MAKALAH

Basic Concept And Processes Of Nursing Management

Lecturer :
Puteri Indah Dwipayanti, M.Kep

Members :
1. Alifa uma salsabila ( 0119001 )
2. Dwi nur rohmawati ( 0119012 )
3. Grasela ( 0119023 )
4. Maria ulfa ( 0119027 )
5. Nora irfania dewi ( 0119034 )
6. Putri nur elya .R. ( 0119041 )
7. Faricha maulidia ( 0119052 )

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN DIAN HUSADA
MOJOKERTO
2020
 FOREWORD

Assalamu'alaikum wr. wb

All praise is due to Allâh, the Lord of the Worlds. All our thanks to Allah SWT, who has given us His
grace and grace so that we can complete a paper entitled "Concepts and Processes of Nursing
Management". This paper was prepared as one of the requirements to fulfill the Nursing
Documentation course assignments in semester 3.

On this occasion the author expresses his utmost respect and gratitude for all guidance, direction,
suggestions, assistance and encouragement from various parties from the beginning to the completion
of this paper. Therefore, with all humility, on this occasion the author would like to express his deep
gratitude to:

Puteri Indah Dwipayanti, M.Kep as a lecturer in the Nursing Management course

To colleagues who have participated in the process of preparing this paper.

The author realizes that this paper is far from perfect, this is due to several constraints such as the time
and sources of reading that we get. For this reason, suggestions and criticisms are expected for the
perfection of this paper and hopefully it can be useful for all who have an interest, especially for us.

Mojokerto, 07 Actober 2019

Compiler
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nursing management is an activity related to planning, organizing, staffing, leadership, and

controlling the activities of nursing efforts in order to improve the quality, quality and quantity of
services in the health sector comprehensively in accordance with health standards set by the
government. We often see that nursing management in various hospitals has not been maximally
implemented or is not well coordinated in creating a comfortable and harmonious environment
between nurses and patients to carry out nursing actions or practice nursing and nursing care (library
source).

In addition, this Nursing Management is a structure for operational activities in conducting nursing
services that will support the healing process and health recovery of patients who are treated for 24
hours. This shows nursing management is very important, because it takes a long time to serve
patients. Thus nurses need a good work environment. Because the work environment is an internal
environment in an organization that affects the behavior of nurses in carrying out their duties (Huber,
1996).

Nursing management must be applicable in real service settings in the hospital, so that nurses need to
understand how the concept and its application are in the nursing organization itself.

To better understand the meaning of Nursing Management, we need to know in advance what is
meant by nursing organization, how the duties and responsibilities of each personnel in the
organization which ultimately will lead us to better understand how the basic concepts of Nursing
Management itself.

1.2 Aim

1. General purpose

This paper was created to know, understand, and apply the concepts of nursing
management in the health sector, particularly in the field of nursing.

2. Special purpose

A. Students are able to know and understand the definition of nursing management

B. are able to know and understand nursing management in the nursing process

C. Students are able to know and understand the principles of nursing management

D. Students are able to know and understand the scope of nursing management

E. Students are able to analyze the development of nursing management in the future.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NURSING MANAGEMENT

2.1 Definition

Management is getting the job done (getting things done). (WHO, 1999) Management is expressing
what is going to be done, and then finishing it. In other words, management determines its goals with
certainty (ie states in detail what to aim for) and then achieves them. (WHO, 1999)

Nursing management is the process of implementing services through the efforts of nursing staff to
provide nursing care, treatment and a sense of security to patients, families and communities. (Gillies,
1989).

In nursing, management relates to planning (planning) organizing (organizing), staffing, leadership

(leading), and control (controlling), activities - activities of the nursing efforts or divisions of the
nursing department and of the departmental sub-unit. Nursing management is also a group of nurse
managers who organize nursing organizations or businesses. Ultimately nursing management is the
process by which manager nurses carry out their profession. (Swanburg, 2000 p. 456) Functions -
Management Functions, in brief the management functions are as follows:

A. Planning (planning), planning is:

1. An overview of what will be achieved

2. Preparation for achieving goals

3. Formulation of a problem to be achieved

4. Preparation of actions - actions

5. The formulation of goals does not have to be written only in your mind

6. Every - every organization needs planning

B. Organizing, is the arrangement after planning, organizing and determining what the job duties
are, types, types, work units, tools, finance and facilities.

C. Activator (actuating), moving people to want / like to work. Create an atmosphere of work not
only because of orders, but must be aware of yourself, motivated at intervals

D. Controlling (controling), is a supervisory function so that goals can be achieved according to

plan, whether the people, the way and the time are right. Control also functions so that errors
can be corrected immediately.

E. Assessment (evaluation) is a process of measuring and comparing the results of the work that
should be achieved. The essence of assessment is a specific phase after completion of
 activities, before, as corrective and treatment aimed at the organic functions of administration
and management.

The elements that are managed as a source of management are man, money, material,
method, machine, minute and market.

2.2 Principles of Nursing Management

Nursing management is planning. Planning is predicting events to making operational plans. Planning
is also the management function of every head nurse from professional clinical nurse to nurse
manager, supervisor, director and administrator. Ratcliffe and logsdon specify 6 stages in the planning
process:

• Design stage

• Delegation stage

• Educate stage

• Developmental stage

• Implementation stage

• Follow-up stage (performance evaluation and feedback)

The principles of management according to Fayol are

A. Division of work (division of work)

B. Authority and responsibility

C. Dicipline (discipline)

D. Unity of command (unit of command)

E. Unity of direction

F. Sub ordination of individual to generate interest (individual interest is subject to public

interest)

G. Renumeration of personal (employee income)

H. Centralization (centralization)

I. Scalar of hierarchy (level of hierarchy)

J. Order (in order)

K. Stability of tenure of personal (stability of employee positions)

L. Equity (fairness)

M. Initiative (initiative)
Nursing management is an effective use of time.

Examples of effective use of time:

• The chief nurse executive makes a schedule of meetings related to the management plan. This
schedule is followed for all activities right up to meeting arrangements, division meetings,
professional meetings, trips, rounds, individual meetings, etc.

• The head nurse of the home care agency has a plan for staff meetings that begin and end each
week. The nurse's individual schedules are reviewed at each meeting and compared against
productivity goals in balance with the budget.

• The home health nurse reviews the schedule every day. This should be precise so that the 5
minutes before visiting the patient can be added for 40 hours of work each week. In this way
the service increases, not in the form of material.

Nursing management is the decision maker. Nursing management requires decisions to be made by
the nurse manager at each level of the ward or unit.

Nursing management is a formulation and achievement of social goals. Social change is important in
relation to health needs. Such fulfillment goals depend on the nurse manager. The nurse manager
regulates the impact of social institutions and issues social responsibility relative to nursing.

Nursing management is organizing. Organizing is identifying the organizational needs of the work
mission statement carried out and adapting the organizational design and structure to meet these needs.

There are four forms of organizational structure: unit, department, top (division or executive level of
organizational management), operational level (covering all phases of work in the organizational
structure)

Nursing management shows the function, position or social level, discipline and field of study.
Nursing management is an active part of the nursing divisions, organizations, and institutions where it
functions:

• Organizational culture reflects values and beliefs.

• Nursing management is directing or leading.

• A well-run nursing division motivates satisfying workers.

• Efficient communication nursing management.

• Nursing management is control or evaluation. (Swanburg, 2000)

2.3 Nursing Management Concept Framework

The nursing management conceptual framework is participatory management which is based on the
nursing paradigm consisting of humans, nurses / nursing, health and the environment.

Humans, in participatory management are individuals, families / communities who are provided with
nursing services through the implementation of organized, directed, coordinated and integrated
nursing tasks within the specified control ranges.

Nurses / nursing are nursing personnel at the top, middle, and lower managerial levels and nursing
implementers who are in the communication range to work together to provide nursing services in
accordance with nursing practice standards.

The health aspect is a range of nursing outcomes that are oriented towards several dimensions of
service to individuals, families and communities through efforts to prevent, maintain, enhance and
restore. Environmental aspects are areas of authority and responsibility for nursing both as long as the
patient is in the service institution and is preparing for discharge.

2.4 Poses Nursing Management

Nursing management consists of several interacting components. In general, a system is characterized

by 5 elements, namely input, process, output, control and feedback mechanisms.

Inputs in the nursing management process include information, personnel, equipment and facilities.
The process is generally a group of managers and the highest level of nursing management to the
nursing executive who has the task and authority to plan, organize, direct and supervise in the
implementation of nursing services.

Other elements in the systems approach are the generally viewed outputs or outputs and the results or
quality of nursing care delivery and staff development, as well as research activities to follow up on
results or outputs. Control in the nursing management process can be carried out through the
preparation of a proportional budget, evaluation of the work performance of nurses, making
procedures according to standards and accreditation. In addition, a feedback mechanism is needed to
align results and improve future activities. The feedback mechanism can be done through financial
reports, nursing audits, and quality control surveys, as well as nurses' performance.

The nursing management process in the application in the field is parallel to the nursing process so
that the existence of nursing management is intended to facilitate the implementation of the nursing
process. The management process, as well as the nursing process, consists of data collection, problem
identification, planning, implementation of activities, and outcome assessment activities. (Gillies,
1985).
2.5 Nursing Management System Components

Components of Nursing Management:

1. Input

2. Process

3. Output

4. Control

5. Feed back mechanism

I. INPUT

• Information

• Personal

• Equipment

• Amenities

II. PROCESS

Management group [from the highest to the executive nurse] which has the task
and authority to carry out planning, organization, direction and supervision in the
implementation of nursing services.

III. OUTPUT

• Askep (Nursing Care)

• Staff development to research

IV. CONTROL

• Budget

• Procedure

• Performance evaluation

• Accreditation

V. FEED BACK MECHANISM

• Financial Reports

• Nursing Audit
 • Quality Control Survey

• Performance

Principles underlying nursing management.

1. Planning based

2. Effective use of time

3. Involves decision making

4. Meet the patient's ASKEP needs Ô patient satisfaction as a goal

5. Organized according to organizational needs to achieve goals

2.6 Principles Underlying Nursing Management

The principles underlying nursing management are:

A. Nursing management should be based on planning because through the planning function,
leaders can reduce the risk of decision-making, effective and planned problem solving.

B. Nursing management is carried out through the effective use of time. Nursing managers who
value time will develop well-programmed plans and carry out activities according to
predetermined times.

C. Nursing management will involve decision making. Various situations and problems that
occur in the management of nursing activities require decision making at various managerial
levels.

D. Meeting the needs of patient nursing care is the focus of the nurse manager's attention by
considering what patients see, think, believe and want. Patient satisfaction is the main point of
all nursing goals.

E. Nursing management must be organized. Organizing is done in accordance with the needs of
the organization to achieve goals.

F. Direction is an element of nursing management activities which includes the process of

delegation, supervision, coordination and control of the implementation of plans that have
been organized.

G. A good nursing division motivates employees to show good work performance.

H. Nursing management uses effective communication. Effective communication will reduce

misunderstanding and provide common views, direction and understanding among employees.

I. Staff development is important to be carried out as an effort to prepare nurses to occupy a

higher position or as an effort by managers to increase employee knowledge.

J. Control is an element of nursing management which includes assessing the implementation of

plans that have been made, giving instructions and establishing principles through standard
setting, comparing performance with standards and correcting deficiencies.
 Based on the above principles, managers and administrators should work together in
planning and organizing as well as other management functions to achieve predetermined goals.

2.7 Scope of Nursing Management

Maintaining health has become a large industry involving various aspects of health
efforts. Health services then become the most basic right for all people and providing
adequate health services will require efforts to improve the overall existing system. Adequate
health care is determined in large part by the description of nursing services contained therein.

Nursing is a discipline of clinical practice. Effective nursing managers should

understand this and facilitate the work of the nursing nurse. The nurse's activities include:

A. Determine the use of the nursing process

B. Carry out nursing interventions based on diagnosis

C. Receive accountability for nursing activities carried out by nurses

D. Accept accountability for nursing results

E. Controlling the nursing practice environment

The entire implementation of these activities is always initiated by the nursing

managers through participation in the nursing management process by involving the running
nurses. Based on the description above, the scope of nursing management consists of:

1. Operational management

Nursing services in hospitals are managed by the nursing field which consists
of three managerial levels, namely:

a) Top management

b) Middle management

c) Lower management

Not everyone has a position in successful management in their activities.

There are several factors that these people need to have for successful
management. These factors are

a) Ability to apply knowledge

b) Leadership skills

c) Ability to carry out the role of a leader

d) Ability to carry out management functions

2. Nursing care management

Nursing care management is a nursing process that uses management concepts in it

such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling or evaluating.
2.8 Nursing Management Concepts

Broadly speaking, the concept is divided into several meanings including;

1.Concept of Quality

In this concept the organization attaches importance to quality that is able to enter the market
and thus must attach importance to customer satisfaction.

2.Management concept

In the management concept, it is not just a manager but all personnel in charge of carrying out
management using facts and management using the PDCA cycle (plan do check acet).

3.Process Concept

In the Process Concept, anyone who will take the next series of actions must be considered a
customer who must be satisfied. Process control is also preferred so that quality errors can be
avoided.

4.Standardization Concept

In this concept, all carry out work based on standards such as quality and competency
standard procedures

5.Hormone Respect Concept

In this concept man needs to be fully respected in order to need motivation.

6.Quality Assurunce Concept

In this concept, employee participation from activities in a quality control group (quality
circle)

2.9 Nursing Management Implementation Standards

1. Meet the Nursing Management Criteria and Results

2. Meet the Operational and Functional Aspects of Nursing

3. Meet the quality of health management services

4. Fulfilling the Role and increasing Nursing Productivity

2.10 Types of Nursing Management

In each reality that management in carrying out the nursing management process there is a
difference between one and another (according to G.R Terry quoted by Maman Ukas). There
are 6 types, namely;

1. Type of Personal Management (Personal Management)

 In this leadership system, all actions are carried out by making personal contact (verbally or
directly)

2. Non-Personal Management Type (Non-Personal Management). Implemented through

subordinates or non-personal media both plans or orders as well as supervision.

3. Type Autoliter Management (Autoritotion Management). Usually work hard, really thorough
and orderly

4. Democratic Management Type. Managing democratically by himself is part of a group that

tries to be responsible for implementation for a common goal.

5. Type of Paternalistic Management (Paternalistic Management). Founded by a fatherly

influence in leader and group relationships.

6. Managers rival with the competition system. (Sulaiman and Sunarno,! 983) divided into 3
(Bertha, 1983);

a.Otocratic

b.Democratic

c.Laissezfaire

2.11 Implementation Standards for the Establishment of the Mankep Team

1. Role of Manager

The role of managers can influence motivational and environmental factors (Nursalam, 2002)

2. Role of Head of Room

The head of a ward in a nursing room needs to coordinate the activities of the unit which is
his responsibility and to carry out evaluation activities for staff work nursing care provision
according to (Arwani, 2005)

3. Lines and staff

This otalitis shows the power of direct supervision of his subordinates. On the other hand, the
work of hospital staff is generally associated with briefing or giving advice. On the part of the
nurse, this satisfaction is carried out by the managers who are responsible for the trainers and
educators.

2.12 Nursing Management Evaluation Forms

Evaluation

The final stage of the managerial process is to evaluate all activities that have been carried out.
At this stage the management will give a value on how far the staff is able to carry out their
duties and identify factors that hinder and support the implementation.

a. Evaluation Steps

- Determining criteria, standards and evaluation questions

 - Collect new data about clients

- Interpret new data

- Comparing new data with applicable standards

- Summarize the results and make conclusions

- Carry out appropriate actions based on conclusions

b. Evaluation Results

- The goal is achieved; If the client shows changes according to predetermined

standards

- The goal is partially achieved; if the client shows some of the standards and criteria
that have been set

- The goal is not achieved; If the client does not show changes and progress at all and
even new problems arise.

CHAPTER III
CLOSSING
Conclusion
Nursing management theory develops from general management theory which orders the effective
use of human and material resources. The four major elements of management theory are planning,
organizing, directing or leading, and controlling or evaluating all management, cognitive, affective,
and psychomotor activities in one or more of the utsms functions are moving simultaneously.
The main belief of nursing management is that it focuses on human behavior. Nurse managers are
educated in the knowledge and skills of human behavior managing professional nurses as well as
non-professional nursing workers to achieve the highest level of productivity in patient care services.

REFERENCES

Kuncoro, Agus. 2010. Buku Ajar Manajemen Keperawatan. Yogyakarta. Nuha medika

Sanburg, Russel. 2000. Pengantar Kepemimpinan & Manajemen Keperawatan. Jagarta. EGC