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UNIVERSIDAD “ARTURO MICHELENA”

FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES, LETRAS Y ARTES
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS MODERNOS
SAN DIEGO

ENGLISH
II

Prof. Claudia Briceño

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INDEX
CONTENT PAG.

UNIT I
- TOPIC 1: Talking and asking about frequency of actions, daily routines and pastimes. 3
- Simple present with adverbs of frequency: Sentences and questions. 3
-TOPIC 2: Talking and asking about plans in the future with present progressive. 5
- Activities 6

UNIT II
- TOPIC 1: Making comparisons: Comparatives. 9
- TOPIC 2: Making comparisons with superlatives. 10
- Activities 12

UNIT III
- TOPIC 1: Talking about the location of places. 13
- TOPIC 2: Asking about the location of places. 13
- Activities 14

UNIT IV
- TOPIC 1: Talking and asking about facts, actions and events in the past: Simple past. 15
- TOPIC 2: Talking and asking about actions in progress in the past (past progressive). 17
- TOPIC 3: Time clauses with simple past and past progressive. 17
- Activities 18

UNIT V
- TOPIC 1: Talking about quantity. 21
• Countable and uncountable nouns. 21
• Quantifying phrases and group words. 22
• Vocabulary. 23
- TOPIC 2: Asking about quantity. 24
- Activities 24

UNIT VI
- TOPIC 1: Talking and asking about future with auxiliary will. 26
- TOPIC 2: Time clauses with future and simple present. 26
- TOPIC 3: 1st.conditional. 27
- Activities 27

UNIT VII
- TOPIC 1: Talking and asking about obligations with have to. 29
- TOPIC 2: Talking and asking about likes, dislikes and preferences with auxiliary would for future. 30
- Activities 31

UNIT VIII
- TOPIC 1: Present perfect 34
• Use and structure. 34
• Questions. 35
• WH-questions with superlatives adjectives and present perfect. 36
- TOPIC 2: The passive with simple present and past. 36
- Activities. 37
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UNIT I
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT FREQUENCY OF ACTIONS,
DAILY ROUTINE AND PASTIMES

SIMPLE PRESENT WITH ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: SENTENCES

As you already know, the simple present tense is used to talk and ask about everyday activities and habits, facts,
existing conditions (using verbs such as like, need, want, seem, know, hear, understand, and believe), and also to give
opinions. With verb to be, we use am, is, are or their negative forms in sentences and questions. In the case of other verbs,
we use auxiliaries do (with I, we, you, they and plurals) and does (with he, she, it and singular) in yes-no and WH-
questions. Their negative forms are don’t (=do not) and doesn’t (=does not).

And because this tense is used to talk about daily routine and habits, it is common to be included adverbs of
frequency in sentences and questions.

Always, all the time (100%)

Usually, generally, normally, often, frequently, regularly (50 – 99%)
Sometimes, occasionally (20 – 49%)
ADVERBS OF Rarely, ever, seldom, hardly ever, now and again, once in a while,
FREQUENCY: They say how often almost never (1 – 19%)
something happens. Never (0 %)
Once a day / week / month / year / fortnight
Twice a day / week / month / year Several times a day / week…
_______ times a day / week / month / year
Every Monday / Tuesday…
Every day / weekend / week / month / year…

Auxiliary verb + Adverb + Verb Ex. I have never seen a whale.

You can always come and stay.

Positions: Am / is / are / was / were + adv Ex. I’m seldom late for work.

Adverb + other verb Ex. We usually go to Scotland in August.

My friends normally eat at Wendy’s on Friday nights.

Adverbs now and again, once in a while, once a…, twice a…, _________ times a…, every day and the
combinations with every go in initial position or most commonly, at the end, but not in middle position. Sometimes,
occasionally and often can go in any position. Other combinations can go at the end. EXAMPLES:

I play tennis occasionally. The neighbors make parties now and again.
My sister washes the dishes every night. Sometimes my parents give me money.
We don’t often play chess. I don’t exercise very often.

B. QUESTIONS:

To ask about frequency of actions, we can use How often…?, Do / Does _______ ever…?, or What do / does
_______ usually…? EXAMPLES:
NOTE: Adverbs rarely, seldom and
How often do you exercise? How often does Marie exercise? never are not used in negative sentences
I exercise every day. She hardly exercises or yes-no questions.

Do you ever watch TV in the evening? Does Henry ever drink coffee? What does Ann usually do in the morning?
Yes, I often watch TV after dinner. No, he never drinks coffee. She usually works in a cafeteria.
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As you saw in the previous examples, in questions one-word frequency adverbs such as often usually come after
the subject. EXAMPLES:
NOTE: What and Who can be the subject of a question
Are you often homesick? or the object of a verb (or a preposition). EXAMPLES:
Always. / Not often. Who helps you with your homework?
My sister does. (subject of a question)
Does the teacher ever give quizzes? Who do you live with?
Often. / Rarely. I live with my parents. (object of a preposition)
What is in the bag?
Do they always eat pizza for lunch?
My lunch is (in the bag) (subject of a question)
Yes, they do.
What does she teach?
She teaches history. (object of a verb)
What do you usually watch on TV?
Reality shows

VOCABULARY
Feed the dog (s) / cat (s)
Do the washing-up
Do the cleaning / the shopping
Do exercises / work out
Do homework / the gardening
Check ___ Facebook account
Meet / hang out with friends
Go to the movies
Go to the shopping mall
Go for a walk / a drink / a meal
Play videogames
Watch TV / a movie / a TV series
Practice sports / swimming
Take vitamins
Surf the Internet / go online
Eat / have breakfast / lunch
Eat out = eat at a restaurant
Stay up late / have a late night
Have an early night
Oversleep / fall sleep
Take / have a nap
Stay in / go out

Go + verb with “ing”= dancing,

skateboarding, skiing, swimming,
riding, fishing, sailing, walking,
hiking, bowling, camping, hunting,
jogging, shopping, sightseeing,
skating, snorkeling, mountain
climbing, surfing, scuba diving.

REMEMBER: We often use verb

make in sentences about producing
or creating something (e.g. make a
phone call, make a cup of coffee,
make mistakes, make noise); and
verb do in sentences about working,
or about doing particular jobs (e.g
do work).
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TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT PLANS IN THE FUTURE WITH PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

About future, the present progressive is used mostly to talk about personal arrangements and fixed plans,
especially when the time and place have been decided, so it can emphasize the idea of “fixed arrangement”, so it is
common in this case to add adverb phrases of future. In addition, we often use the present progressive with verbs of
movement, to talk about actions, which are just starting, and it is common in emphatic refusals. Besides, it can be used to
insist that people do things or not do things. EXAMPLES:

We’re going to Mexico next summer. I’m seeing Larry on Saturday.

I’m sorry; you’re not taking my car. Frank is getting a new job.
She’s taking that medicine whether she likes it or not!

So the structure used in the sentences is:

Subject (s) + am, am not / is, isn’t / are, aren’t + verb (with “ing”) + compl.

In the case of yes-no questions structure, the subject and the verb to be form exchange places:

Am / is / are + Subject (s) + verb (with “ing”) + compl.? Yes, _______ am / is / are.
No, ________ am not / isn’t / aren’t.

Are you cleaning the kitchen tomorrow? No, I’m not. Is Sarah watching TV later? Yes, she is.
Are the students making a project? No, they aren’t.

On the other hand, in WH-questions the WH-word or phrase (Where, Who, What, etc.) goes before the verb
to be form. In the case of who, we have to remember that sometimes there is no subject in the question because that
question is to know who is doing something.

WH- word + am / is / are + Subject (s) + verbo (with “ing”) + compl.?

What are you cleaning tomorrow? I’m cleaning the living room.
Where are the children playing this afternoon? They’re playing in the backyard.
Who is bringing the wine for tonight’s dinner? Mark is.

SUFIJO ING: REGLAS ORTOGRÁFICAS VOCABULARY

Attend a wedding Do a course
Al momento de agregarle el sufijo ing a un verbo en
Get married Appear in a TV show / a play
inglés, hay que considerar las siguientes reglas ortográficas:
Go on holiday Move to…
1. A la mayoría de los verbos simplemente se les agrega Propose to … Go for a picnic
dicho sufijo, ej. work working Stay for long / with Take / have a day off
Take _____ to … Meet someone for dinner
2. En los que terminan con la letra “e”, ésta se por el sufijo Wash the dog(s) Ask for a loan
ing, con excepción de los verbos be y see, a los cuales Order a pizza for… Take someone out for a ….
solamente se les agrega el sufijo; ej. take taking Learn how to … Make a reservation for…
Look for / start a job Arrange an interview for…
3. A los que terminan con la combinación “ie”, se les elimina Take a ______ course See the doctor / dentist
esta sílaba cambiándola por ying; ej. die dying Spend the day / week with…
Give a speech / a concert / a talk
4. A los verbos monosílabos que terminan estrictamente con Move / study / live / travel abroad
una vocal y una consonante, se les duplica dicha consonante Have / make a barbecue / a party
para agregar dicho sufijo, con excepción de los verbos que Have a test / a picnic / a meeting / an interview
terminen en x, w o y, ej. get getting
TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR FUTURE
5. A los verbos con dos o más sílabas que terminan con una Tomorrow (night / afternoon / morning)
vocal y una consonante, se les duplica la última consonante The day after tomorrow
solamente si la última sílaba es stressed, de lo contrario, no Next week / weekend / month / year / Monday…
se duplica; ej. forget forgetting Tonight In a week / month / year…
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ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT FREQUENCY OF ACTIONS, DAILY ROUTINE AND PASTIMES

1. Practice the following conversation.

Margo: What do you in your free time?

Rick: I have an unusual hobby: I fly planes.
Margo: Really? Than sounds exciting. How often do you do it?
Rick: I normally do it on the weekend. I really like to do aerobatics.
Margo: You mean, you perform stunts and stuff like that?
Rick: Yeah.
Margo: Wow! But isn’t it dangerous?
Rick: No, not at all, it’s really very safe, you should come along to
the club sometime.
Margo: Sure! I’d love to go up in the air with you.
Rick: Up in the air?! I fly model airplanes!
Margo: Oh, I see. That is an unusual hobby.

2. Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in simple present.
a) I ________________ (not be) from Spain. k) Ms. Walker _________________ (not swim) every morning.
b) You ________________ (drive) very fast. l) They _________________ (not open) the windows at night.
c) The shop ________________ (close) at 6.30. m) We _________________ (learn) two languages at school.
d) Your books ________________ (be) on my desk. n) Karen’s father _________________ (be) a well-known lawyer.
e) A mother cat ________________ (wash) her kittens. o) I _________________ (not visit) my grandparents very often.
f) Children ________________ (ask) a lot of questions. p) Tina usually _________________ (worry) about her grades.
g) We _________________ (not watch) news reports. q) The floor in the classroom ________________ (not be) clean.
h) Boris always ________________ (pay) his bills on time. r) Wendy _________________ (not have) many friends.
i) My mother ________________ (teach) math at the university. s) Jason ______________ (have) brown hair.
j) Mr. Taylor ______________ (fix) his breakfast on weekends.

3. Make sentences about yourself with the words given and adverbs of frequency.

a) watch horror films _________________________________________________________________________________

b) listen to classical music _____________________________________________________________________________
c) take vitamins _____________________________________________________________________________________
d) drink coffee ______________________________________________________________________________________
e) Other: ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. In the following text about Victoria Green, read and circle the adverbs of frequency. Then write sentences about the
things Victoria does.

My name’s Victoria Green. I live in New York. a) (always) _____________________________________________

I’m an Emergency Room doctor. I work at the
b) (usually) _____________________________________________
Smallwood Hospital. I always work very late
hours. I love my job, but I seldom have any free c) (often) _______________________________________________
time. I always finish work at nine. I enjoy
d) (sometimes) __________________________________________
exercising. I often go to the gym on the weekend
and I usually spend many hours there. In the e) (seldom) _____________________________________________
evenings, I sometimes hang out with my friends,
but I never go to bed late. I rarely see my family. f) (rarely) _______________________________________________
They live in Los Angeles, but I often call them g) (never) ______________________________________________
on my cell phone.
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5. Look at the chart and write sentences in your notebook with that information using different subjects for each and
expressing frequency.

Example: Samantha always takes a shower in the morning. / Samantha takes a shower every day.

MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT SUN

Take a shower √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Make the bed √ √
Do homework √ √ √ √ √
Cook dinner √ √
Play tennis √ √ √ √
Watch movies √
Take French classes √ √ √

6. Ask yes-no questions with frequency adverbs using the words given and answer them on your own in a long way using
frequency adverbs too.

a) (Dylan / have a late night) e) (Linda’s brother / take guitar lessons)

b) (You / go to the market) f) (Fiona / check her Instagram account)
c) (Jessica / do the cleaning) g) (Ronald / wash the dog)
d) (Your parents / go for a walk) h) (The Wilsons / make a barbecue)

7. Make questions according to the answers given and using How often…?, Do ____ ever…?, When____ usually…? or
What ____ usually…?

a) Yes, I often practice yoga three times a week.

b) We usually do the shopping on Saturday mornings and go to church on Sunday mornings.
c) No, Sally never goes to the gym after work.
d) I frequently go online once a day.
e) Ellen’s husband usually exercises in the morning.
f) Ashley usually writes poems in her free time.
g) Katie and Paul frequently travel abroad in the spring.
h) My father doesn’t read the newspaper very often.

7. Answer the following questions using adverbs of frequency and the information given in brackets.

a) How often does Ben take a shower? (Everyday) f) When does Julie usually go dancing? (Friday nights)

b) What language does Ronald study on Mondays? (Portuguese) g) Does Linda always get up early on Thursdays? (Yes)

c) How often does your sister do the ironing? (2) h) What does your mother rarely do on the weekend?
(do the cleaning)

d) How many times a week does Sam play ping-pong? (3) i) When does Mrs. Adler generally take cooking
classes? (Mon-Fri)

e) Does Kenny’s father watch movies on weekdays? (never) j) Where does Mr. Baker frequently walk his dog?
(at East Park)
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TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT PLANS IN THE FUTURE WITH PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1. Complete the conversation with present progressive using the verbs in brackets.

JAN: Hi, Lucy. Can we arrange a meeting for next week?

LUCY: Of course. How about Tuesday morning? I ______________________ (not do) anything then.
JAN: That’s no good for me, I’m afraid. Are you free in the afternoon?
LUCY: No. We ______________________ (have) a special sales meeting then.
JAN: Well, I’m free on Thursday morning.
LUCY: Sorry, I ______________________ (go) to the dentist then. How about Thursday afternoon?
JAN: No, our office manager ______________________ (give) a talk. ____________________ (do) anything on Friday?
LUCY: I’m afraid I’m busy. I ______________________ (fly) to Stockholm to meet some clients. Look, I
______________________ (not work) on Monday, but I can come into the office if it’s important.
JAN: Yes, it’s quite important. The accounts manager ______________________ (come) to see me in the morning but I
______________________ (not do) anything in the afternoon.
LUCY: OK. Let’s meet on Monday afternoon then.

2. Write sentences in present progressive according to the pictures. Add time expressions for future.

Hailey, Chris and Scott / Robert / Sunday

Jill / tomorrow afternoon next Thursday Jessica / next week
morning

Mary and Danny / next month Mrs. Sanders / tonight I / in December The Baxters / next
weekend
3. Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write (true) sentences about yourself.
a) (this evening) ____________________________________________________________________________________
b) (tomorrow morning) _______________________________________________________________________________
c) (Next Saturday) ___________________________________________________________________________________
d) (choose another day or time) ________________________________________________________________________

4. Make yes-no questions in present progressive with the verbs given and a different subject in each according to the sign.
Add time expressions for future.

a) take (√) b) move (X) c) write (√) d) travel (X) e) watch (X)
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5. Ask WH-questions with present progressive about plans in the future according to the answers given.

a) Sarah is celebrating her birthday with a costume party.

b) I’m travelling to Iceland next month to work as a photographer.
c) Kevin is visiting the new art gallery tomorrow.
d) We’re opening our bake shop in the city centre.
e) Miss Allman is learning Italian.
f) - Peter and his wife are staying with his parents for a month.
g) Mr. Mason is meeting the new manager at 3 o’clock.

UNIT II
TOPIC 1: MAKING COMPARISONS: COMPARATIVES

Comparative sentences express similarities or differences between two people or things, and we want to express
them in English, adjectives are divided in three kinds: short adjectives (the ones that have one or two syllables), long
adjectives (those that have three syllables or more) and irregular adjectives to be converted into comparative adjectives. In
the case of short adjectives, we have to apply the following spelling rules to them:

a) Como regla general, a los adjetivos cortos (que

tienen 1 o hasta 2 sílabas) se les agrega el sufijo er,
siendo su significado en español “más”. Ejemplo:

young (joven) younger (màs joven)

b) Sin embargo, los adjetivos que terminan en
consonante + y, usan como sufijo ier. Ejemplo:
happy (feliz) happier (màs feliz)
c) Por otro lado, los adjetivos cortos como hot, fit, wet,
thin, big, sad, red, slim y fat se les dobla la última
consonante y se les agrega el sufijo er (excepto si
terminan con w). Ejemplo:
En el caso de los adjetivos largos, éstos
simplemente se acompañan de la palabra more
(más), sin que el adjetivo sufra ningún tipo de
modificación en cuanto a su ortografía. Ejemplo:
beautiful more beautiful (màs hermoso)
Por su parte, los adjetivos irregulares no
siguen ninguna de las reglas anteriores puesto que
tienen sus propias formas comparativas:

hot (caliente) hotter (màs caliente) good better (mejor, mejores)

bad worse (peor, peores)
d) Mientras que a los adjetivos que ya terminan con la
far farther / further
letra e sólo se les agrega r. Ej.
(más lejano / lejana…)
nice (agradable) nicer (màs agradable) little less (menos) (el opuesto de more)

Es común que se comparen a dos sujetos o más, y al momento de hacerlo, suele utilizarse la palabra than (que).
Cuando no se utiliza, es porque ya se ha mencionado o hecho referencia con quién se está haciendo la comparación.

Ejemplos: My car is faster than yours. (Mi carro es más rápido que el tuyo)
This line is longer. (Esta línea es más larga)
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Con los comparativos, se puede decir than I am / than you are / than John is etc.; pero en un contexto informal,
usualmente se prefiere ... than me/you/him/her/it/us/them.

EJEMPLO: Bob was angry, but I was angrier than him / than he was.

Se pueden formular preguntas usando los adjetivos en esta forma y en cualquier tiempo verbal:

Is your car faster than mine? Are you happier than we are? Who is older, Paul or Steven?
Is this line longer? Were you angrier than Bob? Which car is faster, yours or mine?

TOPIC 2: MAKING COMPARISONS WITH SUPERLATIVES

Superlative sentences express extremes among three or more people, things,

actions, or events in a group or category, and when we want to express that kind of relation, we have to determine the kind
of adjective according to its length as we do with comparative adjectives, but to convert them into superlative adjectives. In
the case of short adjectives, we have apply spelling rules to them as well:

a) Como regla general, a los adjetivos cortos se les antepone A los adjetivos largos, por su parte,
el artículo the (lo, el, la, los, las) o un adjetivo posesivo (my, simplemente se les antepone de the most o most
your, his, etc.) y se les agrega el sufijo est, siendo el con un adjetivo posesivo, sin que el adjetivo sufra
significado en español “el / la / lo / los / las más…”. Ejemplo: ningún tipo de modificación en cuanto a su
ortografía. Ejemplo:
young the youngest (el màs joven)
beautiful the most beautiful
b) Sin embargo, los adjetivos que terminan en consonante + (el màs hermoso)
y, usan como sufijo iest. Ejemplo:
Y como sucede en el grado comparativo, los
happy the happiest (el màs feliz) adjetivos irregulares también tienen sus propias
formas superlativas:
c) Los adjetivos cortos como hot, fit, wet, thin, big, sad, red,
slim y fat se les dobla la última consonante y se les agrega good the best (el mejor)
el sufijo est (excepto si terminan con w). Ejemplo: bad the worst (el peor)
far the farthest / the furthest
hot the hottest (el màs caliente)
(el màs lejano)
d) Mientras que los adjetivos que ya terminan con la letra e little the least (el opuesto de most)
sólo se les agrega st. Ejemplo: (el menos, la menos…)

nice the nicest (el màs agradable)

EJEMPLOS:
Literature is the easiest subject. (Literatura es la materia más fácil)
Simon is the most handsome boy in the school. (Simón es el chico más guapo de la escuela)

Sin embargo, existen adjetivos como clever, common, crazy, cruel, friendly, gentle, likely, lonely, narrow,
pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, vain, shallow, stupid, untidy y yellow que pueden ser utilizados indistintamente como
adjetivos largos o cortos en ambos grados, sólo hay que aplicar la regla ortográfica correspondiente en cada caso:

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

Ej. narrow narrower / more narrow narrowest / the most narrow
(màs angosto) (el màs angosto)

NOTA: Las formas elder y the eldest (que son sinónimos de older y the oldest) se utilizan sólo para
referirse a miembros en una misma familia y además en posición atributiva; es decir, delante de un sustantivo.

Ejemplo: My elder / older got married last year. (Mi hermana mayor se casó el año pasado)
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Después de los superlativos, normalmente se utiliza la preposición in antes de lugares y sustantivos en singular
para señalar grupos de personas. Se utiliza la preposición of en el resto de los casos y con sujetos en plural. Ejemplos:

Sam is the youngest player in the orchestra. Ann is the tallest of the three sisters.

Al igual que con los adjetivos comparativos, se pueden formular preguntas con los adjetivos superlativos y en
cualquier tiempo verbal, siendo las más comunes las preguntas WH:

Is Sam the youngest player in the orchestra? Were these shoes the most expensive in the department store?

Who’s the laziest student in your class?
- Jeremy is.
- Jeremy is the laziest student in my class.
- The laziest student in my class is Jeremy.
What was the most interesting subject in high school for you?
I think it was world history.
In your opinion, who’s the best athlete ever?
In my opinion, swimmer Michael Phelps is the best athlete ever.

Who do you think it’s the most successful female singer nowadays?
I could say Adele is the most successful female singer nowadays.

SOME SHORT ADJECTIVES

clean strange noisy fast young funny
happy fine bright safe hot rough
high lazy heavy warm nice deadly
wide near light soft red brave
long white pretty great thin tidy
large slow busy loud creepy sharp
short new healthy ugly slim weak
tall crazy dark spicy fat easy
dirty small wild angry big cheap
hard sleepy low cold wet lucky
early quick late clear dry rich
old soon silly strong deep sad
green lovely poor hungry kind

SOME LONG ADJECTIVES

aggressive careful delicious fashionable interesting successful
amazing colorful difficult handsome modern surprising
annoying comfortable efficient helpful painful talented
astonishing complicated elegant honest poisonous terrifying
attractive creative exciting horrible popular unusual
beautiful crowded expensive important reliable useful
boring dangerous famous intelligent selfish valuable

Nota: Todos los adjetivos que terminan con los sufijos -ful, -less,-ing y -ed, se consideran como adjetivos largos.
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ACTIVITIES
1. “Visit England” is a magazine in English for Polish students. In this article, the writer is comparing study holidays in
Liverpool, a big city in Lancashire, and in Beverley, a small town in Yorkshire. Circle the correct comparative adjectives. The
first is already done as an example.

2. Make comparisons using the words and adjectives given.

a) The Pacific Ocean / deep / the Mediterranean Ocean.
b) Japanese grammar / difficult / English grammar.
c) Bedroom slippers / comfortable / high heels.
d) The Himalayas / cold / the Sahara.
e) An airplane / fast / an automobile.
f) A diamond / expensive / a ruby.
g) The sun / bright / the moon.
h) An orange / sweet / a lemon.
i) Biology / interesting / chemistry.
j) Elephants / intelligent / mice.

3. Ask yes-no questions with comparatives using the words given and answer in a long way according to the sign.

a) Her hair / curly / my hair? (√) d) Mountains / high / hills? (√)

b) You / responsible / Jack? (√) e) Dolphins smart / chimpanzees? (X)
c) Money / important / love? (X) f) Your question: ____________________________________________

4. Make Wh-questions with comparatives using the information given. Then answer them on your own.

a) (Which month / long / February / March) d) Which / heavy / a kilogram of water / a kilogram of ice)
b) Which / dangerous / driving / flying) e) Which city / expensive / London / Tokyo)
c) Which / far / one mile / one kilometer) f) Which country / hot / Mexico / Brazil)

5. Complete with superlatives using the adjectives from the box.

cold fast useful bad tasty

tall experienced long popular crowded

a) My mobile phone is ____________________ thing I own. j) Tokio is ____________________city in the world.

b) ____________________British castle is Edinburgh Castle.
c) Pluto is ___________________ planet in our solar system.
d) In my opinion, this is _____________________ movie ever!
e) King Louis XIV was King for ___________________time: 72 years!
f) Some people think swordfish are ___________________ type of fish.
g) ____________________US president was Abraham Lincoln, who was 1 m 93.
i) Carl is ______________________car racer in the team.
h) The sailfish is _____________________fish with a maximum speed of 110 km an hour.
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6. Make sentences with superlatives using the unscrambled words and phrases from the following chart.

The Roe large star

Mount Everest short continent
The Vatican City common mountain
The blue whale bright country
Antarctica high river
Hydrogen deep lake
Sirius cold gas
Baikal small animal

7. Write sentences with the superlative form of the following adjectives. Use your own ideas.

EXAMPLE: exciting / sport in the Olympics I think skiing is the most exciting sport in the Olympics.

a) beautiful / place in our country d) good / singer of all times

b) expensive / store in our town e) interesting / program on TV now
c) great / athlete in the world f) big / problem in the world today

8. Ask questions with superlatives using who, which or what and the adjectives given.
a) boring ___________________________________________________________________________________________
b) hard ____________________________________________________________________________________________
c) crazy ___________________________________________________________________________________________
d) delicious _________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT III
III
TOPIC 1: TALKING ABOUT THE LOCATION OF PLACES

across from
There is bakery next to the supermarket. NOTA: In se utiliza
behind en el inglés británico
There’s a flower shop between the gift shop and the
SOME between para señalar calles o
candy shop.
PREPOSITIONS in front of avenidas solamente
The church is across from the library. (street, road,
OF PLACE near
My house is near the shopping mall. avenue) mientras
next to que en el inglés
The art gallery is in front of the bookstore.
opposite americano se utiliza
My house is far from the church.
far from on. Para una
dirección completa
se usa at.
TOPIC 2: ASKING ABOUT THE LOCATION OF PLACES

Is there a bakery next to the supermarket? Yes, there is.

Is there a church around here? Yes, it’s across from the library.
Is the flower shop between the bakery and the pet shop? Yes, it is.
Is your house near the hospital? No, it’s near the shopping mall.
Where is the art gallery in this town? It’s in front of the bookstore.
 14
ACTIVITIES
1. Look at map # 1 and complete the sentences below using prepositions of place and adding the street or avenue.

a) The planetarium is _________________________________________________________________________________

b) The bookstore is __________________________________________________________________________________
c) The ice-cream shop is ______________________________________________________________________________
d) The boutique is ___________________________________________________________________________________
e) The post office is __________________________________________________________________________________
f) Suzanne’s Beauty Salon is ___________________________________________________________________________
g) The fitness centre is _______________________________________________________________________________
h) The church is _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Look at map # 2 and write 4 sentences with there is. 3. Answer the following yes-no questions according to
map # 1.
toy store pharmacy copy center
convention
center
a) Is the planetarium across from Furniture City?
Brisbane Avenue ___________________________________________
Hill Street

jewelry b) Is there a bookstore on West Chicago Avenue?

store hotel department office ___________________________________________
store building c) Is the museum on East Pennsylvania Avenue?
bank
___________________________________________
Bond Street

Melrose Avenue d) Is there a music store on Lamar Boulevard?

___________________________________________
St. gift shop hospital
George’s supermarket e) Is la Sierra City Library near the shopping mall?
chappel bakery
___________________________________________
Kesington Avenue f) Is Suzanne’s Beauty Salon in Orange Street?
___________________________________________
shoe pet shop hardware music and
store store electronics store g) Is there a post office in this town?
___________________________________________
4. Ask 2 questions with where according to map # 2. h) Is there a restaurant near the fitness centre?
___________________________________________
 15
UNIT IV
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT FACTS, ACTIONS AND EVENTS IN THE PAST

We use the simple past tense to talk about many kinds of past events: short, quickly
finished actions and happenings, longer situations, and repeated events. It is common in story-telling and when we are
telling people about past events, and it is also used with references to finished periods and moments of time. EXAMPLES:

Paul broke a window last night. I spent all my childhood in Scotland. I saw John yesterday. He told me…

Al hablar de acciones en el pasado en inglés, los verbos se dividen en:

1. Verbos regulares, a los cuales en su forma de pasado
(past) y participio pasado (past participle) se les agrega el
sufijo ed, específicamente al formular oraciones
afirmativas o determinadas preguntas. Para ello, hay
algunas reglas ortográficas que seguir al momento de
agregar dicho sufijo:
a) Como regla general, a la mayoría de los verbos
regulares se les agrega el sufijo “ed”. Ejemplo:
wash The neighbor washed his car yesterday.
(El vecino lavó su carro ayer)
b) Pero cuando terminan con la combinación de una
consonante + y, ésta cambia a ied, más no al antecederle
una vocal. Ejemplo:
copy I already copied that paragraph.
(Yo ya copié ese párrafo)
c) Si es un verbo monosílabo que termina con la
combinación de una vocal + consonante, se dobla ésta
consonante y se agrega ed, a excepción de aquellos
verbos que terminan con “y”,” w” o “x”. Ejemplo:
2. Verbos irregulares, los cuales no usan un sufijo para
ser convertidos de su forma infinitiva a sus formas bien
sea en pasado o en participio pasado como sucede con
los verbos regulares, por lo que pueden permanecer
igual en las tres formas, ser diferentes en uno de los
casos, en dos de ellos o todos, teniendo que recurrirse
para su identificación una lista de verbos o aprenderlos
de memoria, contando entre éstos el verbo to be, el cual
debe recordarse tiene sus formas del pasado tanto en
preguntas como en oraciones afirmativas y negativas.
EJEMPLOS:
(be) I wasn’t at home last night.
(No estaba en casa anoche)
Monica was sick last week.
(Mónica estuvo enferma la semana pasada)
The children were hungry.
(Los niños tenían hambre)
(go) Michelle went to the beach last Sunday.
(Michelle fue a la playa el sábado pasado)

plan We planned to have a party. (buy) I bought a new car a week ago.
(Nosotros planeamos tener una fiesta) (Compré un carro nuevo hace una semana)

d) Y a los verbos que ya terminan ya con la letra e, (eat) Peter and Tom ate a sandwich for dinner.
simplemente se les agrega la letra “d”. Ejemplo: (Peter y Tom se comieron un sándwich de cena)

hope They hoped a better mark.

(Ellos esperaban una mejor calificación)

En cuanto a negar oraciones en pasado ya sea con verbos regulares o irregulares (a excepción del verbo to be);
se utiliza el auxiliar didn’t (el cual significa NO), y el verbo debe estar en forma infinitiva (bare infinitive; es decir, sin “to”).

Ejemplo: (drink) We didn’t drink orange juice. (Nosotros no tomamos jugo de naranja)

Para hacer preguntas (ya sea yes-no o WH-) se utiliza el auxiliar did (que no tiene significado alguno en este
particular, aunque debe recordarse que esta misma palabra también es la forma en pasado del verbo do) y su forma does
para las terceras personas del singular en presente, por lo que ambos pueden estar presentes en una misma oración o
pregunta y en su forma correspondiente ya que sus funciones serían diferentes.), y al igual que en las oraciones negativas
los verbos deben estar en su forma infinitiva. EJEMPLOS:
 16

Did Michelle go to the beach last Sunday?

Yes, she did. Respuestas Yes, she went to the beach last Sunday. Posibles
No, she didn’t cortas No, she didn’t go to the beach last Sunday. respuestas
No, she went to a party last Sunday. largas

Did Peter and Tom eat a sandwich for dinner?

Yes, they did. Respuestas Yes, they ate a sandwich for dinner.
No, they didn’t. cortas No, they didn’t eat a sandwich for dinner.
No, they ate some pancakes.

Did you do your homework?

No, I didn’t. No, I didn’t do your homework. A diferencia del presente

Yes, I did. simple, los verbos en pasado
se pueden utilizar por igual
Where did Michelle go last Sunday? She went to the beach. con todos los sujetos; es decir,
What did Peter and Tom eat for dinner? They ate a sandwich. que no sufren ninguna
When did you buy your new car? I bought it three months ago. modificación ortográfica
What did you do last night? I did my homework. adicional cuando el sujeto
Who did Michelle go to the beach with? With some friends. presente en la oración sea
(Object of a preposition) una tercera persona del
Who bought a new car? I did. singular (he, she, it), con
(Subject of a question) excepción del verbo to be
(ser-estar) cuyas formas son
PRONOUNCING PAST TENSE: REGULAR VERBS
was, wasn’t, were y weren’t.
-ed PRONOUNCED [t]

The ending –ed will always sound like [t] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is voiceless.

Examples: talked crossed laughed

-ed PRONOUNCED [d]

The ending –ed will always sound like [d] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is a vowel or
voiced consonant.

Examples: lived turned played

-ed PRONOUNCED [id]

The ending –ed will always sound like the new syllable [id] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is
[t] or [d].
Examples: wanted rested ended

Exercises:

1. Choose the correct past tense verb form from the list to fill in the blanks. In the brackets, write either [d], [t] or [id] to
represent the –ed sound in the verb.

visited arrived painted filled dropped

stayed laughed started liked rained

a) The train _______________ on time today. [ ] f) The weather was bad, it _______________ a lot. [ ]
b) Gillian _______________ the movie very much. [ ] g) We _______________ the museum last week. [ ]
c) The class _______________ early today. [ ] h) The movie was so funny, I ____________ a lot. [ ]
d) The boy _______________ the vase. [ ] i) Luke _______________ a beautiful landscape. [ ]
e) We ______________ in a hotel for a day. [ ] j) I _______________ the pillow with grains. [ ]
 17

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE PAST (PAST PROGRESSIVE)

Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para hablar de acciones que uno o varios sujetos estaban o no realizando en un
determinado período o momento. Está formado por un verbo principal (que siempre corresponde a una forma conjugada
del verbo to be afirmativa o negativa en pasado como was o were) seguido por otro verbo que en este caso tendrá el sufijo
ing (verbo en presente participio) el cual equivale a los sufijos –iendo, -ando, -endo que en el castellano tienen la misma
función. Por lo tanto, la fórmula para estructurar oraciones en este tiempo verbal es la siguiente:

Sujeto (s) + was, wasn’t / were, weren’t + verbo(ing) + compl.

EJEMPLOS: I was studying at nine o’clock. At eight thirty Frank was waiting for the train.

Para señalar dos acciones que estaban sucediendo de manera simultánea, se utiliza la palabra while (mientras)
para unirlas. Ejemplos:
While I was working yesterday, my mother was cleaning the house.
Kathy was watching TV while her children were playing in the garden.

En cuanto a la estructura de las preguntas yes-no, sólo existe un intercambio de lugares en cuanto a los elementos
presentes en la estructura de las oraciones:

Was / were + Sujeto (s) + verbo(ing) + compl.? Yes, ________ was. / No, ______ wasn’t.
were weren’t.
EJEMPLO: Were you working this morning? Yes, I was.

Como puede verse en las respuestas, suele utilizarse el pronombre personal equivalente al sujeto (I, he, we, she,
they, etc.), y su forma del verbo to be conjugada correspondiente afirmativa o negativa (was, wasn’t / were, weren’t), tal
como sucede en las preguntas de este tipo en pasado simple con el verbo to be.

Por otro lado, las preguntas WH- siguen esta misma secuencia pero con la diferencia de que la palabra
interrogativa (Where, Who, What, etc.) se coloca delante de la forma del verbo to be en pasado. La respuesta, y depende
de la información que se esté solicitando, suele corresponder a una oración en este tiempo verbal; a diferencia de las
respuestas a why que pueden variar en tiempo verbal.

WH- word + was / were + Sujeto (s) + verbo(ing) + compl.?

Ejemplo: What were you doing this morning: I was working.

TOPIC 3: TIME CLAUSES WITH SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

Simple past and past progressive are often used together since the past progressive refers to a longer
“background” action or situation and the simple past refers to a shorter action or event that happened in the middle of the
longer action, or that interrupted it. The sp ecific time in the past is sometimes expressed with a time clause with when or
while, and a comma is used when the time clause comes first in the sentence. EXAMPLES:

Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner. While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
(simple past) (past continuous) (past continuous) (simple past)

We also use the simple past to say that one thing happened after another. EXAMPLES:

Sheila was walking along the road when she found a wallet.
While Roger was climbing the mountain, he dropped his water bottle.

We make past progressive questions with was / were + subject + … ing, even in combination with sentences in
simple past. EXAMPLES:

Was it raining? Were you working when I called you last night?
What were you doing when I called you last night? What was Tom doing when he burnt his hand?
 18
ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT FACTS, ACTIONS AND EVENTS IN THE PAST

1. Complete the sentences in simple past putting the verb into the correct form.

a) It _____________ (be) warm, so I _______________ (take) off my coat.

b) Mark and Theresa _______________ (live) in Poland for many years.
c) Sue _______________ (not be) hungry, so she _______________ (not eat) anything.
d) James _______________ (walk) through the forest when the storm _______________ (start).
e) My sister _______________ (not say) anything to my parents about her bad grades.
f) The film _______________ (not be) very good, so I _______________ (not enjoy) it very much.
g) I _______________ (know) Sarah _______________ (be) very busy, so I _______________ (not want) to disturb her.
h) The police _______________ (ask) those boys lots of questions before they _______________ (release) them.
i) The fire _______________ (destroy) the old church completely.
i) We _______________ (be) so tired that we _______________ (sleep) all night long.

2. Write sentences in simple past according to the pictures and signs (affirmative or negative). Add time expressions for
past.
√ X √ X √

Lizzy and Evan The Coopers Barry

Magda Kirstie

√ √ X X √

Cheryl and Rob Scott Mrs. Taylor Mr. Vermont My friends and I

3. Write yes-no questions in simple past. Then answer them in a long way and according to the sign.
a) You / be born / in 1998? (√) f) They / eat out / with their family yesterday? (X)
b) Mr. Robinson / work / in a big office? (X) g) Charlotte / study / with a friend for the oral test? (√)
c) You / hear / the thunder last night? (X) h) Mrs. Peterson / be late / to her appointments? (X)
d) Sam / be / good at math in high school? (√) i) You and Helen / go / for a walk last Sunday? (√)
e) Veronica / buy / any snacks after work? (√) j) Jamie and his friends / be / at a party last Friday? (X)

4. Ask WH-questions according to the answers given.

a) The discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb was important because the coffin was in perfect condition.
b) The movie Saturday Night Fever was about the disco trend in the seventies.
c) George Harrison recorded the song Sweet Lord in 1971.
d) Brazil won Soccer’s World Cup for the third time on June 2, 1970.
e) Oscar-winning actor Marlon Brando played the role of Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather.
f) Louis Braille was born in a small town in France in 1809.
g) Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code, a system for using the telegraph.
 19

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE PAST (PAST PROGRESSIVE)

1. This accident happened yesterday. Write sentences saying what the people were doing at the time of the accident.

When the accident happened…

a) ______________________________________
b) ______________________________________
c) ______________________________________
d) ______________________________________
e) ______________________________________
f) _______________________________________
g) ______________________________________
h) ______________________________________

2. Ask yes-no or Wh-questions and answers with past progressive using the words given.
a) Jerry / walk his dog / this morning? Jog at the park
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) What / Wendy / listen to on the radio? Sia’s new song
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Your grandma / make cupcakes / yesterday afternoon? Chocolate cupcakes
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
d) When / Mr. Randall / ride his motorcycle? Last Friday afternoon.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
e) You / take vitamins? Vitamin C for a month.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
f) Who / Zack / talk to last night? Sharon
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC 3: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE: TIME CLAUSES

1. Complete the following sentences with simple past and past progressive.

a) Mary __________________________ (break) a cup while she __________________________ (wash) the dishes.
b) When the police __________________________ (arrive), we __________________________ (leave) the party.
c) I __________________________ (walk) into the house when I __________________________ (hear) a noise)
d) While we __________________________ (wait) for the train, it __________________________ (start) to rain.
e) Carl __________________________ (drive) his car when he suddenly __________________________ (feel) ill.
f) I __________________________ (find) my pen while I __________________________ (look) for my key ring.
g) While Katty ______________________ (use) the computer, her son ______________________ (fall) downstairs.
 20

2. Someone stole a picture from the museum last night. Read the detective’s notebook with information from three museum
workers, then use the notes to write sentences in simple past and past progressive. Connect them using when or while.

EXAMPLE:
Tom Higging was leaving the museum when he heard a noise.
a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
d) ___________________________________________________
e) ___________________________________________________
f) ____________________________________________________
g) ___________________________________________________
h) ___________________________________________________
i) ____________________________________________________

3. We often ask what people were doing when something important happened. Complete the following short conversations
by writing in the correct form of the verbs given (simple past or past progressive).

CONVERSATION # 1
MIRA: What __________________ (you, do) when you ___________ (hear) that London would host the Olympics in 2012?
PETRA: Strangely enough, I __________________ (spend) some time with friends in England. After a couple of days in
Liverpool, we______________ (set) off for the south. We __________________ (reach) London in the late morning of the
very day that they __________________ (make) the announcement, but of course the celebrations __________________
(not start) until the afternoon. When we __________________ (arrive) in Greenwich in south London, we
__________________ (not plan) to stay, but the sun __________________ (shine) and everyone __________________
(walk) up and down because there was a special festival. Anyway, we __________________ (decide) to join in the fun. Just
before 1 p.m., while we __________________ (have) an ice cream in the park, the band that __________________ (play)
music for the dancing __________________ (stop) in the middle of the song and the bandleader __________________
(announce) that London had won the 2012 Olympics! The news really __________________ (add) to the party atmosphere,
of course.

CONVERSATION # 2
ED: Where __________________ (you, be) when the tsunami disaster __________________ (happen)?
AMY: I __________________ (lie) in bed because I __________________ (have) the flu. I __________________ (watch)
an old film on television, although I __________________ (not enjoy) it very much because I __________________ (not
think) it __________________ (be) very good. Then suddenly they __________________ (interrupt) the programme to give
the news.

CONVERSATION # 3
DAVE: What __________________ (you, do) when you _______________ (hear) that your sister was engaged?
CLARE: I __________________ (walk) to work and I __________________ (get) a text message on my mobile. My sister
__________________ (send) me a photo of her hand, and she __________________ (wear) an engagement ring! At first, I
__________________ (not believe) the news, but then I __________________ (call) her and she __________________
(tell) me the good news herself!
 21

UNIT V
TOPIC 1: TALKING ABOUT QUANTITY

A. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

De acuerdo a la cantidad, los sustantivos se clasifican en sustantivos contables (countable nouns) y sustantivos
no contables (uncountable nouns). Los sustantivos contables son aquellos que pueden ser contados y que pueden
acompañarse de los artículos indeterminados a o an o números, además de que tienen forma del plural. EJEMPLOS:

A cat Three cats An apple Two apples

En contraste, los sustantivos no contables son aquellos que normalmente no se pueden acompañar de los
artículos a o an, y corresponden a materiales, líquidos, cualidades abstractas (sustantivos abstractos), colecciones y otras
cosas las cuales son vistas como masa, teniendo la mayoría sólo forma del singular; por lo que para ser expresados en
cantidad suelen acompañarse de cuantificadores o medidas de peso, longitud, etc. EJEMPLOS:

water a bottle of water meat two pieces of meat

Sin embargo, existen algunos sustantivos no contables que no tienen una forma del singular con el mismo
significado y que no pueden ser usados con números, los cuales son groceries, remains, pliers, pincers, tweezers,
tongs, headphones, binoculars, scales, handcuffs, shears, glasses/spectacles, goggles, tights, leggings, shorts,
goods, customs, clothes, thanks, regards, police, trousers, jeans, pyjamas, pants, braces, scissors y las frases the
British, the Dutch, the English, the French, the Irish, the Spanish y the Welsh. Agregado a esto, hay otros sustantivos
en inglés que comúnmente vienen en plural como lodgings, foundations y premises entre otros. EJEMPLOS:

The contents of the house were sold after her death.

A terrorist has escaped from prison. His whereabouts are unknown. (where he is)

Además, hay sustantivos en plural que al ser sujetos en una oración o pregunta, el verbo relacionado a ellos debe
estar en singular: billiards, dominoes, draughts, darts, cards, physics, economics, gymnastics, aerobics, athletics,
means, news, spaghetti, y series. Por otro lado, muchos sustantivos que son no contables también pueden ser contables
en determinados contextos, y algunos de este grupo son no contables cuando se refieren a un concepto abstracto, de
sustancia o materia, pero son contables cuando se refieren a un ítem en específico: chicken / a chicken; light / a light;
stone / a stone; hope / a hope; education / an education; hair / a hair, algo que puede ser determinado incluso por la
presencia de un adjetivo en posición atributiva. EJEMPLOS:

I’m very interested in education. It is important that she receives a good education.

Otros sustantivos no contables se refieren a material, pero son contables al referirse a una cosa específica que
tiene un significado en particular como sustantivo contable; por ejemplo glass se refiere a material (vidrio), y a glass es un
objeto donde bebemos, no se refiere a un pedazo de vidrio. Entre estos casos también se encuentran: wood / a wood;
paper / a paper; iron / an iron; cloth / a cloth. También cuando uno quiere referirse a una variedad en particular, algunos
sustantivos no contables pueden convertirse en contables, por ejemplo: wine / an excellent wine; cheese / a strong
cheese; fruit / a very sweet fruit, determinado igualmente por la presencia de un adjetivo en posición atributiva.

En el inglés informal, las bebidas y algunos tipos de comida que normalmente son no contables pueden
expresarse como contables, particularmente cuando se ordena en un restaurante o café: tea / three teas; coffee / a coffee;
soup / two soups. Por otro lado, algunos sustantivos que contienen el sufijo ing pueden ser contables: painting / a good
painting; drawing / a few drawings. Para expresar a los sustantivos no contables en cantidad, se pueden utilizar palabras
con un sentido general como piece of o bit of, que sugieren una pequeña cantidad; o palabras con un sentido más
específico con respecto a la presentación de un sustantivo no contable y también con la preposición of, como por ejemplo
bar of, bottle of, bunch of, pair of, etc.; las cuales incluso se pueden usar también con sustantivos contables (Véase
Quantifying phrases and group words)
 22

B. QUANTIFYING PHRASES AND GROUP WORDS

To talk about a limited quantity of something we can use a word for a piece or unit, together with of, before an
uncountable noun. This corresponds to a quantifying phrase, and the most general words of this kind are piece and bit,
which is informal and suggests a small quantity.

Ex.: a bit of cake. Some pieces / bits of paper / wood

a piece of information / advice

Other words are less general, and they are used before particular nouns. EXAMPLES:

a block of ice a drop of water a grain of sand an item of clothing

a sheet of paper a stick of dynamite a strip of cloth

Set is used before many uncountable and plural nouns referring to groups which contain a fixed number of things,
and we use pair noun for things that made in two parts which are the same. A pair noun is plural so it takes a plural verb
and we cannot use articles a or an directly with them. Some pair nouns are binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers,
pyjamas, scissors, shorts, and tights.

Ex.: a pair of earrings a pair of glasses a pair of pyjamas

a pair of scissors a set of cutlery a set of sparkling plugs
I need a new pair of jeans. We bought two pairs of binoculars.

On the other hand, special words are used before certain plural nouns to talk about groups or collections.

Ex.: a bunch of flowers a crowd of people a flock of sheep a herd of cattle a pack / deck of cards

Other common words used are bar, bag, bunch, carton, can or tin, bottle, box, packet, jar, tube, glass, cup,
collection, item, etc., and even measurements: kilo, meter, liter, pound, etc. Examples:

a bar of soap a bag of corn chips a bottle of water a box of matches

a bowl of soup a can of soda a carton of milk a clove of garlic
a cup of coffee a six-pack of beer a jar of mustard a roll of toilet paper
an ear of corn a glass of lemonade a loaf of bread a package of cookies

cabbage a dozen eggs a slice of meat

lettuce half a dozen lemons a tube of toothpaste
a head of broccoli a bun of bread a spray can of insecticide
cauliflower a kilo of meat a container of cottage cheese
garlic a liter of pear juice a leaf of lettuce

Therefore, a group word is formed with a quantifying phrase (in singular or plural) plus a noun (countable or
uncountable). EXAMPLES:

Quantifying Quantifying Quantifying

phrase phrase phrase

Two bowls of soup = Group word A dozen eggs = Group word A kilo of meat = Group word
Noun Noun Noun

BAG OR PACKET OR PACKAGE?

A bag has no firm sides, and no inner packaging; it's much like a sealed pouch. A package is often
made using a material similar to the bag, but the inner plastic tray makes it a package. NOTE: This is only for
packaged foods.
In other words, a bag is a specific type of container, made from a loose material, such as plastic or cloth,
although there are also paper bags. A package, generally speaking, refers to the entire packing container and its
contents. This could be contained within a bag, a box, or some custom wrapping of sorts, while packet is a small
pack or package; a little bundle or parcel; as, a packet of letters, a packet of crisps, a packet of biscuits
 23
VOCABULARY: SOME UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Milk, low-fat milk, soy milk Butter, peanut butter Baby food / Formula Relish, capers, olives
Skim milk, evaporated milk Margarine, sour cream Swiss / Cheddar cheese Fruit
Sweet condensed milk Mayonnaise Cottage / cream cheese (White / wheat) bread
Almond milk, coconut milk Stewing / ground meat Oats, lentils, rice Yogurt
Buttermilk, chocolate milk Pork, bacon, ham (Black / kidney) beans Ice cream
Beer, wine, gin, vodka Powdered drink mix Lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli Fabric softener
Herbal / iced / green tea Cake / jelly / mix Cabbage, garlic, corn Laundry detergent
Lemonade (Iced) tea mix Potato /corn / nacho chips Bleach
Orange / pear / apple / peach / Coffee, instant coffee Corn / popcorn, fries Roach killer
pineapple / fruit juice Cat / dog food Tomato puree / paste Toothpaste
Soda, diet soda, cola, soft drink Cinnamon Jam, marmalade, jelly Mouthwash
Drinking water Salt Ketchup Moisturizer
Vinegar Pepper Mustard Soap, liquid soap
Soy sauce (Corn) flour Frozen vegetables / fries / peas Toilet paper
Cooking / olive oil Sugar Spaghetti, pasta Plastic wrap
Honey Soup Noodles Aluminum foil
Cheese spread / cheese sauce Cereal / baby cereal Salad dressing

OTHER NOUNS: Capers, pickles, crackers, sardines, juice packs, paper towels, tissues, napkins, sanitary napkins,
disposable diapers, peanuts, olives, trash bags, plastic cups / plates / forks / spoons / knives, candy.

CONTAINERS, PACKAGING AND PRESENTATIONS

a pump of

a pack of a stick of
a bar of
a spray can of
 24

TOPIC 2: GIVING AND ASKING FOR INFORMATION ABOUT QUANTITY

Cuando se quiere preguntar acerca de cantidad, suelen utilizarse las frases interrogativas how much (cuánto,
cuánta) para los sustantivos no contables, y how many (cuántos, cuántas) para los sustantivos contables, las cuales
entran dentro del grupo de las preguntas WH, por lo tanto, su posición es al inicio, además de que los sustantivos que
acompañan a How many siempre van en plural. Estas frases preceden al sustantivo acerca del cual se quiere conocer la
cantidad, y la respuesta puede variar entre larga (cuando es una oración completa que concuerde con el tiempo verbal y
sujeto de la pregunta) o corta (señalando sólo la cantidad a través de la cantidad exacta, o de cuantificadores). Estas
frases preceden al sustantivo acerca del cual se quiere conocer la cantidad, y la respuesta puede variar entre larga
(cuando es una oración completa que concuerde con el tiempo verbal y sujeto de la pregunta) o corta (señalando sólo la
cantidad a través de la cantidad exacta, o de cuantificadores), además de que las preguntas se pueden formular con la
estructura de existencia (there is, there are, etc.) o con verbos que puedan relacionarse a cantidad (want, need, have,
buy, etc.) así como también los tiempos verbales, variando los elementos:

How many + Noun (plural) + are / were there…? How much + Noun (uncountable) + is / was there…?

How many boxes of cereal were there in the cabinet? How much corn flour is there to make arepas?
* There was one (box of cereal) * There´s one bag (of corn flour)
* There were three (boxes of cereal) * There are two bags (of corn flour)

How many + Noun (plural) + aux + subject + verb + C? How much + Noun (uncountable) + aux + subject + verb + C?

How many languages does she speak? How much milk do you want?
She speaks three languages. I want a glass.

ACTIVITIES
1. Label the following pictures according to the quantity and presentation.

a) _____________________________ b) _____________________________ four tins of beans

c) ____________________________
two yogurt cups five loaves of bread

three jars of mayonaisse

d) _____________________________ some sticks of cinammon
e) _____________________________ a bunch of grapes
f) _____________________________

some bars of chocolate

g) _____________________________ five cartons of juice
h) _____________________________ five ears of corn
i) _____________________________
 25

2. In the following conversation, the underlined words are all in the wrong place. Find and write the correct words.
HANNAH: Hi, Josie. I’m going to the shops now because I need to buy a container of lettuce and a slice of bananas. Do
you want anything?
JOSIE: Oh, yes, please, just a piece of milk, a kilo of soup and a cup of potatoes. Oh! And my mother
needs a package of toothpaste, a sheet of margarine and a glass of napkins, please.
HANNAH: That’s no problem, I can get those.
JOSIE: That’s nice of you. Come in and have a tube of coffee before you go.
HANNAH: Oh, lovely. Thanks.
JOSIE: Would you like a bunch of cake or a head of white bread with strawberry marmalade, too?
HANNAH: No, thanks. I had two tins of chocolate earlier, but I can have a carton of water with the coffee? I’m really thirsty.
JOSIE: Of course. Now let me find a bar of paper and make a list of the shopping…

3. Complete the sentences using there are / were using the nouns given and the most appropriate quantifying phrase to
form group words.

a) (3 / meat) __________________________________________________________________________ in the saucepan.

b) (7 / cinnamon) ____________________________________________________________________________ in the jar.
c) (2 / cereal) _____________________________________________________________ on the dining table an hour ago.
d) (5 / corn) ________________________________________________________________________ in the shopping bag.
e) (2 / chocolate mix) _________________________________________________________ on top of the fridge yesterday.
f) (4 / toothpaste) ________________________________________________________________ in this drawer last week.

4. According to the following pictures, answer the questions below using the right quantifying phrase.

a) How many cans of soda are there in the fridge?

________________________________________________________
b) How much bacon is there in your hamburger?
_______________________________________________________
c) How much toothpaste is there in the bathroom cabinet?
________________________________________________________
d) How many bars of cereal were there in your backpack?
________________________________________________________
e) How much broccoli was there for the salad?
________________________________________________________
f) How many bags of nacho chips are there in the shopping bag?
_______________________________________________________
g) How much ham was there on the plate?
________________________________________________________

5. Make questions with how many and how much in simple present or past using the verbs and words given adding
necessary information.

a) (need / plastic wrap) b) (have / rice) c) (drink / chocolate milk)

d) (buy / soap) e) (eat / nacho chips) f) (want / Cheddar cheese)
 26
UNIT VI
TOPIC 1: FUTURE WITH AUXILIARY “WILL”

We use auxiliary will for future to express certainty or confidence about present or future situations and to make
predictions about the future (to say things that we think or guess). In this case, to make our predictions more or less certain,
we can use adverbs probably, certainly and definitely, and verbs and expressions such as think, expect, believe, hope,
be sure, and be afraid. We also use this auxiliary to express a firm intention, a promise, warning or threat, to talk about
typical behavior or even to criticize someone’s typical behavior. Besides, we can use it when we decide or agree to do
things at the moment we talk (instant decisions) or to announce a decision, and when we talk about refusing (saying “no”).
In some cases it is used with pronoun you to tell people what to do as a request or and order. EXAMPLES:

There will be a full moon tomorrow. (certainty) I’ll work harder next year, I promise. (promising)
Sarah will certainly pass the test. She will kill him for this. (threatening)
We definitely won’t go to Portugal this year. (predicting) I will not allow bad behavior in my house. (warning)
I think it will snow tomorrow. The car won’t start. (things can “refuse”)
I don’t think she’ll be late. That’s the phone. I’ll answer it. (an instant decision)

He’ll sit talking to himself for hours. (criticizing typical behavior)

Will you send me the bill, please? (a request)
Will you be quiet! (an order)

Will is a modal auxiliary verb and it has no –s in the third person singular. The sentences and questions are formed
with verbs in bare infinitive (without “to”). EXAMPLES:

It’ll be autumn soon. All our friends will go camping next weekend.
Will you call me tonight? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
What will life be like in the next century? People will probably live longer and robots will do most of the work.

TOPIC 2: TIME CLAUSES WITH FUTURE AND SIMPLE PRESENT

When a sentence about the future has two clauses, the verb in the main clause is often
in the future (will or be going to). The verb in the time clause is often in the present tense
(simple present), even in questions.
main clause time clause
EXAMPLES: She’ll join a ballet company after she graduates.
Will she join a ballet company after she graduates? Yes, she will.
What will she do after she graduates? She will join a ballet company.

The time clause can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same. Use a comma
after the time clause when it comes at the beginning, but not when it comes at the end.

EXAMPLES: Before she applies, she’ll visit schools. She’ll visit schools before she applies.

Here are some common time expressions you can use to begin time clauses:

a) When, after, and as soon as often introduce the event that happens first.

EXAMPLES: When I graduate, I’ll look for a job. As soon as I graduate, I’ll look for a job.

b) Before, until, and by the time often introduce the event that happens second.

EXAMPLES: Before I get a job, I’ll finish school. By the time I get a job, I’ll be out of school.

c) While introduces an event that will happen at the same time as another event.

EXAMPLE: While I look for a job, I’ll continue to study.

 27

TOPIC 3: EXPRESSING CONDITION (1ST CONDITIONAL: PRESENT WITH FUTURE MEANING OR OPEN PRESENT)
.
We use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause (that can go at the beginning or
the end) will happen in the future or it is true in the present. We can also use it to make offers and warnings.

EXAMPLES: If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class.

If-clause simple main clause future

present

I’ll make you something to eat if you are hungry.

main clause if-clause

We can use the present progressive instead of the simple present in the if-clause.

EXAMPLE: I’ll come back later if you’re working now.

If-clause present progressive

In the main clause, we can also use the imperative, modals such as can, may, might and should or be going to.

EXAMPLES: If anyone calls, please take the message. we should stay home.
we might decide to stay home.
main clause the imperative If it rains, we can’t go out.
we’re going to stay home.

We can connect an if-clause with a question in future.

EXAMPLES: If it’s cold tomorrow morning, what are you going to wear to class? I’m going to wear a sweater.
If you run up a hill, what will your heart do? It’ll beat faster.
What should I do if I want to learn English faster? You should hire a private teacher.
What will happen if we take a fish out of water? It will die.

We can use unless to mean “if…not”, “except if”. EXAMPLE:

You can’t come in unless you have a ticket. (You can’t come in if you don’t have a ticket)

ACTIVITIES
TOPICS 1 AND 2: FUTURE WITH AUXILIARY “WILL”AND TIME CLAUSES

1. Complete the following sentences with auxiliary will and a verb from the box. Use each verb only once.

watch send not put up go snow drive

rise cook be peel start not speak

a) You make me so unhappy: I _________________ crying. h) They think the examination ______________ difficult.
b) I _________________ more slowly, the highway is slippery. i) At the weekend we ________________ to the cinema.
c) My mother _________________you a meal. j) George _________________Jenny some flowers.
d) Don’t worry, I _________________the potatoes. k) Tom _________________the match next Sunday.
e) Mr. Boggs _________________the shelves.
f) The forecast says the temperatures _________________to thirty degrees today.
g) She _________________to you again. d) We don’t think it _________________tomorrow.
 28

2. Make questions with auxiliary will according to the answers given.

a) Tomorrow evening’s concert will start at 7.30.
b) Mr. Dawson will get back from Paris next Tuesday.
c) They will eat steak with potatoes and salad for dinner.
d) Yes, the children will have enough money for the journey.
e) No, John and Susan won’t come to play golf tomorrow.
f) Jennifer will be at a friend’s house this evening.
g) Yes, I’ll be here tomorrow.
h) Tina will study Portuguese.
i) Simon will paint the fence white and gray.
j) Josh will work in book fair with a friend.

3. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb according to the structure of time clauses.
a) I’ll wake up tomorrow morning when the alarm clock _________________ (ring)
b) Kim _________________ (listen) to an English language course tonight while she sleeps.
c) As soon as Mark graduates from law school, he _________________ (work) in a law firm.
d) We _________________stop) our newspaper delivery before we leave on vacation.
e) After the party _________________ (be) over tonight, we’ll call a taxi to go home.
f) The strikers _________________ (not return) to work until they get a raise and the benefits they are demanding.
g) The students will relax after they _________________ (finish) their final exams.
h) When Rita gets her driver’s license next week, she _________________ (be) able to drive to school every day.
i) By the time it _________________ (stop) raining, I’ll go for a walk.

4. Read the following sentences and then combine them using the most appropriate connector for time clauses: as soon
as, before, after, while, when, until or by the time. Remember that one must remain in future and the other one changes
to simple present.

a) (It will stop raining) (We’ll go out) f) (I’ll find somewhere to live) (I’ll give you my address)
b) (You’ll see Brian) (You won’t recognize him) g) (Mark won’t feel better) (He will have something to eat)
c) (I’ll call you) (I get home this evening) h) (Fred is going to leave for work) (he is going to lock the door)
d) (The class will begin) (the teacher arrives) i) (I’m going to finish my job) (I’m going to bed)
e) (Bonnie will do the shopping) (She’ll come straight back home)

TOPIC 3: EXPRESSING CONDITION (1ST CONDITIONAL: PRESENT WITH FUTURE MEANING OR OPEN PRESENT)

1. Write the verbs given in the correct form to make first conditional sentences: be able to / not have, confuse / allow, not
cover / see, get / steal, not have / not be, tell / not return. Use will or might (not) in the result clause.

Credit cards fraud – the facts

If a credit card thief _____________ the chance, he ______________ your card or your money. How
can you prevent this? There are several ways:
1. Always cover your PIN number when you use it. If you _______________ it, someone ______________
it.
2. Don’t talk to people at the cash machine – a thief ______________ you by talking to you if you
_______________ him to.
3. You need good security on your computer – thieves _______________ get into your accounts if you
________________ proper security.
4. When you buy something on the internet, make sure the website has a “locked” symbol. If it
_______________ one, it ________________ secure enough.
5. Don’t forget, if you ________________ your PIN number to another person and your money is stolen,
your credit card company ________________ your money.
 29

2. Write sentences with the words given according to the 1st. conditional structure.

a) (Susan / take / the driving test again) (she fail)

b) (Water / freeze) (the temperature / reach / 0 °C)
c) (I / get / a job soon) (I / pay / the money I owe you)
d) (Adam / have / enough time tonight) (he / finish / his essay)
e) (Lauren / drink / coffee late tonight) (she / not sleep)
f) (You / boil / water) (it / disappear / into the atmosphere as vapor)
g) (Ryan / fix / your bicycle) (he / find / a screwdriver of the proper size)
h) (The boss / be / disappointed) (you / not go / to the meeting tomorrow)
i) (Mr. Banks / stop / taking these pills) (the doctor / tell / him it’s okay)
j) (We / continue / to pollute the land and oceans) (future generations / suffer the consequences)

3. According to the following situations, make sentences with the 1st conditional.

EXAMPLE: Get to work late again If Ben oversleeps again, he’ll get to work late again.

a) Be fired: _________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Not find another job: _______________________________________________________________________________
c) Be able to pay the rent: _____________________________________________________________________________
d) Lose his flat: _____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Move back with his parents: _________________________________________________________________________
d) Change his crazy lifestyle: ___________________________________________________________________________
e) His friends stop calling him: __________________________________________________________________________
f) Get very bored: ____________________________________________________________________________________
g) Go swimming every day: ____________________________________________________________________________
h) Look very good: ___________________________________________________________________________________
i) Meet interesting people: _____________________________________________________________________________
j) Try to find another job: ______________________________________________________________________________

UNIT VII
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT OBLIGATIONS WITH “HAVE TO”

A. USE AND STRUCTURE WITH SENTENCES

Have to is like a modal verb. However, it does not have the form of a modal since it is an ordinary verb, and we can
use it in any tense, followed by a verb in infinitive without “to”. The form of the positive, negative and question is the same
as for other verbs according to the tense or the use of a modal verb. We use it to express that it is very important or
necessary to do something; it is impersonal and we use it for facts, not for our personal feelings, “you have to do
something” because of a rule or the situation. EXAMPLES:

You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system)
My eyesight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
George couldn’t come out with us last night because he had to work.
I will have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30.

On the other hand, its negative forms say that it is not necessary to do something. EXAMPLES:

You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me. (= you don’t need to tell me)
I didn’t have to go to the office today because the boss gave me a day off.
 30

B. QUESTIONS

Do you have to make the beds?
* Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
* Yes, I have to make them every day.
* No, I don’t have to make the beds.
* No, my mother does it / my mother makes them.
Did Sarah have to work last Sunday?
* Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
* Yes, she had to work last Sunday.
* No, she didn’t have to work last Sunday.

What time does your father have to get to work? He has to get to work at 7 o’clock.
How often do you have to see the dentist? I have to see the dentist once a month.
Where did Kim have to live for a year? She had to live in a small apartment.

VOCABULARY
Babysit Get up / go to bed early Set the table
Be on time / late / early Go to / see the dentist Sweep the floor
Catch a / the bus to work / school Hang out the washing Stand in line = Wait in a queue
Check your e-mail / Facebook account Help with meals Take _____ to ….
Clean the fish tank / the house / the Help your parents with housework Take out the garbage / rubbish /
bathroom Keep your room tidy trash
Cook lunch / dinner Make breakfast / lunch / dinner Walk the dog(s)
Do yard work / homework / the washing/ Make the bed (s) Wash the clothes / car / the windows
the cleaning / the laundry / the ironing / Mow the lawn = cut the grass / the dog (s) / the dishes
the shopping / the gardening Pay the phone / electricity bill / the rent Water the plants
Fasten the seat belt Rake up the leaves Wear (a) uniform
Feed the dog(s) / cat(s) / the bird (s) Save money Work at night

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES WITH AUXILIARY “WOULD” FOR
FUTURE

A. LIKES AND DISLIKES

To talk about likes and dislikes, we use would like, would love, and would hate followed by verbs in infinite with
to, but not usually an ing-form, and we use these verbs with this auxiliary when we are thinking about a particular situation
or action IN THE FUTURE.

EXAMPLES: I’d like to do a parachute jump one day. My sister would love to work as an artist.

In yes-no questions:

Would you like to travel abroad next Christmas?
* Yes, I would. No, I wouldn’t.
* Yes, I would love to travel abroad next Christmas.
* No, I wouldn’t like to travel abroad next Christmas.
* No, I would like to stay home next Christmas.
* No, I would prefer to stay home next Christmas.
Would John hate to work as a party planner?
* Yes, he would. / No, he wouldn’t.
* Yes, he would hate it.
* Yes, he would hate to work as a taxi driver.
* No, he would like it.
* No, he would love to work as a party planner.

Would Anne like to eat out or go to a club tonight? * She would like to go to a club.
* She would prefer to go to a club.
* She would rather go to a club than eat out.
In WH-questions:

Where would you like to travel next holidays? I’d like to travel to New York.
Who would Emma love to meet? She would love to meet Chris Evans.
What would John hate to do for living? He would hate to work as a party planner.
 31

B. PREFERENCES

We use would prefer or would rather for a preference in a particular or general situation and to talk about things
that you like better than other things. They mean the same, so they can be used interchangeably. Would prefer may be
followed by a noun or to-infinitive or even used with rather than or instead of. Would rather as itself can be followed by
only the base form of the verb or plus than, and a subject can be placed between rather and the verb. In the case of
negative sentences, not comes before the verb with both rather and prefer. EXAMPLES:

We would prefer to watch an action movie tonight. Chelsea would prefer to travel in February rather than in June.
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive all the way to your mother’s.
Susan would rather go on holiday in October this year, not August. Henry would rather visit Diana than go to a party.
I would rather you not smoke here. I’d rather not come to the meeting this afternoon.
My wife would prefer not to fly. She had a bad experience once.
They’d rather have the strawberries by themselves, but I’d prefer to have them with cream.

In yes-no questions:

Would John prefer to read video games magazines? Yes, he would. / No, he wouldn’t.

Would your brother prefer to eat pizza or a hot dog for dinner? He’d prefer to eat pizza.

Would Stacey and Bonnie prefer to play badminton or volleyball?

* They would prefer to play volleyball. *They would prefer to play volleyball rather than (play) badminton.

Would Henry prefer to visit Diana or (to) go to a party?

* He’d prefer to visit Diana. * He’d prefer to visit Diana rather than go to a party.

Would you prefer to work for someone rather than have your business?
* Yes, I’d prefer to work for someone (rather than have my own business).
* No, I’d prefer to have my own business (rather than work for someone).

Would Anna’s parents rather celebrate their anniversary with a dinner at a restaurant?
* Yes, they would. / No, they wouldn’t.
* Yes, they would rather celebrate it with a dinner at a restaurant.
* No, they would rather celebrate it with a big party (than with a dinner at a restaurant).

Would you rather stay in or go out tonight? I’d rather go out tonight.

Yes-no questions with would rather can be also used to ask about hypothetical situations. EXAMPLES:

Would Rachel rather marry Brad Pitt or Johnny Depp? She would rather not marry either.
Would you rather be the world’s best singer or the world’s best dancer?
Would you rather walk to work naked or eat a sheep’s eyeball?

In WH-questions:

Where would Julianne prefer to live, in Paris or Rome? She would prefer to live in Rome.
Who would Mark prefer to go to the movies with next Friday? He’d prefer to go to the movies with his friends.
Because you don’t want to watch a movie, what would you rather do instead? I would rather go bowling.

ACTIVITIES
1. Complete the following sentences with have to (in the correct tense) in affirmative or negative according to the context
and using the verbs given.
 32

a) The first spaceships _____________________ (be) very small.

b) The concert was free, son we _____________________ (buy) tickets.
c) According to the laws, a driver _____________________ (have) a driver’s license.
d) All the students _____________________ (take) an exam at the end of the year.
e) Fred _____________________ (go) to the doctor. He’s feeling much better.
f) Linda _____________________ (do) exercises every day for a year to look as thin as she is now.
g) Jake will stay at home tonight because he _____________________ (study) for an important test.
h) I’m going to the library because I _____________________ (find) some information for my research paper.
i) Mr. Ronson went to the bank this morning. There was no queue, so he _____________________ (wait).
j) Bats _____________________ (see) in order to avoid obstacles. They can navigate in complete darkness.

2. With the words given, ask yes-no questions with have to in present or past.

a) Jimmy clean the fish tank every week? X

b) You / wash the dogs today? √
c) Mr. Murphy / mow the lawn once a month? √
d) Kathy’s older sisters / do the laundry yesterday? X
e) You and your brother / make the beds every morning? √
f) Gilbert / rake up / the leaves last Sunday? √
g) Charlie / take / the driving test again last week? X
h) The children set / the table every day? √

3. According to the answers below, ask WH-questions with have to in the correct tense.

a) Peter had to go to the hospital yesterday.

b) Ann has to go to the supermarket.
c) We will have to take our car to a garage because it has a problem with the brakes.
d) I had to wait a long time for the bus.
e) Roger has to leave at nine thirty in the morning.
f) Helen’s children have to brush their teeth three times a day.
g) Martin will have to pay $200 for a parking fine.
h) In this office, the employees have to wear white short-sleeved shirts and black pants.

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES WITH AUXILIARY “WOULD” FOR
FUTURE

1. Write sentences about the characters using would + like / love and hate according to the symbols.

a) I / work / in a bar full of drunk people X e) Sheryl and Rick / have / another baby
b) Molly and Mandy / try / bungee jumping f) We / move / to a bigger house
c) Jason / marry / his fiancé this year g) I’m sure / you / get up early on Sundays X
d) Casey / study in a school for girls X h) Martin / be / the new manager of the shop

2. Ask yes-no questions with would + like / love or hate according to context.

a) (Oliver / share an apartment with a selfish person?) e) (Your friends / get / free tickets for a rock concert?)
b) (Linda / hang out with friends tonight?) f) (You / meet / someone famous?)
c) (Luke and Kirsten / stand in line for hours?) g) (Robert / receive a new car as a birthday present?)
d) (Hank / have his own business?) h) (Jennifer / celebrate her wedding in a castle?)
 33

3. Look at the pictures and according to the category they suggest, ask WH-questions about likes and dislikes with the
subjects given and adding information. Then answer them on your own.

Katie and Nick Albert Stephanie

Helena

Mr. and Mrs.

Coleman

You Edward Sidney and Oliver

4. Look at the chart and write sentences about the characters using would rather… than.

a) Fred Marry an Asian girl Marry an European girl

b) Helen Eat out tonight Prepare her own food
c) Jonas Rent a flat on his own Live with someone
d) Sue and Steve Celebrate a big wedding Have an intimate ceremony
e) Nancy Sing in an opera Act in a play
f) Mr. and Mrs. Hill Take dance lessons Take painting lessons
g) You

5. Complete the following yes-no questions about preferences using would + prefer or rather… than and the words given.
a) __________ William _____________________ (clean) his bedroom _____________________ (rake) up the leaves?
No, he ________________________________ (rake) up the leaves.
b) __________ you _____________________ (go) to the beach with your family next Sunday?
No, I _______________________________ (go) with my friends than with my family.
c) __________ Jessica _____________________ (wear) a pink dress for her wedding?
Yes, she _______________________________ (wear) a pink dress than a traditional white dress.
d) __________ Roxanne and Stuart ___________________ (have) friends for dinner tonight _______________ (eat) out?
Yes, they ___________________________ (prepare) a good dinner for their friends _________________ (eat) out tonight.
e) __________ you _____________________ (do) the shopping tomorrow?
No, I _______________________________ (do) the shopping next Friday morning.
f) __________ Brett ____________________ (drive) a sports car _________________ (ride) a motorcycle?
Yes, he _______________________________ (drive) a Ferrari indeed.

6. Ask WH- questions about preferences according to the answers given.

a) We would prefer to paint the kitchen white and blue.

b) Samantha would prefer to drink pear juice for breakfast.
c) Eileen’s friend would prefer to spend the weekend at the beach.
d) Leslie would prefer to have a date with Andrew rather than Jim.
e) William would prefer to go on holiday in October rather than in November.
f) Karen and her husband would prefer to visit their friends in France next summer.
 34
UNIT VIII
TOPIC 1: PRESENT PERFECT

A. USE AND STRUCTURE: SENTENCES

The present perfect is formed with auxiliary have or has or their negative forms
plus a verb (regular or irregular) in past participle.

I, we, you, they, plurals have, haven’t = have not

+ verb (p.p)
He, she, it, singular has, hasn’t = has not

We use it to talk about actions that happened a short time ago and have a result in the present. EXAMPLE:

My car has broken down. (= It broke down earlier, and it isn’t working now)

Also, we use it to announce news (to introduce new information) or to talk about actions and experiences that have
happened in our lives up to now, and we can use adverbs such as often, once, twice, always or several times to say
“how often”, even with repeated actions. Besides, we also use it to talk about a recent event, with adverb just (that goes
between the auxiliary and the verb) to emphasize it. Other adverbs that we can use with simple present perfect are
recently (which is used to talk about actions that happened in the last few days or months) and lately. EXAMPLES:

I’ve decided to get a new car. I’m going to look at some today. My brother has grown a beard.
The road is closed. There’s been a terrible car accident. My parents have been to Scotland once.
I’ve eaten in this restaurant several times. They haven’t seen each other in a long time.
We haven’t had any problems with the neighbors lately. The taxi has just arrived.
I haven’t seen Andrea recently. Have you seen them recently?

In addition, we can use present perfect with adverbs already, still or yet. Already (only with affirmative sentences)
and yet mean “before now”, while still (only with negative sentences in this tense, as yet) stresses that the situation is
continuing now. Their positions are different:

I’ve already been there. Julianne hasn’t eaten the soup yet. Frank still hasn’t found his glasses.

We use the present perfect with today, this
morning, this evening, etc. to talk about actions in a
period of time that is not finished by the moment of
speaking, and so far means “up to now”. EXAMPLES:
It has been windy today.
Ron hasn’t work very hard this term.
The cats have caught three mice so far.
We can also use this tense with adverbs
never or before to talk about experiences, alone or
together. EXAMPLES:
I’ve never had chocolate on my vegetables.
We haven’t been to that restaurant before.
Brian has never driven a car before.

Note that we say “It’s the first time something
has happened” (present perfect) instead of using simple
present:
Don is having a driving lesson. He is very
nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson: It’s the
first time he has driven a car (not “drives” a car) or He
has never driven a car before.
This is a lovely meal. It’s the first good meal I’ve had
for ages. (not “I have”)
Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That’s the third time
he’s phoned her this evening.
In simple present perfect, note the difference
between gone (to) and been (to). Compare:
Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he
is there now or on his way there)
Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been
to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy)
Preposition for with present perfect covers a
period of time, and since is used for a fixed point in
the past. EXAMPLES:
I’ve worked here for three years.
We haven’t been to the theatre since March.
 35

B. QUESTIONS

In yes-no questions, yet is used to ask about something we expect to happen around now, but which hasn’t
happened at the time of speaking. On the other hand, we can use adverbs ever (that can also be used in negative answers
instead of never, although it’s less common than use never) and before to ask about experiences. EXAMPLES:

Has the six o’clock train arrived yet? It’s five past six and I haven’t seen it.

Have you ever been to Cuba? * Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t. * Yes, we’ve been there twice.
* No, we haven’t been there yet. * No, we’ve never been there.

Have you ever learnt to snowboard? * No, I haven’t ever wanted to.

Has Helen visited this art gallery before? * No, she hasn’t visited this art gallery before.

In WH-questions:

How long have Joe and Carol known each other?

They have known each other for a long time / since they were at school.

What sports has Robert practiced today? He’s practiced football and swimming.

VOCABULARY

Ask someone out Get pierced / drunk Smoke a cigarette / a cigar

Act in a play
Be on TV / a plane
Be to a foreign country / a circus / an
opera
Be on a rollercoaster
Be late for an important appointment
Be arrested
Break a bone / a leg / an arm
Buy someone flowers
Climb a mountain / a volcano
Crash a car
Cook a meal for…
Cut a finger / your hair
Do magic tricks / a magic trick
Do voluntary work / a parachute jump /
a bungee jump
Drive a (sports) car / a tractor / a truck
Dye your hair (color)
Eat Chinese food
Eat octopus / insects / frog legs / caviar
/ snails / snake / something weird
Fall from a tree / a bike
Fly a kite / a helicopter / an airplane
Fly on a helicopter / a hot-air balloon /
an airplane
Get a bad / good mark, a plaster
Go to a fashion show / a concert / a
zoo / an amusement park
Go surfing / diving / snorkelling
Have a car accident / a serious illness /
a fight / a surgery / an operation / a
pillow fight / a ____ party / ___ lessons
Live in another city / by the sea / with a
friend
Lose consciousness / something
valuable /
Make a snowman / a sandcastle
Meet a celebrity / someone famous
Plant a tree
Play (the ____) in a band
Ride a camel / a horse / a donkey / a
motorcycle / an ostrich / an elephant
Run in a marathon
Spend Christmas away from home
Stay in a five-star hotel
See a ghost / a live concert / a rainbow
/ a UFO / an eclipse
Sing opera / in public / in a choir / in a
band / at a karaoke bar /
Sleep in a tent
Something get stuck in _____ throat
Steal something
Sting by a bee / a jellyfish
Swallow something unusual
Swim in a river
Swim with dolphins / sharks / turtles
Take martial arts classes , driving /
cooking / dancing lessons, a language
course
Take something accidentally
Taste Indian food
Travel abroad / in a canoe / by boat
Try bungee jumping / mountain biking /
water skiing / snowboarding /
skateboarding / rollerblading / rafting /
ice skating / car racing / skiing
Try raw fish / meat
Use chopsticks
Visit an art gallery / an aquarium / a
(wax) museum
Wear a tie / a suit / a costume
Work as a… / at a…
Win a beauty pageant / a prize / a
contest / a competition / a trophy
Write a song / a poem (to…) / in a blog
 36

C. WH-QUESTIONS WITH SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRESENT PERFECT

This combination of structures is frequently used to ask about experiences of life, and it is usually formed with
elements: the WH-questions structure in simple present or past tense containing the superlative adjective, and a clause in
present perfect that can include adverb ever.

Ex.: Who is the nicest person (that) you have ever met?

Main verb in clause in present perfect

simple present

superlative adjective
Other examples:

Which is the most exciting place you’ve ever gone to? Las Vegas.
What’s the worst movie Katie has ever watched? The Sweetest thing with Cameron Diaz.

TOPIC 2: THE PASSIVE WITH SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST

A. USE AND STRUCTURE

The passive is not a tense, but a sentence construction that emphasizes the receiver of an action. As such, the
passive voice can be used in any tense. The subject of a passive-voice sentence is the object that is receiving an action. It
is formed with verb to be according to the tense is being used plus a verb in past participle. In the case of simple, we will
have the present forms (am, is, are, etc.) and in simple past, its past forms (was, were, etc.). EXAMPLES:

A lot of English grammar books are sold every year. The Mona was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

We use the simple present passive like the simple present active, for things that are always true, and things that
happen all the time, repeatedly, often, sometimes, never, etc., and the same happens with simple past active and passive.

Since it is used with transitive verbs when the focus is on the object, the passive is especially used for sentences in
which the agent of an action is not important, is clear from the context or is unknown, even if we want to avoid mentioning it.
The by phrase (agent) is included in a passive sentence when the agent is important or represents surprising information,
also to introduce necessary new information about the agent or to give credit to someone who created something.
EXAMPLES:

My French class is taught by a native French speaker. This delicious bread is made by my grandmother.
Our windows were washed by a robot.

However, we can include other kind of information with prepositions of or with for materials, instruments or
ingredients, and from or in for origins or places when we describe things. For expresses purpose. EXAMPLES:

Her new bag is made of leather. These toys are made in Taiwan.
Valuable paintings are sometimes stolen from art museums. This ice cream was made with coconut milk.
The Eiffel Tower was built for the 100th anniversary of French Revolution.

But the passive voice is usually used without any of these phrases.

EXAMPLES: Cut flowers are sold early in the morning. Red roses are meant as a symbol of love.

NOTE: In the case of verbs with prepositions, the objects of prepositional verbs can become subjects in passive structures.
But if there is already a direct object, the second object (after the preposition) cannot become a passive object; and
possessive nouns or pronouns cannot become passive subjects, either. EXAMPLE:
Nobody listens to her. She is never listened to. They threw stones at him. Stones were thrown at him.
 37

B. QUESTIONS:

Also, we can make questions with the passive. In the case of yes-no questions, the short answers are the same
with the active questions, the difference lies on the long answers. EXAMPLES:

Are the plants watered every day? * Yes, they are. / No they aren’t.
* Yes, they are watered by a gardener.

Was the package sent yesterday? * Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.

* No, it was sent today.

In the case of WH-questions, it is common to ask about the agent, materials, instruments, ingredients, origins or
places with prepositions by, of, from or with. EXAMPLES:

Who are the plants watered by every day?
What’s her new bag made of?
Where were these grapes brought from?
What was this tea made with?
What was The Eiffel Tower built for?
They’re watered by a gardener.
It’s made of leather.
They were brought from Uncle George’s vineyard.
It was made with cinnamon and tobacco leaves.
The Eiffel Tower was built for the 100th anniversary of French Revolution.

C. CONVERTING ACTIVE INTO PASSIVE

To change a sentence from the active to passive:

a) The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence;
b) The active verb (that only can be a transitive verb, which is followed by an object) remains in the same tense, but
changes into a passive form;
c) The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or omitted.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Subject + transitive verb + direct object Direct object + be + past participle of transitive verb

Many people give jewelry as a gift. Jewelry is given as a gift (by many people).
Your mother caused all the trouble. All the trouble was caused by your mother.

EMPTY SUBJECTS

ACTIVE PASSIVE
They clean the streets every day. The streets are cleaned every day.

The new and important information is how often the streets are cleaned. We are not interested in saying who cleans
them. In the active sentence we can use “the empty subject” they. We sometimes use a sentence with an empty subject
instead of the passive, especially in conversation. We can also use the empty subjects people, you, we, one, someone or
somebody. EXAMPLES:

People use this footpath all the time. This footpath is used all the time.
You/One should check the details. The details should be checked.

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: PRESENT PERFECT

1. Complete the following sentences with present perfect using the words in brackets.
 38

a) The boss __________________ (have) two hearts attacks. l) I __________________ (read) a book in one day.
b) Christie __________________ (always love) her hometown. m) Victor __________________ (never break) his nose.
c) We __________________ (already meet) the new neighbors. n) Diana __________________ (be) here before.
e) My parents __________________ (just buy) a new car!
d) It’s midnight and Lucy __________________ (come) home yet.
f) My sister and I __________________ (never share) a bedroom.
g) They __________________ (live) in the same house all their lives.
h) He can’t find his keys. I think he __________________ (lose) them.
i) These jackets look very new because I __________________ (still wear) them.
j) We __________________ (not see) my cousins since the beginning of last year.
k) Sam plays the guitar, but he __________________ (not play) in a band before.

2. Write sentences in simple present perfect according to the pictures adding different adverbs in each.

Rachel
Rachel
andDave
and Dave Tina and
Gilbert

Christian
I
Mr.
Barbara
Burton
and Jack

Caroline

Melissa

3. Ask yes-no questions with present perfect using ever or before using the information given. Then answer them on your
own using different adverbs in each.

a) Fred / sting by a jelly fish d) Leo / swallow something unusual g) Nina and Elise / see a UFO
b) You / write a poem to someone e) Your brother / fall from a bike h) Your own question: _____________
c) Betsy’s parents / travel abroad f) Jill / lose consciousness

4. Match the questions with the answers.

a) How long have you been an air hostess? She has visited Morocco, Finland and Italy.
b) Who has Nicole gone dancing with lately? They have liked Mexican food the most.
c) How many times has Ted called Victoria today? Since he was a teenager.
d) Where have you been all day? Because I started feeling tired.
e) What countries has Karen visited this year? She has gone dancing with Ian and Erick.
f) Why haven’t you finished your homework? We have been in my grandma’s house.
g) How long has your grandfather smoked? I’ve been an air hostess for eight years.
h) What kind of food have your friends liked the most? He has called her four times.

5. Use the words in brackets to ask and answer questions using superlatives and present perfect + adverb ever.

a) (expensive shoes / Kevin buy / these sneakers) e) (impatient person / I meet / my boss)
b) (sad film / Sally see /“What dreams may come”) f) (elegant suit / you wear / this black tuxedo)
c) (delicious dessert / we eat / Alice’s red velvet cake) g) (hot country / they be to / Egypt)
d) (bad restaurant / my parents eat at / Texa’s Steak House h) (extreme sport / Gary try / sky diving).
 39

TOPIC 2: THE PASSIVE WITH SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST

1. Read the following sentences and determine which are active or passive.
a) I am paid every two weeks. _____________
b) The boat hit a rock and sank quickly. _____________
c) Melissa visited a fortune teller last Friday. _____________
d) Japanese is spoken by around 126 million people. _____________
e) All the candy was eaten by the children. _____________
f) Engineers design bridges. _____________
g) Taxes are collected by the government. _____________
h) My grandmother makes our own bread. _____________
i) A huge movie studio was built in Mexico to film Titanic. _____________
j) The child was saved after five minutes in the water. _____________

2. Put simple present passive or simple past passive verbs into the following sentences.

a) The Simpsons _____________ (create) by Matt Groening. g) Soft duck feathers ____________ (use) to make pillows.
b) Love and understanding _______________ (need) by all children. h) This bowl _______________ (not make) of china.
c) They ________________ (not pay) when they finished the work. i) This fence ________________ (not paint) properly.
d) These planes ________________ (fly) by experienced pilots. j) Wheat crops ________________ in this field.
e) The meaning of a smile ________________ (understand) by everyone.
f) 18-year-olds ________________ (not allow) to vote in Britain until 1969.

3. Ask yes-no questions in simple present or past with the passive and answer them in a long way according to the sign.
a) all these clothes / import from China (X) e) these windows / ever wash (√)
b) the baby tiger / find in the local park (√) f) Katie Holmes’ wedding dress / design by Giorgio Armani (√)
c) this door / lock at the end of the day (X) g) Peter / hit with a piece of wood (X)
d) your offer / accept by the manager (X) h) this bread / make with natural ingredients (√)

4. Make WH-questions in simple present passive and simple past passive according to the following answers.
a) It was invented by Charles Babbage. f) The winner of the competition was chosen yesterday.
b) Most of the world’s paper is produced from pine trees. g) They’re made of silver.
c) Three people were injured in the car accident. h) This picture was drawn with a pencil.
d) The missing woman was last seen in Minnesota last Friday. i) Originally iron was made using a wood fire.
e) The Great pyramid of Egypt was built to the west of j) The newspaper is delivered by a fifteen-year-old boy.
the River Nile.

5. Read the following conversation and write the sentences and questions again with the passive.