REMOTE CONTROLLING OF HOME APPLIANCES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

LIBIN THOMAS
LINU POULOSE

LISHA ANNA DANIEL

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KADAYIRUPPU

MG UNIVERSITY: KOTTAYAM

MAY 2011

1
 Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

MG UNIVERSITY: KOTTAYAM

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “REMOTE CONTROLLING OF HOME

APPLIANCES” is the bonafide work of “LIBIN THOMAS, LINU POULOSE

and LISHA ANNA DANIEL” who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

PROF. ARUMUGA SAMY Mr. DEEPAK.P

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT STAFF IN CHARGE
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ASST. PROFESSOR
SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ECE
KADAYIRUPPU
KOLENCHERY

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dedicating this project to the God Almighty whose abundant grace and
mercies enabled its successful completion, we would like to express our profound
gratitude to all the people who had inspired and motivated us to make this project a
success.
We here by express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. C. E Krishnan
for providing us ample facilities in our college to work on this project. We are also
extremely thankful to Prof. Arumuga Samy, Head of ECE Department who gave
us all help and directions which were very helpful in the successful completion of
our mini project. We are very thankful to him for providing the necessary
laboratory facilities.
We also wish to express our gratitude to Mr. Deepak P, Mr. Vishnu and
Mr. Noble C Kurian for their valuable guidance and suggestions in the whole
course of our project activities.
Last but not the least we thank all our staffs of ECE Department and our
friends for their sincere co-operation with us for the completion of our project.

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 ABSTRACT

The main aim of conducting this project is to control a maximum of eight

electrical appliances by just using a TV remote. Normal IR circuits can switch only

one device. But using this circuit, different devices can be controlled using same

remote with different switches. In this circuit, we interfaced 8 devices. These

devices are switched using remote keypad -1 to 8. AT89C2051 microcontroller is

used to control the inputs and outputs. TSOP 1736 (infrared receiver) is used to

receive the infrared signals from TV Remote. ULN2803 (High voltage, high

current) buffer is used to drive relays. A working system will ultimately be

demonstrated to validate the design.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGENO.

ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF FIGURES 7
1 INTRODUCTION 8
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 10
3.1 IR TRANSMITTER 10
3.2 IR RECEIVER 10
3.3 IR DECODER 10
3.4 RELAY DRIVER IC 11
3.5 RELAYS 11
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
5 WORKING 14
5.1 RC5 PROTOCOL 15
5.2 IR RECEIVER(TSOP1736) 17
5.3 MICROCONTROLLER(AT89C2051) 19
5.3.1 FEATURES 20
5.3.2 DECODING WITH AT89C2051 21
5.4 RELAY DRIVER IC(ULN2803) 23
5.4.1 WORKING 24
5.5 RELAYS 26
6 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT 28
7 ALGORITHM OF THE PROGRAM TO
DECODE RC5 PROTOCOL 29
8 PROGRAM 30
9 PCB FABRICATION TECHNIQUE 36
10 PCB LAYOUT 37
11 APPLICATIONS 38

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12 ADVANTAGES 38
13 FUTURE MODIFICATIONS 38
14 CONCLUSION 39
15 REFERENCE 40
16 APPENDICES 41

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3. POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM
4. RELAY CONNECTION FOR EACH APPLIANCE
5. RC5 PROTOCOL
6. TSOP1736
7. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C2051
8. DECODING WITH MICROCONTROLLER
9. PIN DIAGRAM OF ULN2803
10. DARLINGTON PAIR
11. INTERFACING BETWEEN ULN2803 AND RELAY
12. RELAY
13. 7812 IC
14. 7805 IC
15. PCB LAYOUT

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Infrared (IR) light is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer

than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.7
micrometers, and extending conventionally to 300 micrometers. These radiations
with a frequency below our eyes sensitivity cannot be seen, but can only be felt by
our skin temperature sensors. Infra-Red is interesting, because it is easily generated
and doesn't suffer electromagnetic interference and so it is widely used in
communication and control circuits. The adventure of using lots of infra-red in
TV/VCR remote controls helped engineers to work on innovative projects like
controlling home appliances using TV remotes etc.
A TV remote that follows RC5 Protocol is used here. Receiver in the circuit
receives pulsed IR rays from the remote and sends them to a microcontroller that
plays the role of a decoder. Decoded signal is thus received by relay driver IC’s
whose output activates the corresponding home appliance. Thus this circuit can
control the ON/OFF process of eight appliances.
One of the major advantages of this circuit is to control any appliances by
just being in our living room. A major disadvantage is that obstacles on the path of
IR rays can block its remote sensing capabilities.

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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

As seen in the block diagram, our circuit consists of an IR transmitter, an IR

receiver, decoder, relay driver IC and relays.
3.1 IR TRANSMITTER
The IR transmitter used in the circuit is a TV remote. As mentioned earlier a
remote that follows RC5 Protocol is being used in this circuit. A Phillip’s
TV remote is a best example for such remotes. As per this, IR signals from
the remote are modulated by a carrier frequency of 36 kHz. This is because
there are many other IR sources like sun, light bulbs, fire etc. In order to
exclude other sources, IR signal is modulated.

3.2 IR RECEIVER
The IR receiver in the circuit is TSOP 1736. These are capable of receiving
pulsed IR rays of 36 kHz only and can receive no other frequencies. It
receives the signals from the transmitter and retrieves the original
modulating signal from the 36 kHz carrier. The front end of this module has
a PIN photodiode and the input signal from the remote is passed into an
Automatic Gain Control (AGC) stage from which the signal passes into a
Band pass filter and finally into a demodulator. The demodulated output
drives an NPN transistor. The collector of this transistor forms the output of
the module.

3.3 IR DECODER
The microcontroller AT89C2051 is used as the IR decoder in the circuit. It
is flashed with a program that decodes the RC5 Protocol. It is designed to
control the inputs and outputs. The demodulated output from the receiver

10
will be sensed and decoded using this microcontroller. Thus it helps to
determine which device is being operated by the user.

3.4 RELAY DRIVER IC

As we all know ULN2803 is used as the relay driver IC. It consists of octal
high voltage, high current Darlington transistor arrays. The eight NPN
Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for
interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or
PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays,
printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer,
industrial, and consumer applications.

3.5 RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It allows one circuit to switch a
second circuit which is completely separated from the first. The output from
the driver IC is send to the corresponding relays which thus results in its
excitation and gets activated. As a result it controls the corresponding home
appliance.

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4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 Fig 3: POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM

Fig 4: RELAY CONNECTION FOR EACH APPLIANCE

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 5. WORKING

Our project as mentioned earlier is aimed at controlling 8 home appliances

using a Philip’s TV remote or any remote supporting RC5 Protocol. It controls the
on/off process of the appliances interfaced to this circuit. The devices are operated
using the keypads 1-8. It performs the function of an IR transmitter which sends
pulsed IR rays after modulating the original signal with a carrier of 36 kHz
frequency. These signals are received by TSOP 1736 which is our IR receiver.
These are designed to receive signals of only 36 kHz. It senses the received output
and demodulates them. Therefore original signals are retrieved after demodulation.
The output from the receiver is then sent to the microcontroller
AT89C2051. It is programmed so as to decode the RC5 Protocol. It decodes the
signals from TSOP1736 and thereby it recognizes the device to be functioned. The
inputs and outputs are thus controlled.
The decoded output from the microcontroller is obtained by the relay
driver IC ULN2803. It consists of eight NPN Darlington connected transistors
(often called a Darlington pair). Here the signals from AT89C2051 are given to the
base of the corresponding transistor in the Darlington array. Thus, when a 5V input
is applied to any of the input pins (1 to 8), output voltage at corresponding output
pin (11 to 18) drops down to zero providing GND for the external circuit. Thus, the
external circuit gets grounded at one end while it is provided +Vcc at its other end.
So, the circuit gets completed and starts operating.
A total of eight relays are connected to the output pins of ULN2803.
When the relay gets excited from the outputs appearing at the driver IC pins, it gets
activated. Thus the coil gets energized and the COM gets connected to the N/O
contact and the AC mains circuit gets completed and the appliance starts working.

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5.1 RC5 PROTOCOL

The RC-5 protocol was developed by Philips in the late 1980s as a semi-
proprietary consumer IR (infrared) remote control communication protocol for
consumer electronics. However, it was also adopted by most European
manufacturers, as well as many US manufacturers of special audio and video
equipment. The advantage of the RC-5 protocol is that (when properly followed)
any CD handset (for example) may be used to control any brand of CD player
using the RC-5 protocol.

Fig 5: RC5 PROTOCOL

The basics of the protocol are well known. The handset contains a keypad
and a transmitter integrated circuit (IC) driving an IR LED. The command data is a
Manchester coded bit stream modulating a 36 kHz carrier. (Often the carrier used
is 38 kHz or 40 kHz, apparently due to misinformation about the actual protocol.)
The IR signal from the transmitter is detected by a specialized IC with an integral
photo-diode, and is amplified, filtered, and demodulated so that the receiving
device can act upon the received command. RC-5 only provides a one-way link,
with information traveling from the handset to the receiving unit. The 36 kHz
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carrier frequency was chosen to render the system immune to interference from TV
scan lines.

The command comprises 14 bits:

2 start bits for the automatic gain control in the infrared receiver.
1 toggle bit (change every time when a new button is pressed on the IR
transmitter)
5 address bits for the system address
6 instruction bits for the pressed key

As mentioned before the RC5 code uses the biphase modulation technique
which means that every bit consists of 2 parts which are never the same. So a bit is
always a high/low or a low/high transition. By the RC5 code a 1 is a low high
transition and a 0 is high low transition. For all the bits the most significant bit is
transmitted first. Remember also that the output signal of the integrated receivers is
inverted. Detecting an IR signal the output of the integrated receiver will be 0V.
The duration time of each bit is equal to 1.778 ms, and the total time of a full RC5
code is 24.778 ms. The code word is repeated every 113.778 ms as long as a key
remains pressed. To improve noise rejection the pulses are modulated at a carrier
frequency. The carrier frequency of the RC5 code is 36 kHz so take always a
receiver with a response frequency of 36 kHz.

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5.2 IR RECEIVER (TSOP1736)

The TSOP1736 are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control

systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy
package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be
decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP1736 is the standard IR remote control
receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes.

Fig 6: TSOP1736
The main features of these receivers are:

Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

Internal filter for PCM frequency
Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible(up to 2400 bps)

The circuit of the TSOP1736 is designed in that way that unexpected output
pulses due to noise or disturbance signals are avoided. A band pass filter, an

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integrator stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress such
disturbances.
The distinguishing mark between data signal and disturbance signal are
carrier frequency, burst length and duty cycle. The data signal should fulfill the
following condition:
• Carrier frequency should be close to center frequency of the band pass (eg
36kHz).
• Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer.
• After each burst which is between 10 cycles and 70cycles a gap time of at least
14 cycles is necessary.
• For each burst which is longer than 1.8ms a corresponding gap time is necessary
at some time in the data stream. This gap time should have at least same length as
the burst.
• Up to 1400 short bursts per second can be received continuously.
Some examples for suitable data format are: NEC Code, Toshiba Micom
Format, Sharp Code, RC5Code, RC6 Code, R–2000 Code and Sony Format
(SIRCS).
When a disturbance signal is applied to the TSOP1736 it can still receive the
data signal. However the sensitivity is reduced to that level that no unexpected
pulses will occur.
Some examples for such disturbance signals which are suppressed by the
TSOP1736 are:
• DC light (e.g. from tungsten bulb or sunlight)
• Continuous signal at 36 kHz or at any other frequency.
• Signals from fluorescent lamps with electronic ballast.

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5.3 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89C2051)

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with2 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard
MCS-51Ô instruction set and pin out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the AtmelAT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2 Kbytes of
Flash, 128bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-
level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator,
on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with
static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all
other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Fig 7: PIN DIAGRAM

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5.3.1 FEATURES

• Compatible with MCS®-51Products

• 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase
Cycles
• 2.7V to 6V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Two-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 15 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial UART Channel
• Direct LED Drive Outputs
• On-chip Analog Comparator
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

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5.3.2 DECODING WITH AT89C2051
IR demodulators have inverted logic at its output, that is when a
burst of IR is sensed it drives its output to low level, meaning logic level = 1. Thus
low level means bit ON. During inactivity (no Infrared present) the output of the
Infrared receiver is UP (bit zero).

Here we connect the IR receiver output to any input port pin or

interrupt pin of the microcontroller, and keep polling it or prepare the interrupt
routine to trigger the reading of signals after the first low level is sensed.

When we press a key at the remote, it transmits the train of pulses,

and the microcontroller will receive bit 1 first. It will be sensed right after the
middle of the bit when it changes from high to low level which means bit "1". This
is the first time that the microcontroller will "see" the incoming IR signal.

There is no need to decode those first two bits. The toggle bit
allows the receiving device to distinguish between two successive button presses.
Then it starts to receive the ADDRESS bits. For that we need to be exactly at the
middle of the right level of the first ADDRESS bit to be read (non inverted level)
as shown in figure below.

Fig8:DECODING WITH MICROCONTROLLER

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 Now it starts to read the next 11 bits spaced 1.728ms each. The first 5
bits are Address and the next 6 bits are Command. Thus these bits are properly
decoded and the output is produced.

The general working of the RC5 Protocol decoding program

(working based on program) under which our microcontroller is working is as
follows:

First the ports to be used in the microcontroller are initialized through

the program. The output of the IR receiver is connected to the port 3.3 or the
interrupt pin of AT89C2051. Thus this pin is the input. Ports 1.1 to 1.7 serve as the
output pins. Initially at the start of the program all the relays are switched off. Now
the controller waits for the first bit to be received. As the first two bits are not of
concern a time delay of 3.024ms is provided and then the flip bit or the toggle bit is
recognized. Then the five address bits followed by the six command bits are
decoded. Then the microcontroller checks which key is pressed. This is done in
such a way that the controller checks if the bit is in a high state or low state. If the
bit is in high state it is changed to low state and vice versa. That is if a device is
ON it is turned OFF or vice versa. If the power key of the remote is pressed then
all the bits are made low. This means, if that key is pressed all the devices are
turned off at one shot.

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5.4 RELAY DRIVER IC (ULN2803)

IC ULN2803 consists of octal high voltage, high current Darlington

transistor arrays. The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of
arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry
(such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage
requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad
range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. The main features of
ULN2803 are:
Eight Darlington’s with Common Emitter.
Open–collector outputs.
Freewheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression.
Output Current to 500 mA.
Output Voltage to 50 V.
Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify board layout.

Fig 9: PIN DIAGRAM OF ULN2803

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5.4.1 WORKING
The ULN 2803 IC consists of eight NPN Darlington connected
transistors (often called a Darlington pair). Darlington pair consists of two
bipolar transistors such that the current amplified by the first is amplified
further by the second to get a high current gain β or hfe. The figure shown
below is one of the eight Darlington pairs of ULN 2803 IC.

Fig 10: DARLINGTON PAIR

Now 2 cases arise:-

Case 1: When IN is 0 volts.

Q1 and Q2 both will not conduct as there is no base current provided to

them. Thus, nothing will appear at the output (OUT).

Case 2: When IN is 5 volts.

Input current will increase and both transistors Q1 and Q2 will begin to
conduct. Now, input current of Q2 is combination of input current and
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emitter current of Q1, so Q2 will conduct more than Q1 resulting in higher
current gain which is very much required to meet the higher current
requirements of devices like motors, relays etc. Output current flows through
Q2 providing a path (sink) to ground for the external circuit that the output is
applied to. Thus, when a 5V input is applied to any of the input pins (1 to 8),
output voltage at corresponding output pin (11 to 18) drops down to zero
providing GND for the external circuit. Thus, the external circuit gets
grounded at one end while it is provided +Vcc at its other end. So, the circuit
gets completed and starts operating.

The interfacing between relay driver IC and relay is shown in figure 11

below:

25
5.5 RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It allows one circuit to

switch a second circuit which is completely separated from the first. For
example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the
two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

Fig 12: RELAY

In the above figure, when controlling switch is closed, current

flows through the coil and thus, magnetic field is produced. The resulting
magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a set of
contacts. The movement makes a connection with a fixed contact and circuit
gets completed. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its
relaxed position and the connection is broken.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, N/C
and N/O as shown in figure 11 above:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the
switch.

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N/C = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil
is off.
N/O = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil
is on.
Connect to COM and N/O if you want the switched circuit to be on
when the relay coil is on.
Connect to COM and N/C if you want the switched circuit to be on
when the relay coil is off.

27
 6. POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

As in figure 3, this circuit is an approach to obtain both 12V and

5V DC power supply. The circuit uses two ICs 7812(IC1) and 7805 (IC2) for
obtaining the required voltages. The AC mains voltage will be stepped down by
the transformer T1, rectified by bridge B1 and filtered by capacitor C1 to obtain a
steady DC level .The IC1 regulates this voltage to obtain a steady 12V DC. The
output of the IC1 will be regulated by the IC2 to obtain a steady 5V DC at its
output. In this way both 12V and 5V DC are obtained. Such a circuit is very useful
in cases when we need two DC voltages for the operation of a circuit.

7812 IC
7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator
circuits.

Fig 13:7812 IC
7805 IC
7805 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 5V voltage regulator
circuits.

Fig 14:7805 IC
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 7. ALGORITHM OF THE PROGRAM TO DECODE RC5
PROTOCOL

The algorithm of the system can be listed as follows:

1. Initialize the registers of the microcontroller.

2. IR receiver to port 3.3
3. Wait for first bit to receive.
4. Providing 3.024ms delay to skip first 2 bits.
5. Read the flip bit.
6. Count for address
7. Provide 1.728ms delay for each bit
8. Save the address to the ADDR register
9. Count for command
10. Provide 1.728ms delay for each bit
11. Check which key is pressed.
12. Check the bit is in high / low state
13. If the bit is low set it to high
14. If the bit is high set to low
15. If the key pressed is POWER then set all bits to low state.

29
 8. PROGRAM

VAR1 equ r7 ;Temporary Variable

TEMP equ 10H ;Temp variable
COUNT equ 11H ;Count
ADDR equ 12H ;Device address
CMD equ 13H ;Command
FLIP bit 00H ;Flip bit
TOG bit 01H ;Temp bit for flip
IR equ P3.3 ;IR Receiver connected to this pin
SW1 equ P1.0 ;Switch 1 connected here
SW2 equ P1.1 ;Switch 2 connected here
SW3 equ P1.2 ;Switch 3 connected here
SW4 equ P1.3 ;Switch 4 connected here
SW5 equ P1.4 ;Switch 5 connected here
SW6 equ P1.5 ;Switch 6 connected here
SW7 equ P1.6 ;Switch 7 connected here
SW8 equ P1.7 ;Switch 8 connected here
SWport equ P1 ;Port at which switches are connected

org 00H ;Start of prog

mov SWport,#00H ;switch all relays off!
mov sp,#50H ;Stack pointer initialization
clr TOG ;Clear temp bit
main:
jb IR,$ ;Wait for first bit
mov VAR1,#255 ;3.024mS delay

30
 djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#100
djnz VAR1,$
mov c,IR ;Read Flip bit
mov FLIP,c
clr A
mov COUNT,#5 ;Count for address
fadd:
mov VAR1,#255 ;1.728mS delay for each bit
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#4
djnz VAR1,$
mov c,IR
rlc a
djnz COUNT,fadd
31
 mov ADDR,A ;Save the address
clr a
mov COUNT,#6 ;Count for Command
fcmd:
mov VAR1,#255 ;1.728mS Delay for each bit
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#255
djnz VAR1,$
mov VAR1,#4
djnz VAR1,$
mov c,IR
rlc a
djnz COUNT,fcmd
mov TEMP,CMD ;Save the old command
mov CMD,a ;Save the new command
mov a,ADDR ;Check for valid address
cjne a,#00,nvalid
mov a,TEMP
cjne a,CMD,valid ;Check for valid command
nvalid:
ljmp main
valid: ;Key press check
clr a
mov c,FLIP
rlc a
32
 mov TEMP,a
clr a
mov c,TOG
rlc a
cjne a,TEMP,valid1
sjmp nvalid
valid1:
mov c,FLIP
mov TOG,c
mov a,CMD
clr c
cjne a,#1,skip1 ;Check for SW1
jb SW1,isset1
setb SW1
ljmp main
isset1:
clr SW1
ljmp main
skip1:
cjne a,#2,skip2 ;Check for SW2
jb SW2,isset2
setb SW2
ljmp main
isset2:
clr SW2
ljmp main
skip2:
33
 cjne a,#3,skip3 ;Check for SW3
jb SW3,isset3
setb SW3
ljmp main
isset3:
clr SW3
ljmp main
skip3:
cjne a,#4,skip4 ;Check for SW4
jb SW4,isset4
setb SW4
ljmp main
isset4:
clr SW4
ljmp main
skip4:
cjne a,#5,skip5 ;Check for SW5
jb SW5,isset5
setb SW5
ljmp main
isset5:
clr SW5
ljmp main
skip5:
cjne a,#6,skip6 ;Check for SW6
jb SW6,isset6
setb SW6
34
 ljmp main
isset6:
clr SW6
ljmp main
skip6:
cjne a,#7,skip7 ;Check for SW7
jb SW7,isset7
setb SW7
ljmp main
isset7:
clr SW7
ljmp main
skip7:
cjne a,#8,skip8 ;Check for SW8
jb SW8,isset8
setb SW8
ljmp main
isset8:
clr SW8
ljmp main
skip8:
cjne a,#0CH,exit ;Check for all switches
mov SWport,#00H
ljmp main
exit:
ljmp main
END ; End of program
35
 9. PCB FABRICATION TECHNIQUE

The first step of assembling is to produce a printed circuit board. The

fabrication of the program counter plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The
success of the circuit is also dependent on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned,
more than 25% of the total cost is for the PCB design and fabrication.
The board is designed using a personal computer. The layout is drawn using
the software “Adobe PageMaker 6.5”. The layout is printed in a “buffer sheet”
using a laser procedure. First, a negative screen of the layout is prepared with the
help of a professional screen printer. Then the copper clad sheet is kept under this
screen. The screen printing ink is poured on the screen and brushed through the top
of the screen. The printed board is kept under shade for few hours till the ink
becomes dry.
The etching medium is prepared with the un-hydrous ferric chloride water.
The printed board is kept in this solution till the exposed copper dissolves in the
solution fully. After that the board is taken out and rinsed in flowing water under a
tap. The ink is removed with solder in order to prevent oxidation.
Another screen, which contains component side layout, is prepared and the
same is printed on the component side of the board. A paper epoxy laminate is
used as the board. Both the component and the track layout of the peripheral PCB
is given at the end of this report.

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10. PCB LAYOUT

Fig 15:PCB LAYOUT

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 11. APPLICATIONS

The main application of this circuit is that we can control any appliance by just
being in our living room. This is very much helpful for elderly people as well as
for those who are unable to walk either due to physical disabilities or due to
accidents. This circuit enables us to control appliances in the top floor also.
Another major use of our project is that we can turn off the operating devices all
together at one shot by just pressing the power button.

12. ADVANTAGES

• Time saving as it is operated by a remote.

• Controlling all devices from one place.
• More secure as there is no direct contact with the appliance.

13. FUTURE MODIFICATIONS

The circuit can be modified to control all functions of a particular device

like the TV remote controlling all processes of a television. Also the program can
be altered to control the ON/OFF processes of more than eight appliances.

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 14.CONCLUSION

Hereby we come to an end of or project “remote controlling of home

appliances”. This project gives us an idea of RC5 Protocol and the microcontroller
AT89C2051. This project can be used anywhere either at home or offices. This is
also cost efficient. Thus by this attempt of ours the ON/OFF processes of many
devices was successfully carried out by just using a TV remote.

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 15. REFERENCE

1]http://arif-ece.blogspot.com/2010/05/circuit-for-controlling-8-appliances.html

2]http://www.8051projects.net/out.php?link=http://www.ustr.net/infrared/infrar
ed1.shtml

3] The 8051 microcontroller - Kenneth J. Ayala

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16. APPENDICES

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