Lecture-13 22/02/2 02

LINEAR ALGEBRA

Let us onsider a system of m eguations

in n unknowos.
aZ + a12 2 +

Unto

+ am2 2 -

amn Zo
Am
b
CA2 CCin
b
a22 an 2

amnLZn
Gmi ma Amn
xa)Cpx) (mxy
CAJ
where A] = Cmxn) matriz Coeffitient MMuix

Cnx) maix Un koowo ahix

X]
(b7 Cmxi) Lonstunt Mahix,
 Given Suth
Suth a system, we woldlite w have

7he answers to the tollowing 9 uestions

O Doesi huve a Solutivn2

Ho
Ho many
many solutions 7 LUnigue or any
How do we finl thom?
b b abs= bmO,
Note:CO 1f. 1he constants

The 1he system is Said to be Humogeneous

in e"0,
System
(allec.
1f b1,b3, bs b E0, hen it. is

Non-humogen eo us ystem.

have at least have

Homogeneous Systems aluways
always

0ne Solution, namely

ZZn O, the TRIVEAL

SoLUT ON

Let us talke 0ne equatin in 1 unknow

AX b 3 1 12

Tf a +0, lhzo f any

1: Unigue Solutio
 Jfa 0 bu bto.
ai 6

O
No value of will make the sdatemen-
TRUE TheredreC System has
has AD SOLUTTO
T a= o Ccnd b-0.
a2 b

This S1utemen is TRuE ur any

System has Infinitely Many Solutions
Jf a E0 and b=OL Humajeneous
a = b
a O

Z=0 TRI V1 AL SoLUTIo N

Case A system of e eyuutiens in unkowons

GTaphitad Approach . ond

and 1. as he (oondinutes
Co.a

(o1)
(1 1-22: +12

31, 1

V3
(Y3,9)
Uaigue Solutin
(Tho) 2 1-2

5 ioes CuL puTade L2

t 72 :1
CO1)
1 +2 0.

NO SOLU TI ONlS PoSsI5LE

CO1-1
t=
Lineyines Cointide:
9.1,+t4 1 2 t 2 X2
Co,
11t 21 t X2 : 1

Infinitely Many Jolutun

v i ble
 Alge brai Approath1
Q 7 t+ 12 : b

a21 t a22 2 bg

To dTop 12

e xaga) -Cegxa12)
b, a2
A12 G2 X + a12 a9d1 ba a12

Ca Ggg--ag G21) Z a2g-b bg 2)

1
6, a22- ba12 ) B
GG92- Qi2 G2)
In generl DX B.
Uni4.ue Solutin
Tf D:0 bw B #0 No Solu tim
) 1 f D=0 an B:o Infiaitely Many Soluhens
61t 15y I
41 +l0y : 2

Dx B3

S a 6, a12 1S, b: I
G214 a22 l0, b 2
D a G22
G xGxIo)- CISx4) = O O

B , a 2 2 - b A12
x1o)- (Ax1s5)
- Q0.

20

The System hw NO SOLUTI ON

 Le us (onsider he Syslem of

,ineu Eguahn
- tain
1 t a22 22 +23 13 t

m e
nUnka0ur
+Gmnln : bm/
+
tt Gm,12 + am3 73
Om2
Gin
Aa a2 a3 - in
G21 G22 23 - -. agn 12
an
Am2 am3 Amn
Ami
(mx)
(HxO) nxi)
Jn Maix frm

AJLxJ [bJ
 Hugmented NIusi (M)

A G2 A13 an b
21 a2 a23 agn b2

LAm am2 Am3 amn bm

A
mx (n+1)

CA'S]
IAle put all he data he System
specityin the
Augmented Mabi
in e " ino an mx (n+)
A 0ne Cxra tolumn
CNI) by adding to he mariz A

On its ight
To
To emphusi 2e that the toeficien) b; ase

dillere d nature han he (oelficients

aij, we

Separate elha tolumo by a Vestica Bar.

Augmented Mabr' M: LA
Note. Eath Row
Row of the Augm ented Maria (M)
Tepresents on euatim of system ln e O
 Ho to find Solution to
CAJCx] L]
We nee d tu define Marix Row Ope rations
LColumn opeiations aTe 07 allowed

R R+kR; meuns add k times

Now tu Row j of
he mamx

R :R; kR: means

means dhud-multiply Rowi
by K, kF0

1he Set of equatims in AX-b toim

QD W1ite
1
ni+l2 + W13 =
0
o1 +P 12 + 13
1
w, + 12 + Cl3
SoIn CajCx1 [bJ
n w

ww OT 13
C3xI)
(33 (3x
 he io Ax:b frtn and
2) Expies tollowing
wide he Augmendod ma
y-321
-29 + Z 2 2

Sol? C]
-3

- 2

Hugmeoted mulny

o - 3
-

C3x44
2
A
 Row Echeluo Fuvm
A matix is in Row- Ethe lon fvm
fom 1
Al ZeTo Rows, it
-

any, aTe he
ad 1he
bottum of the ma brix.
Eath eading n0n-2eoo eny in any Row
he 1St non-zes0 numbes rom the LEFT Side,
cilso Culled PIVOT
to be theis
the RIGHT of
f Ahe
he Leuding tveffiient of Hhe Row above t .

xample 1

3 4

O -3
 Recduted Row-Echelon Form 2
A matsi1 is Said to be in he
Reduted Row- Eche lon Form if all 1he tollowing

Conditioos C Te TRUE

1+ is in Echeloo tuim
TheThe 1S n0n-2eso ensy of any Row is 1

This i Culled Pivotal - 1

Example1

-3 Reduted Row
Etheluo trm.
 Gaussian - E iminativn Method

Step Express the Set of given eyuutions

in the Standard torm CAILx]: C]
Step-2 WTite the Hugmented Mahkix
M: CA:]
Stop-3. Pevform Row Ope vations On 1he Augmented
ahix Gnd brin it to Eche lun0 Redured
Echelon rm.
Sten 4 Tun he esultin5 Ethelon br Reduted
Echeln
Cchelun masi into a
system of eguation,

a1] Usins Gaussian Eliminatimsolve the system

of inea E4uathions
+ y - 3 Z = 4-

Z+3yt z :
21 + Sy-4Z = 13

WTite it in h Mai fam

C CxJ: Cbl
-3

2S-4 LzJ L3
Sen2. Hugmended Marix: M: [Ab]

-3 44
Down Sweeping
The process of
M
M O 3 E doivia all
-4 13
S R Rs-2 entries belo
a Hvotul-1 to
Zero
34
4A 7
SR(g-R2)
2 -34
4 7
-2R3 23
C-2)
2 3 4
Reduted
Echelum turm

4
2 -3 x
Slen 4 O 4
Lz Back
O
Subsihuin
A

0 t oy + Z 1 Z1
Ol+ yt 4 2:7
9: 7-42 7- 4 : 3
+ 2y -3Z-4
X4-2y +3 Z : 4-6+3 4
 , y 3,
Uniqur Ini
gue Sulutim
Q2) using Gaussiun ELminatin , Solve
+y + z 1

31+49 z 2

21+Y -
z =8
Sol Steoi ]Cx): ( ]

3 4
-2 - Lz
Sten 2: Augmended muhix : M: LA 5
Down-Swe ep ing

M:
4 2R2Rg-3R)
-I 8 R ( R3 +28,)

-4
3 1) loR3R3-3n

I - 4

O 13 13P3
 4 -1
Redutrd
O Echelun fam

7
O

O LZ Back
SubshhuH m

0 +0y t Z Z1
Ol+y- 42 - I 9 = -I+4 2: 3

X-3, y:3, z I Uniqur Saluiu

Up-Sweepin
Take 4he muix io O

TiI(D: AR,-23)
Reduted
-4) RRat4R3)
Ehelu O
Mahtx
 C O R
3 3
O

o O o-3
3
O 1

O C-3

L
I
- 3 , 4 3, 2