Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

y = 2x (property of rhombus)
4 Quadrilaterals = 2 × 18°
= 36°
Revision Exercise 4 (p. 4.60)
z = 3x (property of rhombus)
Level 1
1. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. = 3 × 18°
∴ AD = BC (opp. sides of // gram) = 54°
b − 1 = 2b − 5
b=4 6. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠BCA = 54° (property of rhombus)
∠C = ∠A (opp. ∠s of // gram)
In △ABC,
x = 135°
x + 54° + 54° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠A + ∠B = 180° (int. ∠s, AD // BC) x = 72°
135° + y = 180°
y = 45°
7. ∵ ABCD is a kite with AB = AD and BC = CD.
∴ y = 35°
2. ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ 2 y − 2x = 2x + 2 (diags. of // gram) x = 12
2 y = 4x + 2 ∠CED = 90°
y = 2 x + 1 ...... (1) In △CDE,
x +1 = y −1 (diags. of // gram) CE 2 + DE 2 = CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
y = x+2 ...... (2)
CE = CD − DE 2 2

By substituting (2) into (1), we have

x + 2 = 2x + 1 z = 15 2 − 12 2
x =1 =9
By substituting x = 1 into (2), we have
y =1+ 2 8. In △ADG,
=3 ∵ AC = (4 + 4) cm = 8 cm = CD and
AF = (3 + 3) cm = 6 cm = FG
3. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle. 1
∴ CF = × DG (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ ED = EC (property of rectangle) 2
∴ ∠EDC = ∠ECD (base ∠s, isos. △) 1
y = × 18
=b 2
In △ECD, =9
b + b + 80° = 180° (∠ sum of △) ∵ AB = BC and AE = EF
b = 50° 1
∴ BE = × CF (mid-pt. theorem)
In △ACD, 2
∠ADC = 90° (property of rectangle) 1
x = ×9
a + b + ∠ADC = 180° (∠ sum of △) 2
= 4 .5
a + 50° + 90° = 180°
a = 40°
9. ∵ AE // BF // CG and AB = BC
∴ EF = FG (intercept theorem)
4. ∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
x=y
∴ AD // BC (property of rectangle)
∴ ∠BCE = y (alt. ∠s, BC // AD) ∵ BF // CG // DH and BC = CD
∴ FG = GH (intercept theorem)
In △FBC,
y=z
y + 40° + 80° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
y = 60° ∴ x= y=z
∵ x + y + z = 18
∠BCE + ∠ECD = 90° (property of rectangle)
3 x = 18
60° + x = 90°
∴ x= y=z=6
x = 30°

10. ∵ AE // BF // CG and AB = BC
5. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ EF = FG (intercept theorem)
∴ ∠AED = 90° (property of rhombus)
2x + 3 = 4x − 5
In △AED,
2x = 8
3 x + 2 x + 90° = 180° (∠ sum of △) x=4
5 x = 90°
x = 18°

48
 4 Quadrilaterals

FG = (4 x − 5) cm
= (4 × 4 − 5) cm 15. ∠EAB = 60° (prop. of equil. △)
= 11 cm ∠BAD = 90° (property of square)
∵ BF // CG // DH and FG = 11 cm = GH ∠EAD = ∠EAB + ∠BAD
∴ CD = BC (intercept theorem) = 60° + 90°
y=5 = 150°
∵ △AEB is an equilateral triangle.
∴ EA = AB
11. In △AEC,
∵ AD = DC and FD // EC Also, AB = AD (property of square)
∴ EA = AD
∴ EF = FA (intercept theorem)
∴ ∠ADE = ∠AED (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 5 cm
EA = EF + FA In △AED,
= (5 + 5) cm ∠EAD + ∠ADE + ∠AED = 180° (∠ sum of △)
= 10 cm 150° + 2∠ADE = 180°
In △ABC, ∠ADE = 15°
∵ AD = DC and ED // BC ∠ADB = 45° (property of square)
∴ BE = EA (intercept theorem) ∠EDB = ∠ADB − ∠ADE
= 10 cm = 45° − 15°
BA = BE + EA = 30°
x = 10 + 10
= 20 16. ∵ AQDR is a rectangle.
∴ ∠R = 90°, DQ = AR = 3 cm and
12. In △ACD, AQ = DR = 4 cm (property of rectangle)
∵ DF = FC and AD // EF In △ADR,
∴ AE = EC (intercept theorem) AD 2 = AR 2 + DR 2 (Pyth. theorem)
y=2
AD = AR 2 + DR 2
In △BCD,
∵ DF = FC and EF // BC = 3 2 + 4 2 cm
∴ DE = EB (intercept theorem) = 5 cm
x=3 ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
∴ AB = CD = AD = 5 cm,
13. ∵ ABCD is a square. CQ = AQ = 4 cm and
∴ AB = BC = CD = AD (property of square) BQ = DQ = 3 cm (property of rhombus)
∵ BPCQ is a rectangle.
∴ BC = AB
∴ CP = BQ = 3 cm and
2a − 3 = 8
BP = CQ = 4 cm (property of rectangle)
a = 5.5
Perimeter of polygon ABPCDR
CD = AB = AB + BP + CP + CD + DR + AR
b =8 = (5 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 3) cm
AD = AB = 24 cm
c +1 = 8
c=7 17. (a) ∵ Sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is
360°.
In △ABE, ∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∠AEB = 90° 4a + 8° + 5a − 35° + 100° + 2a + 34° = 360°
and BE = AE = d cm (property of square) 11a + 107° = 360°
AE 2 + BE 2 = AB 2 (Pyth. theorem) 11a = 253°
d 2 + d 2 = 82 a = 23°
2d 2 = 64
(b) ∠A = 4 × 23° + 8°
d 2 = 32
= 100°
d = 32 (or 4 2 ) ∠B = 5 × 23° − 35°
= 80°
14. ∵ PQRS is a square. ∠C = 100° given
∴ ∠SQR = 45° (property of square) ∠D = 2 × 23° + 34°
In △BQS, = 80°
∠SBQ + ∠BSQ = ∠SQR ∴ ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D
(ext. ∠ of △)
∠SBQ + 15° = 45° ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. ∠s equal
∠SBQ = 30° (c) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. (proved in (b))

49
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

∴ AD = BC (opp. sides of // gram) Alternative Solution

6 + 2b = 4b − 12 Construct BF such that BF // AD.
2b = 18
b=9

18. (a) In △ABP and △CDQ,

∠ABP = ∠CDQ alt. ∠s, AB // DC
∵ ∠APQ = ∠CQP given
∴ ∠APB = 180° − ∠APQ adj. ∠s on st. line F
= 180° − ∠CQP Let ∠EAD = a and ∠CBD = b.
= ∠CQD adj. ∠s on st. line ∵ AE // BC (property of rhombus)
AB = CD opp. sides of // gram ∴ a + ∠DAB + 100° = 180° (int. ∠s, AE // BC)
∴ △ABP ≅ △CDQ AAS ∠DAB = 80° − a
∠DAB + ∠ABF = 180° (int. ∠s, AD // BF)
(b) ∵ ∠APQ = ∠CQP given (80° − a ) + (100° + ∠CBF ) = 180°
∴ AP // CQ alt. ∠s equal ∠CBF = a
∵ △ABP ≅ △CDQ proved in (a) ∠ADB = ∠CBD + ∠CBF (alt. ∠s, AD // BF)
∴ AP = CQ corr. sides, ≅ △s
=b+a
∴ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // ∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
∴ EC = CD = DE
19. ∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
Also, AB = BC = CE = EA (property of rhombus)
∴ ∠CED = ∠ECD = ∠EDC = 60° (prop. of equil. △)
∴ DE = EA and CD = CB
∵ ABCE is a rhombus.
∴ ∠EDA = ∠EAD = a and
∴ ∠AEC = ∠ABC (property of rhombus)
∠CDB = ∠CBD = b (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 100°
∠AED = ∠AEC + ∠CED ∵ ∠CDE = 60° (prop. of equil. △)
= 100° + 60° ∴ ∠EDA + ∠ADB + ∠CDB = 60°
= 160° a + (b + a ) + b = 60°
∵ EC // AB (property of rhombus) b + a = 30°
∴ ∠BCE = 180° − ∠ABC (int. ∠s, EC // AB) ∴ ∠ADB = b + a
= 80° = 30°
∠BCD = ∠BCE + ∠ECD
= 80° + 60° 20. ∵ ABCD is a square.
= 140° ∴ ∠DBC = 45° (property of square)
∵ △CDE is an equilateral triangle.
∵ BF // CE (property of rhombus)
∴ EC = CD = DE
∴ ∠BCE = 180° − ∠DBC (int.∠s, BF // CE)
Also, AB = BC = CE = EA (property of rhombus)
= 180° − 45°
∴ DE = EA and CD = CB = 135°
∴ ∠EDA = ∠EAD and ∵ AB = BC = CD = DA (property of square)
∠CDB = ∠CBD (base ∠s, isos. △) DC = CE = EF = FD (property of rhombus)
In △AED, ∴ BC = CE
∠AED + ∠EDA + ∠EAD = 180° (∠ sum of △) ∴ ∠EBC = ∠BEC (base ∠s, isos. △)
160° + 2∠EDA = 180° In △BCE,
∠EDA = 10° ∠BCE + ∠EBC + ∠BEC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
In △BCD, 135° + 2∠EBC = 180°
∠BCD + ∠CBD + ∠CDB = 180° (∠ sum of △) ∠EBC = 22.5°
140° + 2∠CDB = 180° ∠DBG = ∠DBC − ∠EBC
∠CDB = 20° = 45° − 22.5°
∠ADB = ∠EDC − ∠EDA − ∠CDB = 22.5°
= 60° − 10° − 20°
= 30°
21. In △OAB,
∵ OD = DA and ED // BA
∴ OE = EB (intercept theorem)
∵ OE = EB and OD = DA
∴ ED = 1 × AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
= × 10 cm
2
= 5 cm

50
 4 Quadrilaterals

In △OCA, ∴ ∠ADB = ∠ABD

∵ OD = DA and FD // CA 1
= × ∠ABC
∴ OF = FC (intercept theorem) 2
∵ OF = FC and OD = DA 1
= × 72°
1 2
∴ FD = × CA (mid-pt. theorem)
2 = 36°
1
= × 8 cm ∠BDE = 180° − ∠ADB (adj. ∠s on st. line)
2 = 180° − 36°
= 4 cm = 144°
In △OBC, 1
∵ OE = EB and OF = FC ∠BDF = × ∠BDE (given)
2
1 1
∴ EF = × BC (mid-pt. theorem) = × 144°
2 2
1 = 72°
= × 6 cm
2 ∠DOA = 90° (property of rhombus)
= 3 cm ∠AFD = ∠DOA − ∠BDF (ext. ∠ of △)
Perimeter of △DEF = (5 + 4 + 3) cm = 90° − 72°
= 12 cm = 18°

24. ∵ △BCG is an equilateral triangle.

22. (a) Let ∠CBE = a and ∠BCE = b.
∴ CG = GB = BC
∠ABE = ∠CBE = a given
Also, BC = CD (property of square)
∠DCE = ∠BCE = b given
∴ CD = CG
∠ABC + ∠BCD = 180° int. ∠s, AB // DC
∴ ∠CDG = ∠CGD (base ∠s, isos. △)
2a + 2b = 180° ∵ ∠BCG = 60° (prop. of equil. △)
a + b = 90° ∠DCB = 90° (property of square)
In △BCE, ∴ ∠DCG = ∠DCB − ∠BCG
∠BEC + ∠BCE + ∠CBE = 180° ∠ sum of △ = 90° − 60°
∠BEC + a + b = 180° = 30°
∠BEC + 90° = 180° In △CDG,
∠DCG + ∠CDG + ∠CGD = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠BEC = 90°
∴ △BEC is a right-angled 30° + 2∠CDG = 180°
triangle. ∠CDG = 75°
∠CDB = 45° (property of square)
(b) In △BCE, ∠GDB = ∠CDG − ∠CDB
BC 2 = BE 2 + CE 2 (Pyth. theorem) = 75° − 45°
= 30°
BC = BE 2 + CE 2
= 12 2 + 9 2 cm 25. In △ADQ and △CBP,
= 15 cm ∠ADB = ∠CBD alt. ∠s, AD // BC
AD = BC = 15 cm (opp. sides of // gram) ∠ADQ = 180° − ∠ADB adj. ∠s on st. line
∵ ∠DEC = ∠BCE (alt. ∠s, DE // CB) = 180° − ∠CBD
and ∠DCE = ∠BCE = ∠CBP adj. ∠s on st. line
∴ ∠DCE = ∠DEC
AD = CB opp. sides of // gram
∴ DC = DE (sides opp. equal ∠s)
DQ = BP given
= 7.5 cm ∴ △ADQ ≅ △CBP SAS
AB = DC = 7.5 cm (opp. sides of // gram) ∴ AQ = CP corr. sides, ≅ △s
Perimeter of parallelogram ABCD
∠AQD = ∠CPB corr. ∠s, ≅ △s
= AB + BC + CD + AD
∴ AQ // CP alt. ∠s equal
= (7.5 + 15 + 15 + 7.5) cm
∴ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
= 45 cm
26. (a) ∵ KB = KC (property of rectangle)
Level 2 ∴ ∠KBC = ∠KCB (base ∠s, isos. △)
23. ∵ ABCD is a rhombus.
= 24°
∴ ∠ADB = ∠CBD = ∠ABD (property of rhombus) ∠BKC = 180° − ∠KBC − ∠KCB (∠ sum of △)
= 180° − 24° − 24°
= 132°

51
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

∠AKD = ∠BKC = 132° (vert. opp. ∠s) ∴ ABQP is an isosceles trapezium.

∠AKE = 60° (prop. of equil. △)
∠EKD = ∠AKD − ∠AKE 29. (a) In △ABC and △AFE,
= 132° − 60° ∠BAC = ∠FAE common angle
= 72° ∠ABC = 90° property of square
= ∠AFE given
(b) ∵ △AKE is an equilateral triangle. AC = AE given
∴ △ABC ≅ △AFE AAS
∴ KA = KE
Also, KA = KD (property of rectangle)
(b) In △ABG and △AFG,
∴ KE = KD
∠ABG = ∠AFG = 90° proved in (a)
∴ ∠KED = ∠KDE (base ∠s, isos. △)
∵ △ABC ≅ △AFE proved in (a)
∠EKD + ∠KDE + ∠KED = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∴ AB = AF corr. sides, ≅ △s
72° + 2∠KDE = 180°
AG = AG common side
∠KDE = 54° ∴ △ABG ≅ △AFG RHS
∠KDA = ∠KBC (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
= 24° (c) ∠BAC = 45° (property of square)
∠EDA = ∠KDE − ∠KDA ∵ △ABG ≅ △AFG (proved in (b))
= 54° − 24° (corr. ∠s, ≅ △s)
∴ ∠BAG = ∠FAG
= 30°
1
= × ∠BAC
2
27. (a) In △BCE and △BGA, 1
∠GBE = ∠CBA = 90° property of rectangle = × 45°
2
∠CBE = ∠CBG + ∠GBE = 22.5°
= ∠CBG + ∠CBA In △ABG,
= ∠GBA ∠AGB + ∠BAG + ∠ABG = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∵ ABCD and BEFG are ∠AGB + 22.5° + 90° = 180°
two congruent rectangles. ∠AGB = 67.5°
∴ BA = BE and BG = BC
∴ △BCE ≅ △BGA SAS
30. With the notations in the figure,
(b) ∵ △BCE ≅ △BGA proved in (a)
∴ ∠BCE = ∠BGA corr. ∠s, ≅ △s
∠BPG = 180° − ∠PBQ − ∠BGA ∠ sum of △
= 180° − ∠PBQ − ∠BCE
= ∠BQC ∠ sum of △

28. (a) (i) In △OCD and △OQP,

∠COD = ∠QOP common angle in △PED and △QEB,
∵ CO = DO property of rectangle ∵ PD // BQ property of rectangle
and CQ = DP given ∴ ∠DPE = ∠BQE alt. ∠s, PD // BQ
∴ QO = CO + CQ ∠PED = ∠QEB vert. opp. ∠s
= DO + DP ED = EB given
= PO ∴ △PED ≅ △QEB AAS
CO DO ∴ PE = QE corr. sides, ≅ △s
∴ =
QO PO and ED = EB given
∴ △OCD ~ △OQP ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠ ∴ BQDP is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
∴ ∠OCD = ∠OQP corr. ∠s, ~ △s In △PED and △PEB,
∴ CD // PQ corr. ∠s equal ∠PED = ∠PEB = 90° given
Also, AB // CD property of rectangle ED = EB given
∴ AB // PQ PE = PE common side
∴ △PED ≅ △PEB SAS
(ii) In △AOP and △BOQ, ∴ PD = PB corr. sides, ≅ △s
OP = OQ proved in (a) Also, PD = BQ and PB = QD opp. sides of // gram
∠AOP = ∠BOQ vert. opp. ∠s ∴ PD = QD = BQ = PB
AO = BO property of rectangle ∴ BQDP is a parallelogram
∴ △AOP ≅ △BOQ SAS with four equal sides.
∴ AP = BQ corr. sides, ≅ △s ∴ BQDP is a rhombus.

(b) ∵ ABQP is a quadrilateral with AB // PQ and

AP = BQ.
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 4 Quadrilaterals

31. (a) In △APR and △CQR, ∠AFD = ∠QAB corr. ∠s, FD // AB

AR = CR given ∴ ∠AFD = ∠CEB
∠ARP = ∠CRQ vert. opp. ∠s AD = CB opp. sides of // gram
∠PAR = ∠QCR alt. ∠s, PA // CQ ∴ △ADF ≅ △CBE AAS
∴ △APR ≅ △CQR ASA
(c) ∵ AD = BC opp. sides of // gram
(b) ∵ △APR ≅ △CQR proved in (a) DP = QB given
∴ PA = QC corr. sides, ≅ △s ∴ AP = AD + DP
and BQ = QC given = BC + QB
∴ PA = BQ
= QC
Also, PA // QB given
∴ ABQP is a opp. sides equal and // AP // QC
parallelogram. ∴ AQCP is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
∵ △ADF ≅ △CBE proved in (b)
(c) In △ADE, ∴ FD = BE corr. sides, ≅ △s
∵ AB = BD and AC = CE given Also, DC = AB opp. sides of // gram
1 ∴ FC = FD + DC
∴ BC = × DE mid-pt. theorem
2 = AB + BE
DE = 2 BC = AE
∵ BQ = QC given FC // AE
∴ BC = 2 BQ ∴ AECF is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
= 2 AP proved in (a)
∴ DE = 2 BC = 4 AP
Challenging Questions (p. 4.64)
32. In △ABC, 1. Construct RM such that R is a point on DA and RM // DC.
∵ AE = EB and EH // BC RM produced meets CB at S.
∴ AH = HC intercept theorem
∵ AE = EB and AH = HC
1
∴ EH = × BC mid-pt. theorem
2
1
EG + GH = × BC
2
1
GH = × BC − EG
2
In △ADB,
∵ AE = EB and EG // AD
∴ DG = GB intercept theorem ∵ AM = ME (given)
∵ AE = EB and DG = GB RM // DE (by construction)
∴ AR = RD (intercept theorem)
1
∴ EG = × AD mid-pt. theorem ∵ AR = RD and AM = ME
2
1
1 1 ∴ RM = × DE (mid-pt. theorem)
∴ GH = × BC − × AD 2
2 2
1
1
= × ( BC − AD) = ×1
2 2
1
=
33. (a) In △AQB and △CPD, 2
∵ ∠DAB = ∠QBA alt. ∠s, DA // BQ ∵ RS = AB = 3
∠PDC = ∠DAB corr. ∠s, DC // AB ∴ MS = 3 − RM
∴ ∠QBA = ∠PDC 1
= 3−
AB = CD opp. sides of // gram 2
5
QB = PD given =
2
∴ △AQB ≅ △CPD SAS
In △MPR and △MQS,
∠PMR = ∠QMS (vert. opp. ∠s)
(b) In △ADF and △CBE,
∵ ∠DCB = ∠EBC alt. ∠s, DC // BE ∵ PR // SQ (property of square)
∠FDA = ∠DCB corr. ∠s, DA // CB ∴ ∠PRM = ∠QSM (alt. ∠s, PR // SQ)
∴ ∠FDA = ∠EBC ∠RPM = ∠SQM (alt. ∠s, PR // SQ)
∵ △AQB ≅ △CPD proved in (a) ∴ △MPR ~ △MQS (AAA)
∴ ∠QAB = ∠PCD corr. ∠s, ≅ △s
Also, ∠CEB = ∠PCD corr. ∠s, BE // DC

53
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

PM RM
∴ = (corr. sides, ~ △s)
QM SM
1
= 2
5
2
1
=
5
PM 1
∴ =
MQ 5

2. In △BPM and △CPB,

∠BPM = ∠CPB = 90° given
∠MBP + ∠PMB + 90° = 180° ∠ sum of △
∠PMB = 90° − ∠MBP
∠MBP + ∠PBC = 90° property of square
∠PBC = 90° − ∠MBP
∴ ∠PMB = ∠PBC
∠PBM = 180° − ∠BPM − ∠PMB ∠ sum of △
= 180° − ∠CPB − ∠PBC
= ∠PCB ∠ sum of △
∴ △BPM ~ △CPB AAA
BP BM
∴ = corr. sides, ~ △s
CP CB
∵ BM = BN given
and CB = CD property of square
BP BN
∴ =
PC CD
∠PBN = 90° − ∠MBP property of square
= 90° − ∠BCP
= ∠PCD
∴ △PBN ~ △PCD ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠
∴ ∠BPN = ∠CPD corr. ∠s, ~ △s
∴ ∠DPN = ∠CPN + ∠CPD
= ∠CPN + ∠BPN
= 90°
i.e. PD ⊥ PN

54