CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Models of Plasma Membrane Structure

 The most common molecule in

the model is the phospholipid,
which has a polar (hydrophilic)
head and two nonpolar
(hydrophobic) tails. Cholesterol is embedded in the
hydrophobic areas of the inner region,
which aids in the flexibility of the
membrane.
 These are aligned tail to tail so
The cellthemembrane
nonpolar functions
areas formasa a semi-permeable barrier, allowing very
fewhydrophobic
molecules across
regionitbetween
while fencing
the the majority of organically
produced
hydrophilic heads on the inner &The model which explains this
chemicals inside the cell.
function
outersatisfactorily is the
surface of the most acceptable. EM examinations of cell
membrane.
membranes have ledknown
 EM technique as freeze- of the fluid-mosaic model.
to the development
fracturing is able to split the Function of proteins in membrane
 Outer surface of the membrane (glycocalyx) tend to be rich
bilayer.
in glycolipids, & function in the recognition of self.
 Folding of the membrane gives rise to microvilli, for
increasing surface area for transport.
How solutes create
DIFFUSION- osmotic
transfer pressure from an area of higher kinetic energy
of molecules OSMOSIS- transfer of water molecules from an area of higher energy to an
to a lower kinetic energy. FactorsTRANSPORT
affecting diffusion: temperature, area with lower energy across a semi-permeable membrane.

MECHANISMS
pressure, presence of other solutes

What is the direction of water

movement?
 The sodium-potassium pump: a specific case of active transport

Two models for facilitated diffusion Sodium-potassium pump

Antiport transports the solute in (or out) and the co-transported solute An electrogenic pump
the opposite direction.

Symport transports the solute and a co-transported solute at the same

time in the same direction . Co-transport

 EXOCYTOSIS-
EXOCYTOSIS- transport is out oftransport
the cell is out of the cell Phagocytosis
 Pinocytosis

Three types of
ENDOCYTOSIS in
animal cells
 Receptor-mediated transport

What happens to
stuff taken in by
the cell?
 LARGE SURFACE AREA IN CAPILLARY BEDS PERMITS
EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS BETWEEN TISSUES & BLOOD

The transport of CO by the blood. CO is transported in three ways:

2 2
dissolved in plasma, bound to the protein portion of hemoglobin, and as
carbonic acid and bicarbonate, which form in the red blood cells. When
the blood passes through the pulmonary capillaries, these reactions are
reversed so that CO gas is formed, which is exhaled.
2
URINE FORMATION