A.

Background

This research is entitled "Use of Present Perfect Tense and Perfect Continuous". The
purpose of this study was to identify and classify the error theory that occurred at the medical
center high school health science center about error analysis. Ellis categorizes three types of
errors in the student language, namely negligence, misinformation, and misunderstanding.

The author uses descriptive methods in this study. The author uses a writing test consisting of
present perfect tense material to get data from students. Data were collected from two classes of
midwifery study programs and nursing study programs that had learned about the present perfect
tense and the present perfect continuous. There were 38 students in each class who attended the
study.

The results of this study indicate that there are some mistakes made by students in the use
of the present perfect tense. Errors are classified into negligence, incorrect information, and
sequence errors. Errors of omission include verb removals which end with regular verbs,
auxiliary verb omissions have / have, preposition disappearances since and for, and
disappearance of the subject. Erroneous misinformation includes misinformation of the past
participle form of the regular verb, the past participle form misinformation of the irregular verb,
incorrect information from the auxiliary verb has / has, incorrect information from the
preposition since and for and information wrong of object. Misordering errors include
misodering has / have in questions, misordering of preposition for and for, adverb misordering,
and misordering of conjuction. This is a study that supports Ellis's (1997) theory of error
analysis.

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B. Discussion

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

Is the grammar used to express daily habits, including routine activities and general
statement of facts.
If you want to say something, the events of a situation that are always or commonplace,
both in the past, present, and future, then this is the tense you should use.
The format of the sentence to express something in simple present tense is:

I go to school

She goes to work

Subject + Verb (s/es)
Positive sentence He eats breakfast
• I/You/They/We + Verb
• She/He/It + Verb (s/es)
We eat dinner

It excites me

I do not smoke

Subject + Do/Does not + Verb She does not

Negative drink alcohol
sentence • I/You/They/We + Do not + Verb
• She/He/It + Does not + Verb (s/es) We do not watch TV

It does not match

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 Do/Does + Subject + Verb Does he listen to music?
?
Do you hate me?
Question • Do + I/You/They/We +
Verb + ? Do I love her?
• Does + She/He/It + Verb
+? Does break-up feel hurt?

In the form of simple present tense there is usually an adverb (adverb) which is related to
time as a complement that the activity is often / always, but can also rarely / never, be done.
These adverbs include:
• Always : selalu
• Usually : biasanya
• Often : sering
• Sometimes : terkadang
• Seldom : jarang
• Rarely : jarang
• Never : tidak pernah

If you notice, the adverbs above us are sorted from the highest frequency to the lowest.
So that when used to express activities / habits it will be as follows:
• I always drink milk at breakfast
• She never drinks milk at breakfast. Coffee drinks in the morning.
• My teacher sometimes gives us homework.
• We don't have much money, so we rarely have vacation.
• Her family often has dinner at 7 PM.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS / PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE is the grammar used to
express an activity that is happening / taking place at this time. This activity is happening or is in
progress (because that is also called the present progressive) when you say it. Activities started in
the past, are now in progress, and are likely to continue in the future or it is unknown when the
activity will end. The format of sentences for expressing something in the present continuous
tense is:

I am reading a
newspaper
Subject + To be (am/is/are) + Verb (ing)
She is writing a
letter
Positif sentence • I + Am + Verb (ing)
• You/They/We + Are + Verb (ing)
We are having a
• She/He/It + Is+ Verb (ing)
trip

It is very exciting
The baby is
sleeping

Subject + To be (am/is/are) + Not + Verb (ing) They are not

leaving
Kalimat Negatif • I + Am not + Verb (ing)
• You/They/We + Are + Not + Verb (ing) We are not
• She/He/It + Is + Not + Verb (ing) studying

I am not talking  to
her
Are you reading?

To be (am/is/are) + Subject  + Verb  (ing) + ? Is your father

working?
Question • Am + I + Verb (ing) + ?
• Are + You/They/We + Verb (ing) + ? Are they
• Is + She/He/It + Verb (ing) + ? cleaning the room?

Am I bleeding?

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 The positive form of the two structures above can be shortened to: I'm, you 're, she' s, it
's, they' re, and we 're. The negative form of the two structures above can also be abbreviated to:
don't, doesn't, aren, and isn. However, the negative form of am and not cannot be abbreviated.
Now, it's your turn to make your own sentence with the two present tense types that we have
described above based on your personal experience. Try to distinguish whether the activity you
are doing is included in simple present or present continuous tense.

C. Conclusion

 Simple present tense is used:

To state events that occur regularly (regular happening).

To express habits carried out by the subject sentence (habitual action); These habits are still
ongoing until now and (maybe) will continue into the future (future).

To express arguments or theories that have been recognized as true.

To express / express the condition or condition of a person or something at the present time
(when expressed).

 Present Continuous Tense is used:

To indicate that the subject sentence is carrying out an activity. When discussed (now), the event
or activity is ongoing.

Present continuous tense is also used to express two or more activities that are taking place
simultaneously. The ongoing activity is usually associated with conjunctions while and and.

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D. Bibliography

John M. Kholis, kamus besar English-Indonesia,(Penerbit Balai Pustaka) hal. 314

Hasan Shadily, English Children, (PT. Gramedia jakarta) hal. 251