Acid – base titration.

LAB REPORT.
  Aim:
This acid is used to determine the concentration of any unknown
base given by your instructor.

 Theory:
The equivalent weight of an acid is the molecular weight divided
by the number of H*, the equivalent weight of a base is the
molecular weight divided by the number of positive charges.
Normality of a solution is the number gram equivalent per liter of
solution. One equivalent of an acid neutralizes one equivalent of
a base (wt/ E. W) or (N X V.). For a solution of a base neutralizing
a solution of an acid or vise verse, the relation used is:
(normality X volume in ml)acid = (normality X volume in ml)base
(NXV) acid (NXV) base

One of these solution is placed into a conical flask and the other
is added from buret. The end point is detected by adding few
drops of an indicator that change its color as the pH changes.
Among the indicators are methyl orange and phenolphthalein.
The concentration of an unknown acid is determined by a base of
known concentration (standard).

 Equipment & Materials:

Using KHP as standard: Buret, 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks
(three), ring stand, clamp, phenolphthalein, NaOH solution of
unknown concentration, solid potassium hydrogen phthalate
(KHP), electronic balance (magnetic stir bar and stir plate maybe
supplied)
Using the HCI as standard: Burets (two), 250-mL Erlenmeyer
flasks (three), ring stand, clamp, phenolphthalein, NaOH solution
of unknown concentration, standard 0.1000 M HCl solution,
(magnetic stir bar and stir plate may be supplied)
- Reagents:
 Phenolphthalein indicator
 Unknown base NaOH.

 Procedure:
A. Preparation of 100 ml of 0.1 N Na2CO3
On a small clean paper, weigh out accurately about 0.53 g
of Na2C3. Dissolve quantitatively in a 100 ml measuring
flask and complete to the mark with distilled water.
This is a standard 0.1 N Na2CO3 solution.
B. Determination of the normality of HCI solution.
1. Clean a buret distilled water and rinse with HCl solution.
Fill the buret with the acid and adjust to zero (avoid air
bubbles)
2. Into a 250 ml conical flask, pipet 100 ml of the Na2CO3
solution and add two drops of methyl orange.
3. Add HCI from the buret till a sudden change of the color
from yellow to dark orange. This is the end point.
4. Repeat steps (2-3) two more times and record the initial
volume in the data table.
C. Determination of the normality of unknown NaOH
solution.
1. Adjust the HCl in the buret to zero.
2. Into a clean 250 ml conical flask, pipet 10 ml of the
NaOH unknown and add two drops of ph.ph indicator.
3. Titrate from the buret till the color changes from
purple to colorless 4. Repeat steps (2 - 3) two more
times and record the initial and final volume in the
data table.
 Data:
a. Determination of the concentration of the unknown NaOH.
NO. Vinitial VFinal End point
1 0 9.5ml 9.5-0=9.5ml
2 9.5ml 21ml 21-9.5=11.5ml
3 21ml 31ml 31-21=10ml
 9.5+11.5+10
Average end point = = 10.3𝑚𝑙
3
NNaOH = (NxV)Na2Co3/VHCl:
0.1 × 10.3
= = 0.103
10

 Conclusion:
We used the successful trials to calculate an average volume of
NaOH used in the titration, and to calculate the concentration of
the HCL solution.
We used the successful trials to calculate an average volume of
NaOH used to titration, and to calculate the concentration of the
acid solution.