PSCI 3607 Study Guide: Final Exam

om
r.c
lur
nb
Waterloo
tu
PSCI 3607 ar
Sm
FINAL EXAM
via
STUDY GUIDE
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th
We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable price, email enquiries to rishabhk28@live.com
om
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th
We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable price, email enquiries to rishabhk28@live.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Lecture #2 – The Evolution of Canada’s Security & Defense

Policy:
National Security Definition:

om
A threat to national security is an action that threatens quickly and over a short period of time, the
values that are important to the state
o Threats to Canada's territory in the arctic
r.c
o Any issue with sovereignty
o Technological espionage
 We are moving back to a focus on great powers (China, US, Russia, etc.)
lur
 How are these threats addressed?
o Civilian means
nb
o Military means
o The combination of these two is what creates defense policy
tu
o It is a part of broader security policy
 Foreign policy
ar
 Security policy
 Defense policy Sm
o Foreign affairs is always in charge
 Measures abroad ("the away game")
o The best defense is a good offense
o Canada is historically more of an offensive player
via
 Measures at home
o Often called "the home game"
 Before 9/11 almost everything was measures abroad
d
 Now more and more it is becoming measures at home

e
 Canada has been called "the fireproof house"

o Basically referring to how there are no real threats to Canada
ar
o At least no immediate threats that are close by

Sh
o This ended during the Cold War when Soviet bombers were within range of Canada
o Important moment was the lunch of Sputnik, this had a significant impact on Canadian
defense
o Now, after 9/11 much of this has changed, no longer a fireproof house
is
o The melting arctic is going to have a major impact as well

file
Grand Strategy:
 National security strategy
 How a state decides to "cause" security
is
 Canada has only done one national security strategy

Th
 The Martin government created one quickly before a meeting with President Bush (2004)
o This is the only time we've ever had a security strategy
o It was a homeland strategy, large focus on home defense
o The "Nexus" card was created in this strategy
o Sharing of national intelligence and maritime forces were included too
o Harper government didn't update
 The US creates a new strategy every 4 years, Canada only has this one
We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

price,more resources
email enquiries at oneclass.com
to rishabhk28@live.com
List of Canada's Defense Policies:

 Canada's Defense 1947 (Mackenzie King)
 1964 White paper (Pearson)
 1971 White paper (Trudeau)
 1987 White paper (Mulroney)
om
 1994 White paper (Chretien)
 2005 Defense policy (Martin)
 2008 Canada First Defense Strategy (Harper)
r.c
How Can Canada Cause Security for Itself?:
lur
 St. Laurent era:
o Until 1994 Canada was still under the British system
nb
o External affairs became foreign affairs
o In 1947 St. Laurent gave a speech at UofT
o He was Secretary of External Affairs
tu
o Pretty sure this was the Grey Lecture
ar
o In this speech he outlined:
 Bilateral relations with the UK and France
 Close relationship with the UN (there was no NATO yet)
Sm
 An "Internationalist" approach to Canadian security
 Basically the away game
 This became the base for the Canada Defense 1947
via
 However, the policy had a large focus on domestic defense, despite St. Laurent's
speech on internationalism
 The Soviet threat became real when North Korea invaded South Korea
d
o Until that time, the threat had been both political and diplomatic, but not military
o The Korean war made that threat a military threat
e
 Peacekeeping:
ar
o Originally, it was not altruistic

o It was a hard power, realist, response
Sh
o The Suez crisis (1956):

 Egypt nationalized oil
 UK, Israel, and France decided to go on a military offensive against Egypt, and by
is
association the USSR

 Didn't tell the US
file
 US was very mad

 Canada (Pearson) decided to get all nations to withdraw their forces and implemented
a peacekeeping force
is
 Avoided a war with the Soviet Union

 Peacekeeping was born
Th
o Military in the early 1950's was very large, due to the Korean war
o Close to 8% of Canada's GDP spent on military (now it is only >1%)
o Canada was unique because it was seen as being impartial
 Diefenbaker era:
o Continentalist perspective
o NORAD created in 1957

o Early warning lines

o Three major controversies:
 Avro Arrow
 CF 100 Aircraft (fighters)
 Too slow to deal with the Soviet bombers
 Canada needed a new fighter aircraft
om
 Created the CF 105 (eg. Avro Arrow)
 Was a true Canadian built fighter
 The costs were very high
r.c
 October 1957 was the first test flight, same day as launch of Sputnik
 The threat of Sputnik was not preventable with a fighter, this led to less of a
demand for a fighter
lur
 More demand for something that could defend against ballistic missiles
 Diefenbaker government cancelled the entire production AND destroyed all of
nb
the prototypes
 Still no real answer as to why this happened
tu
 Result was Canada bought all it's fighters from the US
 Bomarc Missile
ar
 An anti-air missile to defend against Soviet bombers
 Ground to air nuclear weaponsSm
 8 sites total, 2 on Canadian soil
 Diefenbaker refused to arm these missiles
 Cuban missile crisis
 Kennedy government placed NORAD on DefCon 3 (one level above nuclear war)
via
 Diefe aker go er e t ould ’t de ide if it as goi g to participate in the

DefCon 3
 Became a civil - military relations issue
d
 Canadian military placed itself on alert without notifying the government

e
 Sent navy south to join up with the US fleet

ar
 During this time the Canadian military was "barely under control"
 Went on DefCon without telling the government
Sh
 This had a large impact on the next White paper

o His goals were to decrease dependence on the US
o Increase trade with Europe
is
o However he also wanted closer military cooperation with the US

 Pearson era:
o 1963
file
o Wanted to focus on the UN and NATO

o Tried to repair relations with the US after Diefenbaker
o Released a white paper (1964), first time as a standalone format
is
 Completely flipped the defense priorities of Canada

Th
 Collective security through the UN

 Collective defense through NATO
 Continental defense through the US
 Domestic measures
 CAF had to be ready for a "range of conflicts"
 Large focus on "mobile forces"
 Military services had to be able to work together

 Trudeau Sr. era:

o Elected in 1968
o Released a defense White paper in 1971
o Disagreed with the Pearson-era liberals
o Did not support the United Nations
o UN peacekeeping did not demonstrate any value to security
om
o All it did was hold a conflict in place
o The 1971 defense white paper is very cynical about the UN, peacekeeping, and NATO
o Cut Canada's NATO troop commitment by half (from 10,000 to 5,000)
r.c
o He was still an internationalist
 Tried to reach out to the Soviet Union
 The conference on security cooperation in Europe
lur
 Involved ALL European members
 1973 - 1975
nb
 1975 Helsinki Accords
 Involved a number of facets
tu
 One of which stated that the borders were invaluable, they could not be
changed
ar
 The USSR liked this as it insinuated that the borders of East and West
Germany would remain
Sm
 In 1984 went on a "peace initiative" to decrease tensions between East and West
o Also wanted to decrease defense dependence on the US
o "It is no longer a bipolar world, we are moving into a multipolar world"
 Totally false, not sure what Trudeau was thinking
via
o Pursuit of "the 3rd way" which was economic markets

o Many aspirations that never actually happened
o The OPEC oil crisis destroyed markets in the 1970's
d
o 1979 Trudeau government was the only Canadian government that ever committed to the
e
NATO standard of 2% GDP spending on military

ar
 His government purchased the CF-18 fighters

o 1971 White paper:
Sh
 The US sent an oil tanker (S.S Manhattan) through the northwest passage WITHOUT
telling Canada
 Basically violated Canadian sovereignty
 Major impact on defense policy
is
 1971 White paper's number one priority was surveillance and control of territory,
especially the arctic
file
 Also focused on:

 Defense of North America in cooperation with the US
 NATO participation "as may be agreed"
is
 UN peacekeeping "as we may from time to time"

Th
 Mulroney era:
o Elected in 1984
o Had a strong platform of rebuilding the Canadian military
o 1984 was a very specific time period in terms of national security
 Height of the Cold War
o Also an internationalist plus a Continentalist
o However very different from Trudeau

o Big supporter of the UN and NATO

o Very strong ties to the US, good relations with President Regan
o Created the free trade agreement (NAFTA)
om
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

Lecture #3 - Evolution of Security & Defense Policy Cont.
How Canada Can Cause Security for Itself:

 Mulroney era:
om
o Elected in 1984
o Had a strong platform of rebuilding the Canadian military
o 1984 was a very specific time period in terms of national security
r.c
o Also an internationalist plus a Continentalist
o However very different from Trudeau
lur
o Big supporter of the UN and NATO
o Very strong ties to the US, good relations with President Regan
nb
o Created the free trade agreement (NAFTA)
o His white paper was released in 1987
 However, it was outdated by the time of its release
tu
 Gorbachev had come to power and the Soviet Union was weakening, result was better
ar
ties with the West and the decline of the Cold War
 White paper had a large focus on Sovereignty
Sm
 A US icebreaker travelled through the Arctic, raised issues on Arctic sovereignty again
 To enforce this, Canada planned to purchased 10 -12 nuclear submarines
 Note: These submarines were nuclear propelled, not armed
 This purchase never went through due to the Cold War de-escalating by the time the
via
white paper was released

o There was also a development of peacekeeping criteria
 Criteria that determined whether to join in peacekeeping missions
d
 United Nations and NATO support was needed

e
o Commitment and the capability gap

 Canada had commitments in Europe that it could not fulfill
ar
 As a result they withdrew certain commitments

 Europe was very unhappy with this withdrawal
Sh
 Chretien Era:
o Elected in 1993
o Large focus on "human security"
is
 Basically a transition from looking a state level security, to individual level security
 Canada led an "Anti-personnel Landmine Convention"
file
 Dealing with landmines in Cambodia

 Also aided in the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC)
 Focus on dealing with the issue of child soldiers
is
 Small arms proliferation

o Chretien era is basically divided into pre and post 9/11
Th
o Lots of tensions with the US, relations were not good at this time
 The US used landmines in Korea, felt they were being targeted for doing so, still have
refused to join the landmine convention
o Transition from balance of power politics to "cooperative security" (eg. Multilateralism)
o Within a year of being elected, the government conducted a full defense policy review
 Created two joint committees

 One to review foreign affairs

 Other one to review defense
 Result was a "focus on niche capabilities"
 The Cold War was over, there was far less demand for military
 Push for less spending on military, more spending on development
 "Multipurpose combat capable forces"
om
o White paper was released in 1994:
 Since then, there has not been another official "white paper"
 Combat capable forces that had to respond to a "range of conflicts"
r.c
 Priorities
 Canada defense
 North America defense with the US
lur
 International defense
 Combined NATO with the UN, no specific chapter on NATO
nb
 Chretien was not a fan of NATO
 White paper had a large focus on the UN
tu
 However, Canadians serving as UN peacekeepers were redeployed to the Balkans in
1995 and transferred to NATO command
ar
 UNPROFOR intervened in the Balkan conflicts, however the UN was not prepared for
such a conflict, had to switch to full military command via NATO
Sm
 Due to the white paper and budget cuts, the CAF was down to only 52,000 members
by the late 1990's
 The CAF knows 1993 - 2003 as "the decade of darkness"
o Overall, Chretien made large budget cuts and decreased the military
via
o Very little spending, focus on prolonging current equipment

o Post 9/11:
 Quickly learned the value of intelligence
d
 A large military and ballistic missile defense would not stop terrorists
e
 Chretien released an "intelligence budget"

ar
 Increase of special ops units

 Canada's special ops unit is known as Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2)
Sh
 Tier 1 operators
 Based out of Dwyer Hill (south of Ottawa)
 Fairly new special ops unit known as Canadian Special Ops Regiment (CSOR)
 Based out of Petawawa
is
 Tier 2 operators
 Two main intel units
file
 Canadian Security and Intelligence Service (CSIS)

 Canadian Security Establishment (CSE)
 CSE is the equivalent of the NSA
is
 CSIS is civilian, reports to Public Safety Canada

Th
 CSE is military, reports to minister of defense

 Martin Era:
o Elected in 2003 with a minority government
o First event was a special meeting with George W. Bush
 Discussed that the largest security threat was not that Canada would be attacked, but
that the US would be attacked by terrorists who gained access through Canada
 Brought up issues with the open border

o Released a national security policy:

 Drafted very quickly, captured plans already set in motion by the Chretien
government
 There was supposed to be an updated version released however it never happened
 Large focus on international security
o Internationalist theme
om
 The era of the "BRIC" (Brazil, Russia, India, China)
 Also had the meeting of the G20
 Wanted to bring in the minor countries
r.c
 Supporter of NATO
o Brought about many changes to the military
 Increased focus on defense of the arctic
lur
 Reorganized the CAF command structure
 Created "Canada Command"
nb
 A command center in charge of all operations within Canada
 Did not include NORAD
tu
 Replaced the job of the Deputy Chief of Defense Staff
 The point was to prove to the US that Canada was serious about
ar
command over domestic operations
 This entire command was then dismantled by Harper, it was too
Sm
bureaucratic
 The only remaining change is the Canadian Special Forces Command
 Wanted to increase the budget and size of the CAF
 Had a very different view of the military compared to Chretien
via
o Lost to Harper in 2006

 Harper Era:
o Elected in 2006
d
o Not a supporter of the UN, particularly peacekeeping

e
o Supported NATO
ar
o Large supporter of the missions in Afghanistan

 Wasn't a UN mission, it was only US and NATO
Sh
o "Qualified internationalist"
o Withdrew forces from UNDOF (United Nations Disengaged Observer Force)
 Force tasked with observing the interactions/border between Israel and Palestine
is
o Supported strong relations with the US

o Supported the growth of the military
 As with all PM's, wanted to secure the arctic
file
 Promised to build 3 armed military icebreakers

o "Canada First Defense Strategy" released in 2008
 Large focus on domestic defense
is
 Small focus on defense abroad

Th
 Six main priorities:

 Aid and civil power
 Terrorism
 Continental defense
 Support a major domestic activity event
 Turned out to be the 2010 Winter Olympics
 Lead a mission (short duration)

 Take part in a mission (long duration)

 Approved $490 Billion in spending
 Purchased five C17 transport aircraft
 Brought the CAF troop numbers back up to 68,000 members
o Planned to purchase joint strike fighters (F35) to replace the CF18's
o Trudeau Jr. has decided to cancel the order
om
o Still an ongoing debate, no decision has been made on what fighters to buy
o CF18's are not approved to fly after 2017 due to old age
o Also began shipbuilding operations that have still not been completed
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

Guest lecture by Joanne Lostracco

Director, Continental Materiel Cooperation, Department of National Defence
Why is defense trade important?

 Allows for the Canadian forces to be ready for any combat scenario
om
 Commercial trade involves many buyers, and a number of sellers that all have certain competitive
advantages over each other
 Defense trade does NOT have this, there are limited buyers
r.c
 Defense markets are closed markets, heavily controlled by the governments
o Many assets can only be purchased by certain countries (eg. "The 5 I's)
 Defense trade with the US
lur
o Strengthens political ties
o Reciprocal relationship, high chance of buying from each other again
nb
o Increased compatibility within the militaries
o Strategic supply:
tu
 Ensuring we have the ability to get something when we need it
 Eg. Making sure we have certain munitions
ar
 Paying companies to make sure that we will always have the equipment we need
Sm
Setting the Scene:
 Canada was an industrial hub for military equipment during WWI and WWII
 Large amount of factories producing artillery ammunition and weapons
via
o 487 warships
o 17,000 aircraft
o Etc.
 Significant geopolitical threats emerging and post war governments put into place to avoid a
d
repeat of the wars

e
o Bretton Woods system

ar
o UN
o US in active engagement around the world
Sh
 The Marshall plan implemented in many central European nations

o Large Canadian contribution to the plan
is
Fundamental agreements:
 Hyde Park declaration (1941)
file
o North America was to be the industrial engine for the war efforts
o Canada and the US will buy equipment from one another
o Canada expected to supply $200 - $300 million of defense equipment each year
is
o Joint statement (1947)

 Collaboration for joint security purposes
Th
 5 Principles including:
 Exchange of individuals between militaries
 Common designs and standards to make the militaries interoperable
o Exchange of notes (1949)
 Industrial mobilization
 Formed a joint committee

 Exchange of information
 Principles for economic cooperation (1950):
o Coordinated program requirements and production
o Establish coordinated controls over scarce raw materials
o Emergency controls shall be mutually consistent
o Technical knowledge and skills involved in production should be freely exchanged
om
o Barriers that impede the flow of goods for common defense shall be removed
o Continuing discussions on any financial or foreign exchange problems
 Defense production sharing agreement (1956):
r.c
o Agreement sets policies for the acquisition of supplies and services from Canada
o Every year, CCC (Canadian commercial corporation) manages an average of $1 Billion in
contracts for goods and services to be delivered by Canadian companies to the US DoD and
lur
NASA
o Under DPSA, CCC acts as Prime Contractor on most US, DoD, and NASA contracts valued at
nb
or above $150,000 USD
o Anything sold that doesn't work or does meet condition of contract, we be replaced by
tu
something else
o The CCC is the only foreign organization that is mentioned in US policy that states they must
ar
use this organization to acquire equipment
 Legislation within the US: Sm
o Competition in Contracting Act (1984)
 US can award contracts to Canadian corporations without going through a competitive
process
o 1993 Defense Authorization Bill
via
 Made the National Technology and Industrial Base include Canadian firms
 Gave Canada exclusive access to certain US markets (certain military parts like engine
parts)
d
o International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR):

e
 Outlines specific Canadian exemptions when dealing with US export controls

ar
 Canada is the only country in the world with that exemption

Sh
Cooperative Projects and Programs:

 Economic
o Armaments cooperation managements committee (ACMC)
is
o Joint certification program

o North American technology and industrial base organization
file
 Military
o Canada-US test and evaluation programs
o Sea sparrow
o North warning program
is
Th
What does this mean in 2017:

 Maintaining the unique nature of the US - Canada defense relationship is key
 New administration getting in place
 National Defense Authorization Act (2016)
 Canadian Defense Policy Review
 Consolidation within the North American DIB

Lecture #4 - Canada - US Defense Cooperation WWII to 9/11:

Cooperation:
om
 Verbal cooperation (1938):
o President Roosevelt gave a speech saying that "no empire shall threaten Canada"
o Was referring to Japan
r.c
o Mackenzie King responded by saying that "No enemy shall cross the sea and access
America"
lur
o A large concern was enemies of the US gaining access through Canada
 Formal cooperation (1940):
nb
o Meeting in Ogdensburg, NY
o Signed an agreement that was really just the formal version of what was said by both parties
in 1938
tu
o Setup the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD)
 Plans to defend North America during WWII
ar
 After WWII, they setup the Military Cooperation Council (MCC)
 Created the Canada - US Basic Security Plan
Sm
 Contents are classified, never been seen by the public
 Believed to contain coordinated use of sea, land, and air forces, as well as
details on NORAD
via
 Original plans detailed how to deal with a Soviet invasion

 Updated plans detail how to deal with terrorist attacks
d
Cold War:
e
 Land:
Concerns about a Soviet invasion through the arctic
ar
o
o Even in modern day there are concerns about a Russian invasion through the arctic
Sh
o Exercised between US and Canada

o 1968 exchange of notes
o Canada worked mainly with Germany
o Land cooperation with the US was limited
is
 Sea:
o Canadian and US navy had close cooperation
file
o Large concerns about Soviet submarines invading through the straights surrounding
Greenland
o Canadian navy became one of the most advanced in the world, thanks to sharing of
is
technology with the US navy

o Works seamlessly with the US navy
Th
o SACLANT (The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic) operate out of Norfolk, VA

 Air:
o In 1952 there was a large expectation of a Soviet bomber threat
o This placed a large focus on early warning systems
o Also created a need for interceptors that were fighter jets
o The US could only place their radar stations as far as the 49th parallel due to the border

 However the Soviet bombers would probably come from the arctic, this was not
enough of a warning
 Created the "pine tree line" at the 50th parallel
 Wanted more, so they created another, the "Mid Canada line" at the 54th parallel
 The furthest one was the "Distant Early Warning line" (DEW line), at the 70th parallel
 This line is now known as the "North Warning System"
om
 It has also been upgraded since its creation
o The US had 18 fighter squadrons
o Canada had 9 fighter squadrons
r.c
o NORAD was created to be completely shared between the two nations
 Fighters assigned to NORAD were able to freely fly between the countries with no
issue
lur
o In 1981 the 'A' in NORAD was changed to mean "aerospace" instead of just "air"
o Air cooperation during the Cold War had 3 stages:
nb
 Decade of enhancement:
 Creation of NORAD due to
tu
 Bomber threat
 Fighters
ar
 Early warning radar
 "Operationally meaningless" border
Sm
 "Air breathing threat" (eg. Aircraft and cruise missiles)
 US nuclear strategy
 1945 first nuclear bomb
 1949 first Soviet nuclear bomb
via
 1950 Korean war

 Conventional
 "Bogged down"
d
 1950's "Massive Retaliation"

e
 Soviet target was the US missile silos in North Dakota

ar
 The policy of "Massive Retaliation" made the silos extremely important

 Rise of ballistic missiles
Sh
 The launch of Sputnik demonstrated the ballistic missile threat

 In 1960 NORAD became responsible for ballistic missile detection
 Decades of neglect (1960's and 70's):
 The threat had changed from Soviet bombers to ballistic missiles
is
 This made fighters mostly useless, as they couldn't respond to missiles

effectively
file
 NORAD mission changed

 Detect air threats
 Respond to air threats
is
 Detect ballistic missiles and space surveillance

Th
 Change in US nuclear strategy

 1967 flexible response:
 Conventional forces
 Small nukes
 Then big nukes
 This meant a decline in the importance of nuclear forces
 NORAD was less focused on the missile silos

 Less focus on interceptor fighters

 Early warning radars were shut down except for the DEW line
 Decade of renewal (1980's):
 The new threat was cruise missiles
 Soviets revitalized their bomber force during the early 1980's
 When Gorbachev came to power in the late 1980's he shut down the
om
program
 Vladimir Putin has started the program again
 Putin has also revitalized Russian cruise missiles
r.c
 Shamrock summit:
 A meeting between President Reagan and Brian Mulroney in 1985
lur
 Discussed the new threat of cruise missiles and how to defend against
them
nb
 Resulted in the revitalization of the DEW, was upgraded and became the
North Warning System (NWS)
tu
 Discussed having radars on the coast
 Forward operating locations in the north
ar
 Advanced Warning and Control Systems (AWACS)
 Massive air command centers
Sm
 The US and NATO currently use AWACS
 Canada supplies crew to fly on them
 They have been flying non-stop since 9/11
 The threat changed after Gorbachev came to power, massive de-escalation of
via
the Cold War

 The US cancelled the radars on the coast
 US cancelled forward operating locations, however Canada did build some
d
 Fewer NWS stations were built than originally planned

e
 Cold War ends:

ar
o 1991 drug operations

 Radar stations cooperated with civilian organizations
Sh
 RCMP and FBI

 NORAD helped to detect small aircraft that were smuggling drugs
o Air detection mission continued
is
o Ballistic missile detection is still priority

o 1996 renewal of mission
 Everything stayed the same
file
 Changed some of the wording

 Aerospace warning
 Aerospace control
is
o Maritime Operation Security Centers (MSOC)

Th
 Locations:
 Halifax
 Great Lakes
 Niagara

Lecture #5 – Space & Ballistic Missile Defense:

Ballistic vs. Cruise missile:
 Ballistic missiles
o Are rocket propelled
om
o They exit the atmosphere to travel around the world
o Can have a range exceeding 5,000km
o Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
r.c
 Cruise missiles
o Are "air breathing"
lur
o They do not exit the atmosphere
o Use jet engine propulsion
o Are considered the most dangerous type of missile
nb
Ballistic Missile Defense Systems:
tu
 The launch of Sputnik in 1957 made the threat of ballistic missiles very real
 More recently, a need for "low down" systems that detect lower missiles
ar
o This is all because of North Korea

Sm
The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Radars (BMEWS Radar)
o First defense system, made by US
o Sites in Alaska
o Greenland
via
o And the UK
o This system gave the US 15 minutes of warning
o Were able to track the arc of objects in space near earth's atmosphere
o This system is still in place and being used, although they have been upgraded extensively
d
 Upgraded in the 1970's

e
 Defense Support Program (DSP):

ar
o A satellite system created by the US to look down on earth and detect ballistic missiles
o Brief overview of orbit:
Sh
 Different levels of orbit around the earth:

 Low earth orbit
 Imaging and weather satellites
is
 RADARSAT
 Google earth satellites are located here
file
 Medium earth orbit

 Geosynchronous orbit
 This level is around 37,000km
 Satellites on this orbit move at the same speed as the earth's rotation
is
 Meaning that they stay over the same area

Th
 Nicknamed "Geo sats"

 Communication systems and the DSP are in geosynchronous orbit
o The DSP is the most advanced space detection system
o Other states have systems in place (Japan, China, Russia, UK)
o The DSP works by detecting the exhaust (heat signature) from ballistic missiles
 This is currently being upgraded to a more advanced infrared detection system

 Going to be called "Space-based infrared system" (SBIRS)

 Space Tracking & Surveillance System:
o Ballistic missile warning system from low earth orbit (LEO)
o Brand new system (2009)
o Only 2 satellites launched so far
 Navy Systems:
om
o The US navy has 18 ships with ballistic missile technology
o Many are stationed in the Sea of Japan
o There is a massive barge docked in Pearl Harbor specifically made for detecting ballistic
r.c
missiles
 All of these systems are under the control of NORAD
 NORAD receives all of the information from all of these systems
lur
o The addition of space-based systems is why NORAD changed to "aerospace"
nb
Ballistic Missile Response Systems:
 Nike Zeus:
tu
o The very first response system (1960)
o Created and used by the US army
ar
o Basically a ground-based system that shoots down a missile with another missile
o Supported by NATO Sm
o Was very difficult to do, did not work out in the end
 "Hitting a bullet with a bullet"
o The program was abandoned in the 1960's

via
Satellite Interception:
o The US became worried that the Soviet Union was going to arm their satellites with nuclear
missiles
o Created a ground-based system (1960s - 1970s)
d
o Anti-satellite system
e
o The system was eventually abandoned

ar
o Recently, China has launched many tests to destroy satellites with ground-launched missiles
(2007)
Sh
 This is a large reason why there is so much space debris

 This was seen as China demonstrating to US
 Safeguard System:
is
o A ground-based system deployed from the missile silos in North Dakota and Montana (1975)
o Designed to defend against Soviet missiles that were targeting the US missile silos
file
o This system was only active for 4 months before being abandoned
 Same reason, cannot hit a bullet with a bullet
o The Soviet Union deployed a similar system, located in Moscow
o Their system is still in use
is
 Canada:
Th
o The closest Canada ever came to having a system was the Bomarc missile systems that were
cancelled
o The fact that the US wanted this system created fears in Canada that the US was going to try
again for a system to be placed in Canada, this time for ballistic missiles
o To combat this fear, Canada actually wrote in a clause into the NORAD agreement
 Stated that it was not obliged to be part of a BMD system

o The following ABM treaty actually made this no longer an issue

 ABM Treaty:
o In 1972, a treaty was signed between the US and Soviet Union to reduce the number of
ballistic missiles
 System to shoot down Soviet bombers with nuclear armed missiles
o The US found a loophole by simply reducing the number of missiles, but then adding a
om
u h of s all issiles to o e ro ket, e ause it did ’t ou t
o Part of this treaty was that each country was only allowed one single ballistic missile
response site
r.c
 The US chose North Dakota
 The Soviet Union chose Moscow
 The idea of this was to reduce "first strike" capabilities
lur
 An attempt to stop the dynamic that led to an arms race
 Create strategic stability by guaranteeing that each country was vulnerable
nb
 Eg. "Mutual vulnerability"
o Due to the ABM treaty, Canada dropped their BMD clause from NORAD in 1981
tu
 BMD no longer really applicable
 ABM treaty made it no longer an issue
ar
 Plus, BMD system were proven ineffective
 Strategic Defense Initiative (STI): Sm
o Proposed in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan
o Could defend against thousands of long range missiles (ICBMs)
o Defenses based in air, sea, land, AND space
o Kinetic kill vehicles from space
via
o The Canadian reaction:

 PM Mulroney responded by stating that Canada would NOT be participating in the STI
 However, Canadian companies can compete
d
 Wanted to balance arms control with Canadian industry

e
o Unfortunately, the entire system was technologically impossible

ar
o For that reason, it never happened

o In addition, the Cold War ended not long after
Sh
 The first ballistic missile ever actually detected was a SCUD missile
o During the 1991 Gulf War
o Iraq invaded Kuwait, launched short range ballistic missiles (SCUD missiles)
is
o All of these elaborate systems, and the first real detection wasn't until 1991
 Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS):
o More limited
file
o Defend the US, all allies, and all deployed US forces against ballistic missile threats
 Rouge states
 Accidental launch by China or Russia
is
 National Missile Defense (NMD):

Th
o Even more limited than GPALS

o Only defended the 50 states of America
o Was mostly limited due to the relatively low threat levels of the 1990's
o Land based
o In 1998 there was a report released on ballistic missile threats
 Chaired by Donald Rumsfeld

 The report stated that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea would pose large threats to North
America in the next 5 years
 That same year North Korea tested ballistic missiles over the Sea of Japan
o In 1999 congress passed a law stating that the United States must deploy a BMD system as
soon as technically possible
 A large factor that kept the US from creating a better BMD system was the ABM treaty
om
o George W. Bush in 2001 stated that this treaty was "a Cold War document" and no longer
made sense
o Russia was no longer the enemy, Putin was the first world leader to call Bush after 9/11
r.c
o In 2002 the US withdrew from the ABM treaty, with little reaction from Russia
o Started to build up a BMD system
 Global Protection System:
lur
o Declared it operational in 2004 (to some debate)
 Ground based interceptor missiles in Alaska and California
nb
 The reason for this placement is to defend against North Korea
o System protects the US, allies, and deployed US forces
tu
o Land and sea based
o The "global" aspect of this system is tied to NATO
ar
o Canadian response:
 Agreed that NORAD could share intel with NORTHCOM
Sm
 No real decision as of yet
 Still not involved in ballistic missile response
 NORAD:
o Still in charge of all ballistic missile early warning systems
via
 NORTHCOM:
o Given the responsibility of BMD
 This was a response to 9/11
d
o In 2004 Canada agreed that NORAD could pass BMD detection information to NORTHCOM
e
 Why has Canada resisted?

ar
o Large concern over arms control

 Creating more BMD systems could start an arms race (spiral theory)
Sh
o Against the weaponization of space
Space in Canadian Security Policy:

is
 The United Nations:

o The UN has a declaration on space stating that it is a "shared space" and that all nations
file
should have equal access

 This is the view that Canada has on space
o The UN also states in article 51 that "any state that is attacked has the right to defend itself"
 This is the view that the US has on space
is
 Nations in space:
Th
o The Soviet Union was the first nation in space

o The United States was the second nation in space
o Canada was the third nation in space
 Launched a satellite called "Alouette" in 1962
 Canadian military space program
 Purpose was to observe the northern lights

 It is still orbiting
 Civilian Satellite Communications:
o 80% of Canadian space activity in 1960's was military
o Under Trudeau Sr. this declined dramatically to only 10%
o Much larger focus on civilian space industry
o One of the world leaders in civilian space communications is Telesat
om
 A Canadian space company based in Ottawa
 Controls a series of satellite systems
 All in geosynchronous orbit
r.c
 Search & Rescue:
o Search and Rescue Satellites (SARSAT):
 Created in 1979, originally between 4 countries
lur
 A cooperative program with now over 40 countries
 A system that uses communication satellites to aid search and rescue missions around
nb
the world
 Civilian Programs:
tu
o Trudeau Sr. created the Canadian Space Shuttle Program
o Also cooperated in the International Space Station
ar
 Most well-known Canadian contribution was the Canadarm
 Used right up until the end of the program in 2011
Sm
o In 1986 PM Mulroney created the Canadian Space Program
 Earth Observation:
o RADARSAT program started by Mulroney
o Was actually deployed in 1995
via
o Originally created for the purpose of the Cold War

 Military Communications:
o In 1988 a military payload was loaded on a US communications satellite
d
o Space-based detection as an add-on to the North Warning System

e
 This was a product of the Shamrock Summit between Reagan and Mulroney (1985)
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

Lecture #6 – Domestic Threats to North America:
Guest Lecture by Ward Elcock

Former Director of CSIS
om
Former deputy Minister of National Defence
Terrorism:
r.c
 Canadians have the idea that they face no threats
 This isn't really true
o Terrorism
lur
o Foreign interference
o Espionage
nb
 Canada has had the largest arrangement of terrorist organizations functioning at any given
moment
tu
 For the most part, terrorism is not targeted at Canada
o We have been the victim of terrorist events
ar
 Air India bombing
 Parliament Hill shooting Sm
 Attacks against the church in Ottawa during the 1980's
 Immigrants bring their organizations and conflicts with them
 ISIS has changed the nature of terrorism, because they actually seek to bring conflict to North
America
via
 A large domestic issue is people at home in Canada becoming radicalized

 The leaders of Al-Qaeda are aging, however this does not prevent them, they recruit youth
constantly
d
 Why has Canada never had a "real" terrorist attack?

e
o Canada does not offer a real soft target

ar
o Attack in Canada would not make headlines like an attack in New York would
o Cyber attack is a massive threat but has not yet happened
Sh
 Probably because it would not actually kill anyone

 The main terrorist goal is to kill people in as much of a violent way as possible
 Canada's small size makes it easier to defend, better security services

is
Europe has the main issue of free movement across borders

 The hardest terrorists to stop are "lone wolves" who operate alone

file
Easier to stop groups of terrorists
Espionage:
 Many different intelligence operations in Canada
is
 Chinese and Russian intel operations do happen in Canada

Th
o Both have been known to use illegal means

 Black stations:
o Undercover intel operations from foreign countries
o Mostly because we are a G8 nation and a member of NATO
 There are literally undercover spies operating in Canada
 Running counterintelligence is extremely difficult

o Even ISIS is able to figure out who is a CSIS agent
Foreign Interference:
 Canada contains many "ex-patriots"
 Intel agencies see them as a potential threat
 Large threat of losing our own officers and agents to enemy states
om
 We've had officers defect to Russia
Procurement:
r.c
 Terrorist organizations do this commonly in Canada
 Iranians attempting to obtain technology
lur
 Almost impossible to make this go away due to commercialization
o Very easy to create companies and corporations
nb
 Terrorist organizations recruit using the internet
Cyber Security:
tu
 The NSA is actually watching everyone and everything
ar
 They've been doing this for decades
 Russians and the Chinese are experts at this Sm
 Canada does take part in cyber surveillance
 Chinese method
o Professional
o "Vacuum cleaner"
via
 Everyone takes photos are gives them back to the government

 Everyone takes something back
o Cyber security is massive in China
d
o China is considered an enemy state

e
o Increasing world power that does not hold democratic values


ar
Even the best hackers would struggle to access the most protected servers
o Example: NSA servers

Sh
ISIS is encrypting messages inside picture files to avoid interception
Arctic:
There is no real serious threat to Canada's arctic…yet
is

 The ice most likely won't melt in the arctic for awhile

file
Northwest passage should be considered international waters

o An international court would most likely side with the international perspective
 Canada should focus on icebreakers, not patrol ships
 The coast guard is unarmed, occasionally will mount .50 calibers on vessels
is
Th

Lecture #7 – Homeland Defense:

Threats to North America:
 Islamic Terrorism:
o Canada is often seen as "the fireproof house"
om
o However, terrorism is still a massive threat
o Sunni Islamic terrorism first emerged in the 1990s
 Bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993
r.c
 6 people killed, 1000 people injured
 In 1998 Bin Laden made a statement, saying that for 7 years US forces have
lur
been in the homeland
 Reference to continued US presence in Saudi Arabia following the Gulf
nb
War of 1991
 US forces enforcing a no-fly zone above Iraq
tu
 Bin Laden condemned the US for this
 1998 bombings of 2 US embassies in Africa
ar
 In 2000 Bin Laden organized the bombing of the USS Cole
Sm
o Bin Laden was officially killed in May 2011
o However the terrorist threat has not disappeared
o CSIS continues to monitor terrorist activity both domestically and abroad
 They consider Sunni Islamic terrorism to still be the largest threat to Canada
via
 Al Qaeda has mentioned Canada multiple times as a place to be targeted

 However Canada has yet to be actually targeted
o Canada is considered a very attractive location for terrorists
d
 Primarily due to our close proximity to the US

e
 As well as our open society and easy immigration system

ar
 Terrorists make no distinction between Canada and the US

 All part of "the west"
Sh
 Canada's participation in Afghanistan has also made us a target

o Terrorist threats to Canada:
 Terrorists often conduct "fundraising" activities within Canada
is
 Direct attacks
 Domestic radicalization
file
o New terrorist cells are emerging, names have changed

 Al Qaeda is now known as "AQ Core"
 Primary focus is now on the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
is
o Terrorist threats are no longer only land-based but also airborne

Th
 Possible terrorist use of UAVs

 Terrorists could launch drones from offshore ships
 Domestic Extremism:
o The US has a long history of domestic extremism
 Mass shootings
 Bombings

o Almost always politically motivated

o CSIS also focuses on domestic extremism in Canada
 History of Threats to North America:
o 1958: Strategic threat of bombers
o 1985: Strategic threat of cruise missiles
o 2001: Asymmetric threat of hijacking airliners
om
o Present day: Asymmetric threat of UAVs
o Strategic and asymmetrical threats does not refer to the origin of the threat, but the
r.c
response to the threat
 Strategic threats can be met with symmetrical military actions
 Asymmetrical threats must be met with a different action, harder to respond
lur
to
 Cyber Threats:
nb
o Canada places cyber espionage threats as 3rd after Islamic terrorism and domestic
extremism
tu
o However, the US places cyber espionage above all other threats
o This threat is a return to "state sponsored" threats
ar
 Cyber espionage is conducted by enemy states, not terrorist cells
Sm
o Russia and China pose massive threats in the cyber division
o They are currently exploiting economic sectors such as natural resources
 This is a focus on our key infrastructures
 Both public and private
via
o Large focus of cyber attacks is on Universities, due to their large research databases
o China is looking for economic information
o Russia is looking for strategic information (eg. NATO data)
d
 Russia currently seeking information on the US strategy in Syria

e
 Ballistic Missile Threat:

ar
o Ballistic missile threat report conducted by Donald Rumsfeld in 1990

o Largest threats originate from:
Sh
 North Korea
 China
 Russia
is
o New threat is from "road mobile" missiles


file
Long-Range Bomber Threat:

o Old threat from the 1950s that was considered outdated
o However this threat has been resurrected by Vladimir Putin
o Russia is currently upgrading all of their long-range bomber squadrons
is
 Cruise Missile Threat:

Th
o CSIS public report on threat posed by cruise missiles

o Russia keeps a stockpile of precision cruise missiles
o Able to strike the east coast of North America
o New research in security and defense policy has suggested that cruise missiles are
now the largest threat to North American security

Homeland Security:
 Homeland defense:
o The United States has 40 different agencies for homeland security before 9/11
o Post 9/11 attempts created the Department of Homeland Security
 They took large parts of these 40 different agencies and merged them into one
 Examples are coast guard, immigration, agriculture, border services, Counter
om
Terrorist Unit, etc.
o Federal Emergency Preparedness (FEMA) has created protocol for "consequence
r.c
management"
 Information Analysis:
lur
o Before 9/11, no single agency has budgetary abilities to decide what information is
passed along to other agencies
o Now, Department of Homeland Security has information analysis to asses threats to
nb
critical infrastructure
 They receive their intel from the CIA and the NSA
tu
o There is some debate over how effective this process is, issues with cooperation
ar
between agencies
 Intelligence Sharing: Sm
o Largest change to come from 9/11 was the change in intelligence sharing
o 10 years after 9/11, in depth reports concluded that the attacks were a result of
massive intelligence failure
o The US has 16 different agencies responsible for intelligence gathering
via
 The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

 The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
 Geospace
d
 The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

e
 National Security Agency (NSA)

ar
o All except for the CIA are operated by the Pentagon

Sh
o Canadian equivalents are CSIS and CSEC

o Each of the US military branches also has their own intelligence divisions (Army,
Navy, Air Force, Marines)
is
o All of these intelligence agencies used to be commanded by the Director of Central

Intelligence (pre 9/11)
file
 This position was also the position of Director of the CIA

 There was no budgetary authority over other agencies
o After 9/11 the position of Director of National Intelligence was created
is
 Has budgetary authority over all other agencies, can command them to hand
over intelligence
Th
 The Federal Investigation Bureau (FBI):

o Main role is in law enforcement
o Strictly domestic, barred from foreign activities
o They also have an intelligence role
o All files were separated into law enforcement and intelligence, lack of sharing
between sectors has been attributed to the cause of 9/11

o Following 9/11 all files are now shared within the FBI
 Canada:
o This dysfunction between law enforcement and intelligence gathering is what
originally caused Canada to create CSIS in 1984
 To remove intelligence role from the RCMP
o Canada created their own domestic intelligence agency known as Public Safety
om
Canada (PSC)
 Critical Infrastructure Protection
 Used to be its own organization within the DND
r.c
 Created to deal with the threat of Y2K
 Later merged into the core of PSC
lur
 The infamous power outage of 2003 is what sparked the merger into PSC
 RCMP and CSIS are also components of PSC
nb
 Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) is another component of PSC
 Basically, PSC is the Canadian version of the Department of Homeland Security
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

Lecture #8 – Homeland Defense Cont.:

North American Defense (US):
• NORTHCOM is the primary agency tasked with the defense of North America
o They oversee the defense of all three nations, the US, Canada, and Mexico
om
o It is commanded by the commander of NORAD
o NORTHCOM in change of defending land and sea
o NORAD controls air defense
r.c
o Has the BMD mission for North America
o NORTHCOM is mostly commanded by US military
lur
• Unified Command Plan:
o Divides the world into areas of responsibility
nb
o The US assigns commanders to each of these areas
o Geographic commands:
▪ AFRICOM - Africa Command
tu
▪ EUROCOM - European Command
ar
▪ PACCOM - Pacific Command
▪ NORTHCOM - North American Command Sm
▪ SOUTHCOM - South American Command
▪ CENTCOM - Central Command
o Functional commands:
via
▪ STRATCOM - Strategic Command

• Controls all nuclear weapons
▪ SPECIAL OPS
d
▪ SPACECOM - Space Command (Shut down)

e
o Most of the geographical commands are products of 9/11

ar
o ARFICOM was a result of spreading terrorist cells

o NORTHCOM created from forces trained to deal with terrorists and WMDs
Sh
• Posse Comitatus (1878):

o A very important act that states the US military is NOT permitted to operate on US
soil
is
o This caused issues during hurricane Katrina when the military was needed to provide
aid
file
o At the time, only the Marine corps were able to be deployed

o Note: The national guard are a state-run military, the Posse Comitatus act only
applies to federal forces
is
o Large debate for the next decade, however nothing was ever changed
Th
o The US military themselves fought against the changing of the act, they did not want
to serve within the US
On the Canadian Side:

• Canada was much slower in developing defense structures
• Used to have the position called "Deputy Chief of Defense Staff" (DCDS)

o In charge of all international AND domestic operations

o This proved to be too much for a single commander, the position was divided up in
2005
• In place of the DCDS they created:
o Canada Command
o Special Ops command
om
o Expeditionary Forces Command
• PSC really liked Canada Command
•
r.c
Expeditionary Forces Command was still too busy
• Main issue with this structure was that Canada did not have enough high-ranking officers
to command
lur
o Needed more 3 and 4 star generals
• The structure was dismantled in 2012
nb
• The current structure is now in two parts:
o Canadian Joint Ops Command (CJOC)
tu
o Special Ops (CANSOFCOM)
▪ Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2)
ar
▪ Canadian Special Ops Regiment Sm
o CJOC is still basically the DCDS
• Joint Task Forces (Air, land, and sea):
o Canada Command
▪ Halifax
via
▪ Montreal
▪ Esquimalt
▪ Toronto
d
▪ Yellowknife
e
o Although the name "Canada Command" is no longer in use, this structure is still in
ar
place
o Not so much driven by terrorism, but rather by natural disasters
Sh
• Canadian Forces Role in Homeland Security:

o Assist civil authorities
▪ Help with natural disasters
is
o Aid of the civil power

▪ Allows the military to take control of situation
file
▪ Can override civil power

▪ Only example of this is the FLQ crisis (War Measures Act - 1970)
o Canadian regulations otherwise restrict the military from operating on Canadian soil
is
o Important to note that assisting civil authorities and aiding civil power are two
Th
different things
Military Roles in North America:

• Maritime Surveillance and Control:
o Aurora long-range patrol aircraft
▪ Mostly looking for enemy submarines

▪ Currently we have 14 upgraded aircraft

▪ Purchased in 1980 under Trudeau
o Canadian Multi-Mission Aircraft (not yet deployed)
o ASW aircraft
o UAVs (not yet deployed)
▪ High altitude - Global Hawk (formerly U2)
om
▪ Medium altitude - Predator drone
▪ Low altitude - Many kinds used by Canada in Afghanistan
▪ Many UAVs being used by DHS to look at the US-Canada border
r.c
▪ Canada wants to buy Global Hawk and Predator UAVs
o Radars along the coast
lur
o Frigates
▪ Canada uses 12 upgraded frigates to patrol Canadian waters
nb
▪ Frigates are also deployed around the world (Mediterranean Sea)
o Maritime helicopters
tu
▪ Canada uses Sea-king helicopters
▪ Currently being replaced with Cyclones
ar
o MCDVs
Sm
▪ Smaller, manned by the Naval reserve forces
▪ Operate along coast
▪ Currently have 12
o Submarines
via
▪ Canada has 4 Victoria-class submarines purchased from the UK

▪ Many issues with the subs
▪ Currently have 2 deployed on each coast (west & east)
d
▪ Diesel and electric powered

e
▪ Can operate in the Arctic if there is no ice

ar
• In order to stay under ice you need nuclear powered subs

o Other agencies:
Sh
▪ Coast Guard
▪ Transport Canada
▪ CBSA
is
▪ RCMP
▪ Navy
file
o Maritime security operations centers (MSOCs)

▪ Operated by the Navy
▪ Bases in:
is
• Halifax
Th
• Esquimalt
• Great Lakes
▪ All intel they collect is fed into CJOC
• Air Surveillance and Control:
o NORAD post 9/11
▪ Looks outward AND inward

▪ FAA and NavCan feed info into NORAD 24/7

▪ This means NORAD will know instantly of any hijacking (this was not the case
before 9/11)
▪ Operation Noble Eagle
o North Warning System (NWS)
o Intermittent radars on North American soil
om
▪ Able to detect enemy bombers even with transponders turned off
▪ Large amount of ground-based radars surrounding Washington DC
▪ Also use mobile radar systems for use in "high risk" areas (eg. The Olympics)
r.c
o NORAD + NORTHCOM = N2C2
▪ NORAD NORTHCOM Command Control
lur
▪ From 1958 - 2002 NORAD HQ was literally inside of a mountain (Mt. Cheyenne)
▪ From 2002 - present they have been on a separate base
nb
▪ However, Mt. Cheyenne has been on "warm standby" in preparation for a
nuclear war
tu
▪ NORAD is beginning to move back into the mountain
Canada's control of NORAD forces:
ar
o
▪ 4 squadrons of CF18s Sm
▪ 2 stationed in Bagotville
▪ 2 stationed in Cold Lake
Civilian Assistance Plan:

via
• A military program
• No use of force
• Designed to provide assistance in case of natural disasters
d
• Entire plan is declassified

e
ar
Combined Defense Plan:

• Military program - Classified
Sh
• Rules of engagement (ROEs) of use of Canadian military force on US soil and vise-versa
• Note: NORAD operational rules allow for US and Canadian fighters to cross the border
freely
is
file
is
Th

Lecture #9 – The Arctic:

Shipping & Transit:
• Shipping through the Arctic can reduce travel distance between Europe and Asia by up to
40%
om
• There are three main routes:
o Along the coast of Siberia (the Northern Sea route)
o Through the middle of the arctic (the Polar route)
r.c
o Along the Canadian coast (the Northwest Passage)
• Ships may be able to travel through the arctic without needing an icebreaker as soon as
lur
2030
o During the "navigable season" (eg. Summer)
nb
o However this season is getting longer
• During the 90s it took about 20 days to traverse the arctic routes
tu
• Now, it only takes about 10 days
• Issues with using the arctic:
ar
o No infrastructure
o Risky
Sm
o Probably need escort
o Narrow passage
• Reasons to use the arctic:
via
o Great for those who ship north of Hong Kong

o Risks of piracy make the arctic more appealing
d
Oil & Gas:

e
• There are large deposits of oil and natural gas surrounding the arctic, particularly above
ar
Russia and parts of Canada

• 4 different areas:
Sh
o Alaska and Canada

o Barents Sea
o Archipelago
is
o Kara Sea (Siberia)

•
file
All are within the EEZ (exclusive economic zone) of a country
Territory Disputes:
•
is
Unresolved issues with territory control

o Potential for conflict
Th
• Lomonasov Ridge
o An area in the arctic currently being disputed by Canada, Russia, and Denmark
o A states EEZ can be extended to an area if the sea floor is shown to be connected to
its coastal shelf
o EEZ standard is 200 miles

o Canada and Russia have both submitted their disputes to the UN, however it will be
around 10 years before any decision is made
• Dispute between Canada and the US
o Territory off the coast of Alaska/Yukon
• Dispute between Canada and Denmark
o Hans Island
om
o A small island between Nunavut and Greenland
r.c
Russia:
• Russia has shown increased interest in the arctic over the past few years
• Currently in the process of militarizing their arctic territories
lur
o Building airfields, submarine bases
o Re-opening Cold War era military bases
nb
o Rebuilding Soviet bombers and fighter jets
o Established an arctic command center
tu
o Currently building a permanent arctic force deployment
ar
o Also has a navy force, the Northern Fleet
o Building a fleet of nuclear powered icebreakers
Sm
• Canada has no military bases in the arctic, no deployed forces
• Closest military force would be the US forces in Alaska
• Russian Navy focus:
o In 2007 Russia planted a flag in the disputed arctic territory
via
o They've restarted submarine patrols into the northern Atlantic

o The GIUK gap (Greenland, Iceland, United Kingdom)
o This is seen as a threat to NATO
d
• Russia may be pushing back against NATO expansion

e
• Russia is treating the Northern Sea Route the same way that Canada is treating the
ar
Northwest Passage
o Wants to be able to control who and what goes through
Sh
o Wants to be able to charge fees for the use of the passage

• Russia also seen as looking to re-gain their spot on the world stage as a great power, rival
is
to the US
file
China:
• Has also taken activity in the arctic
• Large focus on shipping routes due to their export-dependent economy
is
• Heavily energy dependent

• Need more and more resources, arctic has oil
Th
• This would be extremely important to China

• Malacca Dilemma:
o Over-reliance on the Malacca straight
o This makes the area extremely dangerous and prone to piracy
o Using the arctic shipping routes would allow China to get around this issue

• China has stated that they have "polar rights" and refers to themselves as a "near polar
nation"
• Russia is particularly concerned with China in the arctic
• China currently has two of its own icebreakers
o One of which is the largest in the world
• China is also building ice-capable tankers
om
• In 2015 when Obama was visiting Alaska, China sailed 5 ships through arctic waters
• Has tried to establish a permanent presence with Iceland
•
r.c
Applied and was granted "observer status" on the arctic council in 2013
o This angered Russia and Canada
• China is massively building its Navy forces
lur
• Germany and Japan are also trying to get involved in the arctic
nb
The United States:
• The US has a strategic interest in the arctic
tu
• They have a large presence however mostly in the form of nuclear submarines operating
ar
under the ice
• Trudeau and Obama have banned oil and gas exploration in the arctic
Sm
• The US has been doing a lot of mapping of the ocean floor using new types of sonar
• Overall however, the United States does not play a very large role in the disputes over the
arctic
via
Canada:
• Largest concern is sovereignty
•
d
Need to be able to control who and what passes through Canadian waters
• Disputing claims that the Northwest Passage is an international waterway or international
e
passage
ar
o Canada claims that it is an internal waterway that is within Canadian territory

Sh
• The United States is concerned with Canada's ability to defend the arctic
o However, at the same time, the US does not want Canada to build up its Navy
forces, they don't want any knowledge of what their nuclear submarines are doing
is
under the ice

o Their concern is the precedence that would be set by a Canadian claim to arctic
file
territory
• In the 1980s Canada granted the US permission to always use the Northwest Passage
• Another Canadian concern is the environmental effects of increased shipping traffic
is
o Eg. The devastating effects of an oil spill

• Possible criminal activity is also a concern
Th
o Melting ice will create new potential for illegal activities

▪ Mining operations
▪ Illegal immigrants
▪ Piracy
• Capabilities:

o Submarines
▪ Canada only has diesel electric submarines, cannot operate under the ice
▪ They are old, in need of replacement
o Ships
▪ Canada has no ice-capable frigates
▪ None of our ships are double-hulled, meaning they cannot travel through any
om
ice
▪ Ice-capable ships are much heavier though, would take forever to get
r.c
anywhere else in the world that Canada operates
• Eg. Mediterranean Sea
▪ Harper promised to build armed, ice-capable frigates
lur
▪ This never happened has it proved to be too expensive
o Arctic offshore patrol vessels (AOPS)
nb
▪ Building 5 or 6 patrol vessels that have limited icebreaking ability
▪ They can break through 1 meter of new ice
tu
▪ Lightly armed with 20mm/50 calibers
Polar-class icebreakers
ar
o
▪ Canada is currently building a polar-class icebreaker
Sm
▪ Originally promised by Mulroney
o Deepwater port
▪ Located in Nanisivik
▪ Russia already has 12 of these
via
▪ The United States has none

o Arctic Training Center
▪ Located in Resolute Bay
d
▪ Created by Harper
e
o Rangers
ar
▪ 5,000 trained rangers

▪ Mostly are Inuit reservists
Sh
o Auroras
▪ Large, long-range surviellance planes that can spot and track submarines
▪ No longer operate on a regualr basis over the arctic
is
▪ Are deployed from Nova Scotia or Vancover and can take up to 12 hours to
file
arrive in the arctic

o RADARSAT
▪ Low earth orbit satellite system that allows for observation of arctic
▪ System contains 3 satellites
is
▪ Satellites are unable to stay positioned over the poles of the earth however
Th
Arctic Council:
• Created in 1996
• Contains 8 member countries
o Canada
o Russia

o Sweden
o Finland
o Norway
o Iceland
o Denmark
o The United States
om
• 3 of which do not actually have an arctic coast
• Have created a few binding agreements
r.c
o Search and rescue operations
o Oil pollution
• Ilulissat Declaration (2008):
lur
o Stated that UNCLOS framework is all that is needed, no more rules are necessary
o Only included 5 coastal countries
nb
o Really angered Germany
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

Lecture #10 – NATO:

Creation of NATO:
• NATO was not actually created by the United States
• After WWII, Soviet troops did not withdraw from eastern Europe as expected
om
• This created tensions between the Allies and the USSR
• February 1946: Churchill made a famous speech "The Iron Curtain has descended on
Europe"
r.c
• December 1947: Failed foreign ministers conference in London
o Trying to figure out how to deal with Germany
lur
o Divided Germany into four sections:
▪ US
nb
▪ UK
▪ France
tu
▪ USSR
o Berlin was within the USSR section
ar
o The Allies knew the Soviets were not going to cooperate
• 1948: Coup in Czechoslovakia
Sm
o Became under USSR control
• 1948/1949: Berlin airlift
o Soviets cut off access to the west Berlin
via
o Destroyed railways
o In response, the Allies used Hercules class aircraft to airlift in supplies and overcame
the Soviet blockade
d
• 1948: Benelux, France, and the UK got together and created the "Western Union"
e
o Wanted the US to join as an ally

ar
o US did not want to join yet another European alliance, worries of being dragged into
another European war
Sh
o US agreed to join on the condition that the alliance was widened to include many
other countries, make it less Euro-centric
▪ Wanted to include:
is
• Canada
• Portugal
file
• Italy
• Denmark
• Iceland
is
• Norway
Th
▪ Iceland had no military but it provided a good place for airfields

▪ All of the countries agreed to join
o This overcame the isolationist policies of the US at the time
• April 1949: The North Atlantic Treaty was signed
o This was the first alliance the US ever signed that agreed to provide help in the
future if needed

o Isolationists and military members were not happy

• Nobody wanted to have all of these members except Canada
o France and the UK only wanted their "Western Union" plus Canada
o Many did not want Italy
o Portugal and Italy didn't even want to join
• 1950: NATO was officially created
om
• 1952: Greece and Turkey were added as members
• 1955: West Germany added as a member
•
r.c
1986: Spain added as a member
• Currently, there are 28 members
• The organization component of NATO was added in 1950
lur
• 1951: The creation of SHAPE (Strategic Headquarters Allied Powers Europe)
o First commander was General Eisenhower
nb
o Was originally located in Paris
o Was moved in 1967
tu
ar
The North Atlantic Treaty:
• Most important article is article #5: Sm
o An attack against one member is an attack against all members
o This is tied to article #51 of the UN charter
• The first and only time that Article 5 has been triggered is on September 12th, 2001
via
The Soviet Response:

• The USSR, a collection of 15 republics
•
d
Created the "Warsaw Pact"

e
o Russia
o Poland
ar
o Albania
Sh
o Romania
o Hungary
o Czech
is
• August 1961: The Soviets were upset with the volume of people moving from east to west
Germany, built the Berlin Wall
file
NATO Strategy:
• Massive retaliation (1950s)
is
o Created by Eisenhower
Th
o Any Soviet aggression would be met with a "massive retaliation" of nuclear weapons
o This was perceived as a better alternative to war
o Canada and others disagreed with this ideology
• Main goal of western Europe was to avoid a ground war at all costs
• Eventually the ideology changed to a "flexible response"
o Begin with conventional war

o Use small arms

o Save massive retaliation for last
• This was favored by North America
o France hated it
• Issues with nuclear weapons
o Only three nations in NATO had nuclear weapons
om
▪ US
▪ UK
▪ France
r.c
o US said that all military's had to join their nuclear weapon systems together to make
an effective and safe system
lur
o France said no, actually withdrew from NATO (De Gaulle)
o France didn't actually re-join until 2009
nb
o The UK has coordinated their nukes with the US since 1962
• Collective defense:
tu
o Deterrence + defense
• Dialogue + détente
ar
o Cooperative security
• 1967 Hernel Report:
Sm
o "Two track strategy" to deal with Soviet threat
▪ Build up the military
▪ Reach out to the Soviets with dialogue and discussion
via
• 1970s Nixon Doctrine:

o Nixon made plans to end the war in Vietnam
o Said that the US was getting too stretched out, couldn't defend the whole world
d
o Told south Asia that they were going to need to sort out their own problems without
e
the US help
ar
o European powers read this as the US saying they were not going to help anyone,
including Europe
Sh
o Created allied concern

o "Decoupling"
▪ Europe became very concerned that North America would "decouple" itself
is
from Europe
▪ Basically go back to being isolationist, leave Europe defenseless against the
file
Soviet threat
End of the Cold War:

is
• Many believe it was due to the "two track approach"

Th
o Deployed cruise missiles within Europe

▪ NATO deployed Perching II missiles
▪ USSR deployed SS20 short-range missiles
o Built up nuclear arms
o Negotiate
• Basically used nuclear threat to force the USSR to come and negotiate

• 1987 INF Agreement:

o Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF)
o An agreement negotiated between Reagan and Gorbachev
o Signed in Iceland
o This is where people first suspected Reagan was suffering from dementia
• Putin is once again preparing to deploy the SS20 short-range missiles
om
• In October 1990 Germany was officially reunified
• Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
r.c
o Originally began in 1975 as part of the Helsinki Act
o Operationalized in 1995 as the "Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe"
(OSCE)
lur
o The Belief was that CSCE could replace NATO and the Warsaw Pact in Europe
o The first issue was what to do in the Balkans
nb
▪ The Soviets refused to let this issue be discussed within the CSCE
▪ This meant things had already begun to fall apart
tu
• Cold War officially ended Christmas day 1991
ar
Why did NATO survive? Sm
• The Balkan crisis created a need for NATO:
o 1992: UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) entered Bosnia
o In 1995 NATO took over all operations in Bosnia
• NATO provides 6 internal functions:
via
o Maintains US engagement with Europe

▪ This is currently in jeopardy with Trump as President
o Resolving intra-Europe security dilemmas
d
o Reassure Germany's neighbors

e
▪ Make France and Britain feel safe

ar
▪ Both were scared of Germany's power in the 1990s

▪ The US pushed to make sure that Germany didn't develop an autonomous
Sh
military policy
o Limiting nuclear proliferation
is
▪ The US nuclear arsenal is designed to protect all NATO allies

▪ This is used to help prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons
file
o Denationalizing security policies

▪ Example: Preventing Germany from building up it's own nuclear arsenal
o Coordination of allies in non-NATO missions
is
▪ Missions against ISIS are not NATO operations, however it is heavily discussed
within NATO as member nations are involved
Th
NATO Post-Cold War (1989 - 2014):

• 1991, 1999, 2010 Strategic concept
• Collective defense
o Territorial integrity

• Crisis management
o Peacekeeping (to be covered next week)
o Example: Operations in Afghanistan
o Bosnia:
▪ IFOR
▪ SFOR
om
o Kosovo
o ISAF in Afghanistan
r.c
o Libya
• Cooperative security
• 1990s debate:
lur
o How far should NATO expand?
o Three sides:
nb
▪ Traditionalists:
• Stick to alliance territory
tu
• Do not expand
▪ Geographically limited territory in and around NATO
ar
▪ Broader concept: Sm
• Well beyond NATO territory
• Lots of members
o Broader concept side won around 2002
o Mostly due to 9/11
via
o After 2014, a new era has begun, NATO starting to pull back and take a more
traditionalist approach
• Post 2014:
d
o Main focus is on collective defense and cooperative security

e
o Small focus on crisis management

ar
o More traditionalist approach

o Wales:
Sh
▪ Very high readiness force

▪ NATO Reaction Force (NRF)
o In 2014 no one saw Russia as a present threat
is
o Now, that has changed

•
file
2016 Warsaw Summit:

o Creation of 4 mechanized battalions
o Permanent deployed force
o Countries involved:
is
▪ UK
Th
▪ Germany
▪ United States
▪ Canada
▪ Others
• Canada & NATO:
o Multilateral

o Canada gets a "seat at the table"

o Gives government negotiating power
om
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th


PSCI 3607 Study Guide: Final Exam

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PSCI 3607 Study Guide: Final Exam

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

om

Lecture #2 – The Evolution of Canada’s Security & Defense

 Now more and more it is becoming measures at home

 Canada has been called "the fireproof house"

o At least no immediate threats that are close by

o The melting arctic is going to have a major impact as well

 Canada has only done one national security strategy

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

List of Canada's Defense Policies:

o Originally, it was not altruistic

o The Suez crisis (1956):

association the USSR

 US was very mad

 Avoided a war with the Soviet Union

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

o Early warning lines

 Diefe aker go er e t ould ’t de ide if it as goi g to participate in the

 Canadian military placed itself on alert without notifying the government

 Sent navy south to join up with the US fleet

 This had a large impact on the next White paper

o However he also wanted closer military cooperation with the US

o Wanted to focus on the UN and NATO

 Completely flipped the defense priorities of Canada

 Collective security through the UN

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

 Trudeau Sr. era:

o Pursuit of "the 3rd way" which was economic markets

NATO standard of 2% GDP spending on military

 His government purchased the CF-18 fighters

 Also focused on:

 UN peacekeeping "as we may from time to time"

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

o Big supporter of the UN and NATO

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

Lecture #3 - Evolution of Security & Defense Policy Cont.

How Canada Can Cause Security for Itself:

white paper was released

 United Nations and NATO support was needed

o Commitment and the capability gap

 As a result they withdrew certain commitments

 Dealing with landmines in Cambodia

 Small arms proliferation

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

 One to review foreign affairs

o Very little spending, focus on prolonging current equipment

 Chretien released an "intelligence budget"

 Increase of special ops units

 Canadian Security and Intelligence Service (CSIS)

 CSIS is civilian, reports to Public Safety Canada

 CSE is military, reports to minister of defense

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

o Released a national security policy:

o Lost to Harper in 2006

o Not a supporter of the UN, particularly peacekeeping

o Large supporter of the missions in Afghanistan

o Supported strong relations with the US

 Promised to build 3 armed military icebreakers

 Small focus on defense abroad

 Six main priorities:

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

 Take part in a mission (long duration)

We provide unlocked studymaterials from popular websites at affordable find

Guest lecture by Joanne Lostracco