Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Tacloban City

Sector: Land Transport
Qualification: Automotive Servicing NC I
Unit of Competency: Perform Mathematical Computation
Module Title: Performing Mathematical Computation
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

TESDA Auto-Mechanic Training Centre
Tacloban City
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY- BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Welcome!
The unit of competency, "Perform Mathematical Computation",

is one of the common competencies o f AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING
NC I, a course which comprises the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for an Automotive Mechanic or Automotive
Junior Mechanic to possess.
The module, Performing Mathematical Computation, contains
training materials and activities related to the understanding of
whole numbers, decimals, fractions, integers and signed numbers,
ratios, proportion and percentages, geometry, angle measurement
and the metric system for you to complete.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of
learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome.
In each learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self-Checks,
Task Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on
your own. If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask for
assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read information sheets and complete the self-checks.
Suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
 Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are
confident that your outputs conform to the Performance
Criteria Checklist that follows the sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets and Job Sheets to your
facilitator for evaluation and recording
You must pass the Institutional Competency Assessment for

this competency.
DO N OT WRI TE AN YTHIN G ON THI S MODU LE.
Date Developed: Document No.

CBLMs on Automotive
March 2012 Issued by:
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
February 2014 Page 2 of 70
Performing Mathematical Training Centre
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Table of Contents
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
MODULE CONTENT 4
LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 PERFORM AND APPLY
BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS 5
LEARNING EXPERIENCES 6
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-1Whole Numbers 7
SELF CHECK 1.1-1 15
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-2 Decimals 17

SELF CHECK 1.1-2 24
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1.3Fractions 25

SELF CHECK 1.1-3 37
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-4 Signed Numbers 39

SELF CHECK 1.1-4 43
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5 Equations 43
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-6 Ratios, Proportions and Percentages 46

SELF CHECK 1.1-6 55
LEARNING OUTCOME #2 DESCRIBE AND MEASURE ANGLES 56

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2-1 Geometry and Angle Measurement 58
SELF CHECK 1.2-1 62
LEARNING OUTCOME #3 SOLVE PROBLEMS

INVOLVING MEASUREMENTS 63
INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-1 Units of Measurement 65
SELF CHECK 1.3-1 68
Task Sheet 1.3-1 Convert Measurements 69

Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3-1 70

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY Perform Mathematical Computation
MODULE TITLE Performing Mathematical Computation
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module deals with the skills and knowledge required to solve
problems which involves basic mathematical operations, angles and
measurements. It includes performing and applying whole numbers,
decimals, fractions, integers and signed numbers, ratios, proportion
and percentages, geometry, angle measurement and the metric system
NOMINAL DURATION: 40 Hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Perform and apply basic mathematical operations

2. Describe and measure angles
3. Solve problems involving measurements
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Problems involving whole numbers, decimals and fractions are

solved
 Signed numbers are added and subtracted
 Ratios, proportion and percentages are solved
 Different types of angles are identified
 Different angles are measured
 Tool in measuring angles are used
 Customary units are identified
 SI units are identified
 Conversion of units from customary to SI units and vice versa is
performed
 Problems involving measurements are solved

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
LO1PERFORM AND APPLY MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
 Problems involving whole numbers, decimals and fractions are

solved
 Signed numbers are added and subtracted
 Ratios, proportion and percentages are solved
CONTENTS:
 Performing arithmetic operations of whole numbers,

decimals and fractions
 Adding and subtracting signed numbers
 Solving problems involving ratios, proportion and
percentages
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Writing materials (pens & paper)

 References (books)
 Modules
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
 Group discussion
 Self-paced (modular) instruction
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration
 Observation
 Interviews/questioning

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1
Perform and apply basic mathematical operations
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on In this Learning Outcome you

Whole Numbers shall apply the appropriate
operation to solve problems in
2. Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 automotive. To be able to do this,
you should understand the
3. Read Information Sheet 1.1-2 on concept of whole numbers,
Decimals decimals, fractions, equations,
signed numbers, ratios,
4. Answer Self-Check 1.1-2 proportions and percentages
5. Read Information Sheet 1.1-3 on Go through the Information

Fractions Sheets and answer the self-
checks to ensure that
6. Answer Self-Check 1.1-3 knowledge of the standards are
understood.
7. Read Information Sheet 1.1-4 on
Signed Numbers
8. Answer Self-Check 1.1-4
9. Read Information Sheet 1.1-5 on

Equations
11. Read Information Sheet 1.1-6

on Ratios, Proportions and
Percentages

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Information Sheet 1.1-1
Whole Numbers
Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST

be able to:
1. Solve the four basic mathematical operations involving whole
numbers;
2. Identify which appropriate operation to use in solving word problems
In this lesson, we will look at whole numbers so that a trainee can
perform the appropriate operations on his own with minimal assistance from
the trainer.
1: Perform and apply addition involving whole numbers.
Whole numbers are numbers such as 14, 57 and 832. Each digit has
a different value depending on its location in the whole number. In a
decimal, such as 23.47, the number just to the left of the decimal point is
the ones’ place. You could write each whole number with a decimal point.
Therefore, you could have written 14., 57., and 832. for the above numbers.
Each digit in a whole number has a place value. The chart below
shows some of the names of the places for a whole number with 7 digits.
hundred thousands
ten thousands
thousands
hundreds
millions
ones
tens
7, 9 8 4, 3 6 5
Large numbers may be written either with a space or a comma

separating every third numeral. Hence, the number above could have been
written as 7 984 365 or as 3,984,365. Large numbers are usually written
with spaces instead of commas when the metric system of measurement is
used.
How do we add whole numbers?

Step 1. Write the numbers so that the numbers in the ones’ place are
all in the same column, the numbers in the tens’ place are in the same
column, and so on.
Step 2. Add the numbers in the ones’ column, then the numbers in
the tens’ column, and so on.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
The answer to an additional problem is called the sum.
Addends are the elements used in adding. Sum is the answer to an
addition problem
Example 1.1-1a
Find the sum of 25 354 + 48 + 9 784 + 129 + 97.
Solution
3
2 5 3 5 4 Step 1 The sum of the digits in the
+ 4 8 ones’ column is 32. Carry the 3 to the
9 7 8 4 tens’ column.
1 2 9
9 7
2
3 3
+ 4 8 tens’ column is 31. Carry the 3 to the
9 7 8 4 hundreds’ column.
1 2 9
9 7
1 2
1 3 3
+ 4 8 hundreds’ column is 14. Carry the 1 to
9 7 8 4 the thousands’ column.
1 2 9
9 7
4 1 2
1 1 3 3
Step 4 The sum of the digits in the
2 5 3 5 4
thousands’ column is 15. Carry the 1 to
+ 4 8 the ten – thousands’ column.
9 7 8 4
1 2 9
9 7
5 4 1 2
1 1 3 3
2 5 3 5 4 So, the sum is 35 412.
+ 4 8
9 7 8 4
1 2 9
9 7
3 5 4 1 2 Date Developed: Document No.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1-1b
A new automobile has a basic price of ₱630,982. For power sunproof,
add ₱31,476; for California emission control, add ₱3,999 for a cellular
phone, add ₱18,662. Destination charges are ₱22,575. What is the price of
the new car before taxes?
Solution
To find the total price of this new car before taxes, we need to add
630,982 + 31,476 + 3,999 + 18,662 + 22,575
2
Step 1 The sum of the digits in the
6 3 0 9 8 2
ones’ column is 24. Carry the 2 to the
3 1 4 7 6
tens’ column.
+ 3 9 9 9
1 8 6 6 2
2 2 5 7 5
4
3 2 Step 2 The sum of the digits in the
6 3 0 9 8 2 tens’ column is 39. Carry the 3 to the
3 1 4 7 6 hundreds’ column.
+ 3 9 9 9
1 8 6 6 2
2 2 5 7 5
9 4
3 3 2
6 3 0 9 8 2 Step 3 The sum of the digits in the
3 1 4 7 6 hundreds’ column is 36. Carry the 3 to
+ 3 9 9 9 the thousands’ column.
1 8 6 6 2
2 2 5 7 5
6 9 4
1 1 3 3 2 Step 4 Add the digits in the
6 3 0 9 8 2 thousands’, ten thousands’ and
3 1 4 7 6 hundred thousands’ columns.
+ 3 9 9 9
1 8 6 6 2 So the total price of this car with
2 2 5 7 5 the indicated options is ₱707,694.
7 07 6 9 4

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
2: Perform and apply subtraction involving whole numbers.
To subtract two whole numbers, arrange the numbers in columns and

subtract the ones’ digits, the tens’, the hundreds’ and so on.
Minuend is the number which you subtract from. Subtrahend is the

number that you subtract. Difference is the result in
subtraction problems
Example 1.1 – 1c
25,246 ─ 1,819.
Solution
2 5 2 4 6 Step 1 Write the smaller number under the
─ 1 8 1 9 larger number.
3 16 Step 2 You need more ones. Rename to get

2 5 2 4 6 10 more ones and 1 less tens. There are now
─ 1 8 1 9 16 ones and 3 tens.
3 16
2 5 2 4 6
─ 1 8 1 9 Step 3 Subtract the ones and tens.
2 7
4 12 3 16 Step 4 You need more hundreds. Rename to

2 5 2 4 6 get 10 more hundreds and 1 less thousand.
─ 1 8 1 9 There are now 12 hundreds and 4 thousands.
2 7
4 12 3 16
Step 5 Subtract the hundreds, thousands
2 5 2 4 6 and ten thousands.
─ 1 8 1 9
2 3 4 2 7 So the difference is 23,427.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 1d
At the beginning of a trip, an odometer reads 67,397 miles. At the end

of the trip, the odometer reads 71,235 miles. How long (in miles) was the
trip?
Solution
7 1 2 3 5 Step 1 Write the smaller number under the
─ 6 7 3 9 7 larger number.
2 15
7 1 2 3 5 Step 2 You need more ones. Rename to get
─ 6 7 3 9 7 10 more ones and one less ten. There are now
8 15 ones and 2 tens. Subtract the ones.
12
1 2 15 Step 3 You need more tens. Rename to get
7 1 2 3 5 10 more tens and one less hundred. There
─ 6 7 3 9 7 are now 12 tens and 1 hundred. Subtract the
3 8 tens.
11 12
0 1 2 15 Step 4 You need more hundreds. Rename to
7 1 2 3 5 get 10 more hundreds and one less
─ 6 7 3 9 7 thousands. There are now 11 hundreds and 0
8 3 8 thousands. Subtract the hundreds.
10 11 12
6 0 1 2 15 Step 5 You need more thousands. Rename
7 1 2 3 5 to get 10 more thousands and 1 less ten
─ 6 7 3 9 7 thousand. There are now 10 thousands and 6
3 8 3 8 ten-thousands. Subtract the thousands.
The difference is 3,838 and so the trip was

3,838 miles long.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
3: Perform and apply multiplication involving whole numbers.
The answer to a multiplication problem is called the product. The

number that does the multiplying is the multiplier; the number multiplied
by it is called the multiplicand.
1 4multiplicand
X 3multiplier
4 2product
In a multiplication problem, each digit in the multiplier is multiplied
by the multiplicand.
Example 1.1 – 1e
9 3 7
X 2 5 8
7 4 9 68 X 937
4 6 8 5 0Write a 0 in the ones’ place and multiply 5 X 937.
1 8 7 4 0 0Write 0s in the ones’ and tens’ places and multiply 4 X 327.
2 4 1 7 4 6 Add.
Example 1.1 –1f
7 2
X 3 4
2 8 84 X 72
2 1 6 0 30 X 72. Write a 0 in the ones’ place and multiply 3 X 72.
2 4 4 8 Add
Example 1.1 – 1g
Each engine requires 14 head bolts. A manufacturer needs to order
enough head bolts to assemble 12,782 engines. How many head bolts
should be ordered?
Solution
Since each engine requires 14 head bolts, the total number of head
bolts needed for these 12,782 engines is the product of 12,782 X 14.
1 2 7 8 2
X 1 4
5 1 1 2 8 4 X 12782
1 2 7 8 2 0 Write a 0 in the ones’ place and multiply 1 X 12782.
1 7 8 9 4 8 Add.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
A total of 178,948 head bolts are needed for these engines.
4: Perform and apply division involving whole numbers.
Two different ways to write the same division problem are 714 ÷ 42
and 42 714. The answer to a division problem is called the quotient.
The number you are dividing by is called the divisor. The number
divided is called the dividend. In this problem, the dividend is 714.
quotient
17
714 ÷ 42 = 1742 714
divisor
Estimating
Find the number of digits in a quotient before you divide.
Example 1.1 – 1h
23 5673
Think: 10 X 23 = 230
100 X 23 = 2,300
1,000 X 23 = 23,000
5,673 is between 2,300 and 23,000 so the quotient is between 100

and 1,000. The quotient will have 3 digits.
Dividing
Once you know how many digits are in the quotient, start dividing to
find the quotient. When the division is not exact, the answer has a
remainder.
Example 1.1 – 1i
- - -
57 17356 Step 1 100 X 57 = 5,700
1 000 X 57 = 57,000
17,356 is between 5,700 and 57,000,
so the quotient has 3 digits.
3 - - Step 2 Find the hundreds in the quotient.

57 17356 Date Developed: Document No.
CBLMs on Automotive
1 7 1Servicing NC I March 2012 Issued by:
Date Revised:
25 TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Divide: 57 173 is about 3
Multiply: 3 X 57 = 171
Subtract: 173 ─ 171 = 2
Bring down the 5.
30-
Step 3 Find the tens.
57 17356 Divide: 57 25 is 0
171 Multiply: 0 X 57 = 0
25 Subtract: 25 ─ 0 = 25
0 Bring down the 6.
256
304 Step 4 Find the ones.
57 17356 Divide: 57 256 is about 4
171 Multiply: 4 X 57 = 228
25 Subtract: 256 ─ 228 = 28
0 Since 28 is less than the divisor,
256 57, the remainder is 28.
228
28 So, 17,356 ÷ 57 is 304 R 28.
Example 1.1 – 1j
A certain car traveled 448 miles and used 14 gallons of fuel. How
many miles per gallon is this?
Solution
To answer this question we need to divide the number of miles
traveled by the amount of fuel used.
- -
14 448 Step 1 10 X 14 = 140
100 X 14 = 1,400
448 is between 140 and 1,400 so
the quotient has 2 digits.
3-
14 448 Step 2 Find the tens in the quotient.
42 Divide: 14 44 is about 3
28 Multiply: 3 X 14 = 42
Subtract: 44 ─ 42 = 2
Bring down the 8.
32
14 448 Step 3 Find the ones in the quotient.
42 Divide: 14 28 is 2
28 Multiply: 2 X 14 = 28
28 Subtract: 28 ─ 28 = 0
0

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
So, 448 ÷ 14 = 32 . This car got 32 miles per gallon during this period.
SELF-CHECK 1.1-1
PROBLEM SOLVING:
Read each item carefully and use the appropriate operation/s to solve the
given problem. Show your solutions on a separate sheet of paper and box
your final answer.
1. An automobile owner paid ₱1,806 for a tune-up, ₱1,032 for a wheel

alignment, and ₱3,225 for one new tire. What was the total cost of the
service to the car?
2. A car was driven 206 kilometers to Baguio, Benguet; 260 kilometers to

Tagaytay, Batangas ; 607 kilometers to Maasin, Southern Leyte; 370
kilometers to Davao, Southern Mindanao. What was the total number
of kilometers traveled?
3. An empty automobile weighs 1453 kg. The driver weighs 87 kg and

the front passenger weighs 35 kg, what is the total weight of the
automobile and passengers?
4. A vehicle has an odometer that reads 13,854 miles. After a trip, it

shows 15,965 miles. How long was the trip?
5. It takes 76 minutes to drive 65 miles when you are traveling on the

freeway. When you are using “surface streets,” it takes 2 hours and 3
minutes. How much time can you save by using the freeway?
6. A new car will cost you ₱784,879. You sell your old car for ₱203,218.
If you use this as a down-payment on the new car, how much do you
still owe on your new car?
7. A worker drives 36 miles each day to and from work. How many miles
will he travel in 5 days?
8. If a gallon of gasoline weighs 7 pounds, how much will 18 gallons

weigh?
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
9. There are 260 working days in a year. A driver travels 17 km to get to
work each day. How many kilometers are driven to and from work in 1
year?
10. Your automobile gets 18 km/L. If the fuel tank holds 57 L, how far
can you travel in full tank?
11. A driver wants to improve the appearance of a vehicle and plans to

replace all four tires and rims. The new rims each cost ₱8,127 and the
tires each cost ₱5,547. How much will it cost to replace all four tires
and rims on this vehicle?
12. An automobile was driven 368 miles and used 16 gallons of fuel.
How many miles per gallon is this?
13. A manufacturer has purchased 255,486 head bolts that are to be

used for engine assembly. Each engine uses 14 head bolts. How
many engines can be assembled from the supply of head bolts?
14. A driver just traveled 935 km and used 55 L of fuel. How many
kilometers was the auto able to travel on each liter?
15. The weight of the automobile and the passengers is 1 661kg. The driver weighs 87
kg and the front passenger weighs 59 kg. If the two children weigh 35kg and 27kg,
what is the weight of the automobile?
16. One engine is rated at 425 horsepower and 337 ft-lb of torque.
Another engine has a rated output of 385 horsepower and 297 ft-lb of
torque. What is the difference in both horsepower and torque between
the two engines?
17. A manufacturer purchased 393,924 identical bolts. Each engine

assembly uses 8 of these bolts and each transmission needs 9 bolts.
How many engine and transmission
18. A carpenter is to install a staircase that will have 8-inch risers (the
height between steps), and the total height of the staircase is to be 8
feet. How many steps will the staircase have? (12 inches = 1 foot).
19. A manufacturer purchased 393 924 identical bolts. Each engine

assembly uses 8 of these bolts and each transmission needs 9 bolts.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
How many engine and transmission combinations can be assembled
using this supply of bolts?
20. A fuel tank has a capacity of 75 liters. If the car gets 5 miles per
liter, how many miles can be driven on a tank of gas?
Decimals

be able to:
1. Estimate the sum, difference and product;
2. Solve the four basic mathematical operations involving decimal;
3. Identify which appropriate operation to use in solving word problems.
In this lesson, we will look at decimals so that a trainee can perform
the appropriate operations on his own with minimal assistance from the
trainer.
1. Estimate sums, differences and products of decimals
Decimals are numbers which has digits to the right of the decimal
point, like 23.2 or 16.1. You will often use a calculator to help you solve a
problem. Estimating will help you decide if the calculator has given you the
correct solution.
How do we estimate sum? Round each number to the nearest whole

number and then add the whole numbers.
How do we estimate difference? Round each decimal to the nearest whole
number and then subtract the whole numbers.
How do we estimate product? Round each number to the nearest whole
number and then multiply the whole numbers.
To round a number. Locate the digit to be rounded. If the digit to its

right is greater than 5 then add 1 to digit otherwise retain the
digit
Example 1.1-2a Example 1.1-2b

Estimate 42.3 + 25.62. Estimate 43 ─ 18.72.
Solution Solution
42.3 rounds to 42. 43 is a whole number.
25.62 rounds to 26. 18.72 rounds to 19.
42 + 26 = 68. 43 - 19 = 24
So, 42.3 + 25.62 is about 68. So, 43 – 18.72 is about 24.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 2c Solution
Estimate 13.81 X 5.2. 13.81 rounds to 14.
5.2 rounds to 5.
14 X 5 = 70.
So, 13.81 X 5.2 is about 70.
2. Perform and apply addition involving decimals.
How do we add decimals?

Step 1 Write the number in column with the decimal points in a line.
Step 2 Add enough 0s so that each number has the same number of
places to the right of the decimal point.
Step 3 Add decimals the same way you add whole numbers. The
decimal point in the sum goes directly under the other decimal
points.
Example 1.1 – 2d
Solve 42 + 143.7 + 6.571.
Solution
42.
143.7 Step 1 Write the numbers so the decimal
+ 6.571 points are in a line.
42.000 Step 2 Add 0s.

143.700
+ 6.571
42.000 Step 3 Add.

143.700
+ 6.571 So the sum is 192.271
192.271
Example 1.1 – 2e
At a local discount auto parts store, a customer bought a case of
multi-weight motor oil for ₱588.24, an oil filter for ₱117.82 and a windshield
wiper blade for ₱256.71. What is the total price of these items before taxes?
Solution
To find the total price of these items before taxes, we need to add
588.24 + 117.82 + 256.71.
Step 1 Write so that the decimal points are

588.24
in line. In the case, no 0s are needed to make
117.82
sure that each number has the same number
+ 256.71
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
of places to the right of the decimal point. We
proceed to Step 3.
588.24
117.82
+256.71 Step 3 The total price of these items, before
962.77 taxes, is ₱962.77.
3. Perform and apply subtraction involving decimals.
How do we subtract decimals?

Step 1 Write the numbers in a column with the decimal points in a
line. Put the first number on top.
Step 2 Add enough 0s so that each number has the same number of
places to the right of the decimal point.
Step 3 Subtract decimals the same way you subtract whole numbers.
Example 1.1– 2f
Solve 53 ─ 25.41.
Solution
53.
─ 25.41 Step 1 Write the numbers so the decimal
points are in a line.
53.00 Step 2 Add 0s.

─ 25.41
53.00 Step 3 Subtract.

─ 25.41
27.59 So the difference is 27.59
Example 1.1– 2g
A customer’s total bill was ₱572.76. The customer gives you
₱1,035.01. How much change should the customer get?
Solution
To find the correct amount of change of the customer, we need to
subtract ₱572.76 from ₱1,035.01.
₱ 1035.01 Step 1 Write so that the decimal points are

─ 572.76 in a line. In this case, no 0s are needed to
make sure that each number has the same
number of places to the right of the decimal
point. We proceed to Step 3.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
₱ 1035.01 Step 3 Subtract.
─ 572.76
462.25 The customer should get ₱462.25 in change.
4. Perform and apply multiplication involving decimals.
How do we multiply decimals?

Step 1 Multiply decimals the same way that you multiply whole
numbers.
Step 2 Count the total number of decimal places to the right of the
decimal point in the numbers that you multiply.
Step 3 Count the same number of places from the right in your
answer and mark the decimal point. (Add 0s if the answer
does not have enough digits.)
Example 1.1 – 2h
Solve 0.23 X 0.045.
Solution
Step 1 Multiply.
0.23
X 0.045
115
920
1035
0.232 decimal places Step 2 Count decimal places in

X 0.0453 decimal places numbers multiplied.
1155 total decimal places
920
1035
0.23 Step 3 Count decimal places in

X 0.045 answer.
115
920 Therefore, 0.23 X 0.045 = 0.01035.
0.010355 decimal places
Add 0 to get 5th decimal place
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 2i
A general rule for engine piston compression ring end gap suggests
that the minimum ring end gap should be 0.1016 mm for each millimeter of
cylinder bore diameter. If the cylinder bore is 95.25 mm, what should the
minimum compression ring end gap be?
Solution
In order to determine the minimum compression ring end gap for this
cylinder, we need to determine the product of 95.25 and 0.1016, or 95.25 X
0.1016.
95.25 Step 1 Multiply.

X 0.1016
57150
95250
00
9525000
9677400
95.252 decimal places

X 0.10164 decimal places Step 2 Count decimal places in the
571506 total decimal places numbers multiplied.
95250
00
9525000
9677400
95.25 Step 3 Count decimal places in answer.

X 0.1016
57150 The minimum compression ring end
95250 gap should be 9.6774 mm
00
95250006 decimal places
9.677400

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
5. Perform and apply division involving decimals.
How do we divide decimals?

Step 1. Count the number of decimal places to the right of the
decimal point in the divisor.
Step 2. Check to see if there are that many places to the right of the
decimal point in the other number. If not, add 0s at the
right of the other number to get the same number of places.
Step 3. Move the decimal point to the right in both numbers. Move
the decimal point the same number of places in both
numbers. Move both decimal points the number of places
that you counted in Step 1.
Step 4. Divide decimals in the same way that you divide whole
numbers. You may want to add some 0s to the right of the
decimal point in order to get some numbers in the answer
that are to the right of the decimal point.
Example 1.1 – 2j
Solve 2.556 ÷ 2.13.
Solution
2.13 2.556 Step 1
2 decimal places
2.13 2.556 Step 2
3 decimal places
2.13. 255.6 Step 3
1.2 Step 4 Therefore, 2.556 ÷ 2.13 = 1.2.
213. 255.6
Example 1.1 – 2k

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Solve 96 ÷ 2.4
Solution 2.4 96
Step 1 Check decimal places in divisor.
1 decimal place
2.4 96
Step 2 Check decimal places in other
0 decimal place number.
2.4 96.0
Step 2b Add 0s to other number.
1 decimal place
2.4. 96.0. Step 3 Move decimal points to the right.

0 decimal places
40. Step 4 Divide.

24. 960.
So, 96 ÷ 2.4 = 40.
0 decimal places
Example 1.1 – 2l
During a trip of 506.9 miles, a vehicle uses 18.5 gallons of gasoline.
How many miles per gallon does this vehicle get?
Solution
To answer the question we need to divide the number of miles traveled
by the amount of fuel used.
18.5 506.9 Step 1Count decimal places in the

divisor.
1 decimal place
18.5 506.9 Step 2 Does the other number have the

same number of decimal places? It does,
1 decimal place so got to Step 3.
185. 5069.
Step 3 Move decimal point to the right.
1 decimal place
27.4 Step 4 Divide. Add 0s to the right of the

185.0 5069.0 decimal point to get the right number of
CBLMs on Automotive decimal places
Date Developed: in the
Document No.answer.
Servicing NC I
1 decimal place Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
So,
February 2014 506.9 ÷ Training
18.5 =Centre
27.4. Page
This 23 got
car of 70
Performing Mathematical
Revised by:
27.4 miles per gallon during this trip.
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
SELF-CHECK 1.1-2
PROBLEM SOLVING:
your final answer.
1. The following parts were used to tune up an engine: spark plugs,

₱530.62; distributor cap, ₱268.75 and an air filter, ₱140.61.
a) Estimate the total cost of the parts.

b) What was the actual cost of the parts?
2. An air-conditioning compressor requires 2 horsepower; the air –

injection pump, 0.125 horsepower; the alternator, 1.125 horsepower;
and the water pump/coolant fan, 4.5 horsepower. What is the total
horsepower drain on the engine?
3. The odometer reading was 68 432.6 kilometers before a trip and 69

561.5 after the trip. What was the distance of the trip?
4. Five quarts of oil and an oil filter cost ₱444.62. However, with a
coupon, these items may be purchased for ₱147.49 less. What is the
final cost of the oil and filter?
5. A turbine shaft has 1.7-mm end play. Specifications call for only 0.61
mm. What size selective trust washer (spacer) must be used to bring
turbine shaft end play within specified limits?
6. A gear makes 65.2 revolutions each minute. How many revolutions

will it make in 17 minutes?

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
7. A vehicle gets 34.6 miles per gallon of fuel. How far can the vehicle
travel on 17.5 gallons of fuel?
8. If a gallon of diesel fuel weighs 8.4 pounds, how much will 14.7
gallons weigh?
9. During a trip of 371 miles, a vehicle uses 13.8 gallons of fuel. How
many miles per gallon does this vehicle get?
10. A piece of heater hose is 42’3” long and cost ₱1671.41. What is the
cost per foot?
Fractions

be able to:
1. Change mixed numbers, whole numbers and decimals to fractions
2. Compare fractions
3. Identify equivalent fractions
4. Identify fractions in its lowest term
5. Solve the four basic mathematical operations involving fractions;
In this lesson, we will look at fractions so that a trainee can perform
trainer.
1. Identify types of fractions
a
Fraction is a number written in the form where a is the numerator
b
and b is the denominator.
Mixed Numbers
A mixed number is really the sum of a whole number and a fraction.
This means that 5 2/3 is the same as 5 + 2/3.
How to change a mixed number to a fraction?

Step 1. Multiply the whole number and the bottom number
(denominator) of the fraction.
Step 2. Add this product to the top number (numerator)

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Step 3. Place the total number over the bottom number.
Example 1.1 – 3a
Change 5 2/3 to a fraction.
Solution
5 X 3 = 15 Step 1 Multiply the whole number 5 and
the denominator 3.
15 + 2 = 17 Step 2 Add that product to the numerator

of the fraction.
Step 3 Put that answer over the

17 denominator.
3
So, 5 2/3 = 17/3
Equivalent Fractions
Two fractions are equivalent, or have the same value, if their cross
products are equal.
Example 1.1 – 3b
Are 2/3 and 6/9 equivalent fractions?
Solution
26 Step 1 Find the cross products.
39
2 X 9 =18 Step 2 Are the cross products equal?
3 X 6 = 18 Yes, so the fractions are equivalent.
2/3 = 6/9 is another way of saying that
the fractions are equivalent.
Example 1.1 – 3c
Are 2/5 and 10/24 equivalent?
Solution Step 1 Find the cross

2 10
5 24 products.
2 X 24 = 48 Step 2 Are the cross products equal?

5 X 10 = 50 No, one is 48 and the other is 50.
The fractions are not equivalent.
2/5 ≠ 10/24 is one way to say the
fractions are not equivalent.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Making Equivalent Fractions
In order to add or subtract fractions that do not have the same
denominators (bottom numbers), you have to change the fractions to
equivalent fractions that do have the same denominator. Therefore, you
need to make an equivalent fraction that has a known denominator. All you
need to do is to find the missing top number (numerator).
The method shown in this example will work only if the denominator
of the fraction with the missing numerator is larger than the other
denominator.
Example 1.1 – 3d
Find a fraction with a denominator of 12 that is equivalent to 5/4. This can
be written as
5 ?
=
4 12
Solution
12 ÷ 4 = 3 Step 1 Divide the larger denominator by the
smaller one.
Step 2 Multiply the answer in Step 1 by the

5 X 3 = 15 numerator. This product is the missing
numerator.
5 15
So, =
4 12
Reducing Fractions
When you are working with fractions, it is often helpful if the fraction
is in lowest terms. A fraction is in lowest terms if the number one is the only
whole number that can divide both the numerator and denominator of the
fraction.
How do we reduce a fraction?

Step 1. Find a whole number that will divide both the numerator and
denominator of the fraction.
Step 2. Then divide both of these numbers by that whole number.

Repeat this method until the number one is the only whole
number you can find that will divide both the numerator and
the denominator of the fraction.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 3e
Reduce 16/24.
Solution
8 Step 1
16 ÷ 8 2 Step 2
=
24 ÷ 8 3
16 2
So, =
24 3
2. Compare and change fractions to decimals

In order to compare two fractions that do not have the same
denominators, you have to change the fractions to equivalent fractions that
do have the same denominators. The fraction with the larger numerator is
the larger fraction.
If two fractions do not have the same denominator, divide the larger
denominator by the smaller denominator. If the remainder is not 0,
then multiply the two denominators to get a common denominator.
Example 1.1 – 3f
3 5
Which fraction is larger: ∨ ?
4 7
Solution
7 ÷ 4 = 1 remainder 3 Step 1 Divide the larger denominator by the
smaller one. The quotient is 1 with a
remainder of 3, so we will use 4 X 7 = 28 as
3
the common denominator. We write as an
4
equivalent fraction with a denominator of 28.
Step 2a Multiply the numerator of one

3 X 7 = 21 fraction by the denominator of the other. This
product is the numerator of a fraction
equivalent to the first fraction
So, 3/4 = 21/28.
Step 2b Multiply the numerator of the

5 X 4 = 20 second fraction by the denominator of the
first fraction. This product is the numerator
of a fraction equivalent to the second
CBLMs on Automotive fraction.
March 2012
Servicing NC I So,
Date 5/7 = 20/28. by:
Revised:
Issued
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Step 3 Compare 21/28 and 20/28. These have
the same denominator, 28. Their numerators
are 21 and 20. Since 21 is larger than 20,
21/28 = 3/4 is larger than 20/28 = 5/7.
3 5
Thus, islarger than .
4 7
Changing Fractions to Decimals

There are times when it is helpful to change a fraction to a decimal.
Decimals are often easier to use than fractions.
To change a fraction to a decimal, divide the denominator into the

numerator.
Example 1.1 – 3g
Change 2 3/4 to a decimal.
Solution
First, change 2 3/4 to a fraction.
2 X 4 = 8
8 + 3 = 11 Steps 1, 2 & 3
11
4
Now change 11/4 to a decimal.

11 ÷ 4 2 .7 5
4 1 1 .0 0 So, 2 3/4 is 2.75 in decimal.
8
30
28
20
20
0
Example 1.1 – 3h

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
A technician asked you to bring a 3/8-mm shim. The shims are
marked in decimals. What decimal size (in mm) shim should you get?
Solution
We need to change 3/8 to a decimal, so we need to solve 3 ÷ 8.
.3 7 5
8 3 .0 0 0
24
600
56
40
You will need to get a 0.375 mm shim.
40
0
3. Perform and apply addition/subtraction involving fractions.
How do we add/subtract fractions?

Step 1. Change any mixed numbers to fractions.
Step 2. Check the denominators. If they are the same, go to Step 5. If

they are different, go to Step 3.
Step 3. Find a common denominator.
Step 4. Change each fraction to an equivalent fraction with the

number in the denominator as the common denominator.
Step 5. Add/Subtract the numerators. The number in the

denominator is the common denominator.
Step 6. If possible, reduce the fraction.
Example 1.1 – 3i
Solve 1 3/16 + 5/8.
Solution
3 19
1 = Step 1 Change mixed numbers to fractions.
16 16
8 ≠ 16 Step 2 The denominators are different.
16 Step 3 A common denominator is 16.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
5 10 5 10
= Step 4 is equivalent to .
8 16 8 16
19 10 19+10 29
+ = = Step 5 Add the numerators. The denominator is 16.
16 16 16 16
29
Step 6 cannot be reduced but it can be
16
13
written as a mixed number of 1
16
3 5 29 13
So, 1 + = ∨1
16 8 16 16
Example 1.1 – 3j
Solve 7/16 - 3/16.
Solution
Step 1 There are no mixed numbers.
16 = 16 Step 2 The denominators are equal. Go to

Step 5.
7 3 7−3 4
− = = Step 5
16 16 16 16
4 1 7 3 1
= Step 6 So, − =
16 4 16 16 4
Example 1.1 – 3k
1 1
The engine crankcase holds 4 quarts of oil, the transmission 1
2 4
3
quarts, and the rear axle quart. How many quarts of lubricants are in the
4
power train?
Solution
1 1 3
We need to add 4 +1 +
2 4 4

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
1 9
4 = Step 1 Change mixed numbers to
2 2
fractions.
1 5
1 =
4 4
4 Step 3 A common denominator is 4
9 18 9 18
2 4 2 4
18 5 3 18+5+3 26
+ + = = Step 5 Add the numerators. The
4 4 4 4 4
denominator is 4.
26 ÷2 13 26
= Step 6 can still be divided with 2
4÷2 2 4
13 1
So, the total amount of lubricants in the power train is ∨6 quarts.
2 2
Example 1.1 – 3l
1 3
An electrical wire is 15 inches long. A piece 9 inches long is needed
4 8
to repair a circuit. What length of wire will be left after the needed piece is
cut off?
Solution
We need to subtract: 15 1/4 - 9 3/8.
1 61
15 =
4 4
3 75
9 = Step 1 Change mixed numbers to fractions.
8 8
8 Step 3 A common denominator is 8.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
61 122 16 122
4 8 4 8
122 75 122−75 47
− = = Step 5 Subtract the numerators. The
8 8 8 8
denominator is 8.
47 7 47
=5 Step 6 can be written as the mixed number
8 8 8
7
5 .
8
7
There will be 5 inches of wire left.
8
4. Perform multiplication involving fractions.

To multiply a fraction and another number, first change the other
number to a fraction.
The other number may already be a fraction. But it may also be a
whole number, a mixed number, or a decimal. This is a quick review to show
how these can be changed to fractions.
Whole Numbers
To change a whole number to a fraction so that you can multiply,
write the whole number as a fraction with a denominator of 1.
Example 1.1-3m
6
Write the whole number 6 as 1 .
Mixed Numbers
To change mixed number to a fraction, multiply the whole number
and the denominator, add this product to the numerator, and place them all
over the denominator.
Example 1.1-3n
Change 5 2/3 to a fraction.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Solution
5 X 3 = 15 Step 1 Multiply the whole number by the
denominator.
15 + 2 = 17 Step 2 Add that product to the numerator.
17
Step 3 Put that answer over the
3
denominator.
2 17
So, 5 = .
3 2
Changing Decimals to Fractions

To change decimals to fractions, first count the number of places to
the right of the decimal point. This is the numerator of the fraction. The
denominator is a 1 followed by the same number of 0s as places in the first
step.
Example 1.1-3n
Change 7.34 to a fraction.
Solution
7.34 Step 1 Count the places to the right of the
decimal point.
2 places
734 Step 2 Remove the decimal point from the
number.
734 Step 3 Write the Step 2 answer over a 1,

100 followed by the same number of 0s as the
Step 1 answer.
2 0s 734
So, 7.34=
100
.
How do we multiply fractions?

Step 1. Write every number as a fraction.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Step 2. Multiply the numerators together. This is the numerator of
the answer.
Step 3. Multiply the denominators together. This is the denominator

of the answer.
Example 1.1-3o
Solve 5/8 X 3.25.
Solution
325
3.25= Step 1 Change 3.25 to a fraction.
100
5 X 325 = 1625 Step 2
5 1625
8 X 100 = 800 Step 3 So, x 3.25=
8 800
1625 65
This number, , can be reduced to
800 32
1
which is the same as 2
32
5. Perform division involving fractions.
A reciprocal of a given number is a number which when multiplied

by the given number equals one. For example the reciprocal of 2 or 2/1 is
1/2. The division of fractions uses the reciprocal of a number. There are
never more than two steps to finding the reciprocal of a number.
Step 1. Change any whole number, mixed number, or decimal to a fraction.
Step 2. Find the reciprocal of the number by “turning it upside down.” In

other words, the numerator of the fraction is the denominator of the
reciprocal, and the denominator of the fraction is the numerator of the
reciprocal.
Example 1.1-3p
Find the reciprocals of 4, 15, 3/8, 1/7 and 6.37.
Solution
4 15 3 1 ,∧637
, , , Step 1Write each number as a fraction.
1 1 8 7 100

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
1 1 8 7 100
, , , , Step 2 Turn each number upside
4 15 3 1 637
down. These are the reciprocals.
How do we divide fractions?

Step 1. Find the reciprocal of the divisor.
Step 2. Multiply the other number by the divisor’s reciprocal.
Step 3. If possible, reduce the fraction
Example 1.1-3q
Solve 2 3/6 ÷ 3/4.
Solution
3 19
2 = Step 1
8 8
4
Step 2
3
19 4 76 19
X = = Step 3
8 3 24 6
3 3 19 1
So, 2 ÷ = =3
8 4 6 6
Example 3.6 - 4
2 3
A piece of electrical wire is 25feet long. How many 2 foot long
3 4
piece can be cut from this one piece of wire?
Solution
We have to change two mixed numbers to fractions. We will first
2
change 25 . 25 X 3 = 75
3
75 + 2 = 77
77
Steps 1, 2 & 3
3
2 77
So,25 = .
3 3
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
3
Next, we change 2 to a fraction.
4
2 X 4 = 8
8 + 3 = 11
11
Steps 1, 2 & 3
4
3 11
So, 2 =
4 4
77 11
Now, we need to solve ÷
3 4
Step 1 Both of the numbers are now

fractions.
Step 2 The divisor is 11/4. Its

reciprocal is 4/11. Multiplying we get:
77 4 308 28 1
X = = =9
3 11 33 3 3
3
Step 3 So, 9 pieces that are each 2
4
foot long can be cut from this length of
1
wire. There will be of a piece that is
3
11in long left over.
SELF-CHECK 1.1-3
PROBLEM SOLVING:
your final answer.
1. The service manager records how long each technician has worked on
a job in hours written as decimals. If you spent 3/4 hr to change a
front engine mount, 1 ½ hr to replace the engine oil pan, and 2 1/4
hr to replace the clutch, how would the service manager record the
total time?

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
2. A worker drives 2 1/2 miles to work, 3/4 of a mile from work to a
store, and 2 7/10 from the store to home. How far did the worker
drive that day?
3. A technician spends 1/4 hour replacing the battery and air filter, 1/2
hour replacing the spark plugs, 1 3/8 hours packing wheel bearings,
and 2 3/4 hours replacing the brake linings. What was the total time
spent servicing this car?
4. An auto technician uses tubing in the lengths of 8 5/16 in, 7

3/8 in, 2 ¼ in, 2 in, and 12 ½ in. What is the total length of the
tubing used by the mechanic?
5. An electrical wire is 17 5/8 inches long. A piece 12 7/8 inches long

is needed to repair a circuit. What length of wire will be left after the
needed piece is cut off?
6. An electrical wire is 18 feet 9 1/4 inches long. A piece 13 feet 2 ½ inches is

needed to repair a circuit. What length of wire will be left when a job has
been completed?
7. The fuel tank has 16 3/10 gallons in it. After a trip that consumed
9 3/4 gallons, how many gallons will be left?
8. An engine crankcase holds 4 3/4 liters. During a trip, the engine consumes
1/2 liter. How much oil is left after the trip?
9. A driver travels 2 7/10 miles each day. How far will this driver travel
in 6 days?
10. If a car consumes 3/5 liters of oil each day, how much will be used
for a 2-week trip?
11. A race car averages 3 ½ miles per minute. How far will this race car
travel in 1 hour?
12. Mary travels 12 5/8 miles to work each day.

(a) How far does she drive to and from work each 5-day week?
(b) One week she has to work overtime on Saturday. How far did
she drive to and from work that week?
(c) In a normal year she works 49 weeks. If each week is 5 days
long, how far can she expect to drive to and from work?
13. Robert earns ₱43.75 an hour. One day he was late for work and only
worked 7 3/4 hours. How much did he earns that day?
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
14. If a car goes 21 3/4 km/L of fuel, how far will it go on 17 ½ liters of
fuel?
15. A tire rotates 4 ¾ turns per second. How many times will it turn in
1 minute?
16. A driver begins a 2350 mile trip. The first day she completes 1/3 of
the distance, the second day 1/6, the third day 1/4 and the fourth
day 1/5. How many miles are left to complete?
17. A vehicle is driven 436 miles and use 17 1/4 gallons of fuel. How
many miles per gallon does this vehicle get?
18. Carlos travels 17 3/8 miles to work each day.

(a) How far does she drive to and from work each 5-day week?
(b) In a normal year, when he includes vacation and holidays, he
works 47 3/5 weeks. If each week is 5 days long, how far can Carlos
expect to drive to and from work?
(c) Carlos’ van averages 22 1/4 mpg. How many gallons of gasoline
can he expect to drive to and from work?
19. How many pieces of 2 3/16 inches long 16 gauge wire can be cut
from a piece 27 3/4 inches long?
20. A race car travels one lap of the track in 5/6 minute. The track is 2
½ miles in length. How long will it take to complete 500 miles?

Signed Numbers

be able to:
1. Solve the four basic mathematical operations involving signed
numbers;
In this lesson, we will look at signed numbers so that a trainee can
perform the appropriate operations on his own with minimal assistance from
the trainer.
1. Identify signed numbers

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Signed numbers are any positive or negative numbers. Numbers with
a plus sign (+) in front of them are called positive numbers. Positive
numbers can also be written with no sign in front of them. Numbers with a
minus sign (-) in front of them are called negative numbers.
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.
Changing signed mixed numbers, reducing signed fractions and

changing signed fractions to decimals are the same in dealing with ordinary
numbers.
Negative Mixed Numbers

To change a negative mixed number to a fraction, multiply the whole
number and the bottom number (denominator) of the fraction, add this
product to the top number (numerator), place the total number over the
bottom number and copy the sign.
Reducing Negative Fractions

To reduce negative fractions, follow the same steps of reducing
fractions and then copy the sign.
Changing Negative Fractions to Decimals

To change a negative fraction to a decimal, divide the denominator
into the numerator and copy the sign.
2. Add signed numbers
There are two types of problems that involve adding signed numbers. One
type is when both numbers have the same sign. The other type is when
numbers have different signs.
Rule 1. To add signed numbers with the same sign, add the numbers and
give the sum. Use the sign of the original numbers.
Example 1.1 – 4a
Solve ─7.2 + ─4.3 + ─8 + ─32.32.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Solution
Because each of these numbers is
negative, the sum is negative.
─7.2 + ─4.3 + ─8 + ─32.21
= ─11.5 + ─8 + ─32.21 because ─7.2 + ─4.3 = ─11.5
= ─19.5 + ─32.21 because ─11.5 + ─8 = ─19.5
= ─51.71.
If the sign of a number is ignored, the number that is left is called

the absolute value of the number.
Rule 2. To add signed numbers with different signs, take the absolute value
of both numbers, subtract the absolute value of the smaller number from
the absolute value of the larger, and give the answer. Use the sign of the
number that had the larger absolute value.
Example 1.1 – 4b
Solve ─3/4 + 2/3.
Solution
A common denominator is 12. Change ─3/4 to ─9/12 and change 2/3
to 8/12. Add.
−3 2 −9 8
+ = +
4 3 12 12
−9+8
¿
12
−1
¿
12
So, ─3/4 + 2/3 = ─1/12.
3. Subtract signed numbers
To subtract two signed numbers, change the sign of the subtrahend

and then add.
Example 1.1 – 4c
Solve ─4/5 ─ ¾
Solution
Change ─3/4 to 3/4 and add.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
−4 3 −4 −3
− = +
5 4 5 4
−16 −15
¿ +
20 20
−16+−15
¿
20
−31 11
¿ ∨−1
20 20
So, ─4/5 ─ 3/4 = ─1 11/20.
Example 1.1 – 4d
In performing a front-end alignment, the included angle is 3.2° and
the camber angle is -1.6°. What is the steering axis angle?
Solution
To find the steering axis angle, you subtract the camber angle from
the included angle. For this problem, we need to solve 3.2⁰ ─ (─1.6⁰).
Change ─1.6⁰ to 1.6⁰ and add.
3.2
+1.6
4.8
The steering axis angle is 4.8⁰.
4. Multiplying and Dividing Signed Numbers
Rules for Multiplying/Dividing Signed Numbers

1. Multiplication/Division of same signs results to positive
product/quotient.
2. Multiplication/Division of different signs results to negative
product/quotient.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 4e
Solve ─3/5 X 2.45.
Solution
245
2.45= Step 1
100
─3 X 245 = ─735 Step 2
Step 3 So, ─3/5 X 2.45 =

─735/500 and this can be
reduced to ─147/100.
Example 1.1 – 4f
Solve -3/5 ÷ ─3/7.
Solution Step 1 Both of the numbers are
fractions.
−7
Step 2 The divisor is -3/7. Its
3
reciprocal is -7/3.
−3 −7 21 7
X = = Step 3 So,
5 3 15 5
-3/5 ÷ ─3/7 = 7/5.
Example 1.1 – 4g
Solve ─3 ½ ÷ 2/3.
Solution
1 −7
−3 = Step 1
2 2
3
Step 2
2
−7 3 −21
X = Step 3 So, ─3 1/2 ÷ 2/3 =
2 2 4
─21/4 = ─5 1/4.
SELF-CHECK 1.1-4
PROBLEM SOLVING:
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
your final answer.
1. When you started your car in the morning, the temperature was
─13°C. By mid-afternoon, it had risen 27°C. What was the afternoon
temperature?
2. If the included angle is 6⁰ and the camber angle is ─1⁰, what is the
steering axis angle? NOTE: To find the included angle, you add the
camber angle and the steering axis angle. To find the steering axis
angle, you subtract the camber angle from the included angle.
3. Readings or specifications for positive and negative angles are often

written with the letter P for positive and N for negative. For example, a
positive angle of +0.38⁰ may be written P 0.38⁰ or 0.38⁰ P. an angle
of ─0.53⁰ is a negative angle and may be written as N 0.53 or 0.53 ⁰
N.
4. If the included angle is P 5.3⁰ and the camber angle is P 1.7⁰, what is
the steering axis angle?
5. When you started your car in the morning, the temperature was ─2°F.
By afternoon, it had risen 27°C. What was the temperature change?

Equations

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
be able to:
1. Formulate equations to solve the four basic mathematical operations;
2. Manipulate equations to solve what is asked;
In this lesson, we will look at equations so that a trainee can perform
trainer.
1. Identify equations
Many automotive applications deal with understanding and
manipulating equations. An equation is a statement of equality between two
quantities. Its relationship of equality is represented by the equal sign, “=”.
Example 1.1-5a 2x + 5 = 13 Voltage = Resistance x Current
For solving equations, we need to understand the following

transposition rules:
1. A term may be transposed to the other side of the equation provided
its sign is changed to the opposite sign.
2. To remove a numerical coefficient, we multiply both members of the
equation by the reciprocal of the coefficient.
How do we solve equations?

Step 1. Transpose to the left member of the equation each term
containing the unknown, and to the right member each
term not containing it.
Step 2. Combine similar terms in each member;
Step 3. Divide both sides by the coefficient of the unknown quantity.
Example 1.1-5b
Solve for the unknown value of 0.3x – 0.7 = 0.8 – 0.2x

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Solution
0.3x + 0.2x = 0.8 + 0.7 Step 1. Transpose -0.2x to the left side
and -0.7 to the right side
0.5x = 1.5 Step 2. Combine similar terms
0.5 x 1.5
= Step 3. Divide both sides by 0.5
0.5 0.5
So, x = 3
Example 1.1-5c
Solve the for the bore of a piston given the equation:
π x bore x stroke
piston displacement=
2
Solution
Treat the bore as the unknown.
2 x piston displacement = π x bore x stroke

Step 1. Multiply both sides by the
reciprocal of the denominator.
2 x piston displacement
=bore Step 2. Divide both sides by π x
π x stroke
stroke
2 x piston displacement
So, bor e=
π x stroke

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Ratios, Proportions and Percentages

be able to:
1. Simplify ratios;
2. Identify proportions;
3. Solve problems involving proportions;
4. Convert percent to decimal, percent to fraction, fraction to percent
and decimal to percent;
5. Solve problems involving percentages.
In this lesson, we will look at ratios, proportions and percentages so
that a trainee can perform the appropriate operations on his own with
minimal assistance from the trainer.
1. Define and solve problems involving ratios.
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division. You can write

ratios as fractions, as 72/48. ¼, or 3/2; by using a colon as in 72:48, 1:4,
or 3:2; or by using the word “to” as in 72 to 48, 1 to 4, or 3 to 2.
A ratio compares only the same units of measurement but does not
contain any units of measurement.
Example 1.1 – 6a
A gear ratio is determined by comparing the number of teeth on the
two gears. Suppose that drive gear A has 72 teeth and gear B has 48 teeth.
The ratio of the number of teeth on gear A to the number of teeth on gear B
is 72:48 or 72/48.
Simplifying Ratios
A ratio is usually written so that it compares the smallest whole
number possible. Ratios are usually written in one of five different ways:
comparing whole numbers, fractions, decimal fractions, fractions and
decimals, or a number to 1.
Ratios that compare whole numbers

Simplify ratios that compare two whole numbers in the same way that
fractions are reduced.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 6b
Simplify the ratio 15/9.
Solution
Both 15 and 9 can be divided by 3.
15 15 ÷ 3 5
So, = = .
9 9÷3 3
Ratios that compare fractions

To simplify a ratio of two fractions, divide the fractions.
Example 1.1 – 6c
Simplify the ratio 3/4 / 5/7.
Solution
3/4 3 5
= ÷ Remember, to divide a fraction, first
5/7 4 7
find the reciprocal of the divisor. Then
multiply the other number by the
divisor’s reciprocal. The divisor is 5/7.
Its reciprocal is 7/8.
3 7 21
X = So, the ratio 3/4/5/7 simplifies to
4 5 20
21/20 or 21:20.
Ratios that compare decimal fractions

Change both decimals to whole numbers by multiplying each by 10,
100 or 1 000. The number of 0’s should be the same as the larger number of
decimal places in the two numbers.
Example 1.1 – 6d
Simplify 4.2:3.36
Solution
One number has one decimal place; the other number has two.
Multiply both numbers by 100 (2 0s).
4.2 4.2 X 100 420 5
4.2 :3.36= = = ∨5 : 4.
3.36 3.36 X 100 336 4
So, 4.2:3.36 simplifies to 5:4.
Ratios that compare fractions and decimals

Change the decimal to a fraction and then simplify.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.1 – 6e
Simplify 3/4:1.75.
Solution
175 7
1.75= = . Step 1 Change 1.75 to a fraction.
100 4
3 7 3 7 3 4 12 3
: = ÷ = X = = .
4 4 4 4 4 7 28 7
So, 3/4: 1.75 simplifies to 3/7 or 3:7.
Ratios that compare as number to 1.

Auto mechanic manuals often write a ratio as a number compared to
1. Some examples of this are 4:1 or 3.2:1.
To write a ratio as a number compared to 1, divide both numbers by
the second number (denominator).
Example 1.1 – 6f
Write 37:9 as a ratio compared to 1.
Solution
37 37 ÷ 9 4.11
37 :9= = = ∨4.11 :1
9 9÷ 9 1
Rates
A rate is a comparison of different kinds of units as miles and gallons
or revolutions and seconds. A ratio is used to compare the numbers of the
units.
Example 1.1 – 6g
Express the rate of 180 miles in 3 hours as a ratio.
Solution 180 : 3 = 60 : 1

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
2. Define and solve problems involving proportions
The statement that two ratios are equal is called a proportion. Two
ratios are equal if their cross products are equal.
Example 1.1 – 6h
Is 2/5 = 8/20 ?
Solution
2 8
5 20 Step 1 Find the cross products.
2 X 2 = 40 Step 2 Are the cross products equal? Yes, so

the ratios are equal
5 X 8 = 40
Solving Proportions
If three parts of a proportion are known, we can find the fourth and
missing term by using the cross products.
Example 1.1 – 6i
What is the missing number in the proportion 5/7 = ?/42?
Solution
5 X 42 = 210 Step 1 Find the cross product that has both
numbers.
210 ÷ 7 Step 2 Divide this cross product by the third

number.
210 ÷ 7 = 30 Step 3 The answer to Step 2 is the missing

number.
So, 5/7 = 30/42 .

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Direct proportions
Two quantities are direct proportion if a change in one ratio causes a
similar change in the other ratio. When setting up a direct proportion, the
units on the tops and bottoms of both ratios must be the same.
Example 1.1 – 6j
If a car travels 240 km in 4 hours, how far can it travel in 6 hours?
Solution top units both km
240 km ? km
=
4 hours 6 hours
bottom units
both hours
240 X 6 = 1440 Step 1
1440 ÷ 4 Step 2
1440 ÷ 4 = 360 Step 3 So, 240km/4 hours = 360

km/ 6 hours.
The car can travel 360 km in 6 hours.
Example 1.1 – 6k
The axle ratio is the direct proportion of the engine speed and the
drive-shaft speed. If the axle ratio is 6:1 and the engine speed is 2400
revolutions per minute (rpm), what is the drive-shaft speed?
Solution
engine speeds
6 2400 rpm
=
1 ? rpm
drive-shaft speeds
1 X 2400 = 240 Step 1
2400 ÷ 6 Step 2
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
2400 ÷ 6 = 400 Step 3 So, 6/1 = 2400
rpm/400/rpm.
The drive-shaft speed is 400 rpm.

Inverse or Indirect Proportions
Two quantities are in inverse or indirect proportion if a change in one
ratio causes the opposite change in the other ratio.
To work an inverse proportion, set it up the same way that you set up
a direct proportion. Then switch the top numbers in the proportion.
Example 1.1 – 6l
When two gears are meshed, the speeds that they turn are inversely
proportional to the gears’ number of teeth. If one gear has 60 teeth and a
speed of 300 rpm, find the speed of a meshed gear that has 20 teeth.
Solution
60 teeth 20 teeth
= Set up the way that you set up a direct
300 rpm ? rpm
proportion.
20 teeth 60 teeth
= Switch the top numbers.
300 rpm ? rpm
300 X 60 = 18,000 Step 1
18,000 ÷ 20 Step 2
18,000 ÷ 20 = 900 Step 3 So, 20 teeth/300rpm =

60teeth/900 rpm.
This gear with 20 teeth will turn at 900 rpm.
Example 1.1 – 6m
The speeds of the pulleys are inversely proportional to the lengths of
their diameters. The diameter of pulley A is 16 cm and the diameter of
pulley B is 4 cm. If pulley B turns at 280 rpm, how fast does pulley A turn?
Solution
16 cm 4 cm
= Set up the way that you set up a direct
? rpm 280 rpm
proportion.
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
4 cm 16 cm
= Switch the top numbers.
? rpm 280rpm
4 X 280 = 1120 Step 1
1120 ÷ 16 Step 2
1120 ÷ 16 = 70 Step 3 So, 4 cm/70rpm =

16cm/280rpm.
Pulley A turns at 70 rpm.
3. Define and solve problems involving percentages
The word percent means the same as per hundred. The symbol for
percent is %. So, 35% = 35/100 or 35 per hundred.
Changing Percents to Decimals

To change a percentage to a decimal, first change it to its meaning of
per hundred and then change this fraction to a decimal.
Example 1.1 – 6n
Change 4 1/2% to a decimal.
Solution
1 4.5
4 %=4.5 %= Step 1
2 100
4.5
=0.045 Step 2 So, 4 1/2% = 0.045
100
Changing Decimals to Percents

Changing a decimal to a percentage is just the opposite of changing a
percentage to a decimal. Write the decimal as a fraction with a denominator
of 100. Then the numerator will be the percent.
Example 1.1 – 6o
Change 0.15 to a percent.
Solution

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
15
0.15= Step 1 Change the decimal to a fraction with
100
a denominator of 100.
15
=15 % Step 2 Chnage4 per hundred to a percent.
100
So, 0.15 = 15%.
Changing Percentages to Fractions

If a percentage needs to be written as a fraction, follow the first step in
changing a percentage to a decimal and then reduce this fraction.
Example 1.1 – 6p
Write 7 1/2% as a fraction.
Solution
1 7.5
7 %=7 .5 %= Step 1
2 100
7.5 75 3
= = Step 2 So, 7 1/2% = 3/40.
100 100 40
Changing Fractions to Percentages

In order to change a fraction to a percentage, first change the fraction
to an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100. The numerator will be
the percent.
Example 1.1 – 6q
Change 1 3/20 to a percentage.
Solution
First, solve 1 3/20 = ?/100.
3 23 ?
1 = = Change 1 3/20 to a fraction.
20 20 100
100 ÷ 20 = 5 Step 1
5 X 23 = 115 Step 2 So, 1 3/20 = 115/100.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
115
=115 % Step 3 So, 1 3/20 = 115%.
100
Solving Percentage Problems

All percentage problems can be worked by setting up and solving
proportion. Remember that a proportion states that two ratios are equal. In
all percentage problems, one of the ratios is the percent written so that the
denominator is 100. The number next to the word “of” is the denominator of
the other ratio.
Example 1.1 – 6r
What is 20% of 70?
Solution
20
20 %= Step 1 Write the percent with a
100
denominator of 100.
?
Step 2 Write the other ratio so the
70
number next to “of” is the denominator.
20 ?
= Step 3 Set up a proportion using the
100 70
ratios from Steps 1 and 2. Now solve
the proportion.
20 X 70 = 1400 Step 4 Find the cross product that has

both numbers.
1400 ÷ 100 Step 5 Divide this cross product by the

third number.
1400 ÷ 100 = 14 Step 6 The answer to Step 5 is the

answer to the problem

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
So, 14 is 20% of 70.
SELF-CHECK 1.1-6
PROBLEM SOLVING:
Read each item carefully and give what is asked. Show your solutions on a
separate sheet of paper and box your final answer.
1. The rear-axle ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on the ring gear to
the number of teeth on the pinion gear. If the rear-axle ratio is 3.25:1
and the pinion gear has 12 teeth, how many teeth does the ring gear
have?
2. Pulley A has diameter of 24 cm and pulley B a diameter of 38 cm. If
pulley B makes 450 rpm, what is the speed of pulley A?
3. If an engine is operating at 1,250 revolutions per minute at 20 miles per
hour, how fast will the engine be operating at 55 miles per hour?
4. The proper amount of antifreeze for a 50-liter cooling system is 25
liters. How much antifreeze is required for a cooling system with a 14-
liter capacity?
5. A driver added 90 milliliters (mL) of fuel conditioner to 20 liters of fuel.
How much is needed to treat 27 L of fuel?
6. The gear ratio between two gears is 4.5:1. If the large gear has 54 teeth,
how many teeth does the small gear have?
7. An idler gear causes the driven gear to turn in the same direction as the
driving gear. Find the speed of the driven gear in the Figure below.
42 Teeth
210 rpm
15 Teeth 15 Teeth
Idler GearDrive Gear

Driven Gear
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
8. A driver was getting 24 miles per gallon until she had the car tuned up.
After the tune-up, the fuel mileage increased by 7%. What fuel mileage
did she get after the tune-up?
9. A driver travels 325 miles of a 1,725 mile trip on the first day. What
percentage of the trip was completed?
10. The materials to complete a tune-up cost: spark plugs ₱602, air filter
₱222.31, fuel filter ₱138.03, and a distributor cap ₱325.08. The owner
has a coupon that allows him a 12% discount on all merchandise. The
state sales tax is 4%. How much is his total cost for the tune-up parts?
LO 2. DESCRIBE AND MEASURE ANGLES
 Different types of angles are identified

 Different angles are measured
 Tool in measuring angles are used
CONTENTS:
 Types of angles
 Measuring angles
 Adding and subtracting angles
CONDITIONS:

 Modules
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
 Demonstration
 Observation
Learning Outcome 2
Describe and measure angles

Geometry and Angle Measurement shall apply the appropriate
concept of whole numbers,
decimals, fractions, equations,
signed numbers, ratios,
proportions and percentages
Go through the Information

Sheets and answer the self-
knowledge of the standards are
understood.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Geometry and Angle Measurement

be able to:
1. Measure angles using protractors;
2. Convert fractional degrees to minutes and vice versa;
3. Add and subtract angular measurements;
4. Solve problems involving angles;
In this lesson, we will look at geometry and angle measurement so
that a trainee can perform the appropriate operations on his own with
minimal assistance from the trainer.
1. Describe and measure angles
Angles
An angle is formed by two lines that meet at a point called the vertex.
The two lines are the sides of the angle. The size of an angle is based on the
number of degrees between the sides and not on the lengths of the sides.
Degrees
Angles are measured in degrees. A circle has 360 degrees. The degree
sign, °, is used as the symbol for degree. So, a circle has 360°.
Each degree is divided into 60 minutes. The symbol for a minute is
the prime sign, ‘. So, 30’ = 1/2°, 60’ = 1°, and 120’ = 2°.
Vertex Side
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Side Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Figure 9A - 1
Measuring Angles
Angles are measured with a tool called a protractor. Most protractors
are in the shape of half a circle. Protractors have two scales. In the
protractor shown in the figure below, each scale goes from 0° to 180°.
One scale begins on the left side of the protractor; the other scale
begins on the right side. In
the middle of the bottom edge of
the protractor is a center mark.
In order to measure an angle, place the vertex of the angle at the

center mark and the bottom edge of the protractor along one side of the
angle. Read the number of degrees where the other side of the angle meets
the protractor. Read the scale that has the 0° on the first side of the angle.
Example 1.2 – 1a
Measure this angle.
Solution
Step 1 Place vertex at center

mark.

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Step 2 Place bottom edge of
protractor along one side of
angle. (Make sure that center
mark stays at vertex.)
Step 3 Find scale with 0° on side

of angle.
Use inside scale
Step 4 Read the number on the

scale where the other side hits
the protractor.
This angle measures 45°
Fractional Degrees and Minutes

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Some companies use degrees and fractional parts of degrees instead of
degrees and minutes. To change a fractional degree to minutes, multiply the
fraction by 60. (Remember: 1° = 60’.) To change minutes to fractional
degrees, put the number of minutes over 60 and simplify.
Example 1.2 – 1b
Change 1/4° to minutes.
Solution
1 60 60
x = Step 1 Multiply fractional degree by 60.
4 1 4
60
=15 Step 2 So, 4 2/3° = 4° 40’.
4
Example 1.2 – 1c
Change 48’ to degrees.
Solution
48 °
48 ' = Step 1 Write as a fraction with a
60
denominator of 60.
48 4
= Step 2 Reduce the fraction.
60 5
So, 48’ = 4/5°.
Adding Angular Measurements

The main thing to remember when you are adding angular
measurements is that you must add like units and that 60’ = 1°.
Example 1.2 – 1d
Find the sum of 4°20’ and 12°15’. Find the sum of 7°25’ and 38°45’.
Solution Solution
4° 20’ 7° 25’
+ 12° 15’ + 38° 45’
16° 35’ 45° 70’
So, 4° 20’ + 12° 15’ = 16° 35’.
So, 7° 25’ + 38° 45’ = 46° 10’.
Example 1.2 – 1e
Subtracting Angular Measurements

When you are subtracting, remember to subtract like units. If it is
necessary to borrow, remember that 1° = 60’.
Example 1.2 – 1f Example 1.2 – 1g

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Solve 24°35’ ─ 11°15’. Find the difference between 35°
10’ and 18° 25’.
24° 35’
Solution ─ 11° 15’ Solution 35° 10’
13° 20’ ─ 18° 25’
So, 24° 35’ ─ 11° 15’ = 13° 20’. Note that you cannot subtract 25’
from 10’, so borrow 1° from the
35°. Therefore, this changes 35°
10’ to 34° 70’. Now, subtract.
35° 10’ 34° 70’
─ 18° 25’ = ─ 18° 25’
16° 45’
The answer is 16° 45’.
SELF-CHECK 1.2-1
PROBLEM SOLVING:
Read each item carefully and give what is asked. Show your solutions on a
separate sheet of paper and box your final answer.
1. Change the following fractions to degrees and minutes.

a. 3/4° b. 2 1/2 °
2. Change the following to fractional degrees.

a. 15’ b. 7° 25’
6. Add or subtract the following:
a. 25° 12’ c. 12° 36’

+14° 36’ ─ 10° 20’

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
b. d.
24° 35’ 14° 15’
+ 6° 45’ ─ 8° 30’
7. A vehicle has just made a “U” turn. It was going east and is now going
west. How many degrees has the vehicle turned during the “U” turn?
8. The caster angle has just been changed from a +1/4° to +1 3/4°. How
many degrees has the caster been changed?
LO 3 SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING MEASUREMENTS
 Customary units are identified

 SI units are identified
 Conversion of units from customary to SI units and vice versa is
performed
 Problems involving measurements are solved
CONTENTS:
 Types of angles
 Measuring angles
 Adding and subtracting angles
CONDITIONS:

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
 Modules
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration
 Observation
Learning Outcome 3
Solve problems involving measurements

Units of Measurement shall apply the appropriate
3. Perform Task Sheet 1.3-3 concept of whole numbers,
decimals, fractions, equations,
4. Evaluate your output using the signed numbers, ratios,
Performance Criteria 1.3-3 proportions and percentages
Go through the Information

Sheets and answer the self-
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
knowledge of the standards are
understood.
The output of your practice of

this Learning Outcome is the
Conversion of Measurement table.
This form will be a part of your

Evaluation.
Show your output to your trainer
for his feedback as you
accomplish it.

Units of Measurement

be able to:
1. Measure angles using protractors;
2. Convert fractional degrees to minutes and vice versa;
3. Add and subtract angular measurements;
4. Solve problems involving angles;
Older technical service publications were printed using the U.S.
Customary system while the latest publications are either metric or a
combination of both measurement systems. This lesson will give you a brief
introduction to the metric system, the different units, and their symbols.
1. Convert customary units to metric units and vice versa

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
The Metric System
The metric system is becoming more important to workers. Almost
every major country uses the metric system. Recently the domestic
automobile industry has begun the process of metrication that is, converting
our manufacturing processes and products to metric specifications. This
includes vehicle dimensioning and the inclusion of various metric fasteners.
Units of Measure
There are seven base units in the metric system. All other units are
formed from these seven.
1. Length - meter (m)
2. Mass or weight - kilogram (kg)
3. Time - second (s)
4. Electric current - ampere (A)
5. Temperature - Kelvin or Celsius (K or ºC
6. Luminous intensity - candela (cd)
7. Amount of substance - mole (mol)
Each unit can be divided into smaller units or made into larger units.
To show that a unit has been made smaller or larger, a prefix is placed in
front of the base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of 10. The most
common prefixes are shown in Table 1.3-1a.
For example, 1 kilometer (km) is 1000 m, 1 milligram (mg) is 0.001 g,

and 1 megavolt (MV) is 1 000 000 V.
Table 1.3-1a
METRIC PREFIXES
MULTIPL PREFIX SYMBO
ES ES LS
1 000 000 mega M
1 000 kilo k
1
0.01 centi c
0.001 milli m
0.000 001 micro µ
The official name for the metric system is The International System
of Units (or, in French, LeSystème International d’Unités). The official
abbreviation for the metric system throughput the world is “SI.”
Changing Between the Metric and Customary System

Many times automotive technicians are called upon to use both
measurement systems. Sometimes the measuring tools available may be
CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
different than the measuring system in which the specifications are given. In
such a case the technician will be required to convert from one system to
another.
It is best not to change from either the metric or the customary
system to the other. However, sometimes a worker has to change from one
system to the other.
Step 1. Understand conversion factors

When you multiply any number by 1, that number stays the same.
And when a fraction has the same numerator (top number) and
denominator (bottom number), that fraction equals 1.
If you multiply a measurement by a special fraction that equals 1, you
can switch from one unit of measurement to another without changing the
value, which are called conversion factors.
Example 1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet
Because the values on each side of the equation are equal, we can
1 meter 3.28 feet
create fractions that are equal to 1 such as: ∨
3.28 feet 1 meter
Step 2. Cancel units of measure

When multiplying fractions, you can cancel any factor that appears in
both the numerator and denominator. Just as with numbers, you can also
cancel out units of measures in fractions.
Example 1.3 – 1a
Convert 7 meters into feet.
Solution
1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet Step 1. This is the conversion factor for
meters and feet
3.28 feet
Step 2. Since meter unit must cancel
1 meter
out, we made a fraction equivalent to
one with the meter unit below.
7 meters 3.28 feet
¿ x Step 3. Proceed to multiplication.
1 1 meter
= 22.96 feet So, 7 meters is equal to 22.96 ft

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Example 1.3 – 1b
Express 4.3 kilograms in pounds.
Solution
1 kilogram ≈ 2.2 pound Step 1. This is the conversion factor for
kilogram and meter
2.2 pound
Step 2. Since kilogram unit must
1kilogram
cancel out, we made a fraction
equivalent to one with the kilogram
unit below.
4.3 kilogram 2.2 pound
¿ x Step 3. Proceed to multiplication.
1 1 kilogram
= 9.46 pound So, 4.3 kilogram is equal to 9.46 lb
SELF-CHECK 1.3-1
IDENTIFICATION:
A. Convert and round all answers to the nearest thousandth.
1. 4m = __________ ft
2. 24 kg = __________ lb
3. 88 km/h = __________ mph
4. 4.5 qt = __________ L
5. 5.8 lb = __________ kg

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
B. Convert each of the following measurements from either inches to
millimeters or from millimeters to inches.
6. Valve seat width, 0.066”
7. Crankshaft end play, 0.076 mm – 0.230 mm
8. Valve spring free length, 1.99”
9. Cylinder bore, 87.5 mm
Valve spring installed height, 14.53 mm
TASK SHEET 1.3-3
Title: Convert measurements

Performance Objective: Given the exact measurement, you should
be able to give its Metric or Customary
equivalent.
Supplies/Materials: Conversion Table, paper, pen
Equipment: Mock-up and tools

Steps/Procedure:
1. Look for five (5) tools or parts of an engine.

2. Find its specifications like length or circumference. (You can ask the

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
assistance of the technical trainer to identify its specifications.
3. Identify if the given specifications is in Metric or in Customary units.
4. If the unit is given in Metric unit, convert the unit to Customary.
Otherwise convert to Metric unit. Round off to the nearest hundredths.
5. In a short bond paper, create a table similar to the one shown below and
complete the table.
Specification Measurement
Conversion
Tool/Part (length/width/c Metric Customary
Factor
ircumference)
1. ex. wrench Length 30.48 cm 12 inches 1 in.=2.54
cm
2.
3.
4.
6.
7. Check your work against the Performance Criteria Checklist.

8. Present your work to your trainer.
Assessment Method:
Portfolio Assessment using Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3-3
CRITERIA YES NO
Are all the units placed in the appropriate
column?
Are all the units in the metric column Metric?
Are all the units in the Customary column

Customary?
Are all the fields in the table complete?
Are the appropriate conversion factors used?

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01
Are meal plane specified?
Is the departure date specified?
Is the length of stay specified?

CBLMs on Automotive
Servicing NC I
Date Revised:
TESDA Auto-Mechanic
Revised by:
Computations
Vanessa A. Marmita
Revision # 01

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Tacloban City

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Tacloban City

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sector: Land Transport

Qualification: Automotive Servicing NC I

Unit of Competency: Perform Mathematical Computation

Module Title: Performing Mathematical Computation

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

The unit of competency, "Perform Mathematical Computation",

You must pass the Institutional Competency Assessment for

DO N OT WRI TE AN YTHIN G ON THI S MODU LE.

Date Developed: Document No.

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL 2

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-2 Decimals 17

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1.3Fractions 25

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-4 Signed Numbers 39

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5 Equations 43

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-6 Ratios, Proportions and Percentages 46

LEARNING OUTCOME #2 DESCRIBE AND MEASURE ANGLES 56

LEARNING OUTCOME #3 SOLVE PROBLEMS

Task Sheet 1.3-1 Convert Measurements 69

Date Developed: Document No.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY Perform Mathematical Computation

MODULE TITLE Performing Mathematical Computation

NOMINAL DURATION: 40 Hours

1. Perform and apply basic mathematical operations

 Problems involving whole numbers, decimals and fractions are

Date Developed: Document No.

 Problems involving whole numbers, decimals and fractions are

 Performing arithmetic operations of whole numbers,

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Writing materials (pens & paper)

Date Developed: Document No.

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on In this Learning Outcome you

5. Read Information Sheet 1.1-3 on Go through the Information

8. Answer Self-Check 1.1-4

9. Read Information Sheet 1.1-5 on

10. Answer Self-Check 1.1-5

11. Read Information Sheet 1.1-6

12. Answer Self-Check 1.1-6

Date Developed: Document No.

Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST

1: Perform and apply addition involving whole numbers.

Large numbers may be written either with a space or a comma

How do we add whole numbers?

Date Developed: Document No.

To subtract two whole numbers, arrange the numbers in columns and

Minuend is the number which you subtract from. Subtrahend is the

3 16 Step 2 You need more ones. Rename to get

4 12 3 16 Step 4 You need more hundreds. Rename to

Date Developed: Document No.

At the beginning of a trip, an odometer reads 67,397 miles. At the end

The difference is 3,838 and so the trip was

Date Developed: Document No.

The answer to a multiplication problem is called the product. The

5,673 is between 2,300 and 23,000 so the quotient is between 100

3 - - Step 2 Find the hundreds in the quotient.

Date Developed: Document No.

1. An automobile owner paid ₱1,806 for a tune-up, ₱1,032 for a wheel

2. A car was driven 206 kilometers to Baguio, Benguet; 260 kilometers to

3. An empty automobile weighs 1453 kg. The driver weighs 87 kg and

4. A vehicle has an odometer that reads 13,854 miles. After a trip, it

5. It takes 76 minutes to drive 65 miles when you are traveling on the

8. If a gallon of gasoline weighs 7 pounds, how much will 18 gallons

11. A driver wants to improve the appearance of a vehicle and plans to