Chapter 2-Curved beam & Haunched beam

2.1. Introduction
Beams curved in plan are often used to support the circular wall of reinforced concrete water tanks,
curved balconies and circular domes. The curved beam is generally supported on columns spaced
at regular intervals. Since the loads and reactions do not lie along the axis at any point of the beam,
torsional moment develops at certain cross sections of the curved beam. However, in the case of
circular beams supported by symmetrically placed columns, the vertical reactions are provided by
the columns and due to the symmetry, the torsional moments at the center of the curved beam
between any two consecutive supports will be zero. Also the maximum negative bending moment
develops at the support section and positive maximum bending moment at sections in between the
supports.

Maximum torsional moments will develop at sections nearer the supports and where the bending
moment is zero. In other words, the maximum torque occurs at point of contra-flexure. Also the
shear forces will be maximum at the support sections.

Hence the support section has to be designed for maximum negative bending moments and shears
and sections where the torque is maximum has to be designed for maximum torsional moment and
the corresponding shear force at the section.

2.2. Design of curved beams

2.1.1 Analysis of Bending and Torsional Moments in Circular Beams
The bending and torsional moments developed in curved girders can be analyzed by strain energy
methods. The magnitude of moments and their location is influenced by the number of supports
and the radius of the curved beam. Figure 2.1.1.1 shows a typical curved beam circular in plan
supported on columns. Referring to FIG.2.1.1.1, the maximum positive and negative bending
moments and the torsional moments can be expressed in the following form:

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑅 2

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑅 2

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑘3 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑅 2

Where:

𝑤 = uniformly distributed load per unit length of beam

𝜃 = Angle subtended at the center by the ends of the beam

𝑅 = Radius of the circular girder

𝑘1 , 𝑘2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘3 are moment coefficients, the values of which are given in the table below.

1
The critical sections to be designed are sections subjected to maximum negative moment,
maximum positive moment and sections subjected to maximum twisting moment associated with
some shear forces, at this sections, the bending moment is zero. Hence this section has to be
designed for combined torsion and shear.

Fig 2.1.1.1 Fig 2.1.1.2

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 Fig 2.1.1.3

Table 2.1 Force Coefficient for circular beam

Number of 𝜋 𝛽
𝜃= 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
supports, n 𝑛 ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
4 90 0.215 0.110 0.0330 19.25
5 72 0.136 0.068 0.0176 15.25
6 60 0.093 0.047 0.0094 12.75
8 45 0.052 0.026 0.0040 9.50
9 40 0.042 0.021 0.0029 8.50
10 36 0.034 0.017 0.0019 7.50
12 30 0.024 0.012 0.0012 6.25

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Moments in Semi-Circular Beams Supported on Three Columns
The magnitude and position of maximum positive and negative bending moments and the twisting
moments in a semi-circular beam supported on three equally spaced supports are given by the
following relation:
Maximum Positive bending moment = 0.152 * 𝑤 * 𝑅2 at sections 29° − 44′ from the end
column
Maximum Negative bending moment over the critical support = - 0.429 * 𝑤 * 𝑅2
Maximum torsional moment = 0.103 * 𝑤 * 𝑅2 at sections 59° − 29′ from the end columns.

Design Example 2.1

A circular R.C girder for the foundation raft of a water tower has a mean diameter of 10m.
The uniformly distributed load transmitted by eight symmetrically placed columns on the
girder being 300KN/m. the width of the beam is 500mm and the overall depth is 1000mm.
Using C-30 concrete and S-400 steel, design suitable reinforcements in the circular girder
and sketch the details of reinforcements at critical sections.

Solution:

1. Data:

Radius of girder = R = 5m
Width of girder = b = 500mm
Depth of girder = D = 1000mm

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 Load on girder = q = 300KN/m
Angle of girder = ϴ =45

2. Permissible stresses (Material Properties)

For C-30 Concrete:
𝑓𝑐𝑢 30 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 24
1.25 1.25 𝑚𝑚2
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 24 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 0.21(24)3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.164846
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-400 Reinforcing Steel:
𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400
𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83
1.15 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
2. Loads

Self-weight of beam = (0.5*1*24) = 12 KN/m

Uniformly distributed load =300 KN/m

Total design load w =312 KN/m

3. Bending moments and shear forces:

Maximum negative B.M at support sections

𝑀𝑛= 0.052 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝑅2= (0.052 ∗ 312 ∗ 25) = 405.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Maximum positive B.M at mid-sections

𝑀𝑝= 0.026 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝑅2 = (0.026 ∗ 312 ∗ 25) = 202.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Maximum torsional moment at an angle of 9.5 degrees from supports is given by:

𝑇 = 0.004 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝑅2 = (0.004 ∗ 312 ∗ 25) = 31.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Shear force at support section is:

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 𝜋
312 ∗ 5 ∗ (4 )
𝑉=( ) = 612 𝑘𝑁
2

Shear force at section of maximum torsion is:

312 ∗ 5 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 9.5
𝑉 = [612 − ] = 354 𝑘𝑁
180

Step 6: Design of support section

Flexural Design of support section:

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 405.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Assuming 25mm clean cover to stirrup surface, Ø20mm longitudinal bars and Ø10mm Stirrups
are going to be used:

∅𝑙 20
𝑑1 = 𝐶𝑐 + ∅𝑠 + = 25 + 10 + = 45 𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑑1 = 500 − 45 = 955 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 405.6 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ =√ = 449.5069 𝑚𝑚
0.2952 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 500 ∗ 13.6

∴ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑!

2𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 405.6 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗ = 0.002647
2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
500 ∗ 955 ∗ 13.6 347.83

0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0015 < 𝜌 = 0.002647 𝑜𝑘!
𝑓𝑦𝑘

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01408 > 𝜌 = 0.002647 𝑜𝑘!

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.002647 ∗ 500 ∗ 955 = 1263.8 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑆 1264
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 Ø20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛= 2 = = 4.02 ≈ 5
𝐷 202
𝜋( 4 ) 𝜋( 4 )

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 ∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 5 − ∅20𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑆 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1570.8 𝑚𝑚2

Shear Design of support section:

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 612 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 500 ∗ 955 = 1623.5 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 612 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘!

𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑘1 = (1 + 50𝜌) = (1 + 50 ∗ 0.002647) = 1.13234 ≤ 2.0 ∴ 𝑘1 = 1.13234

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.955 = 0.645 ≥ 1.0 ∴ 𝑘2 = 1.0

𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 1.164846 ∗ 1.13234 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 500 ∗ 955 ∗ 10−3 = 157.456 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑑 − 𝑉𝐶 = 612 − 157.456 = 454.544 𝑘𝑁

The spacing of 2-legged Ø8mm Stirrups will then be;

𝜋 ∗ 102
2(
𝐴𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 4 ) ∗ 347.83 ∗ 955
𝑆= = = 114.79 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 110 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 454.544 ∗ 103

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∅10𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 @𝑐/𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 110 𝑚𝑚.

Step 6: Design of Mid span section

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 202.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 202.8 ∗ 106

𝑑=√ =√ = 317.8494𝑚𝑚
0.2952 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 ∗ 500 ∗ 13.6

∴ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑!

2𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 202.8 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ] ∗ = [1 − √1 − ]∗ = 0.0013
2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
500 ∗ 955 ∗ 13.6 347.83

0.6
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0015 > 𝜌 = 0.0013 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015
𝑓𝑦𝑘

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 𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0015 ∗ 500 ∗ 955 = 716.25 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑆 716.25
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 Ø20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛= = = 2.28 ≈ 3
𝐷2 202
𝜋( 4 ) 𝜋( 4 )

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 3 − ∅20𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑆 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 942.48 𝑚𝑚2

Step 7: Design of section subjected to Maximum torsion and shear (Moment is

zero)

T = 31.2 kNm

V = 354 kN

M=0

Equivalent hollow Formulas Capacity remark

section and action
effect
R=40m Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d TRD=503.7 Limiting value of ultimate torque
ϴ=0.065 TRd=0.8*fcd*Aef*Hef Tc =64.71 Torsional resistance of concrete
K=0.102 Tc=1.2*fctd*Aef*hef TSD =31.2 Calculated value
K4=0.001 Vc=0.25*fctd*K1*K2*bw*d Vc=98.15 Calculated value
K5=-0.001 VSd=354 Calculated value
Fyk=400 Fcd=13.6 Vrd=1640.5 Calculated value
Fyd=347.83 Fctd=1.165

8
The limiting values of torsional & shear resistance are multiplied by the following
reductions.

Step 8: Detailing

9
2.3. Design of haunched beams

Haunch beams are beams with variable depth. When the depth required at interior
supports of continuous beam is large as compared to the span length, Haunch beams
are more economical. Such types of beams are more common in large span
continuous bridge girders. The haunch may be straight or parabolic as shown below.

Straight Haunch Continuous Beam

Curved Haunch Continuous Beam

Continuous Beam with Variable depth

10
The fixed-end moment, stiffness and carry over factors of haunch beams are not the
same as that of prismatic beam. There values may be determined using column
analogy or tables and charts of member constants given by Portland Cement
Association (PCA) depending on the dimension of the haunches.

Fixed-End moments: - End moments of fixed span haunch beam caused by applied
load.

Rotational stiffness of beam: - the ratio of the applied end moment to the
corresponding end rotation of propped cantilever span of haunch beam.

Carry-Over Factor: -The ratio of the induced moment at far end to the applied near
end moment.

𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝐶𝐴𝐵 =
𝑀𝐴𝐵

rA,rB → ratio of haunch depth to depth of mid span

11
aA, aB → ratio of haunch length to the length of the span

The member constants of haunch beam given in table are in terms of these two ratios
(ratios of depth of haunch beam to depth of mid span and ratio of length of haunch
to length of span) for two ends of span. PCA provides member-constants for both
straight and parabolic haunches. Using these constants, the continuous haunch beam
may be analysed using moment distribution method.

Shear in Members of Variable Depth:

For members of varying depth, the relation for shear must be modified to account
for the inclination of resultant compressive force.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 [ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] , 𝑉1 + 𝐶 sin 𝛼 − 𝑉 = 0

𝑉1 = 𝑉 − 𝐶 sin 𝛼 … . (1)

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 [ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ] , − 𝑇 + 𝐶 cos 𝛼 = 0

𝑀
𝑇 = 𝐶 cos 𝛼 =
𝑍
𝑀 1
𝐶= ∗ … … (2)
𝑍 cos 𝛼

Substituting Eq (2) into Eq (1), the shear force at a section can be obtained as:

𝑀 sin 𝛼 𝑀
𝑉1′ = 𝑉 − ∗ = 𝑉 − ∗ tan 𝛼
𝑍 cos 𝛼 𝑍

12
1940 ACI joint committee gave effective shear at section as:

𝑀
𝑉1′ = 𝑉 ± ∗ tan 𝛼
𝑍

Where: 𝛼 is inclination angle

Minus (-) sign is used when depth is increasing as moment is increasing.

Plus (+) sign is used when depth is decreasing as moment is increasing.

Design with strut and tie model (Eurocode 2)

Where a non-linear strain distribution exists (e.g. supports, near concentrated loads
or plain stress and beams with variable depth) strut-and-tie models may be used. (see
also 5.6.4).

6.5.2 Struts

The design strength for a discrete concrete strut in a region with transverse
compressive stress or no transverse stress may be calculated from Expression (6.55)

𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 … . (6.55)

Figure 6.23: Design strength of concrete struts without transverse tension

It may be appropriate to assume a higher design strength in regions where multi axial
compression exists.

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The design strength for notional concrete struts should be reduced in cracked
compression zones and, unless a more rigorous approach is used, may be calculated
from Expression (6.56) (see Figure 6.24).

Figure 6.24: Design strength of concrete struts with transverse tension

𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6𝑣′𝑓𝑐𝑑

Note: The value of v’ for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is given by equation (6.57N).

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣′ = 1 −
250

(3) For struts between directly loaded areas, such as corbels or short deep beams,
alternative calculation methods are given in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3.

6.5.3 Ties

(1) The design strength of transverse ties and reinforcement should be limited in
accordance with 3.2 and 3.3.

(2) Reinforcement should be adequately anchored in the nodes.

(3) Where smeared nodes (see Figure 6.25a and b) extend over a considerable length
of a structure, the reinforcement in the node area should be distributed over the
length where the compression trajectories are curved (ties and struts). The tensile
force T may be obtained by:

𝐻
a) for partial discontinuity regions(𝑏 ≤ ), see Figure 6.25 a:
2

14
 1 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑇=( ) 𝐹
4 𝑏
𝐻
a) for full discontinuity regions(𝑏 > ), see Figure 6.25 b:
2

1 𝑎
𝑇 = (1 − 0.7 ) 𝐹
4 ℎ

a) Partial discontinuity b) Full discontinuity

Figure 6.25: Transverse tensile forces in a compression field with concentrated

nodes

6.5.4 Nodes

The rules of this section also apply to regions where concentrated forces are
transferred in a member and which are not designed by the strut-and-tie method.

The forces acting at nodes shall be in equilibrium. Transverse tensile forces

perpendicular to an in-plane node shall be considered.

The dimensioning and detailing of concentrated nodes are critical in determining

their load- bearing resistance. Concentrated nodes may develop, e.g. where point

15
loads are applied, at supports, in anchorage zones with concentration of
reinforcement or prestressing tendons, at bends in reinforcing bars, and at
connections and corners of members.

The design values for the compressive stresses within nodes may be determined by:

a) in compression nodes where no ties are anchored at the node (see Figure 6.26)

𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘1 𝑣′𝑓𝑐𝑑

Note: The value of k1 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is 1.0.

where 𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum stress which can be applied at the edges of the
node. See 6.5.2 (2) for definition of v’.

Figure 6.26: Compression node without ties

b) in compression - tension nodes with anchored ties provided in one direction (see Figure 6.27),

𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘2 𝑣′𝑓𝑐𝑑

16
Note: The value of k2 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
value is 0.85.

Where 𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum of 𝜎𝑅𝐷,1 and 𝜎𝑅𝐷,2, See 6.5.2 (2) for definition of v’.

Figure 6.27: Compression tension node with reinforcement provided in one direction

c) in compression - tension nodes with anchored ties provided in more than one direction (see
Figure 6.28),

𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘3 𝑣′𝑓𝑐𝑑

Note: The value of k3 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
value is 0.75.

17
 Figure 6.28: Compression tension node with reinforcement provided in two directions

(5) Under the conditions listed below, the design compressive stress values given in 6.5.4 (4) may
be increased by up to10% where at least one of the following applies:

 triaxial compression is assured,

 all angles between struts and ties are ≥ 55°,
 the stresses applied at supports or at point loads are uniform, and the node is confined by
stirrups,
 the reinforcement is arranged in multiple layers,
 the node is reliably confined by means of bearing arrangement or friction.

(6) Triaxially compressed nodes may be checked according to Expression (3.24) and (3.25) with
𝜎𝑅𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑘4 𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑 if for all three directions of the struts the distribution of load is known.

Note: The value of k4 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
value is 3.0.

(7) The anchorage of the reinforcement in compression-tension nodes starts at the beginning of
the node, e.g. in case of a support anchorage starting at its inner face (see Figure 6.27). The
anchorage length should extend over the entire node length. In certain cases, the reinforcement

18
may also be anchored behind the node. For anchorage and bending of reinforcement, see sections
8.4 to 8.6.

(8) In-plane compression nodes at the junction of three struts may be verified in accordance with
Figure 6.26. The maximum average principal node stresses (𝜎 𝑐0 , 𝜎 𝑐1 , 𝜎 𝑐2, 𝜎 𝑐3) should be checked
in accordance with 6.5.4 (4) a). Normally the following may be assumed:

𝐹 𝑐𝑑,1 𝐹 𝑐𝑑,2 𝐹 𝑐𝑑,3

= = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝜎 𝑐𝑑,1 = 𝜎 𝑐𝑑,2 = 𝜎 𝑐𝑑,3 = 𝜎 𝑐𝑑,0
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3

(9) Nodes at reinforcement bends may be analyzed in accordance with Figure 6.28. The average
stresses in the struts should be checked in accordance with 6.5.4 (5). The diameter of the
mandrel should be checked in accordance with 8.4.

Design Example 2.2:

The following is 22.5m long beam a reinforced Concrete beam with variable height
having an overall depth of 3.5m near the supports and 2m near mid span. The
thickness of the beam is 300mm at hence both sections are rectangular. Design the
beam using Materials C30/37 and S-450.

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Step 1: Material Properties:

For C-30/37 Concrete:

𝑓𝑐𝑢 37 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 30
1.25 1.25 𝑚𝑚2
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 30 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 17
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 0.21(30)3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.351685
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-450 Reinforcing Steel:
𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 450
𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 450 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 391.3
1.15 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
Step 2: Nodes compressive resistance:

Compression Nodes:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 30
(1 − ) (1 − )
𝜎1𝑅𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘1
250
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 1.18 ∗ 250 ∗ 17 = 17.65 𝑁
0.85 0.85 𝑚𝑚2

tied-compressed nodes with tension rods in one direction:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 30
(1 − ) (1 − ) 𝑁
250 250
𝜎2𝑅𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.85 ∗ ∗ 17 = 14.96
0.85 0.85 𝑚𝑚2

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tied-compressed nodes with tension rods in different directions:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 30
(1 − ) (1 − ) 𝑁
250 250
𝜎3𝑅𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘3 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ ∗ 17 = 13.16
0.85 0.85 𝑚𝑚2

Loads:

F = 1200 kN

(the own weight of the beam is negligible)

Step 3: strut & tie model identification:

Beam partitioning in two regions B and D

The region standing on the middle section is a continuity region (B), while the
remaining part

of the beam is composed of D type regions.

The boundary conditions for the stress in the region B.

Fig. 6.22 Identification of B and D regions.

Step 4: Stresses evaluation for the bars of the S&T model:

Tmax = 1200 kN

Mmax = 1200 ⋅ 3.00 = 3600 kNm = 3.6 ⋅ 109 Nmm

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Step 5: Calculation of stresses in the region B:

The stress-block diagram is used for the concrete compressive stresses distribution;
rotational equilibrium:

Step 6: Identification of boundary stresses in the region D:

Step 7: Steel tension rods design:

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