
may be arranged in series of three or four sta-
ges. The MC-screen is a type of screen designed for
a feed consistency of 10-12%. This screen works
In the belt washer, unwashed pulp is diluted with by fluidizing the pulp. Advantages of MC-screens
wash liquor and pumped to a headbox. The are a large capacity and the fact that the pulp do
dilution water is taken from the suction box un- not need to be diluted.
der the first stage. The headbox spreads the pulp
across a moving, endless wire. Fresh water is In most screening systems, the rejects are
sprayed onto the web and goes in counter screened in a secondary screen. These accepts
current back to the headbox. are re-circulated to the primary screen. Two
screens connected in this way are said to work
in cascade. The rejects from the secondary
screen go to a reject screen - the knotter-was-
her. The knots are then taken back to the dig-
ester for re-cooking.
3
Process Information
Bleaching (see encl. Fig. 4)

Sulphate pulp is brown why the fibres must be Nowadays an oxygen bleaching stage usually
treated with chemicals which can dissolve the precedes the chlorine bleaching plant. This O-
remaining lignin - the cause of the brown colour. stage is generally placed between the screen
This is done in the bleaching plant, where the room and the washing plant.
pulp is treated in several stages with oxygen, When oxygen bleaching leads the sequence, the
peroxide and chemicals containing chlorine. hypochlorite stage is no longer needed.
Sulphite pulp is significantly lighter in colour and
can be used in i.e. newsprint without being Prebleaching with oxygen can be performed at
bleached. two alternative consistency levels - 10-12% or
The number and order of stages used varies with 20-30%, depending on the process after the
the intended use of the pulp as well as with the screen room. Prior to oxygen bleaching the pulp
local conditions. A bleaching sequence - a must be made alkaline. This is done by adding
connection of bleaching stages - is described sodium hydroxide. The pulp is finely divided and
with the help of internationally accepted fed into the top of a tower. Here, the reaction
terminology, where each stage or bleaching time is 30 minutes at a temperature of 80-110
tower has a letter, indicating which chemical that °C.
is active in it:
Chlorine is an efficient and cheap bleaching
C = Chlorination stage chemical. When it is used alone, the pulp
D = Chlorine dioxide stage consistency is normally as low as 3-4%, since
the solubility in water is limited. A temperature
C+D = Simultaneous injection of chlorine as low as 25 °C is also desired. The process,
and chlorine dioxide, with chlorine as therefore, does not fit in very well either with the
the dominating chemical preceding or the proceeding process stages.
E = Extraction stage where chlorinated Therefore chlorine dioxide is mixed with the
lignin, which is insoluble in water, is chlorine. The temperature may then be increased
dissolved in alkali to 50 °C. At the same time the filtrate from the
preceding washer is less harmful ecologically.
H = Hypochlorite stage
O = Oxygen stage During the chlorination, two kinds of chlorinated
P = Peroxide stage lignins are formed - one soluble in water and the
other soluble only in alkali. The alkali-soluble
T = Dithionite stage chlorinated lignins are removed by treating the
Z = Ozone stage pulp with sodium hydroxide in the E-stage. In
the sulphite pulp bleaching, the extraction stage
Each bleaching stage consists of three parts: also removes a part of the wood resin,
sometimes with the help of surface active
A mixer to mix in the chemicals and, when chemicals. The temperature in the E-stage is kept
needed, steam at 40-60 °C for sulphite pulp and above 60 °C
for sulphate pulp. The pulp is heated by the ad-
A bleaching tower dition of live steam in a steam mixer.
A washer - a drum filter or radial diffuser
like those used in the brown stock washing In a combined (EO) stage, there will be both
plant - for removal of dissolved products decomposition and extraction of lignin. In some
cases peroxide (P) is used instead of or together
At the end of each bleaching sequence where with oxygen. The combination of alkali and oxy-
chlorine is used, a sulphur dioxide solution is gen in the extraction process has become a very
injected into the pulp to neutralise any remaining efficient and economical process.
bleaching chemicals.
4
Process Information
Evaporation (see encl. Fig. 5)

In the classical bleaching sequence, the E-stage When the diluted black liquor leaves the washing
is followed by treatment with sodium department it contains about 15% dry
hypochlorite, the H-stage. This has, however, substances (ds). The evaporation process must
been eliminated in modern bleaching plants. increase the dryness to at least 60% in order to
Hypochlorite bleaching takes place in an alkali make it combustible. This process is referred to
environment. A pH of 9-11 is therefore suitable. as evaporation.
The temperature should not rise above 35-45 °C.
This all means that the H stage does not fit in Through a series of evaporators - basically heat
with a low-energy bleaching sequence. exchangers - which operate at progressively
lower pressure, the steam from one stage is used
Bleaching with chlorine dioxide in the D stage to heat the next stage by condensing there.
requires a weak acid environment. At a normal Normally evaporation takes place in five or six
temperature of 80 °C the bleaching time will be stages. These stages are often called effects.
3-4 hours. To save heating steam, the Live steam at pressure enters the first effect. The
consistency is kept as high as possible, gene- pressure and temperature from effect to drop
rally 10-12%. Chlorine dioxide bleaching has the effect. A condensor and a vacuum pump after
ability to attack and reduce shives, knots and the final effect make sure that there is no pressure
particles of bark. left. The thin liquor at round 95 °C is pumped
into the third effect, which is at the same
Most bleaching chemicals are bought ready to temperature. Thick liquor is removed from the
use and are delivered by road or rail. Chlorine second. This reduces the risk of incrustations
dioxide, however, must be manufactured in the forming on the heat exchanger surfaces. The
pulp mill, since it is too dangerous to transport. drop of temperature from effect to effect allows
It is extremely poisonous and instable and can the liquor to boil at temperatures ranging from
explode at high concentrations. 140 °C in the first stage to 60 °C in the last one.
Chlorine dioxide can be produced in several The condensate from effect No. 1 is clean and
ways. In one method, sulphur dioxide gas is goes back to the boiler feed water tank. The
introduced into an acid solution of sodium condensate from the other stages can be used
chlorate, in several stages, in special reactors. in other parts of the process as e.g. wash water.
The residual product is sulphuric acid, which can Non-condensable gases are removed and are
be used in the pine oil plant. extracted and burnt.
Sodium hypochlorite is another chemical which The thin liquor contains pine soap, which should
can be produced in the mill. In this case, chlorine be recovered. The soap is decanted from the
gas is allowed to react with sodium hydroxide. intermediate liquor tank and can be used in a
pine oil processing plant for production of pine
Most bleaching chemicals are corrosive. Pipes, oil - a raw product for the chemical industry.
pumps and valves are therefore made of
glassfibre-reinforced plastics, acid-proof steel or
titanium. The bleaching towers are made from
steel plates and are protected on the inside by
lining of rubber, plastics or acid-proof bricks.
Pulp bleaching technology is currently being

developed very rapidly and the research is
intensive. Several mills now bleach entirely
without chlorine and use chlorine dioxide, per-
oxide, oxygen or ozone instead.
5
Process Information
Recovery boiler (see encl. Fig. 6) Recovery system for the sulphite process
The thick liquor from the evaporation plant is The evaporation system for a sulphate process
burnt in the recovery boiler - a large steam boiler. has been described earlier. The system used in
This process has two objectives: sulphite processes are roughly the same except
that there is no soap removal. The wood
To generate steam for use in the mill by extractives react differently in the sulphite pulping
burning dissolved wood substance process and do not produce soap. On the other
hand fines, which contain resin, must be remo-
To recover cooking chemicals
ved in the screen room.
During combustion the reaction products
between lignin and cooking chemicals are broken The thickened spent liquor is burnt in a special
down so that further treatment can convert the boiler plant and the chemicals are recovered as
chemicals back into new cooking liquor. The magnesium oxide and sulphur dioxide. The
inorganic chemicals are converted into a smelt steam generated is superheated and used as
and collected at the bottom of the furnace. It process steam. The magnesium oxide follows
contains among others sodium carbonate the flue gas as a fly ash. It is separated off in an
(Na2CO3) and sodium sulphide (Na2SO3). The electro-filter and then dossolved in water. At this
smelt flows out through holes and is dissolved point, magnesium oxide is added, if necessary,
in a liquor from the lime mud washer, known as to compensate for losses.
weak liquor. After the smelter the liquor is called
green liquor. The ash suspension is washed with cold water
The steam produced in the recovery boiler is before being thickened on an ash filter. The
economically important to the pulp mill. It prov- resulting filter cake is then dispersed in warm
ides enough heat to meet the demands on the water and heated to 90 °C. The magnesium oxide
pulping process and often there is enough steam then converts into magnesium hydroxide
over to produce electric energy in a steam (Mg(OH)2). Magnesium hydroxide reacts easily
turbine. with sulphur dioxide to form magnesium
hydrosulphite (Mg(HSO3)2), which is the active
White liquor preparation (see encl. Fig. 7) cooking chemical. The suspension is pumped
White liquor preparation is the last part of the to a number of ventury scrubbers connected in
recovery process - it is called the causticizing series, where it meets the recovery boiler flue
process. Here the sodium carbonate of the green gases in counter current. The liquor is sprayed
liquor is converted into sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into the gas current as fine droplets and absorbs
by reduction with burnt lime (CaO). At the same the sulphur dioxide.
time, lime mud (calcium carbonate CaCO3) is
formed. This is separated and washed in a lime From the scrubber stage, the solution is pumped
mud washer, the filtrate being the weak liquor. to an absorption tower, where it is fortified with
We now have new cooking liquor which is called sulphur dioxide from the pressure relief of the
white liquor, although it is really slightly yellow. digester as well as from the burner. The raw acid
The washed lime mud is burnt in a lime kiln at is cleaned by sedimentation and filtering before
high temperature to produce burnt lime once being pumped to the pressure accumulators in
again. the digester house. There it is further fortified
with sulphur dioxide and cooking acid from the
The lime kiln normally uses fuel oil, but several
process.
mills also use bark or wood residues as fuel. This
fuel is first dried and then pulverized or de-
gasified before being fed into the kiln. The lime
kiln is a large, horizontal steel cylinder with a dia-
meter of 2-4 meters and a length of 40-120 me-
ters. The cylinder is rotating 2-3 revolutions per
minute and slope 2-3° towards the burner.
6
Process Information
Valve selection in general Switching valves for spent liquor. These valves
Rotary control and on-off valves have been used are exposed to full stroke operations as often as
in almost every type of pulping installation since 1 time/120 seconds (262 800 times per year).
they were introduced in the beginning of the This together with heavy vibrations and pressure
1950’s. High capacity combined with easy au- shocks require very good valves. Double
tomation and maintenance have been the key eccentric butterfly valves with metallic seats and
factors to the success. metaloplastic bearings are used.
See valve B.
In the digester area the flanged, full-bore type
ball valve has great advantages due to its high Valves for flashing of black liquor to the flash
capacity and good resistance to stress from pi- tanks are mounted on flanges welded straight
peline. If the flowing media includes chips, stones to these tanks. When sizing the valves it must
or similar items, the use of metal seated valves be taken into consideration that the medium is
is common. in a two-phase condition. I.e. a mixture of black
liquor and steam. The flow to each tank is often
The consistency of pulp is one criterion in valve split up to 25% through one valve and 75%
selection. Shut-off valves for pulp consistencies through the other to be able to handle
of 5% or more should be full-bore valves. In fluctuations at start up etc.
control duty, the ball sector valve has almost For handling the liquid direct from the digesters
become standard. This valve type gives the op- are often full-bore ball valves with stellite seat
timal trim form to avoid clogging and dewatering rings used. Butterfly valves with metallic seats
of the pulp. are often used for the liquid from tank 1 to tank
2.
Metal seated butterfly valves do an excellent job See valve C.
in steam control and even in some steam shut-
off service. These valves are also becoming com-
mon in the air evacuation, liquor fill and liquor The blow valve controls the level in the digester.
circulation. It works under very hard flow conditions. The
pressure drop can be up to 22 bar at a tempera-
Valve selection for special application ture of 160-180 °C. The pulp contains knots,
Batch digester (Figure 2) stones, etc, which wear-out the valves fast (6-
The blow service is one of the most severe valve 30 months). Ball valves with cylindrical bore and
applications. The sudden release of energy when locked stellite seat rings are used. Stellited outlet
the valve opens creates high flow velocities and or ceramic sleeves can prolong the life-time.
in many cases a severe blow line shock in the See valve D (the valves are used one at a time).
line. This line shock creates high peak impact to
the blow valves for the other digesters connected
to the same manifold. A full bore ball valve with
reinforced ball and locked stellite seat rings is Bleaching plant (Figure 4)
often used for this on/off service. In modern MC (medium consistency) bleaching
See valve A. plants are the control valves mounted directly
on the mixing pumps. Ballsector valves are used,
Continuous digester (Figure 3) some applications can require valves with larger
The valve for feeding of MP-steam is a part of outlet than the standard valves’.
the safety system for the digester. The valve must See valve A and B.
close if the pressure in the digester exceeds the
allowed pressure. Full-bore ball valve with stel- Ballsector valves in titanium or other special
lite seat rings is used. The valve has a spring alloys can be used for the chlorine service.
return actuator, spring to close and could be See valve B.
locked in closed position.
See valve A.
7
Process Information
Evaporation plant (Figure 5)

The black liquor is basically waste liquor from
the digester and other processes. It´s a
combination of lignin, spent chemicals and water.
The black liquor prior to evaporation can be
handled with double eccentric butterfly valves.
See valve A.
Liquid leaving the evaporation section can have

a high solid content up to 70% combined with
salt cake and sulphur. Here the full-bore type of
ball valve with locked stellite seat is often
selected.
See valve B.
Butterfly valves can be used for control service

up to 45-50% solids.
White liquor preparation (Figure 7)

Here you find very erosive valve services.
Ballsector valves with stellite seats are often used
for green liquor.
See valve A.
For not clarified green liquor and lime sludge,

full-bore ball valves with stellite ball and seat
could be required.
See valve B and C.
Lime mud control is one of the most erosive

services. Ball valve with ceramic lining could be
used here.
See valve D.
8
Process Information
Mechanical pulping
Mechanical pulping is the name used for In a TMP-plant for newsprint pulp, the chips are
groundwood pulps and all kinds of refiner pulps. preheated in a silo with steam. After washing,
Groundwood pulp is produced by grinding they are drained as they travel through a screw
spruce logs. These are held against a rotating into a preheater. This preheater is at atmospheric
grindstone that is sprayed with water. Refiner pressure and gives the chips a temperature of
pulps are produced mainly from chips of spruce, 90 °C. The chips are then fed by a screw to the
but some hard-woods and pines may also be plug screw situated prior to the refiner. This plug
used. In this case, the chips are ground between screw seals off the system from the atmosphere
rotating and stationary steel discs with suitable and the chips are preheated with steam before
patterns. The chips may be heated or chemically entering the refiner’s screw feeder. The refined
treated before refining. Water is added to pulp, along with the generated process steam,
produce a suitable consistency in the refiner. is blown into a pressurised cyclone, where steam
is separated off. The pulp is screwed out into
After grinding or refining, the pulp must be an atmospheric tank below. Here, the fibres are
cleaned by screening and centricleaning. The allowed to rest in warm water for a few minutes,
reject fraction which is obtained must be so that the pulp recovers its natural elasticity.
upgraded before pulp can be pumped to the The tank is called the latency tank.
paper mill. Sometimes, the brightness must be
raised by bleaching. In the CTMP-plant, the chips are deareated,
washed and drained as in the TMP-plant. They
are then impregnated with 2% sodium sulphite
at the point where the chip plug starts to expand
Grinding after leaving the plug screw in the pressurised
The grinding process is simple compared to presteaming vessel.
chemical pulping. Debarked, green wood is pres-
sed against a rotating grindstone. Fibres, shives Most TMP and CTMP plants built today are two-
and shower water are collected in a pit below stage refining. The plate gap in the second stage
the stone, from where the fibre suspension is refiners is rather small if the refiners of both sta-
coarsely screened. The splinters and pieces of ges are operated at the same chip flow and motor
wood removed are then treated in a hammer mill load. Refiners are, therefore, normally built either
or refiner and returned to the unscreened pulp. in groups of four primary and three secondary
Filtrate water is circulated back to the grinder. refiners, or three primary and two secondary
refiners. The first stage refiners are pressurised
The magazine grinder is the most widely used and the second stage refiners are atmospheric.
type of grinder. The debarked logs are fed from
open boxes and pressed against the stone by
hydraulic pistons. The grinders are usually placed Screening
in pairs, with one motor driving each pair. The The purpose of mechanical pulp screening is to
grindstones are constructed from curved separate off and concentrate, shives and long,
ceramic blocks bolted to a concrete cylinder. stiff fibres in need of further mechanical
treatment. The screen rejects are dewatered and
refined. The refined rejects are fed into the
unscreened main flow from the refiners. All reject
Refining is re-introduced after being treated this way.
A disc refiner consists, in principle, of two discs
with patterned surface, a drive motor and arr- The screen accepts are pumped to a battery of
angements for feeding chips into the space centricleaners arranged in cascade on the reject
between the discs. The plant can be side. This process removes small shives,
supplemented with equipment for treating the sawdust, bark, sand and grit. Some centricleaner
chips with steam - TMP - and chemicals - CTMP rejects are pumped to the rejects refiner.
9
Process Information
Bleaching
Bleaching mechanical pulp does not involve lig- The consistency of pulp is one criterion in valve
nin removal as the bleaching of chemical pulp. If selection. Shut-off valves for pulp concentrations
brightness has to be increased by only a few of 5% or more should be full-bore valves. In
units, as in some magazine papers, it may be control duty, the ball sector valve has almost
bleached with dithionite (Na2S2O4). Before such become standard. This valve type gives the op-
bleaching, the pH must be raised to at least 6.5 timal trim form to avoid clogging and dewatering
and metal ions in the pulp must be sequestered of the pulp. If the flowing media includes chips,
by adding a complexing agent. stones or similar items, the use of metal seated
valves is common.
Dithionite is mixed into the pulp at the bottom of
a upflow tower. Stock consistency is round 4%
and the temperature up to 75 °C. No washing is
required after bleaching. Valve selection for special applications
When the throttling differential pressure is high,
Bleaching with peroxide (H2O2) in one or two sta- i.e. for pressure control in (C)TMP-refiners, low-
ges is necessary when a large increase in noise ball valves are recommended. NAF-Trim-
brightness is needed. Sodium hydroxide must ball provides gradual pressure reduction which
be added with the peroxide to raise the pH and solves many of the problems with noise,
set off desired chemical reactions in the pulp cavitation and erosion.
suspension. Sodium silicate is added to buffer
the pH and to prevent decomposition of per-
oxide, which has a tendency to decompose into
oxygen and water. The heavy metal ions must
also be sequestered by complexing agents. Per-
oxide remaining in the pulp after bleaching is
recovered by pressing the pulp to a high dryness
after the bleaching tower. The water pressed out
contains the residual peroxide, which is
recirculated to the process in counter current and
is used as dilution water. Fresh bleaching
chemicals are added in a MC-mixer before the
bleaching tower.
Valve selection in general

Most applications for mechanical pulping are not
subject to the demanding fluids and environment
encountered in chemical pulping. Two valve
types - butterfly valves and ball sector valves -
can serve the majority of the applications,
including steam. Metal seated butterfly valves
do an excellent job in steam control and even in
some steam shut-off service.
10
Process Information
Paper making
Paper is manufactured by mixing fibres in water Waste paper is dumped from a conveyor belt
and pretreating - beating - them in suitable ways. into the pulper. Backwater from the paper
The resulting stuff is diluted with the circulating machine is added continuously for consistency
process water from the paper machine and is adjustment to 3-5%. Sometimes chemicals are
ejected as stock at about 0.5% consistency on added. Heavy contaminants are sluiced out from
to an endless, permeable metal or plastic fabric a scrap pocket, but light contaminants concent-
on which it is uniformly distributed. The fabric is rate in the middle of the pulper and are removed
called the wire. The speed of the wire is adapted by means of a deragger rope. The pulp goes from
to the velocity of the stock hitting it. the pulper to the beater chest for consistency
adjustment, and is pumped from there through
As the water is drained and sucked away, the the thick pulp cleaner to the deinking vessel(s).
sheet begins to form on the wire. Dry content Deinking is fundamentally a laundering process
increases to about 20% at the point where the similar to washing cloths and ink, resin, is remo-
wire turns back and the sheet is transferred to ved from the fibres by means of adding different
the presses. From the wire the sheet is transfer- chemicals like surfactant (detergent), caustic
red on to press felts, which carry it into nips soda, sodium peroxide and sodium silicate
between rotating rolls, where more water is pres- (Na2SiO3). After the deinking the pulp is washed
sed out and the dry content is raised to 35-50%. and sometimes bleached with hydrogen per-
The remaining water is then removed by one or oxide (H202) and screened. The final preparation
more steam-heated cylinders, resulting in a final takes place in the thickener where the pulp is
dryness of 90-95%. dewatered to required consistency.
Stock preparation
To yield strong paper the virgin pulp has to be
treated so that the fibres can absorb more water
and can bond more easily. Disc and conical
refiners are used for beating in the stock prepa-
ration plant. Mechanical pulp is not beaten as it
already has adequate sheet-building properties.
Neither are recycled fibres beaten as they are
Pulping and deinking already refined.
Mills that are not integrated with a pulp mill buy
their pulp in bales that are slushed in a pulper so After refining, the stock is diluted and different
that the fibres can be pumped to a high-density types of stock are mixed. Broke as well as
storage tower. Recycled waste is also supplied additives may also be introduced. This mixing
in bales and is slushed, but has to be cleaned takes place continuously in proportion to the
after slushing far more carefully then baled pulp. main flow. Stock consistency is adjusted to about
Deinking may also be necessary. 3% in the machine chest.
A common type of pulper has the shape of a

hemispherical tank with a screw rotor and an
extractor plate at the bottom. Screening
After the stock preparation the stock has to be
A system for pulping, refining and deinking of cleaned from contaminants such as plastics and
waste paper consists of a continuous pulper, a sand that might have entered the furnish and
high-density cleaner to separate the coarse from metal particles from the beating equipment.
contaminants, a deinking and a fiberizer that can Furthermore, the stock has to be diluted to the
break up fibre knots and remove plastics and consistency required in the headbox, maybe 0.2-
minor contaminants. 0.4%.
11
Process Information
The additives common for most paper grades Paper machines can also be classified according
are rosin size to make the paper less water ab- to the design of the dryer section:
sorbent and alum (aluminium sulphate) to help
the size particles adhere to the fibres. Starches Multi-cylinder machines with many drying
are added to increase the strength and stiffness cylinders, 40-100, with diameters of 1.5-1.8
of the paper. Fillers such as kaolin and chalk are meters
used primarily in fine paper and at proportions
Yankee machines with one dryer, 4-7 meters
up to 30%. There are also other additives such
in diameter
as dyes, de-foamers and retention aids. All
additives are proportioned to the main flow and Combined machines with one or two multi-
added at different points in the approach flow, cylinder sections and a Yankee dryer
depending on weather an early or later effect is
required.
Paper machine Paper grades

All paper machines consist of the following main Newsprint
sections: Newsprint is an unsized printing paper mainly
containing mechanical pulp. TMP or stone
The forming section, where the stock is groundwood pulp (SGW) offer high opacity and
dewatered through one or two wires to a dry rapid absorption of printing ink. The addition of
content of about 20%.This section consists 10-20% CTMP pulp increase the strength of the
of a headbox, a wire section and a backwater paper. The thinner the paper, the more
system. reinforcement pulp must be added. Fillers are
sparsely used. If sulphite pulp is being used for
The press section, where the sheet is
reinforcement, some talc may be added to
dewatered by pressing to a dry content of up
reduce pitch problems.
to 50%. This section consists of press rolls in
different configurations and is also connected
The chemical pulp, as well as slushed broke and
to the backwater system.
recycled fibres, are proportioned to the main flow
The dryer section, where the sheet is dried of mechanical pulp. A bleaching chemical may
on one or several cylinders to equilibrium with be added to the mixing chest. Most modern
the surrounding air, i.e. normally 90-95% newsprint machines have twin-wire units.
dryness.
Magazine paper
Paper machines can be grouped into basic types
Magazine paper is manufactured with a high
depending on the design of the forming section:
content of mechanical pulp and 6-30% fillers. It
Fourdrinier machines, where the sheet can be coated or uncoated, but it is always
forming and dewatering take place on a flat, supercalendered. It is often produced on origi-
horizontal wire with drainage elements nal newsprint machines with a Fourdrinier wire
underneath that scrape and suck water from or on hybrids.
the forming sheet on the wire.
Twin-wire machines, where the stock is fed Light-weight coated (LWC)
in between two wires - often upwards - and LWC is a coated paper with about 60% bleached
the dewatering takes place in one or two mechanical pulp as base and the balance of
directions. bleached kraft. Filler in the broke gives ash
contents of about 6%. It is produced on high-
Hybrid machines, that have a Fourdrinier wire
speed, twin-wire machines and normally coated
for initial drainage and a top wire for further
on the machine with one blade on each side.
drainage.
12
Process Information
Fine paper Kraft paper

Fine paper is often described as a range of Kraft is the collective name for paper
writing and printing paper of high quality manufactured of unbleached softwood sulphate
manufactured of bleached chemical pulp. Gene- pulp - kraft pulp. It is the strongest paper that
rally the amount of mechanical pulp is limited to can be produced and includes paper for multi-
10%. White filler, i.e. kaolin, improves opacity ply sacks, single-wall bags, wrapping paper, OTC
and surface uniformity and sometimes also (one-time carbon) and cable paper.
brightness.
Sack paper is made of pure unbleached
The different pulps are treated separately in dif- softwood sulphate pulp of the highest possible
ferent stock preparation lines. Fillers and yield. Small amounts of rosin, alum and starch
additives help the production. The addition of are added. The stock is prepared in two stages
size makes the paper less water-absorbent, but - a high-consistency stage with HC refiners and
not water-proof. Sizing can take place in acid a low-consistency stage. Sack paper is normally
conditions with rosin size and alum, or in slightly manufactured on Fourdrinier machines.
alalkaline systems with starch and polymers.
With acid sizing at a pH below 5, kaolin must be Wrapping paper is manufactured on Fourdrinier
used as a filler because the alternative filler, machines with a Yankee dryer. One side of the
calcium carbonate, dissolves in acid backwater. paper adheres to the Yankee and receives its
Kaolin is more expensive than carbonate, i.e. characteristic glossy surface. OTC is also made
limestone, chalk or marble. Chalk gives a matt, on Yankee machines from unbleached softwood
bright paper. Titanium dioxide is a white filler with and hardwood pulp in about equal amounts.
very high light refraction. Modified starches can Cable paper is used for insulating electrical
be added to increase the strength of the paper cables and is manufactured of extremely pure
unbleached softwood pulp, which is used with
In fine paper manufacturing, there are two types de-ionised mill water.
of machines used:
Fast hybrid or two-wire machines for bulk

Tissue
grades
Tissue is creped paper for household use and
Small specialized machines producing a for sanitary purposes. Only chemical softwood
range of high-grade papers. Fourdrinier pulp is used for the highest grades as this gives
machines are common in this application. soft and strong paper with very good absorp-
tion properties. Thoroughly deinked and cleaned
Surface application of starch or starch mixed with
recycled fibres from mainly newsprint waste can
fillers or other coating materials can be
be used up to 80-90% with some reinforcement
implemented in several ways in sections before
of CTMP pulp.
the after-dryer and size press. To avoid starch
deposits on later rolls, an infrared dryer can be
Modern tissue machines are fast Yankee designs
installed before the after-dryer.
with a roll former. Creping is performed by
The paper is supercalendered for a high gloss doctoring the paper off a Yankee dryer.
or calendered by a matt calender for matt paper.
13
Process Information
Board and cartonboard Valve selection for special applications

The top ply on folding boxboard is usually made (see encl. Fig. 9)
of bleached softwood and hardwood sulphate The stock preparation process includes several
pulps. If there is an underliner, groundwood pulp consistency control loops with water dilution
is often used. A special coarse mechanical pulp valves. A perfect application for ball sector
is used in the middle plies. valves. In many cases the final furnish of the
paper machine is a mix of different pulps. They
The operation of the stock preparation plant in a are mixed in a stock blending system, where the
board mill producing multi-layer is a complicated flow of each pulp line is controlled by ratio con-
process. Many different kinds of stock are made trollers. This control loop requires high
with different treatments and additives. repeatability and accuracy - another perfect
application for ball sector valves.
Board and cartonboard are manufactured on See valve A.
cylinder vat or Fourdrinier machines, or on
combinations of these two. The classic method In vacuum service, line dimensions are large and
is to produce board on cylinder mouldes, a butterfly valve is the most economical final
because originally thick sheets could not be control element. The same applies to large sizes
made on Fourdrinier wires. in screening, centricleaning and where the stock
consistency is below 5%. Butterfly valves can
Glazed board is hardboard used for construction also be used for shut-off and control of steam.
purposes. Like cable paper, it is made of See valve B.
unbleached sulphate paper of high purity. The
wet sheets are pressed under high pressure into The demands of basis weight control are so
board with good mechanical properties. It is used critical that in most cases pneumatic actuators
in suitcases, shoes, car door liners, back of TV and positioners do not provide the accuracy
sets, etc. Container board is often called solid needed. For this important control loop a step
board and is usually waxed or plastic laminated, motor driven special designed actuator in
and is first glued together from sheets of 350- combination with a ball sector valve is
1200 g/m2. The glue functions as moisture barrier. recommended. This combination offers high
Postcard board is the collective name for a accuracy and movements without hysteresis.
number of bleached, coated boards for high- See valve C.
class printing within a very wide grammage
range. Two layers are often glued together with Careful consideration must be given to valve
the coated sizes outwards. selection for additives used in the paper
production. Fillers, like clay, cause wear and ero-
sion. These services require a hard-facing op-
tion for metal seated ball sector valves or valves
The majority of paper mill applications are not
with ceramic inserts. When designing these
subject to the demanding fluids and environment
control loops the differential pressure and the
encountered in pulp mills. Two valve types -
flow velocity should be kept low.
butterfly valves and ball sector valves - can serve
See valve D.
the majority of paper mill applications, including
steam. Paper mills can make remarkable savings
in their valve selection by concentrating on these
two types and use the same type of actuators
and positioners on all valves.
When the throttling differential pressure is high,

low-noise ball valves are recommended. NAF-
Trimball provides gradual pressure reduction
which solves many of the problems with noise,
cavitation and erosion.
14
Process Information
General services
Water system
The pulp and paper industry uses large quantities The selection of a satisfactory waste treatment
of water - the consumption could be as high as system for a mill has become just as important
500 m 3/ton bleached paper. Although some to its economic health as other primary factors
water can be used directly from its source in such such as adequate wood, transportation, good
areas as turbine condensers and log flumes, water, and qualified personnel.
much of the water must be conditioned in some
way before use. Waste water treatment is usually accomplished
by some combination of the following proces-
Water treatment processes and equipment vary
ses:
widely from mill to mill, depending not only on
the quality of the source, but also on the quality
Recovery of fibres by filtration, normally in disc
of the water required by the product being
filters
manufactured. Nearly all surface water and some
ground water supplies are turbid and coloured Primary treatment by coagulation and sedi-
by finely divided suspended matter. These mentation to remove suspended matter
impurities are usually of such nature that even Secondary treatment by one of a number of
after extended periods of time, they will not settle biological processes, such as activated
out completely. The most common method of sludge filter, to remove oxygen demanding
removing these impurities is by coagulation, material.
followed by sedimentation and filtration.
Lagooning for final settling and polishing
Coagulation is the addition of chemicals, usually
alum, under controlled pH conditions, to remove The activated sludge process is a biological pro-
finely divided or colloidal suspended matter. The cess in which nonsettling substances occurring
introduction of the coagulant chemical affects in dissolved and colloidal form are converted by
the surface charge of the particles causing them micro-organisms to a settling form. The settled
to come together into large, dense masses called material that develops is called activated sludge.
floc, which will settle out more readily. Aeration is necessary as the bacteria and other
Coagulation is followed by sedimentation, where micro-organisms which make the sludge must
under quiescent conditions most of the floc sett- have oxygen for their life processes. The aerated
les out, the remainder to be removed by filtration. mixture passes a final settling tank in which the
Filtration removes the remaining flocculent ma- activated sludge is separated, leaving a clear
terial - slit, clay and algae. Filtration consists of liquid to be discharged to the receiving water
passing the water through a bed of sand and course.
gravel. The filtered water then flows to a clear
well, to be stored until demanded by the pro-
cess.
Waste water treatment

During the early days of the pulp and paper
industry, the discharge of untreated effluent was
tolerated because of the relatively small volumes
involved and the ability of the water ways to
easily assimilate these flows. But times have
changed. In recent years, with rapid expansion
of the industry and increasing competition for
the use of our rivers and streams, this practice
has become unacceptable. Encouraged by the
public and enlightened management, the paper
industry has increased its emphasis on the
treatment of its effluents.
15
Process Information
Air system
Air is used to manoeuvre and control many
systems in the pulp and paper industry. Some
examples are the head box pressure, the
pressure between the rolls in the paper machine,
discharge from the chlorine tanks, aeration of
lagoons, etc, etc.
Another area where air still is used is for

manoeuvring final control elements such as
control valves. Even if most of the instrumenta-
tion is electronic, most of the valves use
pneumatic actuators.
Most mills operate two independent air systems.
One for process equipment requiring
compressed lubricated air - process air, and
another for instrumentation requiring dry, clean
non-lubricated air - instrument air.

Two valve types - butterfly valves and ball valves
- can serve the majority of the general service
applications. Butterfly valves, metal seated or
soft seated, do an excellent job in the water and
waste water treatment plants, while ball valves
could be used for almost all applications for
sealing water, cooling water, process air, instru-
ment air, etc.
NAF AB
SE-581 87 Linköping
Sweden
Visiting address: Gelbgjutaregatan 2
Telephone +46 (0)13 31 61 00

Facsimile +46 (0)13 13 60 54
Telex 50069
A Siebe Group Company
16
Chemical Pulping
Wood
Wood handling
White liquor
Cooking
Black
Liquor
Washing Evaporation
Steam
Screening Recovery boiler
Washing White liquor pre.
Bleaching
Pulp to paper mill or

dewatering/drying.
Figure 1
Batch digester (Sulphate)
Vent. (Turpentine)
Steam Gas relief
Wood Chips
Black Liquor
Top circ.
Digester
Heat Steam
Suction
exch.
Condensate
Bottom. circ.
Black
Steam White Liquor
Pulp
A
Blow line
Figure 2
Continuous Digester
Steam A
Top circ.
Digester Heat Steam
Impregnation exch.
Condensate
vessel B
Suction
Flashtanks
Wood chips
B C C
1 2
C C
Steaming
White Liquor
Black Liquor (washing)
Steam D
Pulp
Blow line
D
Figure 3
Bleaching
C Washing E H D E D
Washing
Washing
Washing
Washing
Washing
B A B B A A
Pulp
Mixer Mixer Mixer Mixer Mixer Mixer Bleached pulp
Chlorine Alkali Hypochlorite Chlorine Dioxid Alkali Chlorine Dioxid
Figure 4
Evaporation
Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam

Steam
1 2 3 4 5
Black Liq. Black Liq. Black Liq.
Soap-
Thick Black Liquor (to Recovery Boiler) Pine soap
separation
Thin Black Liquor (from Washing)
Figure 5
Recovery Boiler
Thick Black Liquor (from Evaporation)
Water
Recovery Boiler Steam
Sodium Sulphate
Weak Liquor
Smelt (Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Sulphide) Smelter
Green Liquor (to White Liq. prep.)
Figure 6
White Liquor preparation
Green Liquor
B
Green Liq. Clarifier
Burnt Lime
Causticizing Weak Liquor
Calcium Carbonate Lime Mud

C D
Clarifier Washing Lime Kiln
Oil
White Liquor
Figure 7
Mechanical Pulping
MP
Wood Pulp
Wood handling Refining Screening Bleaching
TMP
Wood Pulp
Wood handling Pre-heating Refining Screening Bleaching
CTMP
Wood Pulp
Wood handling Impregnation Pre-heating Refining Screening Bleaching
Figure 8
Paper making
Steam and condensate
system
NAF-Setball
Stellite seat
Pulp
Paper machine
Stock prepar. Screening Stock dosing and Forming Press Dryer Surface sizing Dryer Paper
short circulation C section section section I section section II
NAF-Setball NAF-Setball NAF-Setball
Stellite seat PTFE seat PTFE seat
NAF-Setball NAF-Setball NAF-Setball NAF-Setball NAF-Setball
PTFE seat PTFE seat PTFE seat Stellite seat PTFE seat
A
D
Vacuum
system B
NAF-Torex
PTFE-seat
Chemical
White water preparation
system NAF-Setball
NAF-Setball, -Torex Stellite seat
PTFE-seat
Broke
system
NAF-Setball, -Torex
PTFE-seat
Figure 9
1 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
General Valve Selection Guide
P&P Applications
The recommendations are intended to give only a general indication on which valve types to use. Each valve has to be selected for the specific application.
NAF AB reservs the right to make modifications without prior notice. Pressure/temperature limits according to the data sheet.
Fluid M O C Valve type DN/Size Pressure Max.temp. Materials: Data sheet Remark
class oC Body Trim Seat no.
Acetone x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 PTFE Fk 41.42
x x NAF-Triball ball valve DN 10-100 PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A276 T316 PTFE Fk 25.622
Acetylene x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Air (Process) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 48
x x NAF-Triball ball valve DN 10-100 PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A276 T316 PTFE Fk 25.622 48
Air (Instrument air) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 2
Air (Vacuum) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 1
x x x NAF-Torex/Unex butterfly valve DN80-1000/3"-40" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 PTFE Fk 41.42 1
Air (Service air - not dry) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 2
Air (Oilmixed) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 44
Alum x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Aluminium acetate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Aluminium chloride x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Hastelloy C Hastelloy C PTFE Fk 41.51 20
x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 Hastelloy C Hastelloy C PTFE Fk 41.61 20
Aluminium nitrate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Aluminium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 50
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.61 50
Aluminium hydroxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 53
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61
Ammonia, gas x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 43
Ammonium bisulphide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61
M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

2 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Aniline x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 32
Argon x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 PTFE Fk 41.42
x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Backwater- see White water
Barium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M Hcr Stellite Fk 41.51 52
Black liquor, <45% x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 Inconel Fk 41.42
x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.61
Black liquor, >45% x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 25
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 25
Butyl acetate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Calcium bisulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Calcium carbonate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Calcium chloride x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Hastelloy C Hastelloy C PTFE Fk 41.51
Calcium hydroxide x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Hastelloy C Hastelloy C PTFE Fk 41.51
Calcium nitrate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Calcium stearate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Calcium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Carbonic acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 39
Carbon dioxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Carbon monoxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51

3 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Casein solution x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 32
Chlor gas, dry x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 14
Chlor gas, wet x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Titanium Titanium PTFE Fk 41.51
Chloric acid x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Titanium Titanium PTFE Fk 41.51
Chlorine dioxide gas, dry x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 29
Chlorine dioxide gas, wet x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Titanium Titanium PTFE Fk 41.51
Chlorine water x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Titanium Titanium PTFE Fk 41.51 28
Clay x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 5
Colour x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 32
Combustion air x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Condensate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 36
x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 36
x NAF-Triball ball valve DN 10-100 PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A276 T316 PTFE Fk 25.622 36
Condensate - sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Condensate - sulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Condensate - turpentine x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 45
Defomers x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Detergents x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Diesel oil x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Dispersing agent x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 2
Dye x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 2

4 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Fatty acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Ferrous nitrate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Ferrous sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Feed water x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Formalin x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Fuel oil x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Glue x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 3
Glycerine x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Glucose x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Glyco x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Green liquor x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 26
Hardening agent x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Hydrochloric acid x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Hastelloy C Hastelloy C PTFE Fk 41.51
Hydrogen peroxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 4
Hydrogen sulphide,
dry gas 4% x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Hydrosulphuric acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Hydrazine x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 31

5 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Latex Acryl/PVAL x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Latex SB x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Lime and green liquor x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M Stellite Stellite Fk 41.61 26
Lime sludge x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 24
Lime milk x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 5
Lime mud x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M Stellite Stellite Fk 41.61 5
Lubricating oil x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Magnesium bisulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Magnesium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Magnesium sulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Nitrogen, clean x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Nitrogen, oilmixed x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Nitric acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 39
Nitrous acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 39
NSSC liquor x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Optical brightener x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Oxygen, gas x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 13
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 PTFE Fk 41.42 13
Ozone x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 13
x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 230 A351 CF8M SS2324 PTFE Fk 41.42 13

6 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Paraffine x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Phosphoric acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 39
Pine oil x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium bicarbonate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium carbonate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium chlorate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium hydroxide x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 27
Potassium nitrate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium permanganate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Potassium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Pulp x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 7, 6b
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.61 7, 6b
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 350 A351 CF8M SS2324 Inconel Fk 41.42 7, 6a
x Knife gate valve
Pulp (Stock/Broke) x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 6b, 12
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.61 6b, 12
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 350 A351 CF8M SS2324 Inconel Fk 41.42 6a, 12
x Knife gate valves
Red liquor x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Reject x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M Hcr Stellite Fk 41.51 7
Retention aids x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Rosin x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 51
Sequesting agent x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 8

7 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Sewage x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Sewage, cleaned x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Size x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Soap x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium acetate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium aluminate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Sodium bicarbonate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium bisulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 19
Sodium bisulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Sodium carbonate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 40
Sodium chlorate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium hypochlorite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 Titanium Titanium PTFE Fk 41.51 46
Sodium hydrosulfite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 16
Sodium hydroxide x x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium nitrate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium peroxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 9
Sodium phosphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51

8 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Sodium silicate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium sulphate x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sodium sulphite x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Starch x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Steam x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 350 A351 CF8M SS2324 Inconel Fk 41.42
x NAF-Trimball low noise ball valve DN50-200/2"-8" PN10-40 250 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.65
x NAF Globe and Wedge gate valves Contact NAF AB
Sulphate liquor x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.61 21, 23
Sulphate soap x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sulphur dioxide gas, dry x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 54
Sulphur dioxide liquid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Sulphurous acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 10
Sulphite cooking liquor x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr/St. PTFE/Stel. Fk 41.61 18
Talc slurry x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Tempering agent x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 32
Titanium dioxide slurry x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 5
Trichlorethylene x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Turpentine x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 45
Ventilation air x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51

9 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Water x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
x x NAF-Trimball low noise ball valve DN50-200/2"-8" PN10-40 250 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.65
Water, chem. purified x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, demineralised x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, drinking x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, fire fighting x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, mech. cleaned x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, raw x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Water, softened x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Waste water, alkaline x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Waste water, fibrous x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51
Waste water, mud x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51

10 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Waste water, acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
Wax x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M HCr Stellite Fk 41.51 11
White liquor x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 22
x x x NAF-Duball ball valve full bore DN25-500/1"-20" PN10-40 200 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.61 22
White water x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
White water, acid x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 15
x x x NAF-Torex butterfly valve DN80-500/3"-20" PN10-40 350 A351 CF8M SS2324 Inconel Fk 41.42 15
White water, alkaline/neutr. x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51
White water, chloride stage x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 41
White water, chlorine dioxide x x NAF-Setball ball sector valve DN25-400/1"-16" PN10-40 225 A351 CF8M A351 CF8M PTFE Fk 41.51 41

11 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Remarks
Remark
1. Stainless steel valves with PTFE seats are recommended and standard NAF ball valves/ball sector valves/butterfly valves with O-ring stem seal may be used down to 0.3 bar pressure.
2. Select valves in stainless steel in order to prevent impurities by rust.
3. Glue can in cold and undiluted condition need steam jacketed valves.
4. Hydrogen peroxide is slowly disintegrated into water and oxygen in contact with stainless steel. This process gives an increase in volume and cavities must therefore be avoided. Ball valves
must have a cavity relief - a hole drilled in the up stream part of the ball.
5. For very erosive service select NAF-Duball with ceramic inserts.
6a. Butterfly valves can be used for screened pulp up to a consistency of 3%.
6b. Use seat rings in Stellite for unscreened pulp containing impurities. Full bore ball valves are recommended for pulp containing impurities.
7. For pulp and white water containing chlorine or chloride dioxide the pH-value can vary. With a pH over 3 valves made of stainless steel A351 CG8M can be used and with a pH over 5 valves in
stainless steel A351 CF8M can be used. O-rings in FPM (Viton) are recommended. Ball sector valves and butterfly valves for pump control, use metal-o-plastic bearings.
8. Up to a consistency of 5% valves with seat rings in PTFE will work. Above 5% seat rings in Stellite are recommended.
9. Ball valves must have a cavity relief.
10. For sulphuric acid with a consistency of more than 96%
Alloy
and20,
a temperature
Sandvik 2RK65,
of max.
and40
similar,
°C/104 can
°F be
valves
usedinfor
stainless
all concentrations
steel A351 but
CF8Mwithcan
a limitation
be used.regarding
Valves made
the temperature.
of stainless steel type
11. Steam jacketed valves are normally needed for wax.
12. Ground wood pulp may have long fibres. For paper machine applications full bore valves or polished butterfly valves may be used.
13. Valves to be used for oxygen service must be cleaned and degreased. High velocity during a long period must be avoided. Carbon steel valves may be used but as rust is difficult to avoid
after degreasing stainless steel valves are mostly preferred. For Ozon contact NAF AB.
14. Dry chlorine gas with a maximum water content of 150 ppm (150 mg per kg chlorine).
15. Valves with O-ring stem seal may have O-rings of FPM (Viton), when the pH is less than 2.
16. The valves recommended can be used only if there is no air in the flow.
18. Valves made of stainless steel A351 CF8M and with PTFE or Stellite seat rings may normally be used for sulphite cooking liquor but if there is Cl2 and/or SO3 in the liquor more corrosion resistant
materials should be used. If the chloride content is more than 150 ppm ball valves with ball and seat rings in Stellite should be used. For higher contents than 400-500 ppm use Hastelloy C. If there
is risk for hard deposit (incrustings) use seat rings in Stellite and HCr or stellited ball. The actuator should be chosen with a 50% margin of torque due to risk for incrustings.
19. For sodium bisulphate with a consistency of more thanvalve
10%,instainless
A351 CF8Msteelwith
withaaball
higher
in Hastelloy
corrosionCresistance
may be used.
than A351 CF8M should be used. If some corrosion is acceptable, a ball
20. Aluminium chloride is highly corrosive in all concentrations and valves in Hastelloy C or PTFE lined valves are recommended.
21. For all kind of sulphate liquor ball valves with a full bore are recommended, but a reduced bore can in some applications be accepted.
22. Valves with seat rings in PTFE can normally be used for white liquor, but if there is still calcium carbonate in the liquor, valves with stellited seat rings are recommended.
23. Sulphate cooking liquor is a mixture of white liquor and weak liquor. Ball valves with stellited seat rings are normally used. A stellited ball is also preferred. If ball valves with seat rings of
PTFE are used, the seat rings must be of encapsulated design. Close to the digester only ball valves with stellited seat rings may be chosen.
24. Lime sludge mainly contains calcium carbonate but also alcalines and calcium hydroxide. Ball sector valves with seat rings in Stellite may be used.
25. For thick Black liquor >65%, full bore ball valves with locked seat rings in Stellite could be required.

12 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Remarks
Remark
26. Ball sector valves with seat rings in Stellite may be used for control. In some application there is a risk of erosion, why special designs must be selected. Acid cleaning - Ball valves with
stellite trim may be used.
27. Valves in A351 CF8M can be used if the consistency is maximum 25% at a temperature of maximum 100 °C/212 °F and maximum 50% at maximum 20 °C/68 °F.
28. For chlorine water with maximum 1 mg/l and a temperature
lined valves
of maximum
must be
20chosen.
°C/68 °F valves of stainless steel A351 CF8M can be used. For higher concentrations and temperatures PTFE-
29. For dry chlorine dioxide gas stainless steel can be used but the stem sealing should be of O-ring type. A leaking stuffing box is dangerous!
31. Hydrazine is not corrosive but in order to prevent impurities by rust stainless steel valves are often preferred.
32. The media is not corrosive but in order to prevent impurities by rust stainless steel valves are often preferred.
34. Blow valves of batch digesters connected to a blow tank must be of a specially strong design.
35. For low temperatures and moderate differential pressures ball sector or ball valves with Stellite seat rings are often used.
36. For clean condensate ball sector or ball valves with seat rings in PTFE can be used. Temperature limits according to data sheet. If the condensate
contains hard deposits valves with Stellite seat rings should be used.
37. For bleached pulp after the alkaline stage valves made of stainless steel A351 CF8M can be used but a trim made of A351 CG8M is sometimes recommended.
38. If the pH is less than 2, O-rings of FPM (Viton) can be used.
39. If the temperature is below 50 °C/122 °F and the pH is over 2, EPDM can be used. If the pH is less than 2, O-rings of FPM (Viton) can generally be used.
40. In most salt solutions (except chlorides) O-rings of EPDM can be used.
41. In white water, filtrate and pulp with chlorine or chlorine dioxide the pH-value can vary. With a pH over 3 valves made of stainless steel A351 CG8M can be used and with a pH over 5 valves of
A351 CF8M but with trims in A351 CG8M. O-rings must be of FPM (Viton).
42. For spent acid (H2SO4) are often valves of Titanium used between the reactor and the cistern but valves of Hastelloy C after the cistern.
43. A448For liquid ammonia (below -35 °C/-31 °F) impact tests are often required.
44. O-rings must be of FPM (Viton).
45. For turpentine and condensate or steam containing turpentine must have valves with O-rings of FPM (Viton) or PFM (Kalrez) ®.
46. For sodium hypochlorite small valve sizes made of Titanium are often chosen.
47. Valves of stainless steel can be used for dry chlorine but then with a seat ring in PTFE and O-rings as stem sealing.
48. For dried process air valves of stainless steel are recommended. Valves for air to empty Cl2, SO2 or H2SO4 systems can be of stainless steel type Alloy 20 or similar.
49. For sulphur dioxide water without chlorine valves of stainless steel Alloy 20 or similar can be used.
50. Ball valves with seat rings in Stellite are sometimes preferred for aluminium sulphate.
51. Up to a consistency of 5% ball valves with PTFE seat rings are often used. Above 5% ball valves with seat rings in Stellite are recommended.
52. Barium sulphate often exists as a slurry and ball valves with Stellite seat rings are recommended.
53. For aluminium hydroxide ball valves with seat rings in Stellite are often used.

13 (13)
Edition 1/1998-02-10
P&P Applications
Remarks
Remark
54. For air-free humid sulphur dioxide gas valves in stainless steel Alloy 20 or similar can be used, but if there is any risk for air to be mixed into the gas, valves of Hastelloy C or PTFE-lined
valves should be used.
Comments
Fluid Comment
Pulp Up to a consistency of 1.5 - 2% pulp behaves much like water. At higher consistencies, and especially at pressure drops below 0.8 bar, pulp will decrease the
valve capacity. At the same time the installed flow characteristic will be changed in a way that gives a flow maximum at an opening angle of 75 - 80 degrees.
In order to avoid problems, the valve must be sized taking these parameters into account.
Recycled fibre stock often contains contaminations - clay, chalk and other additives which cause wear when the flow velocity is high, tape, foil, polyethylene
and other stringy objects causing plugging or jamming of valves while starting to wind up in flow orifice, bailing wire, grit, staples and pins wear out valve seats
and causing leakage. Select valves with full bore and seats in Stellite for these conditions.
The noise level for pulp applications is normally 3-5 dB(A) lower than for water at the same conditions.

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Feel the Flow

and valve selection guide Pulp and Paper

Intelligent Flow Control

Pulp and paper

The batch cooking system has been developed

Bleaching (see encl. Fig. 4)

Evaporation (see encl. Fig. 5)

Pulp bleaching technology is currently being

Evaporation plant (Figure 5)

Liquid leaving the evaporation section can have

Butterfly valves can be used for control service

White liquor preparation (Figure 7)

For not clarified green liquor and lime sludge,

Lime mud control is one of the most erosive

Valve selection in general

A common type of pulper has the shape of a

Paper machine Paper grades

Fine paper Kraft paper

Fast hybrid or two-wire machines for bulk

Board and cartonboard Valve selection for special applications

When the throttling differential pressure is high,

Waste water treatment

Another area where air still is used is for

Valve selection in general

Telephone +46 (0)13 31 61 00

A Siebe Group Company

Washing White liquor pre.

Pulp to paper mill or

Digester Heat Steam

Chlorine Alkali Hypochlorite Chlorine Dioxid Alkali Chlorine Dioxid

Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam

Black Liq. Black Liq. Black Liq.

Thin Black Liquor (from Washing)

Thick Black Liquor (from Evaporation)

Recovery Boiler Steam

Green Liquor (to White Liq. prep.)

Green Liq. Clarifier

Causticizing Weak Liquor

Calcium Carbonate Lime Mud

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

M = Manual valve O = On/Off valve C = Control valve

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