ENVS 1000 Study Guide: Final Exam

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FINAL EXAM
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STUDY GUIDE
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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 13 Jan 1st, 2016
Feb 10th – guest lecture.
Paris conference: ended reasonably well. Key Outcomes of the conference:
 Reaffirm the goal of limiting global temperature increase well b elow 2 degrees Celsius, while
u gi g effo ts to li it the i ease to 1.5 deg ees; old goal; the e is ’t eall a e d date fo this
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goal.. that’s a little t ou leso e
 Esta lish i di g o it e ts all pa ties to ake atio all dete i ed o t i utio s
(NDCs) and to pursue domestic measures aimed at achieving them; (new goal. All countries of
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the UN agreed on this.)
 Co it all ou t ies to epo t egula l o thei e issio s a d p og ess ade i i ple e ti g
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a d a hie i g thei NDCs, a d to u de go i ternational review; (there are no other penalties
(due every 5 years in the light of public scrutiny) theres gonna be a new set of international
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standards and probably have some sort of legal weight in a few years. Theres 55 countries that
need to be ratified.)
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 Commit all countries to submit new NDCs every 5 years with the clear expectation that they will
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represent a progression beyond previous ones;
 Reaffirm the binding obligations of developed countries under the UNFCCC to support the
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efforts of developing countries, while for the first time encouraging voluntary contributions by
dev countries too;
 Extend the current goal of mobilizing $100 billion a year in support by 2020 through 2025
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Late on in the term we will talk about the obstacles and opportunites in these clauses and if there are
other alternatives.
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The Rise Of Environmentalism/ Environmental Sciences And The Crises Of Modernity

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Out of the mass arrival of labour/population there was a countermovement – thinking about the
romantic individual. How to focus on one individual in a world of everyone. humans beings going out in
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the natural world to get away from the noise and the cities and factories- get away from human needs
and desires.
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Natural world – beauties and horrors. Using exploration to seek a new world and break barriers. It
becomes a form of natural religion (to see it as a design of god).
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The ise of atu al s ie e :

With the rise of colonialism and tech instruments/methods comes the rise of natural scince. The physical
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world has interesting study points that could be analyzed.

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Mandrake roots considered to be human or quasi-human eg. Of analogical reasoning (prevalent in

botony)
Herbal plants: mix of fantasy and rigorous knowledge. Considered to be marginal, folk medicine (came
from tradition)
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First botanical gardens in Italy (pagula?). 16-17th century development of botanical gardens connected
to medical facilities. Traders began to bring in new plants and animals.
Commodities such as quinine/ rubber coming from trees becoming wide scale and a reason to colonize
and take over lands.
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Collectors were interested in discoveries that were symbolic to colonization and patching pieces from
different places. Began to collect animal/plant species.
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Museums- who tried to get a whole array of natural order. [ where did all this diversity come from and
whats the nature of their diversity. Humans in the caribbean, where did they come from?]
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People began to bring diff animals and plants and celebrated their imperial might.
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Expeditions: scientific expeditions where scientists would go to new places to discover new plants
(import plants such as palms)
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Artists began to work on exotic animals and plants.
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Charles Darwin 1802-1882: naturalist british imperialism and modern genetic science began to come
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together with his origin of speices (nov 1859). Born into a family committed to anti-slavery (the
wedgewood family) industrial magnet and were super rich. Darwins cousins were all part of this. When
he was young he started off as a complete despair of his father. Started off in medicine and gave it up,
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then ventured into bugs and natural history [ he was in his 15s-20s] became involved in geology. Went
on an expedition that went around the world for 5 years. At the end of that came his theory of
evolution. Part of the mission for this expedition was to map this part of the world. After the british gave
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up on the slave trade, they started to use the royal navy to get the slave trade to stop (checking on other
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ships and stuff).

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As Darwin moved south, he was involved in revolutions; he began to discover levels and layers of
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different fossils and creatures that had gone extinct 100s of years ago that beared resemblance to
present species. Species have bene created once, they could go extinct. They were fixed elements in the
natural world and there were versions of them in the natural species.
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Where did change come from? Where the information in all of that about humans came from? One of
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the models 18th century (boy in a a male sperm fully formed and the egg just gave nutrients)
The natural world had a extraordinary sophisticated level of design – who is this extraordinary being
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who has done this? External creator/god acting as n artist who has done this one time creation/
tinkering with his creation as new species. This was part of the power of his model. (top down model) it
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organized the moral and physical structre of human beings.
Garden of Eden- glories of the natural world.

Lamarck’s giraffe. You have an effort, and the effort will be carried on to the next generation. (a neck
stretches, and will be carried on till the neck grows) the struggle to deal with the diversity of things and
trying to create different models to showcase that.
How does natural variation work? Darwin started to talk to people who worked with pigeons about how
they actually got pigeons changed ( colour and stuff) When Darwin went to the Galapagos islands, he
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happened to notice that turtles on the different islands had different phenotypes.
There is a lot of variation in the natural world. theres very slight genetic variation and these variations
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a e hat akes a o ga is u i ue. Da i did ’t ha e the ge eti u de sta di g so he did ’t k o
what was making these beings different.
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Origin of species by natural selection 1859:
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 Immense variability in natural populations.
 The e i o e t hooses that a iatio that a su i e kills, ulls, sideli es the est
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 The su i i g a iatio s the fittest get to pass thei a iatio o to the e t ge e atio
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 And so on: it starts all over again
 Out of this, the immense complex design is woven over vast eons of time.
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1. Overproduction – every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity
2. Variation – individuals of a pop have many characteristics that differ
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3. Natural sele tio fit ess to e i o e t – some individuals survive longer and reproduce to
create more
4. Adaptation – the characteristics of those that survive pass on (natural selection)
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Pedigree of man Phylogenetic Tree

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Early Conservation
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Mix of romanticism, environmentalism, science, industrial __________. Beauty, curiosity and wonder of
the natural world. Its political roots come in conservation. Early onservation started in England, france,
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Netherlands. Started in Britain connected to the:

Commons Preservation Society – 1865; followed by,
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Kyrle Society – 1870s; followed by,

National Trust – 1895
They began to preserve parks and natural areas. Provided space and walking space for everyone in the
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country .
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New forest – Rufus Stone protect ancient buildings and ancient woods and other mythical places.
1810 – no one would go to beaches. Typhoid and other diseases were associated with it. Rich people
would go to the beach. 1950s – 1860s the middle lower class started to go to the beach because the rich
go.. now its common.
Roosevelt and Pinchot created the US forest service signed the 1902 reclamation art.

In Canada, our models is places like Banff (1885) the first national reserve park. Most of the big parks in
Canada were hunting parks. And overtime they became national parks.
WW1 – chlorine gas arrival of the tank and other modern forms of weaponry (chlorine gas funded
universities).
Technology was interesting because people prided themselves with pollution (smell of coal and smoke
was a sign that they had jobs) London Fog 1952- 4000 people killed (massive pollution incident) England
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then decided that it ould ’t ha e i ide es like this a o e a d so it fo id a u i g of oal i
open air and other activities.
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E io e talis : Wa es a d Wou ds…
 1 Wave: (1880s – 1940s) conservation/ factory legislation
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 2nd wave: 1950s-1970s) environmentalism (Rachel Carson) and first environmental legislation
 3rd wave (1980s-2000s) concerns over the trajectory of modernity/ planetary consciousness
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 4th a e??: ethi ki g/ e eati g atu e a d the hu a ei g ha e ’t egu to thi k a out
this concept yet)
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If we are in the 4th wave, it is a fundamental question about what the goals of human beings are on the
planet.
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E viro e talis is ot about the e viro e t. It is about the threats to the fundamental fabric of
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life. Everytime there has been a commotion; it always is because there is a threat to some component of
life. A new version of environmentalism rises when a fabric of life is threatened.
Wound 1. The atom bomb: it showed the possibility of the ability to destroy time and space in a
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particular space. Using a force that we have no real understanding of like how scientists do.
Wound 2. DDT and other pervasive substances. Case of Love Canal. They do not go away, they stay in
the e i o e t a d do ’t deg ade it so the ’ e stu k a ou d e e si e the ’ e first been sprayed.)
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What is the nature of pervasive substances? This is a sort of vulnerability.

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Wound 3. Acid rain and the long distance threat of industrial disaster.
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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 15 1/20/2016
Environmental Ethics/ Spirituality
Ethics:
What is the right thing to do, no matter what the consequences?

(justice, the good, the right)
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Fo us o la , i di idual hu a rights tru p rights
VS.
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What is the best thing to produce overall human happiness?
What is the ost useful , utile=useful, utilitaria is
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the greatest good for the greatest u er
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Focus on bureaucracies, statistics, overall social good
THESE CONSISTENTLY CLASH IN OUR SOCIETY OVER MANY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.
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FOR EXAMPLE: HAZARDOUS WASTE ISSUES
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(Risky wastes that cannot be eliminated by acceptable methods)
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Should this waste be buried/stored where it will have the least risk: but maybe the risk will be increased
locally?
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What kind of a community will be asked to accept the waste?
If not buried/stores somewhere else, should the communities

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ENVS 1000 20 January 2016

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ENV ETHICS/SPIRITUALITY
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 What is the right thing to do regardless of consequences (Justice, the good, the right); focus on
law, individual human rights (trump rights) VS What is the best thing to produce overall human
happiness, most useful, greatest good for greatest number; focus on bureaucracies, stats,
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overall social good. THESE CONSISTENTLY CLASH IN SOCIETY OVER ENV ISSUES. For example:
hazardous waste issues.
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 Different approaches: 1. Traditional ethical systems (rights based systems, utilitarian,

common/communitarian values, environmental good) 2. Extensions of traditional ethical
systems (ext of human rights into the animal/plant world, redefining human rights to a clean
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env) 3. Shallow ecology (preservation of the env for human benefit, env efficiency, minimizing
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waste, the precautionary principle, sustainability) 4. Social ecology (the environment suffers
because human systems are unjust, env as a symbol of capitalist exploitation) 5. Deep E ology
(Arne Naess, need for fundamental transformation of human relationships with nature vs
shallow ecology) – Transpersonal ecology (psychological transcending of self) -- Earth first!
(anarchist/libertarian, occasionally violent) – Bioregionalism (place based studies) –

ENVS 1000 – Lecture 15 1/20/2016
Biocentrism/Gaiacentrism/Ecocentrism (bio-based ethics) 6. Eco-feminism (exploitation of

nature as a reflection of worldview that exploits women).7. Religious/Spiritual Ecology
 Case Study: Ethics of High Le el Nu lear Waste disposal: 15% of Ca ada’s ele tri ity po ered y
nuclear energy in CANDU reactors. What should be done with the waste? Underground? Deep
disposal site? Above ground? Leave where it is? Store above ground elsewhere?
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Food, air and water is a public good.
30 hands on food molecules.
THE 5 A’s OF EFFECTIVE FOOD SYSTEM:
1. Available - sufficient supply
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2. Accessible – effective distribution
3. Acceptable – culturally acceptable/nutritionally adequate
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4. Appropriate – ecologically sustainable/safe
5. Agency – enables actions
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If the food syste works properly, it’s a losed loop syste of produ tio , o su ptio a d re y li g.
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Agroecology:
Co er ed a out the relatio ships …
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- Definition (google): is the study of ecological processes that operate in agricultural
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production systems. The prefix agro- refers to agriculture. Bringing ecological principles
to bear in agroecosystems can suggest novel management approaches that would not
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otherwise be considered.
Farming systems consistent with agroecological theory:

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- Use design and management procedures that work with natural processes
- Conserve resources
- Minimize waste and environmental damage
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- Maintain or improve farm profitability.

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The dominant rules of the food system

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- High productivity, high inputs

- High volume, scale efficiency, low cost
- Shareholder value, dominant markets
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- Centralizations, distancing, export

- Value-added to extract consumer dollar, homogenize taste
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- Externalize costs- health and environment

- Niches: quality, health, organic
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Main food system problems:

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- Not designed to optimize health

- Not evergy efficient
- Damaging to ecosystems
- Does not provide many actors (farmers) with a decent living; highly inequitable distribution of
benefits

- Hoes not respect food cultures and commensality

- Creates divisions between rural and urban; producer and eater
- Compromises food systems of the global south
Linking environment and health
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- Overproduction and over consumption of animal product
Retail vulnerabilities
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- Narrow profit margins, around 2%
- Dependence on customer volume
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- Sotre loyalty declining in areas with options
- Rebellion against the global
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- Competition from low-cost outlets
- More people trying to reclaim a real shopping experience (eg. Farmers markets)
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- Pressures for more product lines, making central warehousing and distribution more complex.
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Food service vulnerabilities Sm
- Thin profit margins, around 3.5%
- Student markets applying value-based pressures (eg. Local animal-welfare)
- Demands for higher nutritional quality
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- Ethnic population diversification

- Cafeterias as interesting eating experiences
- Some companies linking cafeteria to overall workforce health.
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Big solutions food movements promote

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- Go organic – fastest growing segment of food system

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- Go local and direct – farmers markets, gardens, CSAs, food box schemes
- Go vegetarian
- Make food part of health care – unleash the preventative power of food
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- Food education and food citizenship

- Food sovereignty
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Take away thoughts:

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- Lots of sceienticant problems, but many good things happening; many reasons to smile
- Nuanced assessment, sophisticated implementation strategy.
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- Know the target, its strengths and vulnerabilities, understand what they need.

ENVS 1000 – Lecture 19
2:36 89% 2h15m
Paris conference in December: Outcomes:
Reaffirm the goal of limiting global temperatures increase well below 2 degrees C. while urging efforts to
limit the increase to 1.5 degrees.
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- Esta lish i di g o it e ts y all pa ties to ake atio ally dete i ed o t i utio s a d
to pursue domestic measures aimed at achieving them.
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- Commit all countries to regularly report their emissions and progress made in implementing and
achieving
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What the un process has basically argued is that every 5 years theres gonna be a progression – a new set
of plans given how the circumstances are gonna be. They are gonna have another emergency
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conference in which they will up their agreements to meet the global minimum.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Some of the basics
- Green house gas emissions
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- Possible complications
Svate Arrehenius (1859-1927) noble peace prize about discoveries of alkaline chemicals. 300ppm of
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CO2 youd get a climate change temp rise of 2C. HE BASICALLY PREDICTED THAT A LOT OF CO2 IS GONNA
SCREW OUR PLANET.
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Mars thin atmosphere – all Co2 on ground avg temp -50C

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Venus thick atmosphere all CO2 avg temp. 420C.

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Earth 0.03% of CO2 in atmosphere Avg temp. 15C

- Biggest greenhouse gas is water vapour. It keeps the weather stable. But the CO2 undoes it.
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Carbon cycle – the hole in it, theres an annual increase of 4 gegatons of carbon per year. (Fossil pool has
carbon of 10,000)
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*showing a bunch of graphs about CO2 levels in the atmosphere*

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When the arctic ice in N Canada melts, itll make shipping routes much easier and more efficient cause
the passage to china will get hella short. (this will prolly happen within 10 years.)
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Where is global warming going? 93.4% in Oceans | 2.3 % atmosphere | 2.1% continentns
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Global land ocean temperature is rising.
CMIP: coupled atmospheric ocean model intercomparison project for IPCC.
Climate impacts and health (WHO)

- I easi g f e ue y of heat a es a d othe stu k eathe systems

- More variable precipitation likely to affect water supplies and water borne diseases.
- Rising temperatures and variable precipitation will affect food production amongst the most
vulnerable.
- Climate change will leangthen the transmission season for important vector-borne diseases (eg.
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Malaria and west nile virus etc.)
- WHO states that there have already been 150000 deaths attributed to Global Warming in 2000.
- Airborne pollutants (eg. Smog, allergenic pollens) will intensify, affecting respiration.
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Glo al a i g ill gi e us stu k eathe syste s . ( ould e d ought, ai , s o it ould e
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whatever.
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Right o if you do ’t like the eathe you a ait a fe days a d the eathe ill ha ge. This is
good. Stuck weather system is gonna ruin the planet.more deaths. Etc.
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Monitoring issues:
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- Older sources need to be recalibrated

- City sites vs. country sites
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- Satellites vs. ground testing

- What to do about variability (the climate does not remain static. Its constant change and not
only because of global warming)

Icecore drilling is started by the Russians. You drill down 200- 300 ft in a glacier and you get an ice core.
You can get ice cores that go back 500 000 years, and you can get bubbles of air and other chemicals
from deep within the ice cores.
If you get a number of different ice cores from different locations you get a detailed look into the
atmosphere from centuries ago.
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Milankovitch cycles
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What the summary for policy makers gets wrong:
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- Politically reviewed (eg. Saudi Arabia has to agree). Very conservative scientifically.
- New studies came in after 2006
- Many feedback loops are underestimated
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- Ocean becoming saturated faster than expected
- Carbon bioxide takeup by vegetation is less than expected.
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What are integrated responses and what do they mean? what do they have to do with sustainable
development? Sm
Integrated responses are those which intentionally and actively address ecosystem services and human-
well-being simultaneously.
In context of sustainable development: since climate change is a threat to sustainable development,
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integration of adaptation and mitigation into planning and decision making creates synergies with
sustainable dev. These synergies among mitigation and adaptation policies and can be substantial. A
multi-objective approach to policy-making can help manage these synergies. Policies advancing multiple
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goals may also attract greater support.

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ENVS 1000 – Reading 14 – Oct - 2015
The Human Dimension 1: Myth, cosmos, and nature

Introduction: the nature of myth
Myths are stories powerful enough to be taken away as true. “Operate near or at the
conceivable limits of desire.”
Mythology: collection of myths.
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Myths are basically created for a society to explain itself to itself. This raises a
fundamental question about who we think we are.
Cosmologies: overall maps of how the universe is structured
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Ontologies: explanations of the nature of being; what it means to exist.
Every culture has a story for birth, death, suffering, existence etc. = archetypes (basic
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patterns of stories that appear worldwide)
The Language of Myth
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Many myths belong to religious/ ritual traditions. Oldest operate on a set of principles
associated with resemblance and analogy.
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In rituals of early peoples, connections were made between space/time to sacred
space/time. Many rituals are created to be organized such that they mirror sacred
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time/space. It connects our time with the gods. Parts of Earth were considered to be
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connected this way (trees, mountains, cities or temples that bought one closer to the
heavens)
Myths often try to make strong connections and draw your attention to resemblances you
have yet not seen. They often operate in language using symbols, similes, metaphors.
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Some myths can also be seen as a great extended exploration of one of the rhetorics:
Creation of earth = potter’s vase.
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How did thinking about nature begin?

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Anthropologists all have their own ideas. (million years ago, 50,000years ago, 35000
years ago…)
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Hunter-Gatherers and Nature

Anthropologists follow modern hunter-gatherers to retrieve some history through their
oral traditions – a lot of problems to trace connections between these societies and
prehistoric ones. “Primitive” peoples or those who live in jungles have displayed a
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thorough understanding of a complex world. This is known as traditional ecological

knowledge (TEK). This knowledge is so vast that westerners themselves rely on it.
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Particularly strong relationships are to be found between hunters and the animals they
hunt because:
1. Hunter could be hunted. There is a sense of equality
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2. Hunts could sometimes be successful.

Numerous societies show that in hunting societies – the hunt is organized by the animal
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itself. They in turn demand respect (rituals, manners) those who waste the hunt will not
be successful in future hunts.
Reciprocity: way of thinking about nature, is also the only way in which practices of
human societies reflect in how nature is thought of.
These cultures were all passed down orally in form of songs, dance ritual and story.

Frankenstien:
1816, the year without a summer (mount tembora)
Concerns over alchemy /chemistry
Magnetism, galvantic electricity
Education theory.
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Ghost story: frankenstien. Mary shelly was all into alchemy and chemistry. The monster
is born like an adult.
Full of rainstorms, glaciers. Etc. it’s the energy captured in the storms that has an effect
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on the creation of the creature.
Naturalist writers:
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- Mixed scientists and very detailed observation
Thoreuo
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Sussanah moodie.
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Environment in visual media – advertisingetc:
- Environment as content
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- Env as “ground” (background) Sm
- Env as surround-ing-s <mood, melancholy etc>
- Hypernature (virtually replacing nature) <seudo-nature or neo-nature>
- Advertising is a mix between information and association
- Metaphoric logic/ “magic association” eg. As X is to Y; so if you get Y you can
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get X. <if someone has this watch, it makes him this cool; so I need it>
- Analogy/symbol
History of advertising: 1927 – being all about top class. Theres all kinds of printing styles
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used on one ad.

Now ads have very little print. All ad is about empty roads.
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Evv as ground:
As the carrier of emotion.
Sister who was dying with tuberculosis.
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The scream
Edward munch – sister inger 1892.
Henry moore. Sculpture
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Natures role:
- Is nature evil?
- Is nature fighting back?
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- Is nature a victim?
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- Is nature a backdrop or carrier for human emotion?

Genres:
- Nature documentaries –gives a distorted view of whats going on in the natural
world. nothing happens in the jungle out at 3am. Youre not gonna get eaten.
- Adventure films (“lost in the jungle”)
- Monster films (misshapen creatures)

- Disaster films (“end of the world”)

- Evil geniuses – who have somehow discovered some horrible things to destroy
the planet.
- Secret plots/cover-ups
Whats wrong with the real environmental image?
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- Too diffuse [point source is better]
- Takes too much time
- Far from cities
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- Costs too much to film
- Too much science/ information
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- Whats the plot?
- Doesn’t involvepeople at the centre.
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Utopian/ dystopian visions.
Aldous Huxley – brave new world* - everyone is happy with the invasion of their lives
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George orwell – 1984 – everyone fights against the invasion of their lives.
A canticle for leibowitz.
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Environmental writing as part of your way of life: consider writing to be an extention of
yourself (eg journals)
Develop a writing style that reflects your interaction with your environment.
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Senegal: the prophecy

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9th april – exam. Will elaborate next week.

Gender and Environment
Vertical bias:
Heaven- reason – controlled-male – god
Nature – emotion – wild – female – demonic
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Culture/nature
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Reason/emotion
Spirit/ flesh
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Male/ female
Right/ left
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Even/ odd
Straight/ curved
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Light/ dark
Much of the mythology surrounding women is concerned with family, mother good things and the
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undercurrent of the wild and uncontrolled. Part of the repression and suppression that women have
experienced is part of the vertical bias. Sm
Pollution is things that are not where you want them to be. Mankind is obsessed with categories. Some
of these categories/fighting these categories is where creativity comes in.
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Gender: a social construction organized around primarily around the biological characteristics of sex.
Individuals are born male or female, but they require overtime a gender identity that says what it means
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to be a male or female.
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Yo k defi es it as i di idual’s i t i si se se of self

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Question of who gets to do what job etc. – has ee so ethi g that’s ee o ki g its a thou hg the
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western culture through the past 60-50 years.
Over the last few years – queer ecology? Other genders?

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Gender and nature = if you look at the natural world, it is just full of all kinds of weird sexual practices.
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Male pregnant seahorse; sexually dominant female cricket; giant water bug (male) carrying kids around;
female greater hornbill owls are larger than males and the males feed the chicks.
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Nature takes all kind..

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- Hermaphrodite (lots of lower forms eg. Sponges)

- Pseudo-hermaphrodite (hyenes; garter snakes)
- Multiple genders (white throated sparrows, 2 male, 2 female genders)
- Cha ge age ts…

Western blue groper changes its gender based on the populationa round it. Alotta males, becomes
female vice cersa. They change their sexual orientation depending on whats more popular. Very fluid
sexual regime.
Trouble:
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- 80% small and largemouth male bass in ther Potomac showing female characteristics eg growing
eggs.
- Frogs in Africa and Europe skewing female (usually under 50% now 90-100% in tadpoles)
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- East asia (china sea) study of grey mullets showed testis-ova displacement widespread.
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Gender and history= projection. Hunter-gatheres should be gatherers-hunters. Most of the work is
done by women. Most of the food stuff consumed that keep the clans going is also done by women.
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Hu te s go looki g fo e t as like eat a d la ge a i als.
Most of the o lds fa e s a e o e 80% of food p odu ed i de elopi g ou t ies the do ’t ha e
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property rights. When countries begin to develop, they strip away property rights of the original owners.
ar
Ag i ultu al de elop e t akes the fe ale fa e s te a ts, o o ke s o thei o la d. It’s a
phenomenon in development studies. Its jst gotten worse now.
Sm
Elenor of Aquitaine: she was rich, noble born, had lots of kids who were kings etc. she was a figure of
authority. Noble women were so focused on childbirth because that how the system worked at the
time. (kings mothers were highly respected because… he kisd a e ki gs?
via
One of the questions raised by women in history: when do they have freedom of movement?
d
Nepal – very first place where women could break out of their roles. Certain buddist tradition are dying
e
out. Such as nun traditions etc.

ar
Mistic visionary – womens spirituality is so interesting is because they are a direct line to god. They had
Sh
authority that couldnt be challenged. Women with real power were women that said that they had
visionary experiences.
is
Most important thing to become in the 19th century was a widow. Widows were considered dangerous
because they were independent, and had inherited their husbands money.
file
Central to the emancipation of women was women actually being able to own their property. In the
british tradition, women had no rights to property.
is
Feminism/ ecofeminism= 3 waves of feminism.

Th
1st wave – 19th century, gradual politicization of women during other struggles.
Famous 5 – o e espo si le fo the ___ a t. The sup e e ode of Ca ada o e a e ot pe so s

so the ould ’t e ele ted i the se ate. O these 5 o e appealed to the itish go e e t, a d got
the right to be elected.

2nd wave – going beyond the basic rights. Into thinking about the nature of women and their situation in
the contemporary world. “i o e de eau io o e is ot o , o e e o es a o a
3rd wave – 1980s -? Critique of 2nd wave for its exclusions – race, class, developed/ developing
heterosexual norms.
om
Self and env / bodily impacts =
- are we our bodies? Our bodies are our closest environments also called the primary
r.c
environments.
- Various aspects: our phenomenology, our sense of self, social expectation, our physical selves.
lur
- Can we change ourself? (eg. Our gender?)
- Things that alienate ourselves from ourselves paing, suffering, age, alienation, ecstasy, sense of
nb
self.
Professor deirfre – was: Donald mcCloskey
tu
Head of something American economics. After her gender change she wrote about the patriarchal rule
ar
in economics. She was super established as a man, and after her gender change all her men friends
hated her. Sm
Ecofeminism= a d e ofe i ist ethi is oth a iti ue of ale do i atio …
Conflict, violence and the environment: the long struggle

via
*some ta presents*
d
Shes like Marcela oh god no

e
*everyone applauded her so I think she was bausse.*

ar
1 – environmental change as a cause of conflict

Sh
2 – env as a part of conflict

is
3 – env as affected by conflict

file
is
Th

ENVS 1000
Review1
Concepts/Distinctions/Processes/Cases
Dualisms: is a view about the dominion vs. stewardship Anthropocentrism: the the way: in sharia law, it is the
relationship between mind and belief that humans are the legal framework within which the
matter which claims that mind central beings OR judging public and some private aspects of
and matter are two ontologically things based on human life are regulated for those living in
separate categories. Mind- perspectives only. a legal system based on Islam.
om
body dualism claims that neither
the mind nor matter can be
reduced to each other in any way.
r.c
Nirvana: place of peace Nonviolence Sharia: it is the legal framework karma and dharma:
and happiness. Highest within which the public and everything good/bad will
some private aspects of life are
lur
state one can attain. get back to you.
regulated for those living in a
legal system based on Islam.
nb
point/non-point source Domination paradox of individualism Instrumentalism
“rights” tradition Utilitarianism: greatest deep ecology:need for social ecology: the
tu
good for the greatest number. fundamental transformation of environment suffers because
human relationships with nature human systems are unjust, env
ar
vs shallow ecology as a symbol of capitalist
exploitation
(eco)feminism: a theories of value: gold,
Sm GNP/GDP Usury: Interest.
philosophical and political silver, precious metals,
movement that combines prestige items (person with the
ecological concerns with feminist most wins), Well being (who is
ones, regarding both as resulting
via
the most happiest), Labour

from male domination of society.
(marx)(the amount of work that
exploitation of nature as a
reflection of worldview that it takes to get something.),
exploits women). Necessities, The just price, Just
d
the price.
e
flows vs. stocks bathtub economics capitalism economic growth

ar
private vice, public virtue: Externalities: is the cost or land, labour, capital price mechanism
the theory that the more rich benefit that affects a party
Sh
people are greedy the happier the who did not choose to incur
state will be. that cost or benefit.
“socialist” economics
is
neoclassical economics: Scarcity: The more the Syndicalism: worker

focus on scarcity. Merchants product is scarce, the more the ownership.
allocate their demands for the value rises. Anything scarce
file
things they prefer given their own and of value can be translated
limited (scarce) resources into $
environmental economics ecological economics spaceship/cowboy economics: tragedy of the commons
assumes limitless frontiers, and
is
the stocks and flows of the

economic system are
Th
fundamentally linear use and

throw. Spaceship is ALL
RECYCLE.
population vs. footprint techno-utopianism slow emergencies water stress: demand for
water exceeds the available
amount. Dries up aquifers,
wells, rivers.

tar/oil sands bottled water: the concept water privatization/export: Commodity: marketable
that we can even $ value to “solution” to the limiting water item.
something that is so necessary. supply for the public.
Water is a need not a
commodity.
Biodiversity: agriculture is climate change: idea that 1 pesticides/fertilizers: production vs. consumption
dependent on biodiversity and is species could change up the Nitrogen that isn’t dissolved by
a threat too to it, in its entire ecological system, and plants runs into waters and
implementation. damage it in ways impossible. creates a dead zone (gulf of
om
mexico) Reduced biomass and
diversity in plants and aqua. 1%
of pesticides affect pests the
other to the env.
r.c
monocropping/monocultures: Desertification: a type of soil erosion: refers to the Overnutrition: form of
culture is the agricultural land degradation in which a wearing away of a field's malnutrition in which the
practice of producing or growing relatively dry land region topsoil by the natural physical intake of nutrients is
lur
a single crop, plant, or livestock becomes increasingly arid, forces of water and wind or oversupplied. The amount of
species, variety, or breed in a typically losing its bodies of through forces associated with nutrients exceeds the amount
field or farming system at a time. water as well as vegetation and farming activities such as required for normal growth,
nb
Cropping is the agricultural wildlife. It is caused by a tillage. Otherwise its natural. development, and metabolism.
practice of growing a single crop variety of factors, such as Done in factory farms.
year after year on the same land, climate change and human
tu
in the absence of rotation through activities.
other crops
ar
public health vegetarianism/veganism Smfactory farming: agriculture is Subsidies: given by the gov
now separate from farm as a payment or tax reduction
animals. IA has increased meat
production in camps called
factory farms. Manure output is
a lot and cant be managed.
via
GMOs: Transgenic crops have sustainable agriculture antibiotic resistance foodborne pathogens
been defined as genetically
engineered to contain traits from
unrelated organisms.
d
Anthropogenic GHGs: green house gases sea level rise adaptation/mitigation: M

e
Reducing emissions of and stabilizing

ar
the levels of heat-trapping

Sh
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Adapting to the climate change
already in the pipeline
is
Corruption carbon capture/storage male monopolization of culture nature/culture

ontological hierarchies Platonism mutual interdependency Alienation
file
Biocentrism NIMBY: not in my backyard. Oikos Anthropocene: the theory

Rejecting env problems that man has altered many
because its not happening geological processes and
is
near/to you. conditions.

ice cores/tree rings: ice cores sex/gender: 3 waves of feminism: 1st*19th Essentialism
Th
display what the env was like in a cen, gradual politicization of women
said time zone. By collecting during other struggles.
samples, the air bubbles tell what 2nd* more basic rights. Into thinking
the climate was. Tree rings telling about the nature of women+situation
the age, how thick it grew/ thin it in contemporary world.
grew tell about the vegetation of 3rd *1980s. Critique of 2nd wave for
that year. its exclusions – race, class,
developed/ developing heterosexual
norms.

vertical bias: Heaven- reason – transgender Masculinism cap and trade/carbon tax
controlled-male – god
Nature – emotion – wild – female –
demonic *** Culture/nature
Reason/emotion
Spirit/ flesh
Male/ female
Right/left
Biomimicry: copying what international style Biophony: refers to the off the grid
nature does. Eg. Flying like collective sound that vocalizing
a bird, spinning a web like non-human animals create in
om
each given environment.
a spider.
Palimpsest: a landscape Agent Orange: chemical Bioregionalism: place based acoustic ecology:
composed of several different used to strip trees and environmental ethics. sometimes called ecoacoustics
r.c
ages of land. vegetation in the Vietnam war or soundscape studies, is a
and WWI discipline studying the
relationship, mediated through
lur
sound, between living beings
and their environment.
Soundscapes: Sonological competence: middle way: in buddhism.its Metabolism
nb
A sound heard in real or “virtual” eye culture problem. the middle path that’ll lead you
environment. when listening to a to a life of monk-ness. No
tu
soundscape it feels as if you have pleasures, no pain.
been transported to another time
ar
People/Places/Figures
Sm
Boddhisatva: anyone Shaman: person who acts as Physiocrats: wealth of a Francois du Quesnay:
via
motivated by passion to a mediator between the two nation was derived from the believed strongly in agriculture
attain bhuddahood. worlds (earth and spiritual) value of land agriculture/ that it was a foundation of
development. Agriculture economy.
products should be pricey.
d
Bernard de Adam Smith: idea of Karl Marx: “labour theory IPCC: intergovernmental
of value” – the idea,
e
Mandeville: Private vice, having prices adjusted to the panel on climate change main
public viture. amount/price/value of gold. roughly, that value depends on emissions and GHG.
ar
on the human labour that

goes into it.
Sh
First Nations: Walpole Island/St. Clair Walkerton: town in bruce World Bank
River: wetland is one of the county. Famous for the ecoli
few left that is not drained for outbreak. Killed many with
is
agriculture. Thus it has rich waterbourne illnesses. The

biodiversity and is a tourist incident highlighted private
spot. Chemical spills attract agendas of the government and
file
attention of the 1st nations and was eventually dissolved.

they protested.
Jeremy Bentham Arne Naess: coined the idea Aldo Leopold: a sand Plato/Aristotle
of “deep ecology” county almanac. Imp in
is
movement for wilderness.

Th
Rio/Kyoto: protocol Henry David Thoreau: Sarah Orne Jewett; the Murray Schafer: creator of
based in rio to cap GHG wrote Walden, simple living in white heron. How env bioacoustics.
emissions natural surroundings. Used connects to man. Living 1 as
seasons to show human nature. Nature is worth more
development. Social than human values, it is
experiment. Philosophical supreme.
project.
John and Mary Todd Vietnam Iraq/Kuwait Rwanda/Congo

1 Please note: this is NOT an exhaustive list. It is intended only to “jump-start” the process of review for you.
Some General Themes/Problematics
 The relationship between religion(s) and environmentalism (ALL religions regard water as a high commodity. )
 Environmental ethics and the challenges of extending moral consideration beyond the human.
 The limits of conventional economic thinking and alternative models
 The (unavoidable) politics of environmental science
 The failures of climate change policy, targets, enforcement and global cooperation
 Canada and Canadians: the role we play in (and how we experience) the environmental crisis
om
 The impact of the industrial agriculture system on humans, animals and the environment
 The link between the domination of nature and the domination of women
 The paradoxes of our present condition—again!
r.c
Things Nathan told us to go over
• earth as a complex web of interconnected cycles and systems now under stress
lur
• natural and human systems are incompatible; different outcomes, goals, structures
• human history has many different cultures and world views: the ones that have steered the
nb
modern tradition have emphasized nature as dangerous, irrational, and needing to be
controlled
tu
• human beings now redesign the planet for our benefit, without clear knowledge of implications
and consequences
ar
Sunny’s reading questions:
Sm
Religions and the Environment
1. According to Timmerman, why is it important to engage how religious traditions have confronted environmental
questions?
via
2. How does Christianity compare to other traditions in terms of the blame it bears for the environmental crisis? Why
should we be cautious about judgements like this?
3. To which religious traditions do the following concepts/institutions belong? How do or can they provide resources to
d
improve the relationship between humans and the environment?

e
a. Nirvana- buddism. hinduism

ar
b. Boddhisatva buddism
c. Sharia islam
Sh
d. Zakaatislam
e. Tao dao
f. The middle way buddist
is
g. Brahman/atman hindu
h. Shaman hindu
file
i. Karma/dharma hindu
j. Dreamtime aboriginal
4. One of the central theses of this reading is that religious traditions offer a possible antidote to the ills that are the
esult of The Mode ist P oje t. Explain what this means and how this claim is defended.
is
5. What are the paradoxes/tensions identified in the conclusion of this piece? How does this influence the project of
Th
environmentalism?
6. Ti e a suggests that To su i e, e eed a politi s that speaks of li its, o st ai ts, a d espo si ilities.
Explain why this is the case, in his view.
7. Define the following terms and discuss their significance in the reading (and to the course more generally):
a. Dualisms
b. Dominion
c. Individualism
d. Paradox
e. G eat all of dou t
f. Pan-Humanium
Environmental Ethics
1. What are the differences between deontological or rights-based ethics and consequentialist ethics (e.g.,
utilitarianism)?
2. What is ethical extensionism? What does it have to with anthropocentrism?
3. Ho ould Aldo Leopold’s e sio of e te sio is diffe f o that of the a i al ights t aditio ?
4. How do shallow ecology and deep ecology differ?
5. What do social ecology and ecofeminism have in common?
6. What are some features of indigenous and non-Western ethical approaches?
om
I. So e uestio s fo the week’s eadi gs:
r.c
Peter Victor: The E viro e t a d the Eco o y
1. What is the sepa atio of the e o o a d the e i o e t a d h is it a p o le ? p.
lur
2. What a e flo s a d sto ks ? What is the relationship between them? (p. 42)
3. What is the poi t of Vi to ’s discussion on employment/unemployment? (p. 42-43)
4. What are the problems with GNP/GDP as a measure and a focus on economic growth more generally? (pp. 42-43)
nb
5. What is athtu e o o i s ? Ho does it diffe f o the sho e app oa h? p.
tu
Peter Ti er a : Eco o ics a d the E viro e t
1. Define the following terms:
ar
a. usury
b. just price
Sm
c. physiocrats
d. externalities
2. What is e o o i s ? pp. -2)
via
3. How did Mandeville, Quesnay and Smith change the way Europeans thought about economics? (pp. 4-6)
4. What is a theo of alue ? p.
5. What is the la ou theo of alue ? p.
6. What distinguishes alternative economics from neoclassical/standard economics? (pp. 8-9)
d
7. What distinguishes environmental economics from neoclassical/standard economics? (pp. 10-11)

e
8. What a e the diffe e es et ee a o o e o o a d a spa eship e o o ? p.

ar
Hardi : Tragedy of the Co o s

Sh
1. What is the basic thesis of this article?

2. Ho is this asi thesis e te ded to the populatio p o le ?
is
3. What assumptions about human nature does Hardin make? How do these compare to the assumptions of
eo lassi al e o o i s see Ti e a ’s pie e ?
file
4. Hardi ’s essa has ee ited f e ue tl to defe d the idea that p i atizatio is the est a to p ote t the
environment, reduce poverty, etc. Explain why it would be useful for this purpose.
is
He e a e a fe uestio s to a o pa the eek’s eadi g o ater:

Th
1. How does the relationship that Canadians have with water compare to that of others in the world? Do all
peoples/communities inside the borders of Canada fare equally well?
2. What happened (and continues to happen) at Walpole Island? What insight does this case give us about
the link between religion and ecology?
3. What happened at Walkerton? What ole did the a ts/ ituals pla i the o u it ’s espo se?
4. Why is bottled water, and water privatization more generally, controversial?
5. What connection(s) can be made between this reading and the Hardin essay from last week?
6. What paradoxes attend our relationship to water? Could water be the next ontological wound?

Also, si e it’s ti el , it ight e o th dis ussi g the e s out of Fli t, Mi higa i elation to the themes of water
privatization, water as a public good, unequal distribution of water stress, etc. Michael Moore has this succinct and very
readable summary: http://michaelmoore.com/10FactsOnFlint/.
IPCC Synthesis Report 2014 (Summary for Policymakers)
1. What does the report conclude about the following:
om
a. The causes of climate change
b. The extent of global warming in recent years
r.c
c. The rate of sea level rise in recent years
lur
d. Current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
nb
e. The state of the world’s glaciers, ice sheets and sea ice
tu
f. The relationship between all of the above
ar
2. What effect has the changing climate had on natural and human systems?
Sm
3. Is further warming inevitable? What will be necessary to limit climate change risks?
4. What impact is climate change expected to have on human systems during and beyond the
via
21stcentury? What does the report indicate about the distribution of climate change risks?
5. What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation? What are the advantages and limits of
d
these two approaches? What barriers confront both adaptation and mitigation options?
e
ar
6. List some examples of policy recommendations outlined in the report.

Sh
7. The report highlights the importance of “integrated responses.” What does this mean and what do
they have to do with sustainable development?
is
8. What is the significance of trying to limit global temperature rise to 2°C (above pre-industrial
levels)?
file
9. In spite of the overwhelming scientific consensus, there continue to be those who deny the
anthropogenic origins of climate change. Why do you think this is the case? What can be done to
is
address this?
Th
Pembina Report (“Crafting an Effective Canadian Energy Strategy”)
1. What is fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada?
2. Which provinces are making progress on climate issues and which are not? Why is the progress
uneven?
3. Why is the Energy East pipeline singled out for special criticism in this report?
4. According to the author, what should the ultimate goals be for Canada when it comes to energy
and climate?
5. Does the federal system in Canada present a barrier to the creation of a national energy strategy?
om
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th

ENVS 1000- Winter Term, Jan 11/17
 From Conservations to environmental Justices

 Movements make national legislative change cultural change, create new alternative social practices
 Cultural change is uneven process, with radical challenges resulting in backlash as well as
incorporation into dominant culture
om
1900-1960
 Conservationist: Managing natural resources for human use

r.c
Environmental justices
lur
 First used in the 1890s by African American environmental activists in the southern US
 In 1991 first National People of color environmental leadership summit held in Washington DC,
nb
drifted the principles of environmental Justice
 Prompted the creation of the department
tu
Environmental justice in Canada
ar
 In Canada used understand the location of dumps railroad and lack of sewage treatment afrville NS

Sm
Also effects on indigenous communities such as the aamjwnaang first
Indigenous Environmentalism
 The processes of colonization’s under capitalism went hand in hand with degradation of nature and
via
overuse of natural resources

 Include with environmental justice activism

d
Global south Environmentalism

e
 Unlike Westerner environment

ar
What is Gender? What is Feminism?

Sh
 Gender social construction of men/women

 Sex male/female
 Social term rather than biological term
is
 Gender is culturally historically

file
 Even is distinction between social biological is not as clear as we think

 Dualist notion of gender cisgender
 Two connection between Gender environment
is
 Conceptual frame
 Synthetic ideological cultural
Th
Socially Constructed Identities Functions to

Gender, Race, Class Nation,
Conceptional frame Justifies Materialist
 Those that are closer to nature can be treated inequalities of race
 Social inequality leads to environmental problems

 Exploitation of nature justified by gendered and raced argument and ideologies

 Colonization of other people’s and support
Climate change as global issue internet trade agreement have all increased the flow environmental
movement
om
r.c
lur
nb
tu
ar
Sm
via
e d
ar
Sh
is
file
is
Th


ENVS 1000 Study Guide: Final Exam

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 13 Jan 1st, 2016

Feb 10th – guest lecture.

Paris conference: ended reasonably well. Key Outcomes of the conference:

The Rise Of Environmentalism/ Environmental Sciences And The Crises Of Modernity

The ise of atu al s ie e :

world has interesting study points that could be analyzed.

Mandrake roots considered to be human or quasi-human eg. Of analogical reasoning (prevalent in

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 13 Jan 1st, 2016

ships and stuff).

organized the moral and physical structre of human beings.

Garden of Eden- glories of the natural world.

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 13 Jan 1st, 2016

Pedigree of man Phylogenetic Tree

Netherlands. Started in Britain connected to the:

Kyrle Society – 1870s; followed by,

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 13 Jan 1st, 2016

What is the nature of pervasive substances? This is a sort of vulnerability.

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 15 1/20/2016

Environmental Ethics/ Spirituality

What is the right thing to do, no matter what the consequences?

THESE CONSISTENTLY CLASH IN OUR SOCIETY OVER MANY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

What kind of a community will be asked to accept the waste?

If not buried/stores somewhere else, should the communities

ENVS 1000 20 January 2016

 Different approaches: 1. Traditional ethical systems (rights based systems, utilitarian,

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 15 1/20/2016

Biocentrism/Gaiacentrism/Ecocentrism (bio-based ethics) 6. Eco-feminism (exploitation of

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Food, air and water is a public good.

30 hands on food molecules.

THE 5 A’s OF EFFECTIVE FOOD SYSTEM:

1. Available - sufficient supply

Co er ed a out the relatio ships …

Farming systems consistent with agroecological theory:

- Maintain or improve farm profitability.

The dominant rules of the food system

- High productivity, high inputs

- Centralizations, distancing, export

- Externalize costs- health and environment

Main food system problems:

- Not designed to optimize health

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- Hoes not respect food cultures and commensality

Linking environment and health

- Ethnic population diversification

Big solutions food movements promote

- Go organic – fastest growing segment of food system

- Food education and food citizenship

Take away thoughts:

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ENVS 1000 – Lecture 19

2:36 89% 2h15m

Paris conference in December: Outcomes:

Mars thin atmosphere – all Co2 on ground avg temp -50C

Venus thick atmosphere all CO2 avg temp. 420C.

Earth 0.03% of CO2 in atmosphere Avg temp. 15C

*showing a bunch of graphs about CO2 levels in the atmosphere*

showing a bunch of graphs about CO2 levels in the atmosphere

everyone applauded her so I think she was bausse.