CLS

224
(Basic Anatomy & Physiology)

Lecture 1: The Human Body: An orientation

Contents:
1. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
2. Levels of Structural Organization
3. Maintaining Life
4. Homeostasis
5. The Language of Anatomy
1. An overview of anatomy and physiology:

Objectives:
•Define anatomy and physiology.
•Explain how anatomy and physiology are related
1. An overview of anatomy and physiology:

shape

structure 4

range small
structure
structure

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Systemic Regional
 1. An overview of anatomy and physiology:
Anatomy: the term anatomy is derived from the
Greek words; to cut (tomy) apart (ana).
It is the study of the body shape & structure and its
parts relation ships to one another.
i www 2
1-Gross Anatomy:
insofar
Studying large, easily observed structures(e.g. heart,
bones) if
2-Microscopic Anatomy:
The study of body structures that can only be viewed
with a microscope.(e.g. Cells and tissues)

Physiology: (physio= nature; logy= the study of)

Is the Study of how the body and its parts work and
function.
 1. An overview of anatomy and physiology:

•Relationship between anatomy and physiology:

•Anatomy and physiology are always related
•Structure (Anatomy) determines what functions
(Physiology) can take place.

Eg. Lungs are not muscular

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chambers but have thin air sacs
that allows gas exchange.
 2.Levels of structural organization

Objectives:
•Name the levels of structural organizations that
make up the human body and explain how they
are related.
Mocromolecale
Atm molecules 1
H buddingblock e r sugar
protein
gig organelle
ofmatters

organ
I
to
ai
organism tissue cell
Levelof
highest system
groupof
organ group d smallest unit
organization inoretissues similarcells of livingthings
d organ
muscuafnedf.ir epithelial
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go.ws ioi.io Neural
mix go.me

HEHE
 2.Levels of structural organization
•From atoms to organism:

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 J O
2.Levels of structural organization
•From atoms to organism:
Atoms: tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form
molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.
Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form cell.

cells: the smallest units of all living things. All cells have some
common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and
se
shape, reflecting their particular functions in the body.

Tissues: consist of groups of similar cells that have a common

F
function.
 2.Levels of structural organization
•From atoms to organism:
Organ: is a structure composed of two or more tissue types
OO
that performs a specific function for the body.

organ system: is a group of organs that work together to

accomplish a common purpose.

the organism: organ systems form the organism, or living

body. 11 organ systems make up the living human being, or the organism,
 2.Levels of structural organization
•From atoms to organism:

Cells are made up of molecules

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

c a

Organs are made up of

different types of tissues

Organ systems consist of

different organs that work together closely.

Human organisms are .

made up of many organ systems.

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition

What does this
highly organized
human
body do?
 3. Maintaining Life

Objectives:
•List 8 functions that humans must perform to
maintain life.
IS
• List the 5 survival needs of the human body.
 ‫ال تعمل أنظمة األعضاء مبعزل عن غيرها ؛ إنهم يعملون معًا لتعزيز‬
.‫رفاهية اجلسم بالكامل‬

8 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Digestive system in Respiratory system

Takes in nutrients, breaks them Takes in oxygen and eliminates
down, and eliminates unabsorbed carbon dioxide
matter (feces)
miss d
Food O2 CO2

Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen and
nutrients to all body cells and delivers
wastes and carbon dioxide to
disposal organs

Blood
CO2
O2

Heart Urinary system

Nutrients Eliminates
nitrogen-containing
wastes and excess
ions
o
Interstitial fluid

Nutrients and wastes pass

between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid

a
g
Integumentary system
Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine
from the external environment
Figure 1.3 Examples of selected interrelationships among body organ systems.

work. Movement also occurs when substances
such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled
through the internal organs of the cardiovascular,
digestive, and urinary systems, respectively.
Responsiveness
Responsiveness, or irritability, is the ability to
sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and
then to react to them. For example, if you cut your
hand on broken glass, you involuntarily pull your
hand away from the painful stimulus (the broken
glass). You do not need to think about it—it just
happens! Likewise, when the amount of carbon
dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high
levels, your breathing rate speeds up to blow off
the excess carbon dioxide.
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
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1.Maintaining Boundaries
ai
au membrane

2.Movement
internal
a
movement substances

bloodurinefood
external
a.m
locomotion

3.Responsiveness, or irritability
igi
bymaunsgyeau.ae

tosense
Ability
change
and go
4.Digestionf.gs viai ow
reaaI d react
inwoven
absorb saw
distribute system
cardiovascular

x a
5.Metabolism
sago
chemicalI
s
reaction

o
eatabaism

Lisabolism

6.Excretion
E m
Removingwastes

7.Reproduction offsprings
8.Growth i
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
1.Maintaining Boundaries:
living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so
that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”

external membrane integumentary system

 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
2.Movement :
•includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system
(internal & external ).
Fr I
a-locomotion (by muscular system & skeletal system)
b-movement of substances ,when substances
such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled a
through the internal organs of the cardiovascular,
digestive, and urinary systems, respectively.

locomotion
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
3.Responsiveness, or irritability:
•is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment
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and then to react to them.
O e
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
4.Digestion:
•is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple
molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood (by the
digestive system).
5.Metabolism: a a
is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur
within body cells (the digestive ,respiratory & cardiovascular
systems).
• It includes:
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- breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks,
making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and
oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the
energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. ‫ وإنشاء هياكل أكبر من تلك‬، ‫حتطيم املواد املعقدة إلى كتل بناء أبسط‬
‫ واستخدام املغذيات واألكسجي إلنتاج جزيئات األدينوزين‬، ‫األصغر‬
‫ وهي اجلزيئات الغنية بالطاقة التي تدعم‬، (ATP) ‫ثالثي الفوسفات‬
.‫األنشطة اخللوية‬
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
5.Metabolism:

Turn Td
breaking down
 3. Maintaining Life
•Necessary Life Functions:
6.Excretion:

I
•is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body
(by ex. digestive & Uurinary system).
-regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the
endocrine system. Mm
7.Reproduction:
•the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or
organismal level (by the reproductive system).
-regulated very precisely by hormones of the endocrine
system. He
8.Growth:
•is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in
the number of cells (the endocrine system).
 3. Maintaining Life
s
say
•Survival Needs:
-The goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life.
-Include:
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1. nutrients (food) gfood for
building
code
chemical energy
carbohydrates

for
2. oxygen gzoo
reaction
chemical proteins

ax vitamins

eair
3. watergoosooof weight
formetabdismaw
bbase.tseaa.ionciearei.sw.ee
a
m.si
of ftp.wtsmiw.a.ismideath
badyneabbyz
activity skeletal
and
excretionarine

4. Appropriate temperature sedan 6

musclesbody
marimba
Lmaoo.hrab.iismghirEa
tweinrdeatu
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5. atmospheric pressure.Air on exertforce
surface ofbody
 3. Maintaining Life
•Survival Needs:
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,
and minerals
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• Oxygen (»20% of air)
• Required for chemical reactions
 3. Maintaining Life
•Survival Needs:
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
swept Tears
g
• provides the fluid base for body secretions and
urine
excretions.
• Stable body temperature:37°C (98°F)
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
• The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight
of air
• Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
in the lungs
 4. Homeostasis

Objectives:
•Define homeostasis, and its importance.
•Define negative\Positive feedback, and describe its
role in homeostasis and body function.
 4. Homeostasis
Homeo= the same; stasis= standing still
•Describes multiple mechanisms that maintains the body’s
stable internal conditions.
•Dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which internal
conditions change and vary but always within relatively
narrow limits.
•These mechanisms ensures that the body temperature,
waste levels, pH, glucose, water content, O2 and hormone
levels are at stable rate.
•Homeostatic condition is changed by a disruptor or stimulus.
•E.g.
–When a person runs outside> body heat is generated> temperature
rises> balance of internal temperature is disturbed.
 4. Homeostasis

monitors
Enment

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 4. Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
it't
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the stimulus
 4. Homeostasis
•control mechanisms:
I-negative feedback

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mechanisms,
•Common in the body
•In such systems, the net effect
of the response to the stimulus is
to shut off the original stimulus
or reduce its intensity (response
is opposite to the stimulus).
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•Effect result in homeostasis.
•E.g. homeostasis a Id
–Blood pressure regulation.
–O2, Co2 levels.
–Heart rate.
 4. Homeostasis
oasis
•control mechanisms:
II-Positive feedback mechanisms, egg
•are rare in the body because they
is
tend to increase the original
disturbance (stimulus) and to push
the variable farther from its original
value.
•effect does not result in
homeostasis. homestasisa d r
•these mechanisms control are
dangerous thus infrequent.
ow odd
•events that occur explosively and do
not require continuous adjustments.
•E.g.
Gifff
soo.assod
Es
sn ig
–Blood clotting and the birth of a baby are the most jpvi r
o
familiar examples of positive feedback mechanism
 4. Homeostasis
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
•For example:
•a- Without iodine, functional hormones can't be made and is our
source of our diet. Without it you can develop goiters which is an
a
enlargement of the thyroid gland. .‫ ال ميكن صنع هرمونات وظيفية وهي مصدر نظامنا الغذائي‬، ‫بدون اليود‬
.‫بدونها ميكنك تطوير تضخم الغدة الدرقية وهو تضخم ف الغدة الدرقية‬

Goiter Goiter Goiter

Goiter
Goiter
Goiter
Goiter Goiter
Goiter
Goiter
goiter
 4. Homeostasis
• Homeostatic imbalance :

•For example:
B-
Diabetes
mellitus
ET

651
 5.The Language of Anatomy

Objectives:
•Verbally describe the anatomical Positions.
•Use proper anatomical terminology to describe
body directions, surfaces and planes.
•Name the major body cavities and list the chief
organs in each cavity.
 5.The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
ØPosition
ØDirection
ØRegions
ØStructures
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d
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 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Anatomical position:
The body is erect, Feet
are parallel,
Arms hanging at the
sides with palms facing
forward.

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 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Planes and Sections :
Body planes are imaginary lines used to divide the body into
sections. TIM go a
There are three types of planes:
1)Sagittal (midsagittal or, medial)–divides the body into right
and left parts
2)Frontal or coronal–divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts. if a a
3)Transverse or cross section –divides the body into superior
and inferior parts. I
idgaf
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Planes and Sections :

v r
 ‫‪5.The Language of Anatomy‬‬
‫‪•Orientation and Directional Terms:‬‬

‫‪v‬‬
‫اجلبي أعلى من األنف‪.‬‬
‫نحو نهاية الرأس أو اجلزء العلوي من الهيكل أو اجلسم ؛ ف االعلى‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫السرة أدنى من عظم القص‪.‬‬

‫بعيدًا عن طرف الرأس أو باجتاه اجلزء السفلي من الهيكل أو اجلسم ؛‬

‫أدناه‬

‫‪HI‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫نحو اجلسم أو أمامه ؛ فى مواجهة‬
‫عظم القص هو اجلزء األمامي من العمود الفقري‪.‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫نحو أو ف مؤخرة اجلسم ؛ خلف‬ ‫القلب خلف عظم القص‪.‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Orientation and Directional Terms:

I r
I g

V n
Y
u
 O 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Orientation and Directional Terms:

v
i
r v
r

J
 youtube 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Regional Terms & Body Landmarks :
head
means
e
apiary81
waka
a Brachial

Has

o
idiom

g
Posterior orbehind theknee
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:
o
r
go.im
Heart
s.im heart
yz Lang
f g
spiff

sired
my

t M
 O O
5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:

I
Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:
II is

F
Ies
e

menwagerthemthe
dorsalcavity

I a d
 5.The Language of Anatomy
Anatomists divide Abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions
i
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions
4 qregions 9
divides abdomen into four quadrants. divides abdomen into nine regions.

RUQ LUO

L
I
RL Q
 5.The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic Regions

a
iliac
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:
Other Body Cavities
In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are several
smaller ones mostly in the head region d
•Oral and digestive cavities o Eggs

The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the

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teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with
the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior
at the anus.
Hd
zanus
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:
Other Body Cavities
•Nasal cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is
part of the respiratory system passageways.
T
•Orbital cavities om
The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and
present them in an anterior position.
•Middle ear cavities
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jjssg.sd Is
The middle ear cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to
the eardrums.
These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound
vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears ‫حتتوي هذه التجاويف على‬
‫عظام صغيرة تنقل‬
‫االهتزازات الصوتية إلى‬
‫مستقبالت السمع ف‬
‫األذني الداخلية‬
 5.The Language of Anatomy
•Body Cavities:

im

I
m
References:
1- 2-
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th
edition Ebook PDF e Text Book by Gerard J.
Tortora & Bryan derrickson, 2017.