نسخة CLS224-Lecture 2

CLS
224
(Basic Anatomy & Physiology)
Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues

Contents:
Part I: cells
1. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
2. Cell Physiology (in lecture 3)
Part II: body tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
Part I: cells
Part I: cells
1. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell:
Objectives:
•Define generalized cell, organelle, and inclusion.
•Identify the three major cell regions.
•List the structures of the nucleus and explain their
functions.
•Describe organelles and recognize their functions.
Part I: cells 1. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell:
Cell Diversity
• Cells are not all the same
cz
CJ
Part I: cells
1. Anatomy of a Generalized / typical Cell:

• All cells share general structures
In general, all cells have three main regions or
Parts:
A. Plasma membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
Part I: cells 1. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
A. Plasma membrane
Objectives:
•Describe the chemical composition of the plasma
membrane, and relate it to membrane functions.
• Compare the structure and function of tight
junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
A. Plasma membrane /cell membrane:
Phospholipid
Heien
p
The Fluid Mosaic Model: Tgif'EEf it's Tnt
semi d
• Double phospholipid layer:
• Hydrophilic heads
• Hydrophobic tails
• Also contains embedded
proteins, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins. TIEN f
F ni.ws Ed
• Most externally facing two lipid (fat) layers arranged “tail to tail”
proteins and some lipids ‫اخلارجية‬ ‫ترتبط معظم البروتينات‬
‫وبعض الدهون مبجموعات‬
dMmiIf
4Idw
have attached sugar groups. .‫السكر‬
as
The Fluid Mosaic Model:
ais
a weak
polar
cnydropnowe
regioncpnospnote
region
containing
nonpoierenydropnobic region
fattyacids
I
The Fluid Mosaic Model:
itsf uen.grageewitniipid
Polarkhydrphilic
I d
A. Plasma membrane oro
vPlasma membrane Specializations:
• Microvilli Microvilli
Finger-like projections that
gun increase surface area for
absorption pooled
f
• Membrane junctions
some
1. 9Tight junctions Id
g.io feid Fd
Donigan
2. Desmosomes
ma
3. Gap junctions
A. Plasma membrane
vPlasma membrane Specializations:
• Membrane junctions
A. Tight junctions so
B. Gap junctions oldies
ios a
C. Desmosomes
A. Plasma membrane:
1.Serves as an external cell barrier for cell contents

2.acts in transport of substances into or out of the
cell.
i
3.Maintains an electrical condition that is essential for
functioning of excitable cells. ‫يحافظ على حالة كهربائية‬
‫ضرورية لعمل اخلاليا القابلة‬
.‫لالستثارة‬
A. Plasma membrane:
qeensizjemkesekueergi.es
4.Plasma membrane proteins function: ee

recogition
a. Externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones,
D
neurotransmitters, and so on),Transport proteins, and in
cell-to-cell recognition. foe
j
b. Some proteins are enzymes
0
Adhesive
c. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an Adhesive or

cellular glue.
H
sugar Glycocalyx
a.MY g
if
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx
A. Plasma membrane:
7. Most proteins that span the membrane are involved in

transport:
Ø some cluster together to form protein channels (tiny
pores) through which water and small water-soluble
(‫يتجمع بعضها معًا لتشكيل قنوات بروتينية )مسام صغيرة‬
molecules or ions can move. ‫ميكن من خاللها نقل املاء واجلزيئات أو األيونات الصغيرة‬
.‫القابلة للذوبان ف املاء‬
Ø others act as carriers that bind to a substance and move it

IT
through the membrane. m
A. Plasma membrane: summary
pm
ma
likekey
‫مييز خالياك عن خاليا أي‬
‫شخص آخر )إال إذا كنت‬
‫ فئة مهمة‬.(‫توأمًا متطابقًا‬
‫من هذه الواسمات هي‬
Es ‫بروتينات التوافق النسيجي‬
.(MHC) ‫الرئيسية‬
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th edition Ebook PDF e Text Book by Gerard J. Tortora
& Bryan derrickson, 2017.
reg
B. Cytoplasm
Objectives:
•Identify the organelles on a cell model or describe
them, and indicate the major function of each.
B. Cytoplasm:
if.EEg E
•Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma
membranes.
•It is the “factory area”.
•Consists of :
a. Cytosol
IT
-Fluid that suspends other elements.
ao
-containing dissolved solutes.
b. inclusions
-Non-living units w
me t
-stored nutrients, secretory products, pigment granules.
c. organelles
I.si
-the metabolic machinery of the cell.
c
B. Cytoplasm:
0
P
B. Cytoplasm:
a. Cytosol
ØMakes up about 70%of the cell volume. Semi-transparent
fluid composed of water mostly.
I
B. Cytoplasm:
c. inclusions
Øare chemical substances that may or may not be present.
0
Ø depending on the specific cell type. 0
the lipid droplets melanin

glycogen granules
7
B. Cytoplasm:
c. organelles
B. Cytoplasm:
b. organelles
Ø “little organs,”
Øare specialized cellular compartments each performing its
own job to maintain the life of the cell.
Ø Many organelles are bounded by a membrane similar to
the plasma membrane. These membrane boundaries allow
organelles to maintain an internal environment quite
different from that of the surrounding cytosol.
ØThis compartmentalization is crucial to their ability to
perform their specialized functions for the cell.
‫< هذا التقسيم مهم لقدرتهم على أداء وظائفهم املتخصصة‬
.‫للخلية‬
B. Cytoplasm: Mitochondria
b. organelles
powerhouse
sfibGII.gg
•Are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell.
•It takes in nutrients, breaks them down using
C
oxygen, and creates energy (ATP) to provide
Cellular Energy.
•It has outer membrane, an inner membrane,
cristae and matrix.
•Their number varies from cell to cell
B. Cytoplasm: ago
ftp.wd bg
g If
b. organelles Mitochondria T foroney
shape 49.5
I
s real
E
f O o
folds
Waw
O
mesopiesin
Km
In
B. Cytoplasm: inl Protein
barbersD
b. organelles Ribosomes Pq
– Made of protein and
RNA T.pe ribosome
– Sites of protein synthesis

– “protein builders” or the
“protein synthesizers”
– Made of two subunits--
60--S (large) and 40--S(small).
I
– Found at two locations
• Free in the cytoplasm
• Attached to rough
endoplasmic reticulum
In am
plasmic
atbachokqqqhu.gs
B. Cytoplasm: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
E R
b. organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances ”mini-
circulatory system”.
‫األنابيب اململوءة بالسوائل حلمل املواد "الدورة الدموية‬
FBI
."‫املصغرة‬
– Two types of ER
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum o
– Studded with ribosomes

a – Site where building materials of cellular
membrane are formed
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum i T.si 75 Reticulum
Endo c
Pfaff
– Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
cholesterol
if breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs
‫ والتمثيل الغذائي‬، ‫وظائف ف تخليق الكوليسترول وتفككه‬
dm .‫ وإزالة السموم من األدوية‬، ‫للدهون‬
Part I: cells
b. organelles
a a
Part I: cells
b. organelles
T
ss.TT a
B. Cytoplasm:
b. organelles Golgi Apparatus/body
• Golgi apparatus
G Rough
– Works closely with the rough ER.
_y
– It is the “traffic director” for cellular proteins
– Modifies and packages proteins
– Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles a
• Cell membrane components
• Lysosomes
ego.at aged
B. Cytoplasm:
ii
Cisface
receiving sideof
Golgiapparatus cisternae
New
Giorgos
Transface
shipping
s
q
B. Cytoplasm:
TE
F
B. Cytoplasm:
b. organelles Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
• Lysosomes
– Contain enzymes that digest non-usable
materials within the cell
• Peroxisomes
– Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances
• Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
– Replicate by pinching in half
B. Cytoplasm:
b. organelles Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
B. Cytoplasm:
b. organelles Cytoskeleton co
– Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
– Provides the cell with an internal framework
– Three different types
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
i
• Microtubules
25
B. Cytoplasm: Cytoskeleton
b. organelles
O
blue fibrous
purple
pink
gold
pink
B. Cytoplasm: Centrioles
b. organelles
– Rod-shaped
bodies made of V
microtubules
– Direct formation
of mitotic
spindle during roam
cell division
3-The Nucleus
1-The Nucleus:
• It is usually located near the
center of the cell.
however, the shape of the

Sheng
• it is most often oval or spherical, I
nucleus usually conforms to the

shape of the cell.
Ms
Te 9eus
1-The Nucleus:
I
• Control center of the cell
• Contains genetic material
(DNA)
• Three recognizable regions:
a. Nuclear
membrane/envelope
b. Chromatin
c. Nucleolus
vContains fluid nucleoplasm
nucleoplasm
1-The Nucleus:
a.Nuclear Membrane/envelope:
• Barrier of nucleus.
• Consists of a double phospholipid
membrane. rid
7
• Contain nuclear pores that allow
for exchange of material with the
rest of the cell.
• It encloses a jellylike fluid called
nucleoplasm in which other o
nuclear elements are suspended.
• Outer membrane continuous with
the endoplasmic reticulum. ER
1-The Nucleus:
Outer
J inner
Type
a i nucleoplasm
a'sout
1-The Nucleus:
o
ER
0
ear
Ribosomes
Np
proteinDNA
1-The Nucleus:
proteins
b.Chromatin:
I
•Made of DNA+Proteins
•When cell isn’t dividing, its DNA forms a loose net-work of
threads called chromatin that is scattered throughout the
d
nucleus.
•When a cell is dividing, chromatin condense to form rod-like
bodies called chromosomes.
1-The Nucleus:
b.Chromatin:
O O
D
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th edition Ebook PDF e Text Book by Gerard J. Tortora
& Bryan derrickson, 2017.
1-The Nucleus:
c.Nucleolus: Is
• Nucleus contains one or more
D
nucleoli
• dark staining, round bodies.
• Sites of ribosome production
TH
– Ribosomes then migrate to
the cytoplasm through
nuclear pores
v Cell Extensions / Projections:
• Not found in all cells a
__V o
• Used for movement

– Cilia moves materials across the cell surface
IT
– Flagellum propels the cell
– The only flagellated cell in human is the sperm.
e
Objectives:
•Name the four major tissue types and their chief
subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue
types differ structurally and functionally.
•Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in
the body.
• Cells are specialized for particular functions

• Tissues
– Groups of cells with similar structure and function
– Four primary types Epithelium
D • Epithelium U Epithelium
convective
g • Connective tissue connective
to • Nervous tissue Nervous nervous
im • Muscle muscle muscle
Epithelial Tissues
is
• Found in different areas
– Body coverings is
– Body linings
– Glandular tissue
• Functions
– Protection
– Absorption
– Filtration
kidneys
– Secretion
number of cell
Part II: body tissues layers
f shape of cells
Classification of Epithelium
• Number of cell layers
– Simple – one layer
– Stratified – more than
one layer
Epithelium I
94
surface
Basal
Classification of Epithelium
• Shape of cells
– Squamous – flattened
– Cuboidal – cube-
shaped
– Columnar – column-
like
simple squamous
et
Epithelium
the most
Simple Epithelium type of
tissues
Ecf 2
• Simple Squamous I
– Single layer of flat
cells
– Usually forms
membranes
• Lines body cavities
• Lines lungs and
capillaries
Simple Epithelium
• Simple cuboidal
– Single layer of cube-
like cells
– Common in glands
D
and their ducts
– Forms walls
of kidney tubules
– Covers the ovaries
Simple Epithelium
• Simple columnar
– Single layer of tall cells
– Often includes goblet
cells, which produce
mucus
a
E O
– Lines digestive tract
Simple Epithelium
• Pseudostratified
– Single layer, but some I
cells are shorter than
others
– Often looks like a double
cell layer
– Sometimes ciliated, such
as in the respiratory tract
– May function in
absorption or secretion
Is His
Epithelial Tissues
s
Basel layer gu
o
rseeabsEb.TW
er
andsmallmstroades Ions
epididymis
Es
Goblet
II Transitional epithelium
g
Øis a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium
that forms the lining of only a few organs—the
Urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra.
•All these organs are subject to considerable
stretching. I
e s
•Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar;
0
•the organ is not stretched, the membrane is many-
layered, and the superficial cells are rounded.
Ø When the organ is distended with urine, the
epithelium thins, and the surface cells flatten and
become squamous-like.
Transitional epithelium
Binedeifi
ran
em
Connective Tissue
• Found everywhere in the body
I
• Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues Id
• Functions
– Binds body tissues together
– Supports the body
– Provides protection
go
Connective Tissue Characteristics
• Variations in blood supply
J g 101019
X
– Some tissue types are well vascularized vessels
blood
– Some have poor blood supply or are avascular

• Extracellular matrix F gag on
– Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Connective Tissue Types
we
• Bone (osseous tissue)
– Composed of:
• Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities) vities
s
• Hard matrix of
calcium salts
• Large numbers of
collagen fibers
– Used to protect and
0
support the body
Figure 3.19a
• Hyaline cartilage
IT
– Most common
cartilage
I
– Composed of:
• Abundant collagen
fibers
• Rubbery matrix
– Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilage
Figure 3.19b
• Elastic cartilage
– Provides elasticity
– Example: supports the external ear
Is
• Fibrocartilage
– Highly
compressible
if _f
– Example: forms
I cushion-like discs
between
vertebrae
• Areolar connective
tissue
– Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
– Soft, pliable tissue
E
– Contains all fiber
types
TE
– Can soak up excess
fluid
a
I
• Adipose tissue
– Matrix is an areolar tissue
in which fat globules
predominate
– Many cells contain
Clarge lipid depositsJ
– Functions
• Insulates the body
• Protects some organs
• Serves as a site of
fuel storage
• Blood
– Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
Z
matrix
– Fibers are visible
Iss
during clotting
– Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials
Figure 3.19h
Muscle Tissue
• Function is to produce movement
• Three types
– Skeletal muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle
5 9,5 4 Time 85 too
F I 6 D
Muscle Tissue Types
• Skeletal muscle
– Can be controlled
voluntarily
– Cells attach to
connective tissue
is
– Cells are striated
– Cells have more than
i one nucleus
S
skeletal jagged
Figure 3.20a
Muscle Tissue Types
• Cardiac muscle
-
– Found only in the heart
– Function is to pump blood
(involuntary)
-
– Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
– Cells are striated
– One nucleus per cell
i 3
Figure 3.20b
Muscle Tissue Types
• Smooth muscle
– Involuntary muscle
– Surrounds hollow
organs
– Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
– No visible striations
– One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.20c
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons and nerve
support cells
• Function is to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
– Irritability ed
– Conductivity
References:
1- 2-
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th
edition Ebook PDF e Text Book by Gerard J.
Tortora & Bryan derrickson, 2017.

نسخة CLS224-Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

نسخة CLS224-Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CLS

Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues

1. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell:

1. Anatomy of a Generalized / typical Cell:

1.Serves as an external cell barrier for cell contents

4.Plasma membrane proteins function: ee

c. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an Adhesive or

7. Most proteins that span the membrane are involved in

Ø others act as carriers that bind to a substance and move it

the lipid droplets melanin

b. organelles Mitochondria T foroney

– Sites of protein synthesis

– Studded with ribosomes

however, the shape of the

nucleus usually conforms to the

• Used for movement

• Cells are specialized for particular functions

– Some have poor blood supply or are avascular

– Non-living material that surrounds living cells

You might also like