and H y d r a u

M e c h a n i c s

Fluid
410

6. Elastic force flowing Jjluia.

(F and area of
the
the product ofelastic
stress
to
ua by dividino
7.8. Dimensionless Numbers and their
Significance are
obtained
ding
n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l

us
parameters)
force or gravity force or
The dimensionless numbers ( called
motion) by
viscous numbers:
the inertia force (which always exists when any m a s s in
d i m e n s i o n l e s s

mportant
force. The
pressure force or surface tensior force or elastic
2. Froude's number
1. Reynolds number
3. Euler's number Weber's number
4.
5. Mach's number.
7.8.1. Reynolds Number (Re)
t is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous Jorce
Inertia force (F) = mass x acceleration

= p x volume x
velocity
time
pxOlume velocity

time
Volumepersecond
=px AVxV a r e a x velocity = AV

pAV2
(7.14)
Viscous force (F) = shear stress x area = t xA

HxA
. Reynolds number, Re = - pAV? pVL
4xXA
i.e. Re PL VL_VL
Hp V

For pipe flow (where the linear dimension is taken as diameter, d),
Re =
.(7.15)
Revnolds number signifies the relative
predominance of the
occurring in the flow systems. inertia to the viscous forces
This number is taken as the criterion
ot dynamic similarity in the flow situations where the
viscous forces predominate, exanmples being: (0) Motion
ter (i Low velocity motion around autonmobiles and of submarine completely under
flow through pipes of
smaller sizes, (Uv) Flow through lowaeroplanes, (ii) Incompressiblespeed turbomachines.
7.8.2. Froude number (Fr)

Itis defined as the square root of the.ratio of the inertia force and the
gravity force.
Mathematically,
FrF
Dimensional and Model Analysis 411
where, FpAV (Eqn. 7.14)
F. = Mass x acceleration due to gravity
and.
p x volume * g
plg= pl2. L. g
pALg (: L2=A area)
Fr PAV? (7.16)
VpALg VLg
Froude number governs the dynamic similarity of the flow situations; where gravitational
force is most significant and all other forces are comparatively negligible, examples being:
() Flow over notches and weirs, (i) Flow over the spillway of a dam, (iii) Flow through
and turbu-
open channels, considering waves andjumps, and (iv) Motion of ship in rough
lent sea.
7.8.3. Euler's Number (Eu)
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inetia force to the pressure force
Mathematically, Eu =
where F pA (Eqn. 7.14)
and Fintensity of pressure area =p xA
x
PAV2
Eu .(7.17)
VpxA V plp Np/p
The Euler number is important in the flow problems/situations in which a pressure gradient
exists: examples being: (i) Discharge through orifices, mouthpieces and sluices, (ii) Pres-
Water hammer
sure rise due to sudden closure of valves, (iin) Flow through pipes and (iv)
created in penstocks.
7.8.4. Weber Number (We)
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force to the surface tension force.
We =
Mathematically,
where F pAV Eqn. 7.14]
tension x length
and F. surface tension force =surface
pAV2 PxPxV? ( : A = L)
We =
aL oL
plLx V2 .(7.18)
ol pL
flow situations: () Capillary movement
T h i s number assumes importance in the following
in veins and arteries and (ii) Liquid atomisation.
ofwater in soils, (il) Flow of blood
7.8.5. Mach Number (M)
inertia force to the elastic force.
t is defined as the square root of the ratio ofthe
Mathematically, MF
412
and Hydraulic Machin
Fluid Mechanics achines
where,
and. F pAV? (Eqn.7.14)
F=Elastic force
=
Elastic stress x area
K xA =K x L? (where, K = clastic stress)
M
But. T K Klp
Kip C=velocity of sound in the fluid
M
..(7.19)
Mach number is important in compressible flow problems at high velocities,
*S" such
EOCty jlow in pipes or motion of high-speed projectiles and miISSiles. as
7.9.Model (Or
Similarity) Laws
e
aynamic similarity between the model and prototype it is necessary that the ratio
coTesponding
t
implies
forces acting at the
corresponding of the
that dimensionless points in the model and
prototype be made equal.
condition is difficult to numbers should be same for the model as well as the
be satisfied for all profotype; this
e Dasis of the force which is the dimensionless numbers.
Hence models are
designed on
designed for dynamic similaritydominating
are called
in the flow
model or
situation. The laws on which the
models are
1.
Reynolds model law similarity laws; these are:
2 Froude model law,
3. Euler model law,
4 Weber model law, and
5. Mach model law.
7.10. Reynolds Model Law
In flow situations
where in addition to
similarity of flow in the model and inertia, viscous force is the other
both the
systems. This is
its
known prototype can be established if predominant force, the
as
Reynolds law and Reynolds number is same for
according to this law
(Re)ode(Re)prootype
where, 7.20)
P-Density of fluid in model,
VVelocity of fluid in model,
Length linear dimension
or
and V L, and ,
H-Viscosity of fluid in model. of the model, and
are the
and viscosity of fluid in corresponding values of
prototype density, velocity, linear dimension
or,
Pm L (/)
or, ,V,= 1