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DIGEST, EEE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission
Himu Academy
247, Foyra House, Salemuddin Market, Mirpur-01, Dhaka-1216
Subject: Electrical Machine (Transformer)
Model Test-01
Time: 2 Hours Mark-100
1. Show that, Iron Losses (𝑷𝒊 )= Copper Losses(𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟎𝟐 ) 10
Solution:
The efficiency of transformer tests is
Full load Iron Loss=𝑃𝑖
Full Load Copper Loss (Cu) =𝑃𝑐
∴ Total Full load =𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐
The output power = 𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2
If 𝑅02 is total resistance of the transformer referred to secondary, then
Total Copper Loss (Cu) 𝑃𝑐 =𝐼 2 𝑅02
∴ Total losses =𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2
Transformer efficiency =
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 +𝐼 2 𝑅02 +𝑃 𝑖
𝑉2 cos ∅2
⇒ ή= 𝑃 ……………………. (I)
𝑉2 cos ∅2 +𝐼2 𝑅02 + 𝑖
𝐼2
For normal transformer 𝑉2 is approx. constant and efficiency depends upon load
current𝐼2 . From equation (I) it’s clear that numerator is constant and for the
efficiency to be maximum and the denominator is should be minimum.
𝑑
(Denominator)=0
𝑑𝐼2
𝑑 𝑃
⇒ (𝑉2 cos ∅2 + 𝐼2 𝑅02 + 𝑖) =0
𝑑𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑃
⇒0- 𝑖+𝑅02 =0
𝐼2
⇒𝑃𝑖 =I2 2 R 02
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Iron Losses (𝑃𝑖 ) = Copper Losses (𝐼2 2 𝑅02 ) (Showed)
Hence, the efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper losses are
equal to constant or iron losses.
So, the load current 𝐼2 corresponding to maximum efficiency is given by
𝑃𝑖
𝐼2 =√
𝑅02
In a transformer, iron losses are constant whereas copper losses are variable. In
order to obtain maximum frequency, the load current should be such that total Cu
losses become equal to iron loss.
2. Write down the difference losses of Transformer. Why are iron losses
constant at all loads in a transformer? 10
Solution:
The power losses in transformer are of two types
➢ Core or Iron Losses
➢ Copper Losses
Core or Iron Losses:
The consisting of hysteresis and eddy current losses and occur in the transformer
core due to alternating flux. The both (hysteresis and eddy current losses) losses
depend upon maximum flux density in the core and supply frequency.
Hysteresis losses= 𝑘ℎ f 𝐵𝑚 1.6 watts/𝑚3
Eddy current losses=𝑘𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚 2 𝑡 2 watts/𝑚3
Core or Iron losses are practically the same at all loads.
Iron or Core losses 𝑃𝑖 = Hysteresis Losses + Eddy Current Losses= Constant
Where, the transformers are connected then the frequency and supply voltage are
constant.
Copper Losses:
These losses are occurring in both primary and secondary winding due to their
ohmic resistance. It can be determined by short-circuit test.
Total Cu Losses 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐼1 2 𝑅1 +𝐼2 2 𝑅2
It is clear that copper losses vary as the square of load current.
So, total losses in a transformer=𝑃𝑖 +𝑃𝑐 = Constant losses + Variable losses.
In a transformer, copper losses account for about 90% of the total losses.
3. Draw an equivalent circuit of transformer and also draw Open Circuit &
short circuit test of transformer. 10
Solution:
Figure: Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

Figure: Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test on transformer
4. A 440/110 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.03 Ω and secondary

resistance is 0.02Ω. Its iron loss at normal input is 150W. The secondary
currents at which maximum efficiency will be occur. What is the maximum
efficiency at a unity p.f load? 10
Solution:
𝐸2
Voltage transformer ratio, K= = 110⁄440=0.25
𝐸1
When the primary resistance or reactance is transferred to the secondary, it is

multiplied by𝐾 2 .It is than called equivalent primary resistance or reactance
referred to the secondary and denoted by 𝑅1 ′ (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) or 𝑋1 ′ (Reactance).
So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 02 = R 2 + 𝑅1 ′
⇒ R 02 = R 2 + K 2 R1
⇒𝑅02 =0.02+0.252 × 0.03=0.022Ω
We know,
Copper losses=Iron losses
𝑃𝑖 =I2 2 R 02
2
⇒150=I2 R 02
𝑃𝑖 150
⇒𝐼2 =√ =√ =82.58A
R02 0.02
The output at unity p.f= 𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 =110 82.58 1=9083.3
Total losses =150+150=300 W, for maximum efficiency

𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 9083.3
The maximum efficiency of transformer = =
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 +𝐼 2 𝑅02 +𝑃 𝑖 9083.3+150+150
∴ ή=96.8%
5. A 220/400 V, 10kVA, 50Hz single-phase transformer has at full load, a

copper loss of 120W. If it has an efficiency of 98% at full load. Determine
the iron losses. What will be the efficiency of the transformer at half full-
load at 0.8 p.f lagging? 10
Solution:
Output at full-load at unity p.f =10 1=10kW

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency ή=
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 10
Input = = =10.204kW
ή 0.98
Total full-load losses=10.204-10=0.204kW=204W
Iron losses= 204-120=84 W
2nd term
1 2
Cu loss at a half full load = ( ) ×120=30 W
2
Total losses= 30+84=114W=0.114kW

1
Output at half full-load, 0.8 p.f = ×10 0.8=4kW
2
ή= = =0.97=97%
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 4+0.114
6. A 10kVA, 2000/400V single phase transformer has a primary resistance

and inductance of 5Ω and 12Ω respectively. What will be the equivalent
impedance of the transformer primary side and secondary side? 10
Solution:
𝐸2
Voltage transformer ratio, K= = 400⁄2000=0.2
𝐸1
When the secondary resistance or reactance is transferred to the primary, it is

divided by 𝐾 2 .It is than called equivalent secondary resistance or reactance
referred to the primary and denoted by 𝑅2 ′ (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) or 𝑋2 ′ (Reactance).
So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 01 = R1 + 𝑅2 ′
⇒ R 01 = R1 + R 2 /K 2
0.2
⇒ R 01 =5+
0.22
∴ R 01 =10Ω
When the transformer referred to primary 𝑋01 =𝑋1 +𝑋2 ,

0.48
⇒ 𝑋01 = 𝑋1 +𝑋2 /𝐾 2 =12+ =24Ω
0.22
So, the impedance of transformer referred to primary 𝑍01 =√𝑅01 2 + 𝑋01 2
⇒𝑍02 =√102 + 242 =26Ω
Again, When the primary resistance or reactance is transferred to the secondary, it

is multiplied by𝐾 2 .It is than called equivalent primary resistance or reactance
referred to the secondary and denoted by 𝑅1 ′ (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) or 𝑋1 ′ (Reactance).
So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 02 = R 2 + 𝑅1 ′
⇒ R 02 = 0.2 + 0.22 × 5
∴ R 02 =0.4Ω
When the transformer referred to secondary 𝑋02 =𝑋2 +𝑋1 ,
⇒ 𝑋02 = 𝑋2 +𝐾 2 𝑋1 =0.48+ 0.22 ×12=0.96Ω
So, the impedance of transformer referred to secondary 𝑍02 =√𝑅02 2 + 𝑋02 2
⇒𝑍02 =√0.42 + 0.962 =1.04Ω
7. What are the no load and full-load losses of transformer? Why transformer rating is in
KVA? 10
Solution:
It is the loss in a transformer that is excited at rated voltage and frequency, but
without a load connected to the secondary. No-load losses include core loss,
dielectric loss, and copper loss in the winding due to exciting current .
Losses are the wastage of energy in the device which will affect the overall
efficiency of the device. So the losses of the device should be known to design the
component with minimum losses. Transformer is an electrical isolation component
which transfers the power from primary to secondary without any physical contact.
In power transmission from primary and secondary, there are losses in the
transformer which are bases on load of the transformer i.e. No-load losses and
Load Losses.
Pt = PNL + PLL
Where,
Pt = Total Losses in the transformer
PN L = No-load losses in the transformer
PLL = Load losses in the transformer.

Copper losses (I²R) depend on current which passing through transformer
winding while Iron losses or core losses or Insulation losses depend on Voltage.
i.e. total losses depends on voltage (V) and current (I) which expressed in Volt
ampere (VA) and not on the load power factor (p.f). That’s why the transformer
rating may be expressed in VA or kVA, not in W or kW.
8. A 500kVA, three phase, 50Hz transformer has a line voltage is 33/11 KV and it also
delta star connected. The resistances per phase are high voltage 35Ω; low voltage
0.876Ω and iron loss is 3050W. Determine the value of efficiency at full-load and one-
half of full- load respectively at unity p.f and 0.8 pf. 10
Solution:
9. Determine the all-day efficiency o 500kVA distribution transformers whose
copper loss and iron loss at full load are 4.5kW and 3.5kW respectively,
during of 24 hours and under their load are below.
10
No. of Hours Loading in kW Power factor

6 400 0.8
10 300 0.75
4
Solution:
400
A load of 400kW at 0.8p.f = 0.8 =500kVA
300 100
Similarly, 0.75=400kVA, 0.8
= 125𝑘𝑉𝐴
Cu loss at full load of 500kVA=4.5KW
400
Cu loss at 400kVA= 4.5× (500)2=2.88kW
125
Cu loss at 125kVA= 4.5× (500)2=0.281kW
Total Cu loss at 24hrs=( 4.5× 6)+(10× 2.88)+ (4× 0.281)=56.925kWh
Now,
Iron loss in 24 hours =24×3.5=84kWh
∴Total transformer loss= 56.925+84=140.925kWh
∴ Transformer output is 24 hours = (6×400) + (10×300) + (4×100) =5800kWh.
We know that,
All day efficiency ή𝑎𝑙𝑙−𝑑𝑎𝑦 =𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡+𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠=5800+140.925=97.6%
10.What are the advantage of and disadvantage of 3-phase transformers over

3 single-phase bank of transformer? 10
Solution:
Advantages of 3-phase transformers over 3 single-phase bank of transformer are below
➢ Less cost
➢ Less weight
➢ Requires less space
➢ Somewhat higher efficiency
Disadvantages of 3-phase transformers over 3 single-phase bank of transformer are below

➢ Greater cost of standby units
➢ Increased cost and inconvenience of repairs.

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Website: www.himuacademy.com Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.

1. Show that, Iron Losses (𝑷𝒊 )= Copper Losses(𝑰𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟎𝟐 ) 10

Figure: Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

Figure: Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test on transformer

4. A 440/110 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.03 Ω and secondary

When the primary resistance or reactance is transferred to the secondary, it is

So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 02 = R 2 + 𝑅1 ′

⇒𝑅02 =0.02+0.252 × 0.03=0.022Ω

Copper losses=Iron losses

The output at unity p.f= 𝑉2 𝐼2 cos ∅2 =110 82.58 1=9083.3

Total losses =150+150=300 W, for maximum efficiency

5. A 220/400 V, 10kVA, 50Hz single-phase transformer has at full load, a

Output at full-load at unity p.f =10 1=10kW

Total full-load losses=10.204-10=0.204kW=204W

Iron losses= 204-120=84 W

Total losses= 30+84=114W=0.114kW

6. A 10kVA, 2000/400V single phase transformer has a primary resistance

When the secondary resistance or reactance is transferred to the primary, it is

So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 01 = R1 + 𝑅2 ′

When the transformer referred to primary 𝑋01 =𝑋1 +𝑋2 ,

So, the impedance of transformer referred to primary 𝑍01 =√𝑅01 2 + 𝑋01 2

⇒𝑍02 =√102 + 242 =26Ω

Again, When the primary resistance or reactance is transferred to the secondary, it

So, the resistance of transformer reffered to secondary, R 02 = R 2 + 𝑅1 ′

When the transformer referred to secondary 𝑋02 =𝑋2 +𝑋1 ,

⇒ 𝑋02 = 𝑋2 +𝐾 2 𝑋1 =0.48+ 0.22 ×12=0.96Ω

So, the impedance of transformer referred to secondary 𝑍02 =√𝑅02 2 + 𝑋02 2

⇒𝑍02 =√0.42 + 0.962 =1.04Ω

Pt = Total Losses in the transformer

PN L = No-load losses in the transformer

PLL = Load losses in the transformer.

No. of Hours Loading in kW Power factor

10.What are the advantage of and disadvantage of 3-phase transformers over

Disadvantages of 3-phase transformers over 3 single-phase bank of transformer are below

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