Example (1)

• For the following modulating signal for

and

• What will be the essential bandwidth of the signal ?

• Estimate and ?
• What will happen if the amplitude of is doubled?

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 Example (1)

• Fourier series of can be found out as

where and

• Note that 3rd harmonic is only 11% of the fundamental and 5th
harmonic is only 4% of the fundamental.
– 3rd harmonic power is 1.21% and 5th harmonic is 0.16%
• It is justified to say that essential bandwidth of is within
its 3rd harmonic i.e.,

308201- Communication Systems 27

 Example (1)

• For FM:

So

Alternatively,

So

• Doubling the amplitude of

–
– Frequency deviation is doubles
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 Example (1)

• For PM:

So

Alternatively,

So

• Doubling the amplitude of

– is doubled
– Frequency deviation is doubles
308201- Communication Systems 29
 Example (2)

An angle modulated signal with carrier frequency

is described as

• Find the power of the modulating signal

• Find the frequency deviation
• Find the deviation ratio
• Find the phase deviation
• Estimate the bandwidth of

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 Example (2)
• Find the power of the modulating signal?
– The carrier amplitude is 10, and the power is

• To find frequency deviation ,

– Find the instantaneous frequency i.e.,

• The carrier deviation is

308201- Communication Systems 31
 Example (2)
• The two sinusoid will add in phase at some point and the
maximum value will be

• The deviation ratio

– The signal bandwidth is the highest frequency in

308201- Communication Systems 32

 Example (2)

• Find the phase deviation ?

– The angle can be expressed as

– The phase deviation is the maximum value of the

angle inside the parenthesis

• The estimated bandwidth of

308201- Communication Systems 33

 Generating FM Waves

• There are two ways of generating FM waves

– Indirect Method
– Direct Method
• We first discuss the NBFM generator that is utilized in the
indirect FM generation of WBFM signals.
– Generate NBFM first, then NBFM is frequency multiplied for targeted
.
• Good for the requirement of stable carrier frequency
• Commercial-level FM broadcasting equipment all use indirect
FM
• A typical indirect FM implementation: Armstrong FM

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 Narrow Band Angle Modulation
Generation
• Narrow-band FM:

• Narrow-band PM:

• The NBFM generation in this way will have

some distortion because of the
approximation.
– Output of the modulator has some
amplitude variations.

• A nonlinear device designed to limit the

amplitude of a bandpass signal can remove
this distortion. 308201- Communication Systems 35
 Bandpass Limiter
• The amplitude variations of an angle modulated carrier can be eliminated
by a bandpass limiter.
– It consists of a hard limiter and a bandpass filter

• The input-output characteristics of hard limiter is

• The output of the bandpass limiter to a sinusoid will be a square wave of

unit amplitude. Moreover, the zero crossings are preserved.

• Thus an angle modulated sinusoid input results in a constant

amplitude , angle modulated square wave
308201- Communication Systems 36
 Bandpass Limiter

• When is passed through a bandpass filter centered at

, the output is a angle modulated wave of constant
amplitude .
• Consider the incoming angle-modulated wave as

where
• The output of the hard limiter is either +1 or -1, depending on
the signal being positive or negative.

• Note that as a function of is a periodic square wave

function with period 308201- Communication Systems 37
 Bandpass Limiter

• We can expand using Fourier series as follows

• At any time ,

• The output of the limiter has the original FM wave plus frequency multiplied FM
waves with multiplication factors
• The signal is then passed though a bandpass filter centered at and a bandwidth

• The output of the bandpass filter is the desired angle modulated carrier with
constant amplitude.

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 Indirect Method: Armstrong

• The NBFM is converted to WBFM by using additional frequency

multipliers.
• A frequency multiplier can be recognized by a nonlinear device followed
by a bandpass filter.
• Consider a non-linear device whose output signal to input signal
is given by

• If the FM signal is passed through this device, the output signal will be

• A bandpass filter centered at will recover the FM signal with twice the
original instantaneous frequency.

308201- Communication Systems 39

 Indirect Method: Armstrong

• To generalize this concept, consider a nonlinear device characterized by

• If , then by using trigonometric

identities, we can show that

• The output will have spectra at with frequency deviation

respectively.
• A bandpass filter centered at can recover an FM signal whose
instantaneous frequency has been multiplied by a factor of .
• These devices (nonlinearity and bandpass filter) are called frequency
multipliers. 308201- Communication Systems 40
 Indirect Method: Armstrong

• For example, if we want a twelfth fold increase in the

frequency deviation
– Use a twelfth order nonlinear device.
– Two second order and one third order device in cascade.
• The output will then be passed through a bandpass filter
centered at
– The output of the bandpass filter will be an FM signal
whose carrier frequency as well as the frequency deviation
are 12 times the original values.
• Armstrong used this concept to proposed the indirect method
of generating WBFM signals.

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