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SYSTEM
BUDHA COLLEGE
OF
ARCHITECTURE
ACTIVE
FIRE
PROTECTION
SUBMITTED BY
GAURAV VASHISHTH
INTRODUCTION
FIRE SAFETY IS A SUBJECT CONNECTED NOT ONLY WITH HUMAN AND
PROPERTY SAFETY BUT IS RELATED WITH DESIGN OF BUILDINGS AND THEIR
SERVICES. FIRE ALTHOUGH A GOOD FRIEND OF HUMANITY, WHEN IT SPREADS
UN-CONTROLLED, IN BUILDINGS CAN BE VICIOUS ENEMY RESULTING IN HEAVY
LOSS OF PROPERTY AND LIVES.
THEREFORE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES, BOTH IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
AND IN COMMERCIAL/ INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES, HAVE ASSUMED A GREAT
ROLE IN RECENT YEARS IN OUR COUNTRY.
FIRE SCIENCE
FIRE IS THE PROCESS OF BURNING. IT IS INFACT A CHEMICAL REACTION
INITIATED BY PRESENCE OF HEAT ENERGY IN WHICH A SUBSTANCE COMBINES
WITH OXYGEN IN THE AIR AND THE PROCESS IS ACCOMPANIED BY EMISSION
OF ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT, LIGHT AND SOUND. THEREFORE, THREE
ELEMENTS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR COMBUSTION I.E.
ACOMBUSTIBLE MATTER I.E FUEL
OXYGEN
SOURCE OF HEAT, SPARK FLAME ETC.
Class B
FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS SUCH AS GASOLINE,
KEROSENE, PAINT, PAINT THINNERS AND PROPANE
Class C
ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, SUCH AS APPLIANCES,
SWITCHES, PANEL BOXES AND POWER TOOLS.
Class D
CERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE METALS, SUCH AS MAGNESIUM,
TITANIUM, POTASSIUM, AND SODIUM.
FIRE PROTECTION
A METHOD OF FIRE PROTECTION INVOLVES
THE CONVEYANCE OF WATER I PIPES TO
EXTINGUISH FIRE WITHIN A BUILDING FALLS
INTO THE FIELD OF PLUMBING. WATER MAY
BE SUPPLIED THROUGH RISER PIPES OR
STANDPIPES. A RISER OR STANDPIPES WITH
HOSE CONNECTIONS IN A TALL BUILDINGS
MAY BE FED FROM STORAGE TANK, FROM
PUMP OR FROM A MOBILE PUMPING
ENGINE IN THE STREET CONNECTED TO A
BREACHING OR ‘SIAMESE POST’
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER ARE THE DEVICES
THAT DISCHARGE WATER AUTOMATICALLY
WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF AIR
SURROUNDING SPRINKLER REACHES A
PREDETERMINED LEVEL.
COMPONENTS
FIRE PROTECTION IN LAND-BASED BUILDINGS, OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION
OR ONBOARD SHIPS IS TYPICALLY ACHIEVED VIA ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION - THE INSTALLATION OF FIREWALLS AND FIRE
RATED FLOOR ASSEMBLIES TO FORM FIRE COMPARTMENTS INTENDED TO
LIMIT THE SPREAD OF FIRE, HIGH TEMPERATURES, AND SMOKE.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION - MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND
SUPPRESSION OF FIRES, SUCH AS FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND (FIRE
ALARM) SYSTEMS.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (AFP) = IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF FIRE
PROTECTION. AFP IS CHARACTERISED BY ITEMS AND/OR SYSTEMS, WHICH
REQUIRE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF MOTION AND RESPONSE IN ORDER TO
WORK, CONTRARY TO PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION.
HOSE
SYSTEM
SPRINKLER CLASSIFICATION
SPRINKLER BASED ON RELEASE
FUSABLE ELEMENT SPRINKLER IS OPENED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT
BY THE MELTING OF EUTECTIC METAL OR CHEMICAL
CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER
THE CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER HAVE A SPHERICAL WATER DISTRIBUTION
DIRECTED TOWARDS THE GROUND AND THE CEILING FOR THE DEFINITE
PROTECTION AREA
SIDEWALL SPRINKLER
THE SIDEWALL SPRINKLER HAS A ONE –SIDED HALF-PARABOLIC WATER
DISTRIBUTION DIRECTED TOWARDS THE GROUND FOR A DEFINITE
PROTECTION AREA
INDUSTRIAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
THE CAPACITY FOR WATER STORAGE TANK FOR FIRE FIGHTING OF AN
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IS WORKED OUT AT A RATE OF 2.5 LIT/SQM. OF
LATTABLE FLOOR AREA SUBJECTED TO MINIMUM OF 2,25000 LITRES. A SET
OF TWO PUMPS MUST BE INSTALLED TO DISCHARGED 2275 LITRES PER MIN
AT A PRESSURE OF 3.5 KG/CM2 AT A DESIRED FLOOR.
b) COOLING EFFECT
•THE RAPID EXPANSION OF LIQUID TO GAS WHEN CARBON DIOXIDE IS
RELEASED FROM STORAGE CYLINDER PRODUCES A REFRIGERATING EFFECT
THAT CONVERTS PART OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SNOW. THIS SNOW,
WHICH HAS A TEMPERATURE OF 80 0C SOON SUBLIMES INTO GAS, ABSORBING
HEAT FROM THE BURNING MATERIAL AND SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE
ESCAPE CHUTE
•AN ESCAPE CHUTE IS A SPECIAL KIND OF EMERGENCY EXIT, USED WHERE
CONVENTIONAL FIRE ESCAPE STAIRWAYS ARE IMPRACTICAL. THE CHUTE IS A
FABRIC (OR OCCASIONALLY METAL) TUBE INSTALLED NEAR A SPECIAL EXIT ON
AN UPPER FLOOR OR ROOF OF A BUILDING, OR A TALL STRUCTURE. DURING
USE, THE CHUTE IS DEPLOYED, AND MAY BE SECURED AT THE BOTTOM BY A
FIRE FIGHTING CREW SOME DISTANCE OUT FROM THE BUILDING. ONCE THE
TUBE IS READY, ESCAPEES ENTER THE TUBE AND SLIDE DOWN TO A LOWER
LEVEL OR THE GROUND LEVEL.
ESCAPE
CHUTE