24/11/2019

CURVES
Mohd Effendi Daud (Assc. Prof., Sr., Dr.Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc., (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
Centre of Applied Geomatics and Disaster Prevention (CAGeD)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

TOPIC
• At the end of the unit you should be able to:-
– Explain the basic concept of curves
– To identify the terminologies of curves
– To differentiate between circular curves, transition curves and
vertical curves
– Explain the methods of setting out circular curves
– Apply the method of setting out of a circular curves and transition
curve

1
 24/11/2019

INTRODUCTION
• What is curve?
• Why Curve?
• Use of Curve?

INTRODUCTION

2
 24/11/2019

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

3
 24/11/2019

INTRODUCTION
• Is a continuation of the straight lines and curves with a radius
of a fixed or variable.

• PURPOSE
– to connect a straight line through the point of intersection () which
lies between two straight lines to allow the movement to reverse
slowly in the horizontal and vertical directions.

INTRODUCTION
• Reasons for curves constructions:
– Physical state of hilly land, swampy
– Connecting the exit or entrance as the exit roads toll
– Avoiding the position of the details remain, such as building
mosques, cemeteries
– Safety of roads users in order to travel more comfortable and secure.

4
 24/11/2019

TYPES of CURVES

Curves

Horizontal Curve Vertical Curve

Circular Curve Transition Curve Summit Curve Valley Curve

1) Simple Curve 1) Cubic Parabola
2) Compound Curve 2) Spiral Curve
3) Reverse Curve 3) Lemniscate

TYPES of CURVES
• Differentiate between Circular Curves, Transition Curves and
Vertical Curves.
1. Definition
2. Purpose
3. Types
4. Geometry
5. Setting out method

5
 24/11/2019

DEFINITION of CURVES

Horizontal curves Vertical curves Transition curves

Curves of constant The curves are The curves are

radius required to designed and built designed and made
connect two to connect the to join two different
straights set out on straight lines with straight slope
the ground circular curves

PURPOSE of CURVES

Horizontal curves Vertical curves Transition curves

For the convenience To avoid situation To avoid the
of road users to where a sudden situation where a
connect the straight change in the sudden change in
lines with a vehicle entering the the vehicle when it
horizontal curve curve from a straight starts down the
round road after climbing a
hill or otherwise

6
 24/11/2019

CIRCULAR CURVE
• The most common type of horizontal curve used to connect
intersection tangent (or straight) section of highways or
railroads are circular curves.

7
 24/11/2019

CIRCULAR CURVE
• The common formula of the circular curve:-
𝜽
– Length of Tangent [ T1 or T2] : 𝑻 = 𝑹 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐
– Length of Curve [L] :
𝐿 = 𝑅𝜃, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑂𝑅
𝜽𝒙𝝅
𝑳=𝑹
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑪
– Deflation of Angle : 𝜹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟗′ 𝒙
𝑹

EXAMPLE 1
• Two tangent line connected with circular curve, R = 400m. If
deflation angle () = 11 22, calculate:-
1. Length of Tangent (T)
2. Length of Curve (L)
3. Chainage point of T1 & T2, if Chainage I given as 14+87.30m
(1487.30m)

8
 24/11/2019

EXAMPLE 1
𝜃
1. 𝑇 = 𝑅. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 I

11° 22
• = 400 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 T2
T1
• = 39.808m
2. 𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄
11° 22 ×2𝜋
• = 400 ×
360°
• = 79.354𝑚

EXAMPLE 1
3. Chainage T1 and T2 I

Chainage I = 14 + 87.30 m
-T = 39.81 T2
T1
Chainage T1= 14 + 47.49 m
+L = 79.35
Chainage T2= 15 + 26.84 m

9
 24/11/2019

EXAMPLE 2
• Given R = 600 m and Deflation Angle = 20, calculate:-
– Length of Tangent (T)
– Length of Curve (L)
– Chainage at I and T2, if chainage T1 = 24 + 20.70 m

EXAMPLE 2
𝜃
1. 𝑇 = 𝑅. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
20° 00
• = 600 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
• = 105.796 m
2. 𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄
20° 00 ×2𝜋
• = 600 ×
360°
• = 209.4 𝑚

10
 24/11/2019

EXAMPLE 2
3. Chainage I and T2
I
Chainage T1 = 24 + 20.70 m 20

+T = 1 + 05.80
T2
T1
Chainage I = 25 + 26.50 m

Chainage T1 = 24 + 20.70 m
+L = 2 + 09.40
Chainage T2= 26 + 30.14 m

SETTTING OUT – CIRCULAR CURVE

• Deflation Angle Method I • Total Station at T1
• Reference to point I
• Deflation Angle based on
calculation
• Chord interval fixed
3
2

1

chord interval
T1 T2

11
 24/11/2019

SETTTING OUT – CIRCULAR CURVE

• Equation for Deflation Angle ()

𝐶 = 2𝛿𝑅
𝐶
𝛿=
2𝑅
𝐶 180°
= ×
2𝑅 𝜋
𝑪
= 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 ×
𝑹

EXAMPLE 3
• Two straight line AB and PQ have a bearing 35 and 230
intersect at I. Circular curve with Radius (R) 800 m will develop
to connect with Ab and PQ. Chainage I was given 38 + 40.70 m
and chord interval fixed as 20 m. Produce a Setting Out Circular
Curve table using deflation angle method.

12
 24/11/2019

SOLUTION
𝜽
1. 𝑻 = 𝑹. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
15° 00
• = 800 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
• = 105.32 m
2. 𝑳 = 𝑹𝑸
15° 00 ×2𝜋
• = 800 ×
360°
• = 209.44 𝑚

B
P
I
 (15 00)

c …………………
b d
T1 a
k T2
Chainage T1 and T2
A Chainage I = 38 + 40.70 m Q
-T = 1 + 05.32
Chainage T1 = 37 + 35.38 m
+L = 2 + 09.44
Chainage T2 = 39 + 44.82 m

13
 24/11/2019

Chainage Chord Deflation angle Total def. Def. angle

(meter) length 𝑪 angle (Set)
𝜹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟗′ 𝒙
(C) 𝑹
T1 37 + 35.38 0 0 0 0
a + 40.00 4.62 4.62 0° 09′ 56" 0° 10′ 00"
CIRCULAR CURVE
= 1718.9 𝑥 = 0° 09′ 55.6"
SETTTING OUT –

800
b + 60.00 20 20 0° 52′ 54" 0° 52′ 50"
= 1718.9 𝑥 = 0° 42′ 58.4"
800
c + 80.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 1° 35′ 52" 1° 35′ 50"
d 38 + 00.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 2° 18′ 51" 2° 18′ 50"
e + 20.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 3° 01′ 49" 3° 01′ 50"
f + 40.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 3° 44′ 48" 3° 44′ 50"
g + 60.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 4° 27′ 46" 4° 27′ 50"
h + 80.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 5° 10′ 44" 5° 10′ 40"
i 39 + 00.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 5° 53′ 43" 5° 53′ 40"
j + 20.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 6° 36′ 41" 6° 36′ 40"
k + 40.00 20 0° 42′ 58.4" 7° 19′ 40" 7° 19′ 40"
T2 39 + 44.82 4.82 4.82 7° 30′ 01" 7° 30′ 00"
= 1718.9 𝑥 = 0° 10′ 21.4"
800

Thank You
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat
Johor, Malaysia

Tel: +607-453 7000

Fax: +607-453 6337

http://www.facebook.com/uthmjohor

@uthmjohor

http://pinterest.com/uthmjohor

14