1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

WebAssign Jacob Modaff

BIO 181 Exam 4 (Exam) BIO 181, section 601, Fall 2013
Instructor: Betty Black
Current Score : 59 / 80 Due : Monday, November 25 2013 10:00 PM EST
1/2 submissions

The due date for this assignment is past. Your work can be viewed below, but no changes can be made.

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1. 10/10 points

Match each plant or animal nutrient to its description. (One answer is not used.)

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a source of carbon for plants carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

a nutrient obtained from the soil by plants nitrates

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nitrates

the form in which plants transport sugars sucrose sucrose

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the product of photosynthesis glucose glucose
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a deficiency produces scurvy vitamin C vitamin C

stored in fat, when present in excess lipid lipid

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broken down into glucose during digestion starch starch

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required for calcium absorption & strong bones vitamin D vitamin D

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broken down into amino acids during digestion protein protein

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a deficiency produces beriberi (muscle

vitamin B1 vitamin B1
weakness and anemia)
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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

2. 3/5 points

Match the animal group to its type of excretory structure.

no excretory structures, wastes diffuse into the surrounding environment

annelids
metaphridria with openings to the body surface

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flatworms flame cells with beating cilia flame cells with beating cilia

metaphridria with openings to the body surface

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cnidarians
no excretory structures, wastes diffuse into the surrounding environment

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Malpighian tubules that open into the digestive tract
insects
Malpighian tubules that open into the digestive tract

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nephrons with renal corpuscles and loops of Henle

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mammals
nephrons with renal corpuscles and loops of Henle

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3. 2/2 points

Within a given food chain, a pyramid of numbers measures

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the total amount of energy at each trophic level

the total production efficiency of the food chain

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the total primary production at the base of the food

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chain
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the total number of organisms at each trophic level

the total biomass at each trophic level

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

4. 0/2 points

Which trophic level in an ecosystem usually has the greatest biomass?

secondary consumers

primary consumers

tertiary consumers

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top carnivores

primary producers

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5. 2/2 points

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The function of a gizzard in the digestive tract is to

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absorb nutrients from digested protein

house bacteria that digest cellulose

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store food
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secrete digestive enzymes

grind food
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6. 2/2 points

In humans, both trypsin and amylase are secreted by the

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large intestine
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pancreas

microvilli of the small intestine

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liver
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stomach

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

7. 2/2 points

Which of the following is a plant micronutrient?

potassium

iron

phosphorus

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nitrogen

water

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8. 2/2 points

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Plants that have adapted to living in the shade have

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thicker leaves

less chlorophyll
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more stomata
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leaves that trap insects

thinner leaves
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9. 2/2 points

Which of the following plant tissues form hollow tubes and use companion cells for "life support"?
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cambium
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xylem

phloem
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root endoderm
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parenchyma

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

10.2/2 points

Which of the following is true of bacteria which live in the human digestive tract?

all of these are true

bacteria are often used in probiotics

most bacteria live in the large intestine

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most bacteria are beneficial

some bacteria provide an important source of vitamins

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11.0/2 points

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Which of the following plays the greatest role in water movement up a stem?

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simple diffusion

pressure flow toward a sugar sink

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all of these play an equal role
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root pressure

evaporation of water from stomata

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12.0/2 points

In which animal group is oxygen transported through the body by air tubes (not by blood vessels)?
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fish
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mammals

annelids
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insects
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crustaceans

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

13.2/2 points

In which animal does blood leave vessels and enter a body cavity?

earthworm

fish

amphibian

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insect

flatworm

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14.0/2 points

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In the vertebrate circulatory system, the structure of arteries and veins differ in that

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all of these are true

arteries have valves to prevent blood back-flow

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arteries move blood toward the heart
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arteries are more elastic than veins

arteries have less muscle in their walls than veins

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15.2/2 points

In the mammalian circulatory system, which structure(s) collect fluid from tissues?
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the heart
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the lungs

large arteries
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large veins
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lymph vessels

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

16.0/2 points

In which of the following animals does oxygenated blood mix with deoxygenated blood within the
heart?

fish

none of these

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birds

amphibians

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mammals

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17.2/2 points

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Mammalian lungs are more efficient from than those of amphibians because

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mammalian lungs utilize a buccal pump for ventilation. Sm
mammals utilize a counter-current flow of blood vs.air to increase oxygen absorption

none of these
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mammalian lungs have a duct system that allows a continuous, one-way flow of air
through the lungs.
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mammalian lungs have much more surface area for oxygen absorption.
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18.0/2 points
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Birds and most reptiles excrete metabolic waste in the form of

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glucose

ammonia
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uric acid
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nitrogen gas

urea

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

19.0/2 points

Which of the following is a way in which fresh-water fish achieve salt/water balance?

They pump salt out of the body through their gills.

all of these

They drink large quantities of water and produce a concentrated urine.

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They are osmoconformers.

They produce a large amount of dilute urine (containing little salt).

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20.1/3 points

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Regarding soil and plant nutrition:

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a) Describe "loam" and explain why this type of soil is optimal for plant growth.
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b) Describe one way in which some plants have adapted to living in soil that contains toxic minerals
(such as aluminum).
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a) Loam has high levels of humus in it, which is the most nutrient filled part of soil. Plant growth is
optimal in soil that is at least 8% humus and loam is above that.
b) Aluminum is a toxin to plants, and when they absorb it into their roots, some plants have
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adapted and had their flowers turn pink instead of the normal color due to chemical changes.
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Key: see feedback

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Score: 1 out of 3

Comment: We are looking for an answer more like the following: a) Loam is soil that contains a
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mixture of sand and clay (or silt). This mixture of particle sizes allows for adequate aeration of the
soil, but also retains water and minerals. b) Some plants secrete chemicals (oxalate or citrate) that
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bind aluminum and prevent in from entering the roots. Or you could say that some plants absorb
the aluminum, but store it in the central vacuole of cells (where it does no harm).
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Graded: 1 points by Crow, Tess on Tuesday, November 26 2013 07:16 PM EST.

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

21.4/4 points

a) Describe the general features of the nitrogen cycle (indicate how nitrogen gets from the
environment, to plant and animal life, and back into the environment).
b) Explain how/why nitrogen and its compounds are important for life.

a) Nitrogen starts in the environment in many forms, the ones we'll start with are ammonia or
nitrite. Ammonia is broken down into nitrite by bacteria, and then the nitrite is further broken down

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into nitrate, a more usable form, by other bacteria. Nitrate is absorbed by the plant and used to
support its metabolism. Humans absorb the nitrogen from the plants and animals that they eat.

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Nitrogen is then excreted by the plants and animals back into the environment in the form of
ammonia or sometimes uric acid.

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b) Nitrogen is a very important compound because its necessary for the creation of amino acids. All
amino acids have nitrogen in them and amino acids are used for many important processes in the

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body, such as muscle synthesis, or activity involving enzymes.

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Key: see feedback

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Score: 4 out of 4
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Comment:

Graded: 4 points by Grabow TA, Hannah on Tuesday, November 26 2013 08:24 PM EST.
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22.4/4 points
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Describe the vascular bundle of a monocot plant. Then indicate how the vascular bundle
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components differ in a eudicot, such as a tree.

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A vascular bundle is the xylem and phloem combined. They're used to transport nutrients up the
roots and stem and into the flowers and leaves where they're needed. In a moncot, the xylem and
phloem are together and and mixed throughout the edges of the plant. In a eudicot like a tree, the
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xylem is always on the outside in order to have more protection for the tree and provide a rigid
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outer layer.

Key: see feedback

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Score: 4 out of 4
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Comment:

Graded: 4 points by Anderson TA, Monica on Thursday, November 28 2013 03:13 PM EST.

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

23.2/4 points

Indicate one function for each of the following components of mammalian blood:

a) red blood cells

b) white blood cells
c) platelets
d) fibrin

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a) Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.

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b) White blood cells are the cells that are created in response to foreign substances entering the
body. If the foreign substances are deemed harmful by your body, the white blood cells attack it

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and try to eliminate it.
c) Platelets contain the bloods antibodies.

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d) Fibrin

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Key: see feedback

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Score: 2 out of 4
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Comment: c) stick to blood vessels to plug a damaged area (also activate clotting factors) d)
forms a mesh the traps blood cells to form a clot (seals damaged areas of a blood vessel)
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Graded: 2 points by Wingate, Marvin on Saturday, November 30 2013 12:25 PM EST.

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

24.4/4 points

Regarding human sweating:

a) Explain why sweating is necessary and where sweat is produced.

b) Explain why drinks like Gatorade are beneficial during heavy exercise (give details to assure full
credit).

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a) Sweating is necessary in order to keep our body at a reasonable temperature either during
exercise or in extreme environments. It's produced just below the skin in special glands, and if

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sweat wasn't produced then our body would overheat during exercise and we could not maintain
activity for as long as we can now.

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b) Gatorade is beneficial because it provides water as well as some micronutrients that are lost in
our sweat, such as sodium. This group of micronutrients are called the electrolytes and are

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important for helping water flow properly in our body and maintaining proper concentrations.
Gatorade helps replenish these nutrients along with the water that is lost during exercise.

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Key: see feedback

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Score: 04 out of 4
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Comment:
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Graded: 04 points by Black, Betty on Sunday, December 1 2013 09:44 AM EST.

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1/12/14 BIO 181 Exam 4

25.11/12 points

Both plants and animals must obtain nutrients and transport them throughout the body. Compare
flowering plants vs. mammals (such as humans) regarding:

a) The nutrients that they must obtain from the environment. Include elements, organic molecules,
vitamins and minerals, as appropriate.
b) The ways that they transport these nutrients throughout the body. HINT: Include nutrients

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made by photosynthesis when describing transport by plants.

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A) There are some similarities between flowering plants and mammals between what nutrients each
needs. The big difference is how much of each. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Iron, Amino

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Acids are used by both. Humans also get Vitamins A, B1-12, C, D, E, F, Lipids,
Carbohydrates(Sugar, Starch, Fibers), Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and a few other trace

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elements.
B) Plants transport most of their absorbed nutrients the same way, as they are mostly absorbed

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from the soil. They're absorbed through the roots, sometimes acids are released to break down the

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compound beforehand, and travel through the roots and up the stem through the xylem and
phloem. These provide the main system of transportation up the stem and to the leaves and
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flowers. Glucose travels through the same channels, and is created during photosynthesis. Oxygen,
also created by photosynthesis, is diffused through the leaves and into the environment.
Humans absorb all of their nutrients through the foods that they eat. Digestion starts in the mouth
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with saliva and continues through the esophagus until the stomach small intestine. The stomach
small intestine is where absorption begins. Enzymes, trypsin, alymase, and lipase, are all secreated
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by the pancreas and help to break down the macronutrients their individual parts. In the stomach,
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billions of bacteria are housed which help break down difficult to dissolve nutrients like fibers and
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produce certain vitamins as well as help absorb other vitamins. Villi that line the intenstine walls
absorb the nutrients and allow them access to the blood stream. Absorption also occurs through
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the microvilli of the stomach. After entering the blood stream, nutrients transported to the places
of the body that they're needed. Sometimes nutrients will be transported by carrier molecules such
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as lipoproteins carrying lipids.

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Key: see feedback

Score: 011 out of 12

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Comment: Water and minerals are transported by xylem, where as sugars are transported by
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phloem.

Graded: 011 points by Black, Betty on Thursday, December 5 2013 09:31 AM EST.

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