ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

23. (a) 33.3 cm, 2 × (b) 86.67 cm, 2 ×

(c) 7.37 cm, −0.316 ×
Chapter 1
1. (a) 6.6 × 10−34 m (b) 3.9 Å 24. 1.63
3.6 × 10−17 W
26. (a) 10, 5, −2.5 diopters; 12.5 diopters
2. 25. 150 cm and 600 cm; inverted

0.024 Å; 2.7 × 10−22 kg-m/s (b) 8.33 m−1 , 4.17 m−1; 24 cm

3. 3.27 and 1.61 eV

30. 𝑓1 /𝑓2 = 𝑛/(𝑛 − 1)

4.

31. At 𝑠 = 𝑠′ = 2𝑓
5. 0.511 MeV

(a) 1.49 × 10−18 kg-m/s (b) 4.45 × 10−16 m 32. (b) Σ𝑖 (𝑡𝑖 tan 𝜃𝑖 )
6. 1.422 MeV/c
9.
(c) 4.22 × 10−16 m
33. Incident on plane side: 8 cm beyond lens; on curved
2.77 × 1017
34. +40 cm, +30 cm, −30 cm, −40 cm
side: 5.33 cm beyond lens
10.
12. 3.9 × 1014 Hz to 7.9 × 1014 Hz 35. 25,000 ft
13. 1.5 m 36. The line image is real, 18.75 cm past the lens and
14. 0.83 m 15.75 cm long.

(a) 39.8 W/sr (b) 106 W/m2

15. (a) 0.3 ms (b) 0.1 m 37. The line image is virtual at a distance of 65.2 cm on
16. (c) 9.95 W/m2 the object side of the lens and 5.65 cm long.

(a) 0.0096° (b) 8.73 × 10−8 sr (c) 76.4 W/m2

(d) 0.0195 W 38. The line image is virtual at a distance of 11.11 cm on

(d) 8.75 × 1010 W/(m2 ⋅ sr)

17. the object side of the lens and 2.80 cm long.
39. The line image is virtual at a distance of 13.33 cm on
the object side of the lens and 0.67 cm long.
Chapter 2 40. The line image is virtual at a distance of 21.4 cm on

𝑡 = (𝛴𝑖 𝑛𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )/𝑐
the object side of the lens and 17.97 cm long.
1.
1.25(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) + 70(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) − 135𝑥 + 800 = 0
1/2 Chapter 3
2.
3. 4.00 mm
1. Entrance pupil is the stop; exit pupil is 3.33 cm in
4. 3 ft, with top edge of mirror at a height halfway
front of the lens, with an aperture of 3.33 cm; image is
between the person’s eye level and the top of the
10 cm behind the lens, inverted and 2 cm long.
person’s head
2. Exit pupil is the stop; entrance pupil is 4.29 cm behind
5. The ray emerges from the bottom at 45°.
the lens, with an aperture of 3.43 cm; image is 10.5 cm
6. Reflection from the bottom surface; 1.60
behind the lens, inverted, and 3 cm long.
7. 1.55
3. Entrance pupil is the stop; exit pupil is 12 cm in front
8. 1.153 cm
of the lens, with an aperture of 6 cm; image is 10.5 cm
9. 8 cm
4. (b) 20 cm right of 𝐿2 (c) both at 𝐿1 (d) 8.57 cm
behind the lens, inverted, and 1.5 cm long.
10. Light from the bubble is refracted through the plane
beyond 𝐿2 and 47 cm in diameter (e) field stop at A,
surface, both directly and after reflection from the
spherical mirror; 3.33 cm and 10 cm.
entrance window in object plane with 1 cm diameter,
10 cm behind the near surface; 3 ×
11. 12.5 cm; 75 cm
exit window in image plane with 1 cm diameter
(a) 𝑓 = 𝑛1 𝑅/(𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ) (b)𝑅 > 0 (convex) and 𝑅 < 0
12.
5. (a) Lens 𝐿2 of diameter 6 cm (b) The entrance
13. (f) 2.86°

window is 12 cm to the right of 𝐿1 and has radius 9

(concave), respectively
(a) center, 43 actual size (b) 6.4 cm behind the glass, 87
cm. The exit window is lens 𝐿2 of diameter 6 cm
14.

7. 53′
actual size

8. (a) crown: 𝐴 = 1.511, 𝐵 = 4240 nm2 , 𝑛𝐷 = 1.523;

15. Virtual, inverted, 15 cm from the window, twice the

flint: 𝐴 = 1.677, 𝐵 = 13,190 nm2 , 𝑛𝐷 = 1.715

object size

+20 cm or −20 cm (b) crown: −4.146 × 10−5 nm−1 ; flint: −1.290 × 10−4
16. 13.0 cm

22.5 cm behind the lens; 1.50 times the actual size nm−1 (c) crown: 3110, 1.9 Å; flint: 9675, 0.61 Å
17.

(a) −6.7 cm (b) −10 cm or −60 cm

18.
9. (a) 50.0° (b)1/55.5 (c) 𝐴 = 1.6205, 𝐵 = 6073.7 nm2 ;
−50 cm
19.
20. 4.297 × 10−5 nm−1 (d) 1.12 m
21. (a) 3.33 mm in front of the objective (b) erect
11. 5.99°, 2.16′
10. 0.01909
Final image between lens and mirror at 21/34 𝑓 from
and magnified
22.
lens, virtual, inverted, and 171 the original size
12. 4.82°, 4.37°

611
612 Answers to Selected Problems

13. (a) 𝑀𝑒 = 104 W/m2, 𝐼𝑒 (𝜃 = 0) = 7.96 W/sr, 𝐿𝑒 = 23. 2Δ𝜆 = 0.12 Å

3180 W/m2-sr (b) 1.56 × 10−4 W (c) 35.9 W/m2
Chapter 5
16. 𝑓 = 53.3 cm, 13.33 cm, 1.86 cm
15. 5.7 cm

axis, 𝐸1 to the right, 𝐸2 to the left, with equal speeds

1. (a) The waves move in opposite directions along the x-
18. 1.3 × 105 W/cm2
17. 5.3 to 7.0 ft
of 43 m/s. (b) 𝑡 = 34 s (c) 𝑥 = 1 m
19. (a) 0.90 cm (b) 5.45 cm, 3 ×
(b) 𝐸𝑅 = 8.53 cos(0.20𝜋 − 𝜔𝑡)
20. (a) 27.8 mm (b) 𝑓 /3.1, 𝑓 /5.4, 𝑓 /9.4
𝐸𝑅 = 6.08 cos(0.36𝜋 − 2𝜋𝑡/s)
2.

𝑦 = 11.6 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 0.402𝜋)

3.
(b) 10 ×
(c) 16.0, 9.26, 5.35 mm (d) 0.03, 0.09, 0.27 s
𝐸 = 0.695 cos(0.349 − 𝜋𝑡/s)
4.
23. (a) 320 ×
22. (a) 2.8 cm
5.
24. (a) 46.7 ×
(b) 0.516 cm
𝜓(𝑡) = (2.48 cm) cos(2.51 − (20/s)𝑡)
6. (a) 2 V/m (v) 0.2 V/m
(b) 8.68 cm
(a) 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑝 [1 − (𝜔/𝑛)(𝑑𝑛/𝑑𝜔)] (b) 𝑣𝑔 < 𝑣𝑝
7.
25. 5 cm
8.
27. (a) 7 × (b) 2 cm (c) 5 mm (d) 2.3 cm (e) 337 ft
26. 14.9 cm

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑐/1.5; 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑐/1.73
9. c/1.56
28. (b) 7.50 ×; 8.70 ×
𝑣𝑔 = 𝐴 = constant
10.
12.
30. (a) 8 cm, 3 × (b) 7.38 cm, 2.6 × 2(𝑣/𝑐)𝑣0
29. 1.05 cm
14.

32. (a) 12.5 × (b) 15 × (c) 0.13 cm, 3 mm, (d) 3.8°
31. 1.25 cm farther from the objective 15. 14 cm; 1.57 cm; 0.785 cm; 0 cm/s; T seconds

34. −2.5 ft, −180 × (c) −3 cm; 0 cm/s; 7.40 × 104 cm/s2
16. (a) 1.5 cm; 25 Hz; 20 cm; 5 m/s; opposite directions
(b) 10 cm
18. 40
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒−𝑏(𝑥+10𝑡)
2
1.
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥+(2.5 m/s)𝑡)
4m 3 1. (a) 122 nm, 103 nm, 97.3 nm; ultraviolet
2 +2 m2
2. (b) 656 nm, 486 nm, 434 nm; visible.

equation; more simply, if 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑣𝑡, they are

3. (a) (1) and (2) qualify because they satisfy the wave
(b) 2.4 × 10−21 J = 0.015 eV
2. (a) no (b) less than 91.2 nm (c) less than 365 nm

functions of 𝑤: 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin2 (4𝜋𝑤) and 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑤2 .

3. (c) 0.55
(a) 8.6 × 10−20 J = 0.54 eV (b) 5 × 10−10
(b) (i) 𝑣 = 1 m/s in −z-direction; (ii) 𝑣 = 1 m/s in
4.
𝑒−76
+𝑥-direction
6.

4. 10 m/s in +𝑥-direction
10. (a) 0.4830 µm (b) 0.0756 W

5. (a) 𝜓 = 2 sin[2𝜋(𝑧/5 m + 𝑡/3 s)]

11. 6266 K; 462.5 nm

(b) 𝜓 = 2 sin(2𝜋/5)(𝑧/m + 53 𝑡/s)

12. 6105 K

(c) 𝜓 = 2 exp[(2𝜋𝑖(𝑧/5 m + 𝑡/3 s)] 10−5 s; 3000 m (b) 5 × 10−10 s; 15 cm

15. 0.45 nm

6. (a) 𝑦 = (5 m) sin(𝜋𝑥/25 m)
16.

(b) 𝑦 = (5 m) sin[(𝜋/25)(𝑥/m + 8)]

17. 6
18. (a) half angle spread: 0.4 mrad (b) 80 cm.
7. (a) 0.01 cm (b) 1000 Hz (c) 628.3 cm−1 (d) 6283 s−1 19. 3.6 mm

8. (a) +1 in y-direction (b) −𝐶/𝐵 in x-direction

(e) 1 ms (f) 10 cm/s (g) 10 cm 20. (a) 0.81 µm; 0.75 µm; 0.585 µm; 0.525 µm
(b) 76%; 70%; 55%; 49%

9. 𝑦 = 15 sin(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜋/3)
(c) C in z-direction 21. (a) 31.5 W (b) 1.26%

10. (b) 𝜋/2, 𝜋/3, 0, −𝜋/2, 0.6𝜋 (c) Subtract 𝜋/2 from each. Chapter 7
11. (a) 𝐴 sin(2𝜋/𝜆)(𝑧 − 𝑣𝑡) (b) 𝐴 sin(2𝜋/𝜆)(√2𝑥 ± 𝑣𝑡)
(c) 𝐴 sin(2𝜋/𝜆) [(√3/3)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) ± 𝑣𝑡]
1. (a) 11,950 and 21,240 W/m2 (b) 12,960 W/m2
2
(c) 33,200 W/m (d) 0.95
15. 𝐸 = 870 V/m, 𝐵 = 2.90 × 10−6 T 2. 0.86, 0
16. (a) 5 × 10−7 T (b) 19.88 W/m2 3. 0.8; 3.73/1
17. (a) 1.01 × 10 V/m, 3.37 × 10−6 T
3 4. (b) 1.78, 2.55, 4.00, 13.9

(b) 4.76 × 1021/m2-s

5. Lloyd’s mirror interference fringes are produced,

(c) 𝐸 = 1010 sin 2𝜋(1.43 × 106 𝑟 + 4.28 × 1014 𝑡),

aligned parallel to the slit, and separated by 0.273 mm.

𝐼 = 4𝐼0 sin2 (115𝑦), with y measured in cm from the

The irradiance of the pattern is given by

18. (a) 8.75 × 10−3 W/m2, 2.57 V/m (b) 2 × 1013 W/m2,
r in m, t in s

1.23 × 108 V/m, 0.410 T

mirror surface.

21. 𝑣 = 0.168𝑐
6. 509 nm

22. 𝑣 = −0.917𝑐
7. 514.5 nm
8. To acquire coherent beams; 800 nm
 613

If the width of the first is 𝜎, the width of the second is

1/𝜎. Thus the spectrum broadens as the original
9. (a) 83.3 cm (b) 83.3 fringes (c) 150 nm

20.3′
10. 556 nm, 455 nm

6′ 5″
11. Gaussian narrows, and vice versa.
|𝑔(𝜔)|2 = (𝐴2 𝜏02 /4𝜋 2 )(sin 𝑢/𝑢)2, where 𝑢 = 𝜔𝜏0 /2
35′40″
12. 4.

9.09 × 10−5 cm; orders 4 and 3, respectively

13.
by one order of magnitude: 3.48 × 10−5 m
5. The narrow-band filter has a coherence length better
14.
15. 498 nm 6. 1.3 fm; 106 Hz; 300 m
16. 1.33; 103 nm
7. 0.0243 mm
17. (a) 2.78% (b) 89.3 nm (c) 1%
8. (a) 0.00138 nm (b) 1 ns
angle of the wedge is 1′14″
18. Soap film becomes wedge-shaped under gravity; the
0.0625 cm; 2.08 × 10−12 s
9. 2.5 mm
10.
1.16 × 10−3 cm
19. 15
4 × 10−7 Å; 3 × 104 Hz
11. 0.144 cm
20.
12.
(a) 2.08 × 10−12 s, 0.0625 cm (b) 0.36, 0.36 (c) 53
21. 1.09 mm; 184
13.
603.5 nm; 2.39 mm; 2.87 × 10−4 cm 1.01 × 10−4 cm, 2.90 × 10−6 cm2; 1.8, 35
23. 3m
25. 14.
15. (b) 2.55
(a) 980 V/m (b) 30° (c) 𝑟′ = 0.28; 𝑡𝑡′ = 0.9216
26. 928 nm
27. 17. 0.998, 0.63
(d) 274, 253, 19.8 V/m; 7.8%, 6.7%, 0.041% 18. 0.937, 0.686, 15.95 cm
(e) 903, 70.8 V/m; 85%, 0.52% (f) 258 nm 19. (a) 0, 0, 0.596 cm (b) 0.895 mm

Chapter 8 Chapter 10

1. 436 nm 1. 672
2. One mirror makes a wedge angle of 0.0172° with the 2. (a) 32 million (b) 0.67 million
image of the other, reflected through the beam splitter. 3. (b) 1284
Fizeau fringes result. 4. (a) 68.1° (b) 0.567 (c) 34.5°
3. 23.75 µm 5. (a) 0.64 (b) 79.5° (c) 6624, 3281
6. (c) 432 µm; 429 µm; 10.07 m
(a) 𝑛 = 1 + 𝑁𝜆/2𝐿
4. (a) 80,000; (b)79,994
5. (b) 153 7. 159
8. 10.2 µm
79.1 nm or 𝜆/8
6. (a) 11.2° (b) 45.9°
−70 db/km
7. 9. 12 and 120, counting both polarizations
10.
(a) 3.996 × 106 (b) 3.16 × 106
8. (a) 48,260 (b) 0.01013 cm
11. 0.080 mW
(c) 0.318 mm (d) 6.29 Å (e) 0.002 Å
9.
12. 3.33 km; 10 km

(a) 329, 670 (b) 361 (c) 9.8 × 106 (b) −1.25 db, −6.02 db, −10 db, −20 db
13. 0.136 db/km
10. 14.
11. 2.18 cm 15. (a) 1.0069 km; 1 km (b) 4.900 µs; 4.867 µs
12. 0.161 mm 16. 431 ns; 2.32 MHz
13. (a) 360° (b)180° (c) 2 17. 77.2 ns
14. 1; 0.47
15. (a) 𝑅 =
18. 14.6 ns/km
4𝑟2 sin2 𝛿/2
1−𝑟2 2 +4𝑟2 sin2 𝛿/2
20. 457 ps; 1/146
( )
21. 25 MHz

17. For lossless mirrors with 𝑅1,2 ≡ |𝑟1,2 |2 ,

16. 16 22. (a) 4 ns (b) 0.4 ns

𝑇 = ;𝑅 = 1 − 𝑇
(1−𝑅1 )(1−𝑅2 )
23. 48.9 ns
2
(1−√𝑅1 𝑅2 ) +4√𝑅1 𝑅2 sin 𝛿/2
24. (b) 3.9 ps/km; 4.3 ps/km
2

18. (a) 70 (b) 1.5 GHz (c) 21 MHz (d) 2.2 × 107 (e) 8 ns
25. (a) 50.5 ns; 1.075 ns; 0.075 ns (b) 50.5 ns

20. 9.99 × 105 ; 1570; 3.14 × 108 ; 8.4 × 10−8 ; 3.14 × 108; (a) No Δ𝐿 satisfies Eqs. (21) and (22) with exactly
27. (a) 100 GHz (b) 4 THz

1.6 × 10−6 nm; 250 nm; 0.16 nm; 3 GHz; 1.91 MHz
28.

such solution is 𝑛Δ𝐿 = 950.01𝜆1 = 950.500𝜆2

integer m, but many approximate solutions exist. One
21. (a) 0.5 µm (b) 2 × 10−8 µm (c) −2.48 × 10−6 µm
22. (a) 10.6 GHz (b) 0.83 GHz; 0.62 GHz (b) Ouput 2. (c) 0.94

Chapter 9 Chapter 11

1. 𝑓 (𝑥) = (4/𝜋)(sin 𝑘𝑥 + 13 sin 3𝑘𝑥 + 15 sin 5𝑘𝑥 + ⋯ ) 1. (a) 0.218 cm (b) 0.218 cm
𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝜋0 + 20 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 3𝜋0 cos 2𝜔𝑡 − cos 4𝜔𝑡 +⋯
𝐸 𝐸 2𝐸 2𝐸0 2. 0.090
15𝜋
2.
𝑔(𝜔) = 𝜎ℎ 𝑒(−𝜎 𝜔 )/2
3. (a) 0.135 mm (b) 139
2 2

√2𝜋
3. 4. 496 nm
614 Answers to Selected Problems

5. 2.125, 1.44, 0.778, and 0.55 µm 8. 0.0012%

(a) 4.477𝜋; 5.482𝜋

6. (a) 15° (b) 0.678, 0.166, 0, 0.0461 9. (a) 1/100 (b) 50.31 cm
7. (b) 1/199; 1/298 10. 1.05, 1.48, 1.82 mm
8. Single slit: 0.047, 0.017; Circular Aperture: 0.018, 12. 1.97 mm radius; zero

(a) 0.829𝐼𝑢 (b) 0.213𝐼𝑢

13. 14.8 cm
1.68 × 10−3 cm; 2.75 × 10−3 cm
0.0042

(a) 0.0119𝐼𝑢 (b) 1.23𝐼𝑢

9. 14.
8.4 × 10−4 cm
(a) 0.018𝐼𝑢 (b) 0.223𝐼𝑢
10. 15.
9725 km in diameter; 2.69 × 10−11 W/m2
1.19𝐼𝑢 ; 0.861𝐼𝑢
11. 16.

0.55𝐼𝑢
12. 5.2 m 17.
13. 5.3 miles 18.

(b) 0.145 mm (c) 0.655𝐼𝑢

14. 3 to 10.4 19. 21%
15. (a) 0.400 mm (b) 0.8106, 0.4053, 0.09006 20.
16. (b) 2.10 mm 21. 19 μm
17. (b) 20
20. 0.875, 0.573, 0.255, 0.0547, 0 Chapter 14
22. (a) 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (1.151𝑦) sin2 (0.575𝑥)
2
1 1 : linearly polarized at −45°
√2 [−1]
0.438𝑥2 𝑦2 2. (a)
1 1
linearly polarized at +45°
(b) 5.46 mm along x; 2.73 mm along y
√2 [1]
(c) 0.895 along x; 0.629 along y (d) 0.005 (b) :
1
Δ𝜃 = (𝜆/𝐷)(1/ cos 𝜃)
23. (a) 90° (b) 11.5° (c) 5.7°
− 𝑖)]: right-elliptically polarized at +45°
1
√2 [√2 (1
1
(b) 4.7%, 1.8%, 0.84% for 𝑚 = 1, 2, 3, respectively
24. (c)

𝑚 = 0; 𝜃1/2 = 30° 1 1
25.

√2 [ 𝑖 ]
26.
(a) 120° (b) 𝐼𝑝 = (19)𝐼max (c) 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼max (d) 𝐼𝑝 = 3𝐼av
(d) : left-circularly polarized
27.
+z-direction with amplitude of 2𝐸0
3. (a) linearly polarized along x-direction, traveling in

Chapter 12
traveling in the +z-direction with amplitude of 5𝐸0
(b) linearly polarized at 53.1º relative to the x-axis,
13°18′
(c) right-circularly polarized, traveling in –z-direction
1.
with amplitude of 5𝐸0
(a) 8.66′
2. (a) 0.0823º/nm; 0.464 nm/mm (b) 63,000
3. (b) 612.5 nm (or 587.5 nm) (c) 48; 48
4. 75°
4. 987; 494
5. right-circularly polarized light
⃖⃗ = 𝐸0 √3𝐲̂ + 𝐳̂ 𝑒𝑖(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡)
(a) 𝐄
5. (a) 700 nm, 360 nm (b) 57.1º, 25.6º (c) 350 nm and
6. ( )
120,000; 0.069 Å
175 nm for crown glass; 180 nm and 90 nm for quartz
6. ⃖⃗ = 𝐸0 (2𝐳̂ − 𝑖𝐱̂ )𝑒𝑖(𝑘𝑦−𝜔𝑡)
(b) 𝐄
⃖⃗ = 𝐳̂𝐸0 exp 𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘/√2 − 𝜔𝑡
(c) 𝐄 {[ ]}
7. (a) third order (b) any width smaller than light beam
8. (a) 21.8 cm, in each case (b) 9, in each case
(c) 21.8 cm, 4.37 cm, and 0.0029 cm, respectively 7. (a) 𝐶 = 0, 𝑚𝜋 (b) 𝐵 = 0, (𝑚 + 12)𝜋
(c) 𝐵 = 0, 𝐴 = ±𝐶, (𝑚 + 12)𝜋
9. (a) 8750 grooves/cm (b) 18.89º

(a) linearly polarized, 𝛼 = 18.4°, 𝐴 = √10 (b) right-

(c) 37.77º (d) 7.88 nm/deg

(a) −5.7° to +11.5° (b) 100,000 (c) 10 Å/mm (d) 1 m

10. (a) 7000 (b) 0.018 mm
circularly polarized, 𝐴 = 1 (c) right-elliptically
9.

polarized; semimajor axis = 5 along y-axis, semiminor

11.

(b) 18.4 Å/mm axis = 4 along x-axis (d) linearly polarized, horizontal,
12. about 5000 grooves/cm

𝐴 = 5 (e) left-circularly polarized, 𝐴 = 2 (f) linearly

13. (a) 1.16 µm
14. (a) 11.5° (b) 11.8°
15. 3550 grooves/mm; reduces it polarized, 𝛼 = 56.3°, 𝐴 = √13 (g) left-elliptically
polarized, 𝜀 = 53.1°, 𝛼 = −7°, 𝐸0𝑥 = 2, 𝐸0𝑦 = 10
(a) 557 to 318 (b) 960 (c) 388,800; 0.014 Å
16. (a) 3647 (b) 1200 grooves/mm (c) 3.04 mm

(e) 5.5 Å
17. 10. right-elliptically polarized, symmetrical with x- and y-
axes, 𝐸0𝑥 /𝐸0𝑦 = √3
(d) 0.41°/nm

Chapter 13 13. right-circularly polarized light

14. no light emerges
1. near, near, far 15. (a) right-elliptically polarized, major axis along x-axis

(a) linearly polarized at ±45° (b) elliptically polarized

2. maxima: 409, 136, 81.8 cm; (b) vertically linearly polarized

1 −𝑖
minima: 204.5, 102, 68 cm 16.

[𝑖 1 ]
3. (a) 1.88 and 3.26 mm (b) 2.66 and 3.76 mm 17.
(a) Elliptical polarization with inclination angle 𝛼 =
4. (a) 0.0346 cm (b) 833 (c) 20 cm, 6.67 cm, 4 cm
2
20.
(a) 4 ×
6. (a) 0.02 cm (b) 2500
−25.097°: 1 3 𝑖3√3 (b) Elliptical polarization
√13 [ + ]
7. (b) very nearly zero (c) 5; 6
2 2
 615

with inclination angle 𝛼 = 4.903°, or 30°

2.6519
Chapter 17
1
√34.475 [−0.6651 + 𝑖(5.1962)]
21. (a) elliptically polarized with semi-axes 𝐸0𝑥 and 𝐸0𝑦
1. 1850 nm
2. (a) 0.1 (b) 0.0724 A/W
aligned with coordinate axes (b) elliptically polarized
1.3 × 10−13 W
3. 0.08 µA
with principal axes at 45º to co-ordinate axes 4.

𝐸0 (d) linearly polarized with slope 𝐸0𝑦 /𝐸0𝑥

(c) circularly polarized, centered at origin, radius of 5. (a) 300 (b) no

22. 𝐼 = 𝐼0 (2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃)

8. 40,000
9. 0.1 mW

Chapter 15 Chapter 18
𝑓1 = −62.05 cm; 𝑓2 = 46.66 cm; 𝑟 = 2.91 cm;
𝑠 = −0.98 cm
1. 28.1% 1.

(a) 𝐼0 {0.5(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 ) cos2 𝜃 + 𝛼𝛽 sin2 𝜃 } (a) 𝑓1 = 14.06 cm = −𝑓2 ; 𝑟 = 1.17 cm; 𝑠 = −0.73 cm
2. 67.5°; 22.5°
2.
(b) 0.4525𝐼0 versus 0.5𝐼0 ; 0.351𝐼0 versus 0.375𝐼0;
3.
(b) 8.92 cm left of lens center
both 0.25𝐼0; 0.0475𝐼0 versus 0 (c) 9.78 cm left of lens center, with 9.6% error
4. 0.0633 mm 3. Erect, virtual image at 6.67 cm left of second vertex,

𝑓1 = −11.51 cm; 𝑓2 = 15.31 cm; 𝑟 = 0.400 cm; 𝑠 =

5. (a) single refraction, phase retardation, any 0.556 in. high

−1.16 cm; 𝑣 = 4.20 cm; 𝑤 = 2.64 cm; 𝑠𝑖 = 18.9 cm

polarization possible (b) single refraction, no phase 4.

from 𝐻2 ; ℎ𝑖 = −1.18 cm
retardation, unpolarized (c) same as (a)

(a) 𝑓1 = −20.15 cm = −𝑓2 ; 𝑟 = 10 cm = −𝑠; 𝑣 =

(d) double refraction, no phase retardation in each

10 cm = −𝑤 (b) Image is inverted, real, 61.38 cm

separated beam, each beam linearly polarized 5.

from sphere center and 𝑚 = −2.05 ×

(e) cases (a) and (c)

(a) 𝑦 = 1 cm; 𝛼 = −5.73° (b) 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑥/10; 𝐵 =

6. (a) difference of 0.121 mm (b) 0.015 mm

10/3 + 2𝑥/3; 𝐶 = −1/10; 𝐷 = 2/3 (c) 𝑥 = 10 cm

7. (b) 0% (c) 33% 6.

𝑝 = −4.17 cm, 𝑞 = +2.17 cm, 𝑟 = −0.83 cm, 𝑠 =

8. 24

−2.17 cm, 𝑓1 = −3.33 cm, 𝑓2 = 4.33 cm

9. 0.0162 mm 8.

𝑓1 = −20 cm, 𝑓2 = +20 cm, 𝑝 = −30 cm, 𝑞 =

10. 20°

+10 cm, 𝑟 = −10 cm, 𝑠 = −10 cm

11. 0.005 9.

𝑓1 = −16.7 cm, 𝑓2 = +23.3 cm, 𝑞 = +18.7 cm, 𝑝 =

12. (a) 53.12º (b) 11.5º

−18.3 cm, 𝑟 = −1.67 cm, 𝑠 = −4.67 cm

13. (a) mixture of unpolarized and circularly polarized 10.
light (b) elliptically polarized light
14. (a) 56.2º (b) 33.8º 11. (a) 𝐴 = − 12 , 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = − 10
1
, 𝐷 = −2 (b) Input and
15. (a) 0.05 g/ml (b) about 46º
output planes fall at conjugate object and image
(a) 8.57 × 10−5 cm
16. (a) 0.200 mm (b) 50º
(a) 𝑝 = −2, 𝑞 = +2, 𝑓1 = −6, 𝑓2 = +6, 𝑟 = 4, 𝑠 = −4
positions; A is identical with the linear magnification.
17. (b) green 12.

3.15 × 10−4
19. (a) 0.0091 (b) 15 µm (c) 12 (d) 15 µm in. (b) 2 in. beyond ball
20. 13. (a) Elements of a system matrix: 𝐴 = 16 15
, 𝐵 = 23,
𝐶 = − 150
1
, 𝐷 = 14 (b) 𝑝 = −140, 𝑞 = 160, 𝑟 = 𝑠 = 10,
21. (a) 36.8 µm (b) 18.4 µm
15
(a) 14.8% (b) 2.03% of 𝐼0 (c) 0.92 𝑓1 = −150, 𝑓2 = 150, all in cm
22. 14.7°

14. (a) 𝐴 = 0.9764, 𝐵 = 0.9676, 𝐶 = 0.009182, 𝐷 =

23.
𝐼0 sin2(2𝜃)
1.033 (b) 𝑓1 = 108.9 cm, 𝑓2 = −108.9 cm, 𝑝 =
24.

112.5 cm, 𝑞 = −106.3 cm, 𝑟 = 3.62 cm, 𝑠 = 2.57 cm

25. (a) 42.5° (b) 0.60°

Chapter 16 (c) −100 cm

15. (a) 𝐴 = 23 − 𝑠′ /6, 𝐵 = 25
3
+ 2 − 𝑠𝑠′ /6 + 𝑠′, 𝐶 = − 16,
𝐷 = −𝑠/6 + 1 (b) 𝑠′ = (4𝑠 + 12)/(𝑠 − 6); 𝑚 = 23 − 𝑠′ /6
2. (b) 0.866
3. 1000 Gb
4. 1.82 µm (c) 𝑠′ = 6 47 cm; 𝑚 = −0.429 (d) 𝑠′ = 4 cm
corresponds to second focal plane; 𝑠 = 6 cm
1.8 × 1010 bits
5. 63.3 m/s
7.
16. 𝐴 = 0.93935; 𝐵 = 22.2212; 𝐶 = −0.009284; 𝐷 =
corresponds to first focal plane
8. (a) 156.25 nm (b) 500 nm (c) 475 nm
9. (b) 208 nm (c) none 0.8448; 𝑟 = 𝑣 = 16.72 mm; 𝑠 = 𝑤 = −6.53 mm; 𝑝 =
10. 365 nm; blue components shift into ultraviolet and are −90.99 mm; 𝑞 = 101.18 mm; 𝑓1 = −𝑓2 = −107.71
mm; the film plane is a distance 𝑞 = 101.2 mm behind
11. (a) 1.88 × (b) 6330 ×
missing.

17. 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑅𝐿 𝑡 + 1, 𝐵 = 𝑛𝑛𝑡 ,
the last lens surface.
𝑛−𝑛
𝐿 1 𝐿
616 Answers to Selected Problems

𝐶=
𝑛𝐿 −𝑛′
− 𝑛𝐿′𝑅 −
𝑛 −𝑛 (𝑛𝐿 −𝑛)(𝑛𝐿 −𝑛′ ) 𝑡
, 15. (a) +0.714 (b) 𝑟1 = 17.5 cm; 𝑟2 = −105 cm
𝑛 ′ 𝑅2 1 𝑛′ 𝑛𝐿 𝑅1 𝑅2 (c) −0.714, reverse the lens
𝐷 = 𝑛𝑛′ + ( 𝑛𝐿′𝑅 ) 𝑛𝑛𝑡
𝑛 −𝑛
(b) 𝑟1 = 16.7 cm; 𝑟2 = −150 cm
′

(c) −0.8, reverse the lens

16. (a) 0.8
2 𝐿
21. For 𝛼 = 0°, 𝑠′ = 3.180 cm and 𝛼 ′ = −23.51°;
for 𝛼 = −20°, 𝑠′ = 16.104 cm and 𝛼 ′ = 6.081° 17. +20 and −20 cm
22. 𝑠′ = −49.525 cm; 𝛼 ′ = 3.371°; 𝑄 = 2.9212
19. −17.7 cm
18. answers the same
23. For ℎ = 1 mm, 𝑠′ = 98.20 mm, 𝛼 ′ = −0.567°; for
20. (a) 𝑅 = 15.7 cm (b) 𝑓2 = −3.476 cm
ℎ = 5 mm, 𝑠′ = 102.45 mm, 𝛼 ′ = −2.723°
21. 𝑟11 = 8.5168 cm; 𝑟22 = −434.89 cm; 𝑓𝐷 = 20.0000
cm, 𝑓𝐶 = 20.0096 cm; 𝑓𝐹 = 20.0096 cm
22. (a) 𝑟11 = 3.4535 cm, 𝑟22 = −12.6576 cm (b) 𝑓𝐷 =
Chapter 19
(a) He-Cd appears about 1.3 × brighter 5.0000 cm, 𝑓𝐶 = 5.0026 cm, 𝑓𝐹 = 5.0026 cm
(c) 𝑃1𝐷 = 0.3695 cm−1 , 𝑃2𝐷 = −0.1695 cm−1 ,
1.

Δ1𝐷 = 0.01802, Δ2𝐷 = 0.03928 (d) yes

(b) about 2.4 mW

23. (a) 𝑟11 = −5.2415 cm, 𝑟22 = 53.1840 cm

2. (a) 900 Cd (b) 85.4 lm/m2 or lx

(b) 𝑓1𝐷 = −4.5770 cm, 𝑓2𝐷 = 8.4399 cm

3. 1.055:1

(a) 1.7 × 109 cd/m2 (b) 2𝜋𝐿 (c) 𝑓𝐷 = −10.0000 cm, 𝑓𝐶 = −10.0050 cm,
4. 320 lx

𝑓𝐹 = −10.0050 cm
5.

+41.6 D
6. 0.97 lm

(a) 8.33 mm; +120 D (b) 42.86 mm; +23.33 D

7.
8. Chapter 21

plane, or 42.38 mm from its second surface; +22.9 D

(c) 43.65 mm, measured from its second principal
1. (a) 0.633, 1.898, 3.164 mm (b) 0.50 mm (c) 12.57,
37.70, and 62.83 cycles/mm (d) 1: 19 : 25
1

(a) 𝐴 = 0.75846, 𝐵 = 5.1050, 𝐶 = −0.05011, 𝐷 =

9. (a) 22.34 mm from cornea (b) 21.60 mm from cornea

0.65180 (b) Focal points are 13.01 mm in front and

10. 2. (a) product

(a) 5 units of amplitude (c) 25[1 + sin(a𝑦)]2

3. (c) 32.8%; 0.48
22.34 mm behind the cornea; principal points are 1.96 4.
mm behind and 2.38 mm behind the cornea. 7. (𝜋𝐴2 /𝜔) cos(𝜔𝜏)
11. Block-letter sizes are 1.309 in. for 20/300; 0.436 in.
(a) 0.04 Å (b) 0.1 Å
8. (a) 18.3 kHz (b) 17.2 Hz
for 20/100; 0.262 in. for 20/60; 0.087 in. for 20/20;
0.065 in. for 20/15. Letter details are 15 block letter size
9.
10. (a) 2.86 × 10−3 cm (b) 5.59 nm (c) 224 nm
in each case. (d) 0.80 reading/s

(a) −2.000 D (b) 21.4 cm (c) −2.083 D; 19.8 cm

12. (a) 3.45 D (b) 30.5 cm 11. (a) 3.6 cm−1 (b) 2450 (c) 0.093 mm/s
13.
14. (a) myopia; astigmatism (b) myopia (c) hyperopia Chapter 22
(d) hyperopia; astigmatism
15. (a) Right eye: 7.32 cm, 14.3 cm; Left eye: 8.57 cm, 20 2. (a) 102 nm, 1.22 (b) 0.084%

cm, ∞ (strained eye)

cm (b) Right eye: 11.5 cm, 50.2 cm; Left eye: 21.4 4. (a) 2.81% (b) 3.17% (c) 4.26%

Far vision: −7.41 D; Near vision: −6.10 D, (both for

5. 32.3%
6. 2; 0.25 µm; ZrO2
(a) 859 Å of aluminum oxide, 1058 Å of cryolite;
16.
eye to lens distance of 1.5 cm) 7.
0.0003% (b) 15.6%
Chapter 20 8. (a) 227 nm and 370 nm (b) 10% (c) 1.2%
(d) 𝑠′ = 0, +8, +14.4 cm MgF2 (𝑛 = 1.35), SiO (𝑛 = 1.5), ZnS (𝑛 = 2.2)
12. For example, from surface to substrate:

𝑎 = −0.858 mm; 𝑏𝑦 = −10.98 mm; 𝑏𝑧 = −35.15 mm

2.
3.
𝑎 = −0.015 mm; 𝑏𝑦 = −0.49 mm; 𝑏𝑧 = −3.9 mm
13. (a) 81.1% (b) 98.4% (c) 99.99%

(a) −0.0296 mm
5. 14. 99.96%

(a) −0.6 mm (b) 1.2 mm

6. (b) 0.021 mm 15. 2.24

𝑏𝑧 = 1.64 mm; 𝑏𝑦 = 0.164 mm

7.
Chapter 23
𝑏𝑧 = 0.974 mm at ℎ = 1 cm, 3.84 mm at ℎ = 2 cm,
8.

8.44 at ℎ = 3 cm, 14.53 mm at ℎ = 4 cm, 21.81 at 61°4′ ; 28°56′

9.

𝜃𝑐 = 32.9°, 𝜃𝑝 = 61.5°, 𝜃𝑝′ = 28.5°

2.
ℎ = 5 cm 3.
10. 𝑏𝑧 = 1.82 cm; 𝑏𝑦 = 0.970 mm 4. 1.272
For 𝜎 = 0.7, 𝑟1 = 17.65 and 𝑟2 = −100 cm; for 10. (a) 2.55% (b) 0.233% (c) 4.26% (d) 1.26%
𝜎 = 3, 𝑟1 = 7.50 and 𝑟2 = 15.0 cm
12.
11. (a) 2.01%, 2.10%, 5.23%, 100% (b) 2.01%, 1.91%,
𝑟1 = 18.62 cm; 𝑟2 = −33.75 cm
0.274%, 100%
optimum 𝜎 = +0.867, closer to + 1 than to −1
13.
14.
 617

12. (a) TM: 𝜃𝑝 = 67°33′, no 𝜃𝑐 ; TE: no 𝜃𝑝 , no 𝜃𝑐 (d) 1.6565 × 107 W/m2 (e) 1.6567 × 107 W/m2
(b) TM: 𝜃𝑝 = 22°27′ , 𝜃𝑐 = 24°24′; TE: no 𝜃𝑝 , (f) 1.6788 × 107 W/m2
7.

𝜃𝑐 = 24°24′
13. (a) 𝑅 = 13.85%, 𝑇 = 86.15%
11. (a) 6.96 W/m2 (b) 49.7 W/m2 (c) 221 W/m2

(b) 𝑅 = 0.62%, 𝑇 = 99.38%

(d) 1180 W/m2 (e) 10,200 W/m2

15. (a) 𝜃𝑐 = 43.3°, 𝜃𝑝 = 55.6°, 𝜃𝑝′ = 34.4°

12. (a) 5.96 W/m2 (b) 39.7 W/m2 (c) 121 W/m2
(d) 180 W/m2 (e) 200 W/m2
(b) 𝑅 = 3.47%, 𝑇 = 96.53%; 𝑅 = 8.21%, 𝑇 = 91.79% 13. (a) 2.7 W/m2, 1.7 W/m2 (b) 25.2 W/m2, 15.2 W/m2
(c) 𝑅 = 3.47%, 𝑇 = 96.53%; 𝑅 = 0.67%, 𝑇 = 99.33% (c) 181 W/m2, 81 W/m2 (d) 1170 W/m2, 170 W/m2
(d) 0, 0, 𝜋, 2.43 rad, 2.65 rad, 𝜋 (e) 10,200 W/m2, 200 W/m2
16. (a) 59°51′ (b) 0.457𝜋 and 0.539𝜋 16. (a) 0.00513/cm (b) 103 W/m2

(a) At line center, 9.69 × 10−22 m2 (b) 3.1 × 1021 /m3

17. (a) 29.3%, 34.5%, 45.4%, 65.7%, 100% 18. 0.0242
21.
(c) 1.94 × 106 W/m2
(b) 29.3%, 24.2%, 14.9%, 5.4%, 100%
18. (a) 82.5%, 84.7%, 90.9% (b) 82.5%, 80.1%, 69.5%

2.0 × 10−10 s, 6.7 × 10−10 s, 1.5 × 10−14 s

19. (a) 0.113 nm−1 22. 1500 MHz
21. (a) 0.164 µm (b) 5.1 × 10−6
(b) 41 nm
27.

Full-width angular spreads: 90°, 9°

31. (a) 100 MHz (b) 1430 W
Chapter 24 32.

𝜔, 3𝜔
33. 1.55 eV

3𝜔1 , 3𝜔2 , 2𝜔1 + 𝜔2 , 2𝜔1 − 𝜔2 , 2𝜔2 + 𝜔1 , 2𝜔2 − 𝜔1 ,

1. 34. 0.45

𝜔 1 , 𝜔2
2.

0, 2𝜔1 , 2𝜔2 , 𝜔1 ± 𝜔2 , 𝜔1 ± 𝜔3 , 𝜔2 ± 𝜔3
Chapter 27
(a) −𝑖(1.24 m)
3.

9.84 kV; 𝑉𝐻𝑊 is independent of the length (b) for each, approximately, 50 m −𝑖(1.24 m)
5. (a) 5983 nm (b) 0.046 4.
6.
7.9 × 10−6 ; 𝜋/2 (a) 𝑅50 = 50.03 m; 𝑤50 = 20.15 × 10−3 m
(a) Φ = 2𝜋, 4𝜋, … ; 𝑉 = 2𝑉𝐻𝑊 , 4𝑉𝐻𝑊 , …
7. 5.

(b) At 𝑉 = 0, 𝐼 = 𝐼max ; at 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐻𝑊 , 𝐼 = 0 (d) 0.4 mrad (e) ≥ 64.6 m

8. 6. (a) center of cavity (b) 0.51 mm (c) 0.51 mm

1 0
(f) 1.22 µW/cm2
Φpock /Φkerr = (𝑟/𝐾)(𝑛30 /𝜆0 𝑉𝐿); 73 (b) [
−0.53125 1]
9. 7.

The sound wave advances 150 nm, which is 𝜆/3.3 for

10. 3.47 m; not practical
8. (a) 1.88 m (b) 1.88 m
(a) −𝑖𝜋𝑤21 /𝜆 (b) 0.438 mm (c) (−0.952 m)𝑖
𝜆 = 500 nm
12.
9.
= 𝑅 1(ℓ) + 𝑖
𝐴𝐶𝑞1 𝑞2∗ +𝐵𝐷+𝐴𝐷𝑞1∗ +𝐵𝐶𝑞1 𝜆
𝐴2 𝑞1 𝑞1∗ +𝐵 2 𝜋𝑤22 (ℓ)
13. (d) 67 (d)
2
(e) ℓ ≅ 6 cm; 𝑤2 (ℓ) ≅ 0.54 mm
2.97′
14. 221 MHz
10. (a) 𝑤02 = 0.543 mm; 𝑧2 = 0.0663 m
16.
11. (a) 𝑧𝐹𝐹 ≫ 1.46 m (b) 0.371 mrad (c) 𝑤in = 1.113 cm;
17. For a 5-cm length, the current is 31.8 A

14.1°; 0.0712 µm−1 𝑤out = 11.13 cm (d) 𝑧2 ≅ 0.1 m; 𝑤02 ≅ 1.81 × 10−7 m
18. (a) 0.0647 min/G-cm (b) 0.0956 min/G-cm
19.
16. 14.6 m; 58.3 m; 131.2 m; 364.5 m
20. (a) 1 − 𝑒−2𝑎 /𝑤2
(b) 1 − (1 + 2𝑎2 /𝑤2 )𝑒−2𝑎 /𝑤2
2 2
Chapter 25
(c) 1 − (1 + 2𝑎2 /𝑤2 + 12 (2𝑎2 /𝑤2 ) )𝑒−2𝑎
2 2
/𝑤 2

(b) 𝑛𝐼 = 0.455√𝐾𝐼 ; 𝑛𝑅 = 1.099√𝐾𝐼

(d) 1 − (1 + 23 (2𝑎2 /𝑤2 ) + 12 (2𝑎2 /𝑤2 ) )𝑒−2𝑎 /𝑤
2
1.
2 2
(a) 4.80 × 1013 s−1 (b) 1.38 × 1016 s−1
(c) 𝑛𝑅 = 0.0292; 𝑛𝐼 = 3.92
4.
23. (a) 0.155 mm (b) 1.32 × 104 W/cm2 (c) 3.17 W/cm2
6. (a) 0.856 cm (b) 6.63 µm 24. (a) 750 MHz (b) 750 MHz (c) 154 MHz
7. (a) 0.35 mm (b) 1 m (d) 154 MHz (e) 308 MHz
8. 1.7 µm
9. (a) 0.405 m−1 (b) 11.4 m
11. 𝐴 = (1 + 𝛼)1/2 , 𝐵 = 2(𝜋𝑐/𝜔0 )2 (𝛼 + 1)−1/2 ,
𝐶 = 2(𝜋𝑐/𝜔0 )4 𝛼(3𝛼 + 4)(𝛼 + 1)−3/2 where
𝛼 = 𝑁𝑒2 /m𝜀0 𝜔20

Chapter 26
(c) 0 (d) 1100 W/m2 (e) 1.11 × 105 W/m2
(f) For 𝛾 = 1/cm: 𝑁0 /𝑁𝑇 = 0.993; for 𝛾 = 0.01/cm:
5.

𝑁0 /𝑁𝑇 = 0.99993 reasonable for both

(g) 1100 W/m2; 1.10 × 105 W/m2