EMENg 3131

Electrical Power Systems

Power System Transients, Power
System Stability & Load Flow Studies
Lecture 12:

Yoseph Mekonnen
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 Chapter Seven

Power System Transients, Power

System Stability & Load Flow Studies

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 Outline

Introduction
Load flow studies

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 Introduction
What is Load Flow Analysis

Load Flow is done to ensure:

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 Introduction
A Load Flow Study Investigates:

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Definition of Load Flow Problem

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Bus Classification

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 …contd..
Slack Bus/Swing Bus

Load Bus/PQ Bus

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 …contd..
Generator Bus/PV Bus

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 …contd..
Verbally:

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Y Bus Formulation

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…contd..

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…contd..

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Load Flow Equation

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…contd..

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Basic Load Flow Analysis Mechanisms

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Gauss-Seidel Method

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…contd..

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…Contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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Example

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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 Newton Raphson
It is characterized by active and reactive power equation given
below.
The power mismatch between the calculated using the specified
value governs the convergence of Newton-Raphson load flow
analysis mechanism.

 
n
Pi  
j 1
ViV j Yij cos  i   j   ij 


 
n

Qi  
j 1
ViV jYij sin  i   j   ij 


For n bus system there will be 4n (V, θ, P,Q) variables in

which 2n of them are known and the remaining 2n will be
solved.

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 …contd..
The final Newton-Raphson equation:
1
    J 1 J 2   P 
 V    J J 4  Q 
   3
The Jacobian matrix can be defined for n number of buses and m
number of generator buses with one bus being a slack bus and with
n-m-1 load buses  P2 P2

P2   Q

Q

Q 

m 1 m 1 m 1
 V V3 Vn   2  3  n
 2   
 P2 P2 P2  P P3 P3  Q
Q  m 2
Qm 2 Qm 2 
    P  3    

 3  n J 2    V2 V3 Vn  3    2
J  3  n 
 2      
 
P P3 P3  V   
P  3   P
 

 Q Qn Qn 
J1      3  n  Pn Pn  n
 
  2  n     2  3  n 

 P
   
  V2 V3 Vn 
Pn Pn
 n    Qm1 Qm1 Qm1 
  2  3  n   V Vm2

Vn 
 m1 
Q Qm 2 Qm 2 
Q  m 2 
J4    V Vm2 Vn 
V  m1
    
 Q Qn Qn 
 n
 
 Vm1 Vm2 Vn 

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…contd..

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…contd..

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Example

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…contd..

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…contd..

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…contd..

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 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Analysis
Fast decoupled load flow analysis is one of the extensions of the
Newton-Raphson method with the advantage of a constant
Jacobian matrix.
For an ‘n’ number of buses in a system with m generators bus
with bus number 1 as a slack bus, the matrix Bˈ is a constant
matrix having an (n-1) by (n-1) dimension.
Its elements are the negative of the imaginary part of the
elements of (i,k) of the Ybus matrix with i=2, 3, …n and k=2, 3, …n.
Similarly, for an ‘n’ number of buses in a system with m
generators bus with bus number 1 as a slack bus, the matrix Bˈˈ is
a constant matrix having an (n-m) by (n-m) dimension.
Its elements are the negative of the imaginary part of the
elements of (i,k) of the Ybus matrix with i=(m+1), (m+2),…n and
k=(m+1), (m+2),…n.

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…contd..

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…contd..

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