SPSS EXPERIMENT

PRACTICUM I

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION

Lecturer:

DENNY HARIS, M.SI.

BY:

NAME : FITRI AULIA

IDN : 4192411015

CLASS : BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS

EDUCATION 2019

STUDY PROGRAM : BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS

EDUCATION

MATHEMATICS

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

2021
I. TITLE : MEASURES CENTRAL TENDENCY AND
DISPERSION
II. OBJECTIVES :
1. Knowing how to determine central tendency using SPSS 20
2. Knowing how to determine deployment using SPSS 20
3. Knowing the usability and menu frequenciew on SPSS 20
4. Knowing how to determine the average value using SPSS 20
5. Knowing how to determine the mean using SPSS 20
III. TOOLS & MATERIALS : A. TOOLS

Num Name of Quantity

Tools
1 Computer 1 unit
2 Flashdisk 1 unit

B. MATERIALS

Num Name of Quantity

Materials
1 SPSS 1 Unit
Software

IV. DATE OF PRACTICUM : February 26th, 2021

V. THEORETICAL REVIEW : Central Tendency and Dispersion

Quantitative data can be described by measures of

central tendency, dispersion, and "shape". Central
tendency is described by median, mode, and the means
(there are different means- geometric and arithmetic).
Dispersion is the degree to which data is distributed
around this central tendency, and is represented by
range, deviation, variance, standard deviation and
standard error.

Degree of dispersion

These describe the dispersion of data around some sort

of mean.

Range: the highest and the lowest score

Interquartile range: the difference between 75th and

25th percentiles
Percentile: the percentage band into which the score
falls (mean = the 50th percentile)

Deviation: distance between an observed score and the

mean score. Because the difference can be positive or
negative and this is cumbersome, usually the absolute
deviation is used (which ignores the plus or minus
sign).

Variance: deviation squared

Standard deviation: square root of variance

Measure of the average spread of individual samples

from the mean

Reporting the SD along with the mean gives one the

impression of how valid that mean value actually is (i.e.
if the SD is huge, the mean is totally invalid - it is not
an accurate measure of central tendency, because the
data is so widely scattered.)

Standard error

This is an estimate of spread of samples around the

population mean.

You don't known the population mean- you only know

the sample mean and the standard deviation for your
sample, but if the standard deviation is large, the
sample mean may be rather far from the population
mean. How far is it? The SE can estimate this.

Mean absolute deviation is the average of the absolute

deviations from a central point for all data. As such, it
is a summary of the net statistical variability in the data
set. On average, it says, the data is this different from
this central point.

Coefficient of variation, also known as "relative

standard deviation", is the SD divided by the mean. As
a dimensionless number, it allows comparisons
between different data sets (i.e. ones using different
units).

Standard Error (SE) = SD / square root of n

 The variability among sample means will be increased
if there is (a) a wide variability of individual data and
(b) small samples

SE is used to calculate the confidence interval.

VI. PROCEDURE :

 Open the data file used in practicum data 1, by selecting the data then
clicking ok as shown below
 Choose the analize menu on the main menu, then how it looks

 Selecting a descriptive statistical sub menu without clicking and

moving the mouse over the frequencies menu, as shown below

 Enter the variable to be analyzed into the variable column by

clicking the symbol once, then the display will appear
  Click the statistics in the previous display once, as
shown below

 Click the small box behind the menu that you want
to analyze, as shown below

 Click continue then ok as follows Then the output

display will appear as follows

VII. DISCUSSION :
OUTPUT:
Measures of central tendency map a vector of observations onto a single number
that represents, roughly put, “the center”. Since what counts as a “center” is
ambiguous, there are several measures of central tendencies. Different measures
of central tendencies can be more or less adequate for one purpose or another.
The type of variable (nominal, ordinal or metric, for instance) will also influence
 the choice of measure. We will visit three prominent measures of central
tendency here: (arithmetic) mean, median and mode.
Measures of dispersion indicate how much the observations are spread out
around, let’s say, “a center”. We will visit three prominent measures of
dispersion: the variance, the standard deviation and quantiles.
To illustrate these ideas, consider the case of a numeric vector of observations.
Central tendency and dispersion together describe a (numeric) vector by giving
indicative information about the point around which the observations spread, and
how far away from that middle point they tend to lie. Fictitious examples of
observation vectors with higher or lower central tendency and higher or lower
dispersion are given in Figure 5.2.
Fictitious data points with higher/lower central tendencies and higher/lower
dispersion. NB: The points are 'jittered' along the vertical dimension for better
visibility; only the horizontal dimension is relevant here.
Figure 5.2: Fictitious data points with higher/lower central tendencies and
higher/lower dispersion. NB: The points are ‘jittered’ along the vertical
dimension for better visibility; only the horizontal dimension is relevant here.
VIII. CONCLUSION : Central tendency is a number indicating the tendency
(tendency) to group or gather at the center (center) of a set of data in the form of
a distribution. The central tendency is used to describe the nature of a data set
from an observation. There are several kinds of measures of central tendency,
namely: mean, median, mode, quartile, decile and percentile. Mean is the average
value of several pieces of data. The mean is calculated by adding up all the
observed data values then dividing by the amount of data. The arithmetic mean
or often referred to as the mean alone is the method most widely used to describe
the measure of central tendency. The median is a measure of centered data as
well as the mean. Median is used as a measure of data concentration for data that
has an ordered nature because the median is a measure that divides the sorted
data into two equal parts. The median determines the location of the data after the
data is arranged in order of value. Mode is the data that appears most frequently,
or data that has the largest frequency. The mode is a measure of centered data as
well as the mean and median. mode has the advantage over the previous two
centering measures of mean and mode, namely that it can be used for all types of
data.
IX. REFERENCES :
Mario Triola. 2004. Elementary Statistics. 9th Edition. Pearson Education.
Richards, Derek. 2007. "Types of data." Evidence-based dentistry 8.2.
X. LABORATORY : 1. Hardianti Eka Putri
ASSISTANT 2. Nadya Ramadhani
 Medan, February 26th 2020

Lecturer Practicant

Denny Haris, M.Si. Fitri Aulia