SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY

OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

MODULE NUMBER: 2-3 SECOND SEMESTER

Date: Jan. 11 –Jan. 22, 2021 S.Y. 2020 – 2021

CLASS NUMBER: _____________________ SUBJECT:

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
NAME: _______________________________________________ TEACHER: MR.
ARNOLD A. PAOMBONG
GRADE AND SECTION: GRADE 12-STEM ZAMORA/ QUEZON CONTACT #:

Solutions and Their Properties

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

• give examples of the different types of solutions;
• discuss what happens at the molecular level when a solution forms; and
• describe energy of solution formation;

Day 1-2 Online

MAIN IDEA: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

EQ: What types of solutions are encountered everyday?

Checking Concepts:
Identify the solute and solvent in each of the following solutions and explain their answers:
a. 25 grams of salt dissolved in 95 mL of water;
b. 25 mL of water mixed with 75 mL of isopropyl alcohol;
c. Tincture of iodine prepared with 0.20 gram of Iodine and 20.0 mL of ethanol.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CONCEPT IN A BOX

nature of solute or solvent

Has
solubility
are solute affected temperature
composed by
of
solvent pressure

may be in  solid
three  liquid
forms  gas

may be  unsaturated
solutions described  saturated
as  supersaturated

 percent by mass
may be  percent by volume
expressed  mole fraction
in  molality
 molarity
 parts per million

 percent by mass
Exhibit  percent by volume
physical  mole fraction
properties  molality
including  molarity
 parts per million

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances evenly distributed throughout a single phase.
Atoms, ions, or molecules are thoroughly mixed in a solution such that each part of the mixture has
uniform composition and properties.
A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance dissolved in a
solution and is usually present in smaller amount; the solvent is the dissolving medium. In a
simple sugar- water solution, sugar is the solute and water is the solvent.
The components of a solution may be solid, liquid, or gas. However, the resulting phase of the
solution normally depends on the phase of the solvent.
Table 2-1 lists the different types of solutions:
SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION EXAMPLE
GAS GAS GAS Oxygen in the Nitrogen
GAS LIQUID LIQUID Carbon dioxide in
water
GAS SOLID SOLID Hydrogen in
Palladium
LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID Ethanol in water
LIQUID SOLID SOLID Mercury in Silver
SOLID LIQUID LIQUID Salt in water
SOLID SOLID SOLID Copper in tin (Bronze)

A solution can also be classified as unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated depending

on the quantity of solute present in it. An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the
solvent’s capacity to dissolve. This means that the solution can still dissolve more solute. A
saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that the solvent can dissolve at a
certain temperature. A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than is present
in a saturated solution. This type of solution is unstable such that the excess solute can crystallized
in the solution by adding a “seed crystal” ( a process called seeding) or by scratching the sides of the
container.

Physical Properties of Solutions:

Concentration Units, Mole
Fraction, and Molality
Other ways to express the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a solution:
• Concentration expressions are often based on the number of moles of one or more components of
a solution.
The three most commonly used are molarity, mole fraction, and molality.
• Mole Fraction is a way of describing solution composition. It is the ratio of the number of moles
of one component of a mixture to the total number of moles of all components. This is symbolized
by the Greek lowercase letter chi, , with a subscript to indicate the component of interest. It is
computed using the formula:

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Mole fraction of component = Moles of component

Total moles of all components

For example, the mole fraction of NaOH in a sodium hydroxide solution is represented as NaOH.!
On the other hand, the mole(s) of a given component can be calculated this way:
Mole of a substance (component) = Mass of the component in grams
Molar Mass of the component in grams/mole
Sample Problem:
Solve the following problem involving mole fraction:
What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H6O) solution in water?
The problem asks the mole fraction of the solute (C2H6O), given only the percentage by mass
(40%) of the solute in the solution.
Given: 40% by mass ethanol solution
MM ethanol = 46 g/mole
MM water = 18 g/mole
Unknown: mole fraction of solute

The following steps can be employed to solve the problem:

Step1: In converting concentration units based on the mass or moles of a solute and solvent or
mass percentage, it is useful to assume a certain total mass of solution. Assume there is exactly 100
grams of solution. Because the solution is 40% ethanol (C2H6O), it contains 40 grams of ethanol
and 60 grams of water.

Step 2: Change the masses of the components ethanol and water to number of moles.
mole ethanol = 40 g = 0.87 mol
46 g/mol

mole water = 60 g = 3.33 mol

18 g/mol
Step 3: Substitute the values obtained in the formula and solve for the mole fraction of the solute
ethanol, and the solvent water.
(x) mole fraction ethanol = mole ethanol
mole ethanol + mole water

xethanol = 0.87 mole = 0.21

0.87 mol + 3.33 mol
The mole fraction of water can be solved using the formula :
xwater = mole water = 3.33mol water = 0.79
mole ethanol + mole water 0.87 mol + 3.33 mol
Another way to obtain the mole fraction of water is to simply subtract the mole fraction
of ethanol from 1.00 to obtain that of water. This is possible since there are only two
components in the solution.
The mole fractions of all components of a solution (A, B, …..) must add to unity, that is:
xA + xB + . . . . . . = 1
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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Day 3- Online
• Molality (symbolized by m) is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It
is not the same as molarity, even if their names are very similar. In molarity, the number of moles
of solute is divided by the volume of the solution, in liters.!
• One offshoot of the difference of molality from molarity is that molality does not change with the
solution’s temperature. In molarity, the volume of a solution can change with temperature due to
expansion or contraction, while the mass of solvent in molality does not change with temperature.
• In equation form:
m = moles of solute or m = n solute m = mol/kg
kilogram of solvent m solvent

In problems involving molality, additional formulas are sometimes used to get the final answer.
One very useful formula is that for density:
d=m/v
where d = density,
m = mass
v = volume
Refer to pp 34-37 General Chemistry 2 for Sample problems and Practice Exercises.

Congratulations!
You have completed this
module.

Exploring Life Through Science Series

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
ARISTEA V. BAYQUEN/ GARDEE T. PENA

PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE page 28-37

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