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St. Paul University Philippines

Graduate School

A Course Presentation in
MCC202 – Statistics with Laboratory

WELCOME PAULINIANS!

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Course Requirements

▪ Attendance/ Participation

▪ Reaction/Reflection Paper

▪ Problem Set

▪ Midterm/ Final Examination

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Grading Requirements:

Class Standing - 20 %
Midterm/Final Test - 40%
Research Project - 40%
100%

Getting to Know SPUP

#making a difference globally

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Basic
Terminologies

Statistics defined..
STATISTICS is a collection of methods
for planning experiment, obtaining
data, and then organizing,
summarizing, presenting, analyzing,
interpreting and drawing
conclusions based on the data.

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Descriptive Statistics
- summarize or describe the
important characteristics of a known
set of population data
Main
Divisions Inferential Statistics
-use sample data to make
inferences (or generalizations)
about a population

Population vs. Sample

A POPULATION is the complete collection of

elements (scores, people, measurements,
and so on)

A SAMPLE is a portion / subset of elements

drawn from a population

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Parameter vs. Statistic

A PARAMETER is a numerical measurement

describing some characteristics of a
population

A STATISTIC is a numerical measurement

describing some characteristic of a sample

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

Qualitative (categorical or attribute) data

can be separated into different categories
that are distinguished by some non –
numerical characteristics

Quantitative data consists of numbers

representing counts or measurements

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Discrete vs Continuous Data

Discrete data result from either a finite number

of possible values or a countable number of
possible values (that is, the number of possible
values are 0, 1, 2, or more)

Continuous data result from infinitely many

possible values that can be associated with
points on a continuous scale in such a way
that there are no gaps or interruptions

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Dependent vs Independent Variable

Dependent variable – the variable that is

being affected/explained

Independent variable – the variable that

affects/ explains

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Nominal Level of Measurement

The nominal level of measurement is

characterized by data that consists of names,
labels or categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme

Examples:
gender of employees, civil status, nationality,
religion, etc

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Ordinal Level of Measurement

The ordinal level of measurement involves

data that may be arranged in some order,
but differences between data values are
either meaningless or cannot be determined.

Examples:
good, better or best speakers; 1 star, 2 star or
3 star movie; rank of an employee

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Interval Level of Measurement

The interval level of measurement is like the

ordinal level, with the additional property that
meaningful amounts of differences between
data can be determined. However, there are
no inherent (natural) zero starting point

Examples:
body temperature, year (2013, 2015, 2020 etc)

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Ratio Level of Measurement

The ratio level of measurement is the interval

modified to include the inherent zero starting
point. For values at this level, differences and
ratios are meaningful.

Examples:
weights, lengths, distance traveled

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Exploring the
SPSS

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